18/09/2013

CLAP SWITCH FOR

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Nupur
[COMPANY NAME]
ELECTRONIC DESIGN LABORATORY
PROJECT REPORT



SUBMITTED BY:
JAGRUTI PATEL 111EC0182
VISHAL MISHRA 111EC0179
NUPUR SAHU 111EC0188
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Contents


OBJECTIVE....................................................................................................................... 2

Introduction ................................................................................................................... 2

THEORY ........................................................................................................................... 2

COMPONENTS REQUIRED .......................................................................................... 4

SIMULATION RESULTS ................................................................................................ 5

IMPLEMENTATION ....................................................................................................... 6

RESULT AND DISCUSSION .......................................................................................... 8

References ...................................................................................................................... 8


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EXPERIMENT NO: 2

TITLE: CLAP SWITCH FOR ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

OBJECTIVE:

To design a clap switch which can switch on/off any electrical circuit by the sound
of a clap. It is a low cost, reliable circuit and is energy efficient and can be used by
elderly or mobility-impaired people.

Introduction:

This is a project on CLAP SWITCH which can switch on/off any electrical circuit by
the sound of the clap.
The basic idea of clap switch is that the electric microphone picks up the sound of
your claps, coughs, and the sound of that book knocked off the table. It produces
a small electrical signal which is amplified by the succeeding transistor stage. Two
transistors cross connected as a bistable multivibrator change state at each signal.
One of these transistors drives a heavier transistor which controls a lamp.
This circuit is constructed using basic electronic components like resistors,
transistors, relay, transformer, capacitors. This circuit turns ON light for the first
clap. The light turns ON till the next clap. For the next clap the light turns OFF.
This circuit works with 12V voltage .Therefore a step-down transformer
12V/300mA is employed.
This working of this circuit is based on amplifying nature of the transistor,
switching nature of transistor, relay as an electronic switch .Basically, this is a
Sound operated switch.
THEORY:
RESISTORS:
Resistors are the most common passive electronic component (one that does not
require power to operate). They are used to control voltages and currents.
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CAPACITORS:
Capacitor has the ability to store charge and release them at a later time.
Capacitance is the measure of amount of charge that a capacitor can store for a
given applied voltage. In our circuit, electrolytic capacitors are used, like a bypass
capacitor. It removes noise vibration.

TRANSISTORS:

A transistor is a semiconducting device used to amplify and switch electronic
signals and electrical power.

RELAY:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. They are used where it is necessary to
control a circuit by a low power signal, or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal.

CONDENSER MICROPHONES:

Condenser means capacitor, an electrical element which stores energy in the
form of an electrostatic field. The microphone here uses a capacitor to convert
acoustical energy into electrical energy.
Condenser mic requires power from battery or external source. The resulting
signal is stronger than that from a dynamic. Condensers also tend to be more
sensitive and dynamics, making them well suited for capturing subtle nuances in a
sound. They are not ideal for high volume work.

TRANSFORMER:

It is a static device which transforms electrical energy from one circuit to another
without any direct electrical connection and by using mutual induction between
two windings. It transforms power from one circuit to another without changing
its frequency but may be in different voltage level. It works on Faradays law of
electromagnetic induction.

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DIODE:

It allows unidirectional flow of current. The diode used here IN4007 protects
driver transistor from back emf.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Resistors

R1= 15K,
R5, R6= 1.5K
R2, R11, R12= 2.2M,
R13= 2.2K
R3= 270K,
R4= 3.3K
R7, R8= 10K,
R9, R10= 27K

Capacitors

C1=1000f/16v
C2=.01f,
C3, C4=.047f

Transistors

Q1, Q2, Q3= BC548
Q4= BC368
D2, D3, D4= IN 4148
D1, D5= IN 4007,

Misc.

T1= 12v/500mA Transformer
Mic= Condenser Microphone
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K1= 12V Relay, B1= Bulb or Load

SIMULATION RESULTS


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SYSTEM DESIGN:

The sound of clap is received by a small microphone that is shown biased by
resistor R1 in the circuit. The microphone changes sound wave in to electrical
wave which is further amplified by Q1.Transistor Q1 is used as common emitter
circuit to amplify weak signals received by the microphone. Amplified output from
the collector of transistor Q1 is then feed to the Bistable Multivibrator circuit also
known as flip-flop.
Flip flop circuit is made by using 2 Transistor, in our circuit Q2&Q3. In a flip-flop
circuit, at a time only one transistor conduct and other cut off and when it gets a
trigger pulse from outside source then first transistor is cutoff and 2nd transistor
conducts. Thus output of transistor is either logic-0 or logic-1 and it remains in
one state 0 or 1 until it gets trigger pulse from outer source.
The pulse of clap which is a trigger for flip-flop which makes changes to the
output which is complementary (reverse). Output of flip-flop which is in the low
current form is unable to drive relay directly so we have used a current amplifier
circuit by using Q4 which is a common emitter circuit. Output of Q4 is connected
to a Relay (Electromagnetic switch), works like a mechanical switch. With the help
of a relay it is easy for connecting other electrical appliance.
The relay contact is connected to the power line and hence turns on/off any
electrical appliance connected all the way through relay.

IMPLEMENTATION:

The clap switch activated switching device function properly by responding to
both hand claps at about 3-4 meter away and finger tap sound at every close
range, since both are low frequency sounds and produce the same pulse wave
features. The resulting device is realized on a Vero board. It was used to switch
on/off a lamp of 100W/230V rating and was done in a quiet environment so as to
avoid disturbances.

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

The circuit was successfully designed,simulated and realized on a veroboard. It
responded successfully to the sound of the clap but was prone to external noises.
So it is realizable,has sufficient reliability and is relatively inexpensive. The circuit
is very useful in the field of electronic circuits. By using some modifications,its
area of application can be extended to various fields.


References

[1] R. Electronics, "Clap Switch," Rookie Electronics, [Online]. Available:
http://rookieelectronics.com/sensor-clap-switch-circuit/.
[2] Wikipedia, "www.wikipedia.org," [Online].
[3] B. Circuit, "Clap Switch," Build Circuit, [Online]. Available:
http://www.buildcircuit.com/clap-switch2/.