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3\colw3893\colsr-0\colno4\colw5333\colsr-0\colno5\colw1466\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\s
lmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Tuberas}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20. T
. Xu, R.G. Bea, R. Ramos, O. Valle y V. Valdes;}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Completion, (Junio 1994), pginas 103-106.}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {"Uncertainties in the Fatigue
Lives of tubular Joints",}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {documento OTC 10848 presentado en 1999 por el.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {29. K.K. Biegler, "Concluions Based on Labor
atory}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tests of Tubi
ng and Casing Connections", documen-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {to SPE 13067 presentado en 1984 SPE 50 Annual}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21. H. Ramos y D. Hernndez; "Colapso
en Tuberas}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Texas, Se
ptiembre 16-19, 1984.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {de Revestimiento y de Produccin", Horizonte Tec-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmu
struccin.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {perforacin entre los estudiantes.}\par\co
lumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Bsicamente el diseo d
e tuberas se fundamenta}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {en dos factores principales: el conocimiento del ma-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terial (capacidad de resistencia) y el con
ocimiento}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de las co
ndiciones de esfuerzos (cargas) a los que}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {van a estar sujetas las tuberas. El primer factor abar-}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ca desde su fabricacin
hasta el desempeo mec-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {nico. Es la base para reconocer la capacidad de una}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tubera. El segundo factor significa el conoci
miento}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terico y expe
rimental necesario para ser capaces}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {de predecir las condiciones de trabajo o de carga}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que se presentarn en un pozo y en
consecuencia,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que
soporte una tubera.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Por lo anterior, el material se ha dividido en tres}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {partes: en la primera se presenta todo lo rela
cio-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nado con el ma
terial tubo. Es decir, su proceso}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {de fabricacin, las propiedades mecnicas, y la}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {forma de evaluar su capacidad de r
esistencia. En}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una
segunda parte se presentan las diferentes al-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ternativas para determinar las distintas condicio-}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nes de carga. Se
inicia por la definicin de las}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {cargas y se termina por definir la forma de eva-}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {luarlas. En una tercera parte,
se presentan las tc-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{nicas de seleccin de los materiales, criterios y}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {metodologas de diseo.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {I. CONCEPTOS GENERALES}\b0 \par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i { Qu es una tubera?}\b0 \i0 \pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Una tubera es un elemen
to cilndrico hueco com-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {puesto generalmente de acero, con una geometra}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {definida por el dimetro y el espesor del cuerpo q
ue}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lo conforma. Par
a fines prcticos, se define median-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {te una geometra homognea e idealizada. Es decir,}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un dimetro nominal y un espesor nomin
al cons-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tante en t
oda su longitud. Sin embargo, la realidad}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es que no existe una tubera perfecta geom-}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tricamente. Adolecen de cier
tas imperfecciones que}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {sern tratadas ms adelante, como la ovalidad y la}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {excentricidad.}\par\pard\li4346\ri0\sl-306\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn
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\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Tuberas}\i0 \par\pard\li466\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i466\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\b {Acero}\b0 \par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {El acero es un metal refinado. Se obtiene a partir de}\par\pard\li466
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la fundicin de un lingote de hier
ro combinado al}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m
ismo tiempo con otros elementos qumicos.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los aceros se dividen en ordinarios y especiales.}\par\p
ard\li466\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los aceros ordinarios c
ontienen tres elementos prin-}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {cipales: hierro, carbono y manganeso. El carbono y}\par\pard\li466\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el manganeso reunidos no repr
esentan ms del}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1
.5% del metal. Los aceros ordinarios con el 0.1 a}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.5% de carbono se clasifican como aceros de ba
jo}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contenido de
carbono. Los aceros especiales se}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hacen como los ordinarios, pero se les agregan otros}\par\
pard\li466\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elementos tales como:
nquel, cromo, molibdeno,}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {cobre, vanadio y tungsteno.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Tanto los aceros al carbono como los especiales}\par\pard\li46
6\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(aceros inoxidables, aceros res
istentes a la corro-}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {sin y a las altas temperaturas), se producen en}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hornos elctricos.}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-373\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Otros materiales tubulares}\b0 \par\pard\li4
66\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La fabricacin de tuberas se ha d
iversificado y extendi-}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {do para satisfacer la demanda de las diferentes in-}\par\pard\li466\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dustrias que las utilizan como insumo.
Es por ello que}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
en la actualidad obtenemos tuberas con diferentes}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {calidades en los materiales que la componen. Tal
es el}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {caso de: t
uberas de aluminio, tuberas de fibra de vi-}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {drio, tuberas de plstico, etc. Cada una de ellas tie-}\pa
r\pard\li466\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ne aplicaciones espe
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86\colsr-0\colno3\colw5706\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {Temperatura/cedencia}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {en procesos de recuperacin avanzada durante la}\par\column\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de baja presin y zonas de produccin.
Se utiliza}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn0\margr
sxn133\cols3\colno1\colw1413\colsr-0\colno2\colw4986\colsr-0\colno3\colw5706\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Sleccin grfica}\par\column\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vida productiva del pozo.}
\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en la zona d
e transicin de presin normal a pre-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {sin anormal. La cima del cemento de esta tube-}\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn0\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw1413\co
lsr-0\colno2\colw4986\colsr-0\colno3\colw5706\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Seleccin matemtica}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {Seleccin por usuario}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Lastrabarrenas (drill collars)}\b0 \par\column\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ra debe aislar cualquier
zona de hidrocarburo.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Algunos pozos requieren de mltiples sartas in-}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn0\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw6400\colsr-0\col
no2\colw5706\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Datos de Ju
ntas}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los elementos tubulares denominados lastrabarre
nas}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Datos de Tuberas
}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son tuberas utilizadas para auxiliar a la tubera de p
er-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Modelo API de J
untas}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {foracin a dar peso a la barrena durante las ope
racio-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Juntas premi
um}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nes de perforacin.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Efectos axiales}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \*\tx1413\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Carga mxima}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
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f1\charscalex100 {Service life}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {Anlisis de pandeo}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La tubera pesada (heavyweigth) se compone de}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {Diseo de centradores}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elementos tubulares de gra
ndes dimensiones}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {termedias.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
De explotacin:}\i0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Es la tubera que asla zonas de}\par
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r la mxima presin de}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
fondo de la formacin productora, tener resisten-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cia a la corrosin as como resistir las presiones}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que se manejarn en caso
de que el pozo se frac-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {ture para aumentar su productividad, el bombeo}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mecnico (gas lift), la
inyeccin de inhib
idores}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn0\margrsxn13
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\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {geomtricas (espesor) que se u
tilizan como auxiliar}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {de aceite. El buen trabajo de cementacin prima-}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn0\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw6400\colsr0\colno2\colw5706\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Diseo d
e corrida}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entre la tubera de perforacin y los lastraba
rrenas.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ria
es crtico para esta sarta.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\m
arglsxn0\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw1413\colsr-0\colno2\colw4986\colsr-0\colno
3\colw5706\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Anlisis axial}