Você está na página 1de 4

Wernher-Bel Ancheta (BSIT 2-1)

PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN PREHISTORIC TIMES

The history of physical education reflects people's attitudes about physicalactivity.


From prehistoric times, because survival was related to physical stamina and to
people's ability to find food, no separate physical fitness programs were needed.
Gradually, ancient societies in China, Egypt, Greece, and Rome adopted physical
education as part of military training. As the more developed societies came to
value the scholarly life, physical education lost favor. Many developed countries
have had to strike a balance between physical and intellectual interests.

The history of physical education frequently shows a pattern of military, social, and
political influence.

In one high point of ancient history, Athenian Greeks came to the forefront in the
era 700 to 600 B.C. with their quest for physical and intellectual perfection. In
numerous festivals, Athenians celebrated the beautyof the human form in dance,
art, religious rites, and athletics. Athenians honored the gods of Olympus, especially
Zeus, with the first Olympic Games. The Olympic Games offered a civilizing
influence, with social class disregardedand all citizens judged on athletic
competition. If a war was being fought,it was halted during the Olympic Games.
Many historians regard Athenian culture as the height of early physical education,
but like their Chinese predecessors, the Athenians felt the competing influence of
intellectualism.

The field of physical education has gone through many cycles over its long history.
These cycles range from a strict authoritarianism to the liberal democracy of today.
This transformation to the democracy has opened the field of physical education up
to many new sciences, which are creating many new professional opportunities. If
the cycles of physical education continue, these new professions will hopefully pave
the way to future discoveries and studies of physical education.

The Spartans and Athenians were the first to have a type of physical education.
Though very different, both systems served the people and their needs. The
Spartan system was similar to a dictatorship. Male children were taken at the age of
seven to learn basic military skills while living in barracks. When the children
reached the age of fourteen, they began learning group fighting tactics which would
allow them to succeed while in the military from the ages of twenty to thirty. Once
thirty, the men could then marry a women who had been doing some training of her
own in order to make strong babies. The philosophy of the Spartans was basically to
allow them to invade other countries if desired, and to prevent other countries from
invading them.

The philosophy of the Athenians was quite different compared to the Spartans. The
Athenian culture was very democratic, and focused on training the mind and body.
Reading and writing was a large part of society as well as physical activity which
took place in the center of the city where the gymnasium was located. The physical
education philosophy of the Athenians was the high point of physical education for
many years.

Some other cycles in physical education that we have evolved from are that of the
Romans, the dark ages, and the crusades. The Roman era is a bit disturbing, but is
nonetheless a cycle of physical education. Physical education for the Romans was
about athletics, which was primarily about entertainment. People were forced to
fight to the death, and oftentimes fed to lions. During the dark ages, religion viewed
physical education as a waste of time and a work of the devil. The dark ages were a
very sedentary time for human civilization. Following the dark ages in
approximately 1096, were the crusades. The crusades were a time of muscular
Christianity, because of the Muslims conquering Jerusalem. Muscular Christianity is
basically Christians believing that the more one trained to become good soldiers,
the more Christian a person was. In 1270, the crusades ended and so did the
thought of physical education being worthwhile until approximately 1400 when the
renaissance period began. Physical education during the renaissance period is quite
similar to physical education today. It is done to better oneself, not to be doing
something for someone else. The development of physical education had another
setback in the 1600's when it was very functional and not a priority. People believed
that if it did not have a specific purpose, than it was a waste of time.

During the 1700's, there was a big change in physical education that can be largely
attributed to three people: Rousseau, Johan Simon, and Guts Muths. Rousseau was
the first person to promote education for the masses and he also thought of play as
being educational. In 1712, Rousseau invented an activity that is still used by
millions of children everyday, recess. Johan Simon was the first physical education
teacher and believed physical education should be taught along with reading and
writing. Simon believed physical education should include a lot of physical labor.
Guts Muths developed a series of gymnastic apparatuses and believed physical
education developed very important social skills. These people of the 1700's and
the things they did began paving the road to where we are today.
During the 1800's, physical education programs were finding their way into
universities which contributed to many things we have today. New sports were
being invented, intramurals were being brought into schools, women began
exercising, gymnasiums could be found in most colleges, and many recreational
areas and parks were being built in order to decrease the crime rate. This continued
on into the 1900's which brought on the creation of the National Collegiate Athletic
Association to regulate college athletics, and the golden age of sports during the 20'
and 30's. During this golden age of sport, the number of people in sport increased
dramatically, the number of teachers increased, and physical education began
moving toward the involvement of sport. In 1941, World War II began which brought
a big shock along with it. Of the first 2 million males drafted, 45% failed their
physical. With this, physical education began to be very strongly pushed in schools
in order to improve the health of the American people.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN PRE-SPANISH TIME IN THE PHILIPPINES

In pre-Hispanic times, education in the Philippines was informal and unstructured,


without any fixed methodology. Children were usually taught by their parents and
tribal tutors and such education was geared more towards skills development. This
underwent a major change when Spain colonized the islands. Tribal tutors were
replaced by Spanish missionaries, and education became oriented more towards
academics and the Catholic religion. It was also primarily for the elite, especially in
the early years of the colony. Later, however, the Educational Decree of 1863 was
enacted, providing for the establishment of at least one primary school for boys and
girls in each town under the responsibility of the municipal government; and the
establishment of a normal school for male teachers under the supervision of the
Jesuits. Primary instruction was free and the teaching of Spanish was compulsory.
More significantly, this decree also established the Superior Commission of Primary
Instruction, a forerunner of the present Department of Education.

Under Aguinaldo’s Revolutionary Government, the Spanish schools were initially


closed, but were reopened on August 29, 1898 by the Secretary of the Interior. A
system of free and compulsory elementary education was established by the
Malolos Constitution. The Burgos Institute in Malolos, the Military Academy of
Malolos, and the Literary University of the Philippines were also established.

During the American occupation, an adequate secularized and free public school
system was established upon the recommendation of the Schurman Commission.
Per instructions of President William McKinley, the Taft Commission enforced free
primary instruction that trained the people for the duties of citizenship, and
assigned chaplains and non-commissioned officers to teach, using English as the
medium of instruction.

The Philippine Commission instituted a highly centralized public school system in


1901, by virtue of Act No. 74, which also established the Department of Public
Instruction, headed by a General Superintendent. However, the implementation of
this Act caused a heavy shortage of teachers, leading the Philippine Commission to
authorize the Superintendent of Public Instruction to bring 600 teachers from the
United States to the Philippines. These teachers would later be popularly known as
the Thomasites. Later, the Organic Act of 1916 reorganized the Department of
Public Instruction, mandating that it be headed by a Secretary, and that all
department secretaries should be Filipinos, except for the Secretary of Public
Instruction.

During World War II, the department was reorganized once again through the
Japanese Military Order No. 2 in 1942, which established the Commission of
Education, Health, and Public Welfare. With the establishment of the Japanese-
sponsored Republic, the Ministry of Education was created on October 14, 1943.
Under the Japanese, the teaching of Tagalog, Philippine History, and Character
Education was given priority. Love for work and the dignity of labor were also
emphasized.

In 1947, after the Philippine Commonwealth had been restored, the Department of
Instruction was changed to Department of Education by virtue of Executive Order
No. 94. During this period, the regulation and supervision of public and private
schools belonged to the Bureau of Public and Private Schools. In 1972, the
Department of Education became the Department of Education and Culture by
virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1, and subsequently became the Ministry of
Education and Culture in 1978 by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1397. Thirteen
regional offices were created and major organizational changes were implemented
in the educational system.

The Education Act of 1982 created the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports,
which later became the Department of Education, Culture and Sports in 1987 by
virtue of Executive Order No. 117 of President Corazon C. Aquino. The structure of
DECS as embodied in EO No. 117 practically remained unchanged until 1994, when
the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) was established to supervise tertiary
degree programs , and 1995, when the Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA) was established to supervise non-degree technical-vocational
programs.

The trifocal education system refocused DECS’ mandate to basic education which
covers elementary, secondary and nonformal education, including culture and
sports. TESDA now administers the post-secondary, middle-level manpower training
and development, while CHED is responsible for higher education.

In August 2001, Republic Act No. 9155, otherwise called the "Governance of Basic
Education Act", was passed renaming the Department of Education, Culture and
Sports (DECS) to the Department of Education (DepEd) and redefining the role of
field offices, which include regional offices, division offices, district offices, and
schools.

HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION ALL OVER THE WORLD

Historical Timeline (1800’s)


Below is a timeline of important historical events of the 1800’s for Physical
Education:
776 BC: First ancient Olympiad is held
1814 Denmark’s Bill of 1814 establishes first ever mandatory
physical education
1823 Catherine Beecher founds Hartford seminary for girls with
American Style Calisthenics (early form of aerobics)
1823 Round Hill School Opens
1825 Charles Beck becomes first Physical Education Teacher at
Round Hill School.
1861 The Normal Institute of Physical Education is founded in
Boston.
1866 California becomes first state to pass Physical Education
legislation
1891 James Naismith invents Basketball
1896 First Modern Olympics is held in Athens, Greece

Sources:
http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Department_of_Education_(Philippines)
www.lakeviewjhs.net/pe/fitness7/q4_1.pdf

Você também pode gostar