TALL STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
-LATERAL LOAD
RESISTANT SYSTEMS

GROUP-3
PHASE-1
ROLL NO.:06MCL008
 Why is structural system
study important

The structural system is most important criterion

for development tall building as it inter-
relates
1. Plan shapes
2. Floor plate
3. Floor height
4. Service core and
5. Vertical transportation
 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF TALL
BUILDINGS
Apartment buildings are generally built-up of Reinforced
concrete buildings with flat plate and core walls
Up to 30 storey, concrete shear wall core with columns
and flat plate slab floors are adequate to take care of
lateral load
For range of 30 to 60 storey, concrete shear wall core is
inadequate, so usual practice is to provide outrigger
beams or walls at service floors to connect core walls to
exterior columns
For more than 60 storey, bundled tube or tubular system
or other new approach by combinations
Structural system alternatives for
Tall structures
Core walls i.e. cantilevered building system
Core walls with outrigger
Tubular systems

Framed tube

Deep spandrel tube

Tube with parallel shear wall

Tube in tube
 Bundled tube
Hybrid systems
Spine wall system
 Core supported system

60 street bldg plan WTC plan

Frequent use of shear walls is in form of box shaped cores around stairs and
elevators
Walls around the core can be considered as a spatial system capable of
transmitting lateral loads in both direction
Core has ability to resist all type of loads
Shape of core to large extent is governed by elevator and stair requirement
Core has the ability to
resist all types of loads;
vetical loads, shear
forces and bending
moments in two
direction, as well as
torsion especially when
additonal stiffnes and
strength are provided
Single core serves to carry gravity and horizontal loadings.
Slabs are supported at each levels from the core
In some cases, slabs are supported between the core and perimeter
columns, which terminate either on major cantilevers or as required
Merits: Mainly architectural, in providing a column-free perimeter at the
ground level and at other levels
Demerits: Resiting floor load by cantilevers-a highly inefficient structural
components
Large quantity of steel at junction of cantilever slab and core due to large
negative moment
Less efficient in resisting lateral forces compared to other system
 CONCRETE CORE WITH OUTRIGGERS
Concept taken from the tall and slender mast of the
ships with spreaders i.e. horizontal member tied with
mast and vertical end stays, helps in resisting wind
force efficiently
In high rise buildings, concrete
core relates to tall mast of ship outriggers
relates to spreaders exterior column
related to end stays
These outriggers serve to reduce the overturning
moment in the core that would otherwise act as a pure
cantilever, and to transfer the reduced moment to
columns outside the core by way of a tension-
compression couple, which takes advantage of
increased moment arm between these columns.
Many high rise bldg consists of central elevated core
and exterior support columns which results in greater
functional efficiency and it also disconnects both
systems which leads to less efficiency to resist lateral
loads and overturning force because of sum of
independent resistances of individual elements
The incorporation of outrigger in this systems couples
these two components and enhances the systems
ability to resist the overturning forces.
A core system alone can also generate excessive
uplift forces in the core structure along with high
overturning forces in the building’s foundation system
In foundation system, these uplift forces can
lead to the need for:
1. The addition of expensive and labour-intensive rock
anchors to an otherwise simple foundation alternative
2. Greatly enlarged mat dimensions and dimensions
and depth solely to resist overturning forces.
3. Time consuming and costly rock sockets for caisson
systems along with the need to develop reinforcement
throughout caisson depth
4. Extensive and intensive field-work connections at
the interface between core and foundation
Outrigger Benefits:
1. Core overturning moments and their associated
induced deformation can be reduced
2. Significant reduction and possibly the complete
elimination of uplift and net tension forces throughout
the columns and the foundation system
3. The exterior column spacing is not driven by
structural considerations and can easily mesh with
aesthetic and functional considerations
4. Exterior framing can consist of “Simple” beam and
column framing without the need for rigid-frame-type
connections, resulting in economies
5. Outrigger systems can efficently incorporate almost
every gravity column into the lateral load resisting
system, leading to economies
 Outrigger Drawbacks:
The most significant drawback with use of outrigger
systems is their potential interference with occupiable
and rentable space
The obstacles can be minimized by following
approaches
Locating outriggers in mechanical and interstitial levels
Skewing and offsetting outriggers in order to mesh
with the functional layout of the floor space
Incorporating multilevel single diagonal outriggers to
minimize the member’s interference on any single
level
JIN MAO BUILDING,
SHANGHAI
The tower is built
around an octagon-
shaped concrete
shear wall core
surrounded by 8
exterior composite
super columns and
8 exterior steel
columns. Three
sets of a two-story
high outrigger
trusses connect the
columns to the core
at six of the floors
to provide
additional support.
PETRONAS TOWER, MALAYSIA
CITY SPIRE,NEWYORK
Architect: Murphy Jahn
Year of completion:1987
Ht from street to roof: 248m
Number of stories: 75
Number of levels below GL:2
Building use:office & residential
Frame material: concrete
Earthquake loading:not applicable
Basic wind speed:47m/s
Fund time period:5.5 Hori & 2 tors
Type of system: Shear wall with
outriggers at transfer level and
interior diagonals in office
level
Core: concrete walls of varying
thickness
Conc grade: 56MPa
Most slender structure at time
of const
The modelling of city spire was
complex because the structure is
subdivided into nine major
structural subsystems
The main structural system is a
shear-wall-open-core system,
which traverses the center 24.4m
wide octagon in each direction
Staggered rectangular concrete
panels were used to form space
diagonal in the lower office levels.
These panels were used to
provede continuity between the
1.7x2.1m jumbo columns
The east and west octagon
columns were similarly connected
by stagered concrete panels
The apartments above 26 floors
required too many coupling beams
to connect many parts of shear
walls as above this 26th floor large
open span, free of support was
maintained between the esterior
and the central elevator core to
accommodate flexible duplex and
penthouse
 SHEAR LAG EFFECT
The Bernoulli-Euler assumption
that, plane section before
bending remains plane after
bending is often used for
analysis of beam structure
According to this assumption,
the longitudinal stresses in web
and flanges should be linearly
and uniformly distributed.
However, this assumption is
approximate and applicable
strictly when there is no shear
force or structure having infinite
shear stiffness
Axial stress distribution with no shear la
In actuality, when structure is
subjected to shear forces, a shear
flow would be developed between
web and flange panels, and owing
to shear deformation of panels the
longitudinal dispacements in the
parts of web and flanges remote
from the web-flange junctions would
lag behind those at junctions
As a result, longitudinal stresses in
web and flanges would become
distributed
Such shear lag phenomenon
reduces the effectiveness of web
and flanges and increase the Axial stress distribution with
effect of shear lag
longitudinal stresses at web-flange
junctions and lateral deflection of
structure
Axial stress
distribution with or
without shear lag
effect
 Framed Tube Structures
A framed tube structure is a new addition to
the structural systems. Khan is generally
credited with its invention in the 1960s.

"a three dimensional space structure

composed of three, four, or possibly more
frames, braced frames, or shear walls, joined
at or near their edges to form a vertical tube-
like structural system capable of resisting
lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering
from the foundation."
Dr.Fazlur Rehman Khan
 Framed Tube Structures
The framed-tube structure has its columns
closely spaced around the perimeter of the
building, rather than scattered throughout
the footprint, while stiff spandrel beams
connect these columns at every floor level.
This structural system was first
implemented in 1964 in the construction of
the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments in
Chicago, a 43-story reinforced concrete
tower designed by Dr.Fazlur Rehman
Khan and his colleagues at Skidmore,
Owings & Merrill (SOM). Because of its
The revolutionary framed-tube
great relative strength and stiffness, the structural system was first seen in
tubular form immediately became a the construction of the DeWitt-
standard in high-rise design. Chestnut Apartments in Chicago.
Framed Tube Structures

In 1998 the city of Chicago named the intersection

of Jackson and Franklin Streets (located at the
foot of the Sears Tower) “Fazlur R. Khan Way.”
 Mode of Behaviour of frame tube system
Although, the structure has a tube-like form, its behavior
is much more complex than that of a plain unperforated
tube, and the stiffness may be considerably less
When subjected to bending under the action of lateral
forces, the primary mode of action is that of a
conventional vertical cantilevered tube, in which the
columns on opposite sides of the neutral axis are
subjected to tensile and compressive forces
In addition, the frames parallel to the direction of lateral
load are subjected to in-plane bending and shearing
action assocaited with an independent rigid frame
The primary action is complicated by the fact that the
flexibility of the spandrel beams produces a shear lag
that increses the stresses in the corner columns and
reduces those in the inner columns
Framed Tube Structures
plan & modelled 3-D view
DIAGONAL TRUSS
TUBE SYSTEM
100 storey JOHN
HANCOCK CENTRE
IN CHICAGO
THE BUILDING WAS
COMPLETED IN
1970
 Trussed tube structures
The inherent weakness of the framed tube lies in
the flexibility of it spandrel beams. Its rigidity is
greatly improved by adding diagonal members.
The shear is now primarily absorbed by diagonals,
and not spandrels.
The diagonals carry the lateral forces directly in
predominantly axial action.
Shear lag effect is comparatively reduced
compared to frame tube
 Tube in Tube
The stiffness of a hollow tube system is very
much improved by using the core not only for
gravity loads but to resist lateral loads also
The exterior columns and beams are spaced so
closely that the façade has the appearance of a
wall with perforated window openings.
The floor structure ties the exterior and interior
tubes together, and they respond as a unit to
lateral forces
The entire building acts as a hollow tibe
cantilevering out of the ground
Tube with parallel shear walls
The exterior tubular wall can be stiffened by
incorporating interior shear walls into the plan.
One can visualize the exterior tube walls as the
flanges of a huge built-up beam system in which
the shear walls represent the webs.
 Fig shows respectively two approaches,
1. wide spacing of façade columns requiring shear wall for every
column
2. Close spacing of façade columns, requiring only two shear
walls
 Bundled tubes
Looking up at the
Sears Tower, the
worlds tallest
building for over
twenty years. The
design for this
1454-foot tall tower
introduced the
bundled tube
structural system,
as well as a new
vocabulary in
architectural form.
The bundled tube
system can be
visualized as an
assemblage of
individual of individual
tubes resulting in a
multiple-cell tube.
The increase in the
stiffness is apparent •The structure is formed from 9
The system allows for bundled square tubes, each 75 feet
wide with no columns between the
the greatest height core and perimeter. Two of the
and most floor area tubes are 50 floors high, two are 66
floors, three are 90, and two are
108.
 Hybrid Structures

Structures are often built in which the

lateral resistance is provided by a mixture
of structures. The most common are
moment resisting frames combined either
with structural walls or diagonal bracing.

Both externally and internally the new Toyota building is

visually exciting
OTHER PLAN WITH CORE OR
TUBE SYSTEMS
SOME STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS USED IN ASIA PACIFIC REGIONAL
BUILDINGS
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF BURJ DUBAI

Designer purposely shaped

the plan of Y-shaped to
reduce the wind forces on
tower
The structural system could
be described as buttressed
core. Each wing with its own
high performance concrete
core and perimeter column,
buttresses the other via six
–sided central core
This results in tower which
is extremely torsionally rigid
 SPINE WALL SYSTEMS
Walls are placed along the corridors as a
spine running through the length of floors.
Triangular core wall along stair and
elevators in the core of the building takes
care for improving the torsional resistance
of tower.
 Conclusion

Structural systems that are suitable for

different ranges of number of stories
THE TWO COMMONLY USED
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS FOR TALL
BUILDINGS ARE
1. CEN TRAL CORE AND OUTRIGGER
SYSTEM
2. REINFORCED CONCRETE TUBE-IN-
TUBE SYSTEM WITH OR WITHOUT
OUTRIGGERS
 REFERENCES
Steel,concrete design of tall buildings
--By: B.S.Taranath
Tall structures --By Smith & Coul
ACI Manual for tall building design
Proceeding for Structural system
Highrise Building –W Schueller
Thank you