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ǭơǀǻƕƨȈǘǻDŽȈƦdzơƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǴưǸƬǷƨȈƸȈLjŭơDzǠǧƽǁǶLjƫơƨȇơƾƦdzơǀǼǷǎƼǴǷ
ǹƢǯƢǸǯƢǷƢŤƢŮƢǸǐƻȁƆơƾȇƾē ǾȈǧƩƗǁƢĔƗńƛǮdzƿȃDŽǠȇȁǵȐLJȍơǽƢšƨȈƟơƾǠdzƢƥ
Ŀ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨȈźǁƢƬdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ńƛ ǂǜǼdzƢƥȁ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨȈƸȈLjŭơ ǽƢš ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ DzǠǧ Čƽǁ
ƢǷǺǷDŽdzơǁȁǂŠǶǰƸƬLjȇȁǁōǀƴƬȇǹƗƔơƾǠdzơơǀŮċƾƥȏǹƢǯǦǼǠdzƢƥǶLjƬƫȁƧǂƫȂƬǷƢȀǴǸů
ǹƗ Ŀ ȄǘLJȂdzơ ǁȂǐǠdzơ Ŀ ƣǂǤdzơ ƶų ƢǸƐǴǫ ƨǠǷƢƳ ƨȈǘŶ ƨȈƦǴLJ ƧǁȂǏ ǶLJǁ ńƛ ȃƽƗ
ĿǶȀǷǁȁƾƥƢŮƢƳǁȁƨLjȈǼǰdzơƪǠǴǘǓơƾǬdzƢŮȐƻǺǷƐȏƛśǸǴLjŭơȁǵȐLJȍơȃǂȇ
ƨȈƥǂǤdzơƨȈǟơƾƥȍơDZƢǸǟȋơńƛƪǴǬƬǻơƧǁȂǐdzơǽǀǿǹƗƾȈƥƨȈǘǸǼdzơƧǁȂǐdzơǽǀǿDzȈǰnjƫ
DZȐǤƬLJơ ńƛ DZƢǸǟȋơ ǮǴƫ ƾǸǠƫ ǹƗ ǹƿƛ ƣǂǤƬLjŭơ ǺǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń ȄǘLJȂdzơ ǁȂǐǠdzơ Ŀ
ƢǿǂȇȁƾƫƧƽƢǟƛȁǹȂȈƸȈLjŭơǹȂȈƫȂǿȐdzơƢȀǟƾƬƥơŖdzơśǸǴLjŭơȁǵȐLJȎdzƨǿȂnjŭơǁȂǐdzơ
ƾȈnjǻȁǂƯƖŭơƾȈnjǻƢȀǼǷȁƨǧȁǂǠŭơƨȈƥƽȋơDZƢǸǟȋơǮǴƫǮdzƿȄǴǟDZƢưǷƶǓȁƗōDzǠdzȁ
ǵ DzȈǨȇƾǼǷ ƩȐƷǁȁ Ŗǻơƾdz ƨȈŮȍơ ƢȇƾȈǷȂǰdzơȁ ǵ ƾǻȏȁǁ
ǹƗƔƢƥƽȌdzDZƢǸǟȋơǽǀǿƨǠȈƦǗƪƸũȁǵƪȈǣƾȈdzǹȂŪƔơǂǷȋơǕȂǬLJȁ
ȏƛ ƢǿƾȈǫ ǺǷ ǁǂƸƬȇ Ń śǸǴLjŭơȁ ǵȐLJȎdz ƨŤƢǫ ǁȂǏ ǶLJǂdz ǶȀƬǴȈƻȋ ƨǼǟȋơ ơȂǬǴǘȇ
DzȈǴǬdzơ



ƨǟƢƴºnjdzơȁƧƔȁǂºŭơȁǵǂºǰdzơȁƨǬǴĉŬơȁǪƌǴƌŬơǺLjŞǦǐƬȇ ƆƢǻƢLjǻƛȆǠǷơȂǴċȈƼƬȇǹƗƔơǂǬǴdz
ƨºǔǿƢǼǷȁǪƸǴdzǁƢǐƬǻȏơȁƾȈƷȂƬdzơȁƶǷƢLjƬdzƢƥǦǐƬȇƆƢǼȇƽȁžƧƾȈǬǠdzơƹȂLJǁȁƨǨǠdzơȁǩƾǐdzơȁ
ƢºȀũǁƢºǸǯǶǴLjŭơǹƢLjǻȍơȁǵȐLJȎdzƆƧǁȂǏǹȂũǂƫǶǰĈǻƗƨǜƸǴdzȂdzȁĻƾǬƬǟơǹƛDzǗƢƦdzơ
ƆƢǷƢŤǹȂƠǘűǶƬǻƘǧƨǏƢƻƨǨǐƥȄǘLJȂdzơǹȁǂǬdzơĿȁǁȂǐǠdzơŐǟƨȈǟơƾƥȍơǾdzƢǸǟƗĿƣǂǤdzơ
ƣǂºǤdzơƢȀȈǴǟƾǸƬǟơŖdzơdžLJȋơƢǷȁŸśǸǴLjŭơȁǵȐLJȎdzƣǂǤdzơƢȀũǁŖdzơƧǁȂǐdzơƢǷǺǰdzȁ
ƔơȂºLJȁƨºȇơƾƦdzơƨǘǬǻńƛƽȂǠǻǹƗƢǼȈǴǟśǠƬȇǽǀȀǯƨǴƠLJƗǺǟƨƥƢƳȎdzŸǮǴƫƧǁȂǐdzơǶLJǁĿ
śƬǧƢºǬƯśºƥƨǫȐǟďȆƸȈLjŭơƣǂǤdzơȁǵȐLJȍơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơǹƘƥ ǽďȂǼǻǹƗƢǼȈǴǟǪǨƬǻŃǵƗƢǼǬǨƫơ
ǝơǂǐdzơȁƨȀƳơȂŭƢƥƢēơǂƬǧƤǴǣƗĿDŽȈǸƬƫśƬǨǴƬű

ǭơǀºǻƕƨºȈǘǻDŽȈƦdzơƨdzȁƾdzơĿƨǴưǸƬǷƨȈƸȈLjŭơDzǠǧČƽǁǶLjƫơǵȐLJȎdzńȁȋơǵƢȇȋơǀǼǸǧ
ƨȈƸȈºLjŭơǽƢºšƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơDzǠǧČƽǁǹƢǯƢǸǯƢǷƢŤƢǸǐƻȁƆơƾȇƾēǾȈǧƩƗǁǺȇƽǽƢšƨȈƟơƾǠdzƢƥ
ƨºȈŭƢǟǺºǷDzºǰdzǞƴǨŭơǦȈȇDŽƬdzơǾǻƗȅƗƆƢƳȁƽDŽǷƆƢǰǧƛǵȐLJȍơǹȂȈƸȈLjŭơċƾǟƿƛƢȀLjǨǻ
ƨºȇƽȂȀȈdzơƨǻƢȇƾdzơƨȈǏȂǐŬȁƔơȂǣȍơǂǘƻǺǷƨǠǷƢŪơǵȐLJȍơƨdzƢLJǁǾǴưŤƢŠƨȈƸȈLjŭơƨǻƢȇƾdzơ
DZȂºǬƫƢºǸǯƶȈLjǸǴdzDzǟƢǧǁȁƽǹȁƽȆǸȈǿơǂƥȍơȅƾȈƷȂƬdzơƭǁȍƢƥśǸǴLjŭơǮLjŤǾǴưŻƢŠ
ńƛȁƨȈƸȈLjŭơȁǵȐLJȎdzƨȇŚnjƦƬdzơƨǠȈƦǘdzơńƛǂǜǼdzƢƥȁǹȂƬƦdzƩǁƢȀǼȇơǁƢȈdzȂƳ
ƩƢºƷȂƬǨdzơńƛƢǔȇƗǂǜǼdzƢƥȁƆƢǠǫȂƬǷƆơǂǷƗƢǸȀǼȈƥƔơƾǠdzơȁǝơǂǐdzơǹƢǯƢǸȀǼȈƥĿơǂǤŪơDžƢǸƬdzơ
ŕºƷȁƢȈǻƢƦLJƛȁƨȈǴǬǏȁƢȈǬȇǂǧƗDZƢſȁǂǐǷȁǵƢnjdzơƽȐƥĿƨȈƸȈLjŭơƣƢLjƷȄǴǟƨȈǷȐLJȍơ
ǂȇǂŢƣǂŞȄǸLjȇƢǷȁƨȈƦȈǴǐdzơƣȁǂūơńƛƨǧƢǓƛƢLjǻǂǧƣȂǼƳȁƢȈdzƢǘȇƛƣȂǼƳǺǷƔơDŽƳƗ
ǁōǀºƴƬȇǹƗƔơƾǠdzơơǀŮċƾƥȏǹƢǯȄǘLJȂdzơƢƥȁǁȁƗĿƨȈǻƢǸưǠdzơƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơǁȂȀǛĽƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ
ǁȂǐǠdzơĿƣǂǤdzơƶųƢǸƐǴǫƨǠǷƢƳƨȈǘŶƨȈƦǴLJƧǁȂǏǶLJǁńƛȃƽƗƢǷǺǷDŽdzơǁȁǂŠǶǰƸƬLjȇȁ
ƢŮȐƻǺǷƐȏƛśǸǴLjŭơȁǵȐLJȍơȃǂȇǹƗĿȄǘLJȂdzơ

ǵȐºLJȍơǹƗńƛǺȇȁƾdzȂƥDZƢNjǁƢǷŚnjȇǵȐLJȍơDZƢȈƷƣǂǤdzơǦǫơȂǷǹơȂǼǠƥDZƢǬǷȆǨǧ
ƨȇǂǰºLjǟǶƟơDŽǿƢđDZDŽǻƗȁƨǠLJƢNjăȆǓơǁƗƢȀǼǷǞǘƬǫơȅǀdzơƨȈƸȈLjǸǴdzŅƢƬdzơƾȈƷȂdzơǺȇƾdzơȂǿ
ƨȀƳǺǷǵȐLJȍơǺǷǥȂŬơǂǟƢnjǷȅǀǤƫƨǬȈǬūơǽǀǿƪdzơǃƢǷȁȃŐǯ
ƢǸǯȆǷȐLJȍơǂǘŬơǶȈƴŢǺǷƣǂǤdzơǺǰŤǹƗƾǠƥŕƷȃǂƷƗƨȀƳǺǷƔơƾǠdzơǂǟƢnjǷȁ
ƨºȈǫƢǨƫơDZȂƦǫńƛśȈǻƢǸưǠdzơǁơǂǘǓơȁǵǵƢǟƢǼȈȈǧȄǴǟňƢǸưǠdzơǵȂƴŮơĈƾǏƾǠƥDZƢǬȇ
ǮdzƿǺǷǶǣǂdzƢƥȁDŽdzȂǯDZȂƥǵǵƢǟƨǨƸĐơƢȀǗȁǂNjȁDŽƫȁȂdzǁƢǯ
ȃȂºǬdzơǾºȈǧƩǂǘȈºLJǂǐǟĿŕƷƆȐǸƬŰƆơǂǘƻȁƆƢǸǐƻǵȐLJȎdzǾƬȇƙǁĿƣǂǤdzơǂǸƬLJơ
ƣȁƙƾºdzơǾȈǠºLJĿƣǂǤdzơǝƢǘƬLJơƾǬǧƨȈǷȐLJȍơȆǓơǁȋơǶǜǠǷȄǴǟƨȈƥǂǤdzơƨȇǁƢǸǠƬLJȏơ
ȄºǴǟǵȐºLJȍơǺǰdzȃǂƻƗƩơǁƢǔƷǺďƳƾȇǹƗDzƥƤǟȂƬLjȇǹƗŃƢǠdzơȄǴǟǾƬǼǸȈǿǑǂǨdz
œǼȇȂºƫƾºdzȂǻǁƕDZƢºǫƢºǸǯȁƨǴǟƢǧƧǁȂǐƥȃƾƸƬȇDzǛǺǿơǂdzơƪǫȂdzơĿǾȈǬǼƬǠǷǦǠǓ
ƣǂºǤdzơƧǂǘȈºLJȄǴǟƆơƽǁȆǷȐLJȍơȅƾƸƬdzơƩƢǏƢǿǁƛǹƜǧž
ǾºȈǧƩƾċȈLjƫȅǀdzơǂǐǠdzơǮdzƿƨdzȂǘƦdzơȁƽƢůȋơǂǐǟǵƢȀǴƬLJơńƛȅƽƚȇƾǫƢŲƆȐǠǧƩƗƾƥ
ĿǂºǰǨdzơǃȂºǷǁǃǂºƥƗƾƷƗǺǷƶȇǂǐƬdzơơǀǿȁǹȁǂǫƧƾǟʼnƾǬdzơŃƢǠdzơƨȈǷȐLJȍơƧǁƢǔūơ
ȄǴǟǂǘȈLjȇȅǀdzơŏŅƢūơďȅǂǰǨdzơǁƢȈƬǴdzƨƦLJƢǼŭơƨȈǨǴŬơǂǧȂȇǺȇǂnjǠdzơǹǂǬdzơĿƨȈƥǂǤdzơƧǁƢǔūơ
ƨǣƢȈºǏƧƽƢǟƛȄǴǟDzǸǠȇȁƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơĿƆơƾȇƾŢȁĺǂǤdzơǁơǂǬdzơǞǼǏDŽǯơǂǷ
ǂºǔƸƬŭơŃƢºǠdzơȄºǴǟƾȇƾŪơǂǘŬơǾǻƗȄǴǟƣƢǿǁȍơǵȂȀǨŠƧǂŭơǽǀǿƆƢǻǂƬǬǷǵȐLJȍơ
ƽƾºŪơśǜǧƢƄơǺǷǦdzƢŢǁƢȈƬdzơơǀǿǶǟDŽƬȇȁǵǵƢǟŐǸƬƦLJƭơƾƷƗƾǠƥƆƢǏȂǐƻ
ȏǺȇǀdzơƣǂǠǴdzǺȇƽƢǠŭơDzȈƟơǂLJȍǺȇƾȇƚŭơśȈǰȇǂǷȋơśǫǂnjƬLjŭơǒǠƥȁǺȇƽƾnjƬŭơƽȂȀȈdzơȁ
śǻƢºůśȇǁƢºƸƬǻơȁśƸƬǴǷǺȇƽDZƢƳǁȃȂLJƾȈǠLJƽǁơȁƽƛDZȂǬȇƢǸǯǵȐLJȍơĿǹȁǂȇ
ȏȁƣǂǤdzơȄǴǟƾǬūơȁƾLjūơǮdzƿńƛǶȀǠǧƾȇDzƥƢǼǬdzƢƥǶȀLjǨǻƗǹȁǂƴǨȇ
ƨȇƽƾǠƬdzơȁƨƯơƾūơǶȈǫǺǷǾǴưŻƢǷȁďĺǂǤdzơŃƢǠdzơȅƗǂǔƸƬŭơŃƢǠdzơŚǷƾƫȃȂLJǶŮċǶǿ

ƨºŭȂǠdzơǾºȈǧƪºǬǴƻǂǐǟĿŕƷŚǤƬȇǹƗǶǴLjŭơǂƻȉơǺǟǵȂȀǨŭơơǀŮǺLjƬȇŃȁ
DzǠǧƽȁƽǁǹƗȁƾƦȇǺǰdzǺLjƸƬƫǹƗǾȈǧƧǁȂǐdzơǽǀđƆƢĈȇǂƷǹƢǯƆƢǨǴƬűƆƢǠǓȁĿƢǬưdzơƱǃƢǸƬdzơȁ
ƨºȇƢǣĿǂºǷƗơǀºǿȁǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨȈƟơƾǟƪdzơǃȏƧƾƸƬŭơƩƢȇȏȂdzơƆƢǏȂǐƻȁƣǂǤdzơ
ƨȈǼȇƾdzơǂǿƢǜŭơǹƗǺǷǒǠƦdzơǾdzȂǬȇƾǫƢǷǶǣǁȁƾƷơȂdzơƤǘǬdzơƨdzȁƽǽƾċȈLjƬƫŃƢǟĿƧǁȂǘŬơ
ǵƢºǜǼǴdzƾȇƾēǾǻƗȄǴǟƧǂŭơǽǀǿǵȐLJȍơƨǣƢȈǏƽƢǟƗƣǂǤdzơōǹƛƮȈƷƨǼďȈƥƾǠƫŃƔơƾǠdzơơǀŮ
ǞǫơȂǴdzǞƦƬƬŭơǹƜǧȂǧȂdzȆŻǁƆȐȈƦLJƣǂǤdzơǾƴȀƬǻơȅǀdzơďȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơŏňƢǸǴǠdzơ
ǮdzƿŚǣȃǂȇǹƗǾǼǰŻ

ƎǂƌǗȋơǺǷƧƽƾŰƨǟȂǸůȄǴǟǵȐLJȍơǽǂȇȂǐƫĿƾǸƬǠȇƣǂǤdzơǹƗƩȐƦǼȇǂǫśǨȈƬLJǂǬȇȁ
ƨǧƢǬưdzơƩƢƫȂȈƥȁǪƟƢƯȂdzơȁƤƬǰdzơǹȂǘƥĿǾǼȇDŽţĻƆƢȈǸǯơǂƫƆƢƯǁƛDzǰnjƫŖdzơǂȇȂǐƬdzơǖƟƢLJȁȁ
ơǀºǰǿȁȃǂƻƗƆơǁȂǏƢǿǁȁƾƥƾdzȂƬdzǁȂǐdzơǮǴƫǝƢƳǂƬLJơƪǫȁśŹǹƗńƛƨǷƢǠdzơƧǂǯơǀdzơȁ
ǵȐºLJȍơǺºǟƨºǨǴƬƼŭơǵȐǟȍơDzƟƢLJȁĿƮȇƾūơǹȁƽǵȂȇǂŻƽƢǰȇȏȁ
ƾºȈǨȇƽȆǟċƾȇƢǸǯǵȐLJȍƢǧƆƨȇƢǣƣƢǿǁȍơȁƨǴȈLJȁǦǼǠdzơǀƼƬȇȅǀdzơŏŅȂǏȋơŏňȐǬǟȐdzơ
ǁƢȈǴǷǺǷǂưǯƗƢđǺȇƾȇƧƾȈǬǟDZơDŽƬƻơǶƬȇơǀǰǿȁƣƢǿǁȍơƾŏdzȂȇǺȇƽȆŭƢNjȁǂȇ
ǺºǟƩƢºǸȈǸǠƬdzơȁǕƢŶȋơȁƾǟơȂǬdzơǺǷƨǼǨƷńƛƨǨǴƬűǩơǂǟƗȁƩƢǧƢǬƯńƛǹȂǸƬǼȇǦǐǻȁ
xviƾȈǠLJƽǁơȁƽƛȃǂȇƢǸǯǾǟƢƦƫƗǺǟȁǾďȈƦǻǺǟȁǺȇƾdzơ

ƢºĔƗƢºǼǿǦȈǔǻȁ ƨȈƟơƾǟƩƔƢƳǵȐLJȍơǽƢšƨȈƸȈLjŭơDzǠǧƧƽǁǹƗƢǨǻƕƢǻǂǯƿƾǬdzȁ
ƨƦºLjǼdzƢƥȆºǠȈƦǘdzơǺºǷǹƢºǯǾǻƗDzȈǻơƽǹƢǷǁȂǻǚƷȐȇƮȈƷȆǟƢǧƽǦǫȂǷǺǷƩƔƢƳ
ȄºǴǟƔƢǬƦdzơńƛśȈƸȈLjŭơǞǧƽȁǵȐLJȍơƧǂǛƢǼŭėƢȈƫȂǿȏƆƢǷƢǜǻǁȂǘƫǹƗƨȈƸȈLjŭơƩƢǟƢǸƴǴdz
ƪºdzȂŢȁǩǂnjdzơĿƨȈƸȈLjŭơȆǓơǁȋơǵȐLJȍơƶLjƬǯơǹƗƾǠƥƢǸȈLJȏǶȀǼȇƽ
ǵȐºLJȍơǽƢºšƨȈƸȈLjǸǴdzńȁȋơDzǠǨdzơƧƽǁƪǻƢǯƆơƿƛƾȇƾŪơǺȇƾdzơńƛǶȀǼǷƧŚƦǯćƽơƾǟƗ
ǢdzƢƦdzơǂƯȋơǾdzǹƢǯȅǀdzơǂǷȋơdžǨǼdzơǺǟǝƢǧƾdzơĿƨƦǣǁǺǷȁDzȀŪƢƥƆƢǨǴǤǷǥȂŬơǺǷƨǠƥƢǻ
ƾƟƢǬǟDZȐǓǹƢȈƦƫƨǸȀŠļȂǿȐdzơǵƢǜǼdzơơǀǿǞǴǘǔȇŃśǸǴLjŭơȁǵȐLJȍơƧǁȂǏǾȇȂnjƫĿ
ƆơǂºǷƗǾǫƢǼƬǟơƨdzƘLjǷƢȀȈǧǹȂǰƫƨƳǁƾdzƆƢǔȈǤƥȁƾƦȇǵȐLJȍơDzǠƳńƛƢǿơƾǠƫDzƥ ǖǬǧȁƾǠdzơ
ƢºǷǁƾǫśǸǴLjǸǴdzƆƢȀƳȂǷļȂǿȐdzơŅƾŪơǵƢǜǼdzơơǀǿǺǰȇŃǂǷȋơǞǫơȁĿȁDZƢǸƬƷȏơƾȈǠƥ
ǁȂºǗǾȈǴǟȁǶȀǼȇƽǺǟDZȂƸƬǴdzśǸǴLjŭơǺǷƨȈǴƥƢǫǂưǯƗơȂǻƢǯǺȇǀdzơśȈƸȈLjǸǴdzƆƢȀƳȂǷǹƢǯ
ǺºǟǝƢǧƾºdzơǹƗĿDzưǸƬƫƨǴǔǠŭơǽǀŮƨƳȁƽDŽǷƨƥǁƢǬǷ ńƛƾǼƬLjȇƆƢƥƢǘƻǵƢǜǼdzơơǀǿƨǻƾLJ
ǵȂƴŮơDŽȈǯǂƬƥǮdzƿǪǬƸƬȇȁȆǫȐƻƗȏDzǗƢƥǺȇƽǾǨǏȂƥǵȐLJȍơƨŦƢȀǷƤƳȂƬLjȇƨȈƸȈLjŭơ
ǒǫƢºǼƬƫǵȐLJȍơDZȂLJǁƩƢǨǏǹƗƩƢƦƯƛǺǰǷƗơƿƛǾǻƗȁžǾďȈƦǻƧŚLJȄǴǟȁǵȐLJȍơǶȈdzƢǠƫȄǴǟ
ƧƽƢºǟƛĽǺǷȁǵȐLJȍơǶȈdzƢǠƫǹȐǘƥƩƢƦƯƛŚLjȈdzơǺǷƶƦǐȇǹƿƛƧċȂƦǼǴdzƾƟƢLjdzơǦȇǂǠƬdzơǞǷ
ǪūơǺȇƾdzơƨȈƸȈLjŭơƨǻƢȇƾǴdzǁƢƦƬǟȏơ
ǺºǰŻƢǷDzǫƗǵȐLJȎdzƧǁȂǏƨǘǻDŽȈƥȂȈƸȈLjǷǶLJǁƱȁƽDŽŭơŅƾŪơƣƢǘŬơơǀǿǝƢƦďƫƢƥȁ
ƶƦºǏƗƮȈƷƩơȁƨǷƢƬǬdzơĿƨȇƢǣƨȇŚƫƢǰȇǁƢǯƧǁȂǏƢĔƛƢȀǼǟDZƢǬȇǹƗ
ǺȇƾºdzơǾºǻƗȁƢŮǒȈǬǻȁƨȈƸȈLjŭơȄǴǟƱȁǂƻȁƨǟƾƥǾǻƗȄǴǟǵȐLJȍơǂȇȂǐƫƾƟƢLjdzơƾȈǴǬƬdzơ
DZƢƳƾºdzơďœǼdzơǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥDZȂLJǂdzơƧǁȂǏƪũǁǩƢȈLjdzơơǀǿĿȁǹƢƯȁȋơƧƽƢƦǟńƛȂǟƾȇȅǀdzơ
ǾLjǨǻǁƾǐŭơȃǂƬǨǷƉƣƢƬǯǺǷǂưǯƗdžȈǴǧǹƕǂǬdzơƢǷƗ

ǾºȈǴǟDZȂºLJǂdzơƧƢºǧȁȄǴǟƢǷƢǟśLjŨȆǔǷDzƦǫƾdzȁȅǀdzơȆǬnjǷƾdzơƢǼƷȂȇČƾǠȇȁ
ƨdzƢLJǁǵǵƢǟƤƬǯśƷDzȈǻơƽǹƢǷǁȂǻƾȈǴǬƬdzơơǀǿdžLJƚǷǵȐLjdzơ
ƽơƾºƳƗDzºȈǟƢũƛƔƢǼƥȋƧǂǯƢŭơƧǁȂǘLJȋơȁƨǟƾƦdzƢƥǵȐLJȍơƢȀȈǧƪǠǻƨǧǂǠŭơǞƦǻǹơȂǼǠƥ
ǹƗȄǴǟȆǬnjǷƾdzơČǂǐȇȁžDzȈǻơƽDžƢǿƢLJǹȂƳDZƢƳƾdzơƶȈLjŭơ
ʼnƾºǬdzơǺȇƾȀǠdzơǺǷƩƢǨǘƬǬǷǺǷǹƕǂǬdzơǪȈǨǴƬƥDZȂLJǂdzơǵƢǫƮȈƷƨȈƸȈLjǸǴdzǦȇǂŢǵȐLJȍơ
ơǀºǿȄǴǟƨȈǫơƾǐŭơƔƢǨǓƛDZȁƢƷȁǩǁƢŭơȅǁȂǘLjǼdzơƤǿơǂdzơDžȂȈƳŚLJƧƾǟƢLjŠƾȇƾŪơȁ
DZȁƗȆǬnjǷƾdzơƢǼƷȂȇǹƗƢǸǯǾLjǨǻǁƾǐŭơ ƔƢǸLjdzơǺǷǾȈǴǟDZDŽǻƗǾǻƗǾƟƢǟƽƢƥǪȈǨǴƬdzơ
ǺǷƢȀǫȐǗƾǠƥDZȂLJǂdzơƢȀƳȁDŽƫŖdzơNJƸƳƪǼƥƤǼȇǃƧƾȈLjdzơƨǐǫśȈƸȈLjŭơǺǷDZȁƢǼƫǺǷ
ȄºǴǟƆȐȈºdzƽǵǁƢºŰƱơȁǃǽǂǜǻĿǹȂǰȇƽƢǯƢǷǩƢLJȁǽƢǼƦƫƾǫDZȂLJǂdzơǹƢǯȅǀdzơƾȇǃ
ǾºLjǨǻȆǬnjǷƾdzơƢǼƷȂȇǦǴǰȇŃȁDzȈȈǻơƽǹƢǷǁȂǻƨǨǠdzơǵƾǟȁDZȂƦǬŭơŚǣǭȂǴLjdzơ
ƱơȁDŽºdzơǮdzƿǁȁƽȁNJƸƳƪǼƥƤǼȇǃǺǷǵȐLjdzơǾȈǴǟDZȂLJǂdzơƱơȁǃƨǨLjǴǧĿƮƸƦdzơƔƢǼǟ
œǼdzơȆǬnjǷƾdzơǶēơȁDzƦǫǺǷơƾƟƢLJǹƢǯȅǀdzơřƦƬdzƢƥƧċȂǼƦdzơƗƾƦǷƔƢǤdzƛȄǴǟǵȐLJȍơƾȈǯƘƫĿ
ƧǂƥƢºǟƩơȁŗdzÅƔƢǓǁƛDZƢūơȄǔƬǬǷƤLjƷƆƢȈƷȁǾȈǟƾȇƢǷǾȈdzƛƢǨȈǔǷǹƕǂǬdzƢƥƤǟȐƬȇǾǻƘƥ
ǾLjǨǻǁƾǐŭơ

ƆƢƴĔǵȐLjdzơǾȈǴǟDZȂLJǂdzơǎƼNjȄǴǟǵȂƴŮơƾǸƬǠȇȅǀdzơƾȈǴǬƬdzơơǀđǹȂǠƥƢƬdzơǮLjŤȁ
ǺºǷĎȆƸȈºLjǷǵǵƢǟƢȀǨdzƗȅƾǼǰdzơƨdzƢLJǁǹơȂǼǠƥƨdzƢǬǷǮdzƿȄǴǟDZƢưǷƶǓȁƗƐDzǠdzȁ
džºLJȋơǹȐǘƥƩƢƦƯƛƨȈdzȁƚLjŠƢȀȈǧƢǠǴǘǔǷȅƾǼǰdzơǩƢƸLJƛǺƥƶȈLjŭơƾƦǟȂǿĺǂǟDzǏƗ
ƨǠǓơȂƬŭơǾƫƘnjǻȁDZȂLJǂdzơăǶąƬĄȇǹƗȅƾǼǰdzơȆǟċƾȇDZȂLJǂdzơƧċȂƦǻǦȇǃȁǵȐLJȍơƢȀȈǴǟƾǼƬLjȇŖdzơ
ǶºǴǠdzơDzºưǷƢȀȈǴǟǥǁƢǠƬŭơƧȂƦǼdzơƩƢǷȐǟǺǷƆƢĈȇƗĉƾƦȇѝDZȂLJǂdzơȅƗǾǻƗȁǾƫċȂƦǼƥơǂnjƦȇŃ
ǵơƾǠǻơȄǴǟƆȐȈdzƽDZȂLJǂdzơƩƢŸǃƽƾǠƫȅƾǼǰdzơǩƢLJǮdzƿńƛƨǧƢǓƛƩơDŽƴǠŭơDzǠǧȁƤȈǤdzƢƥ
ƾºŞǂºnjƬǻơǾǻȋǦǼǠdzƢƥǵȐLJȍơǶȀƬȇǹƗȅƾǼǰdzơƪǨȇŃȁƧȂƦǼdzơǹȐǘƥǾȈǴǟƤƫǂƬŭơƨǨǠdzơ
ǪºnjǼŭơƧƾǟƢºLjŠDZȂºLJǂdzơǞǓȁǺǷǹƕǂǬdzơǹƗȁƨȈǻƢǘȈNjƨdzƢLJǁœǼdzơƨdzƢLJǁǹƘƥȁǦȈLjdzơ
ǺºǷDZȁƗȅƾǼǰdzơǹƢǯȁƨdzƢLJǂdzơǩǁƢŭơȅǁȂǘLjǼdzơƤǿơǂdzơDžȂȈƳŚLJ
ƨºƯȐƯƾǠƥƔƢǸLjdzơńƛƾǠǐȈLJǾǻƘƥƘƦǼƫDZȂLJǂdzơǹƘƥȄǟċƽơśƷǪǴǠŭơƩȂƥƢƬdzơƧǁȂǘLJƗƱċȁǁ
ǾºƬǠũȄǴǟƆƢǛƢǨƷǾƥƢƸǏƗǂƌǘǓơƺLjǨƬdzƢƥǽƾLjƳƗƾƥȁǮdzƿƭƾŹŃƢŭȁǾƫȂǷǺǷǵƢȇƗ
ǹƗǾLjǨǻƪǫȂdzơ ĿśǟƾǷƨƦǠǰdzơǦǬLJĿƆƢǬǴǠǷDzǛƮȈƷƨǰǷńƛǾǴǬǻȁƩȂƥƢƬdzơƨǫǂLJńƛ
ĿǺǸǰȇƨȇǂǨdzơǽǀǿȄǴǟǶLJƢūơƽǂdzơDzǠdzȁƨdzƢLJǂdzơǭƢǼǿńƛǾƬǴǬǻƨǰƟȐŭơ
ǂºǷȄǴǟȁǾdzȂǫǹȐǘƥǦnjƬǰȈdzƢđǵƢȈǬdzơȅƾǼǰdzƢƥƆƢĈȇǂƷǹƢǯƧǁȂǼŭơƨǼȇƾŭơńƛƧƾƷơȁƧǁƢȇǃ
DzºǠǧǺºǟœǼºdzơDŽƴǟȄǴǟƣǂǤdzơƾǼǟƆƢǠǗƢǫƆȐȈdzƽƨǴǗƢƦdzơƧǁȂǘLJȋơǽǀǿƩǁƢǏǁȂǐǠdzơ
ĿƾǼƬLjƫƧǁȂǘLJȋơǽǀǿǹƗńƛƧǁƢNjȍơƢǼǿƾȈǨŭơǺǷǾǴǠdzȁƶȈLjŭơƾȈLjdzơǥȐşƩơDŽƴǠŭơ
ǺȇƾȀǠdzơĿǽƽȂǠǏȁƶȈLjŭơƾȈLjdzơƮǠƥƨǐǫȁDzȈƟơǂLJƛřƥƩȂƥƢƫƨǐǫńƛƢȀǴȈǏƢǨƫȁƢŮȂǏƗ
ƨȈǷȐLJƛǁƽƢǐǷȄǴǟƢǿƽƢǼƬLJơǺǷǂưǯƗƾȇƾŪơȁʼnƾǬdzơ

ǹƗƢǿȂƳȁǂǷȆǟċƽơŖdzơƨǷƢǸūơƧǁȂǘLJƗDzưǷƢȀƴLjǻȁŚǗƢLJȋơ ǝơƾƬƥơƨȈǴǸǟƪǴǏơȂƫȁ
ơǀºǰǿƲºăLjǼĄƫȃǂƻƗƧǂǷȁǾȈǴǟȆƷȂdzơDZȁŗƥǾƥƢƸǏƗǞǼǬȇŕƷǾǻƌƿƗǺǷDzǯƘƬdzƢđǁƽœǼdzơ
ǾǻƘƥǵȐLjdzơǾȈǴǟDzȇŐŪǦǏȁŕǷDzȈųƛĿƽǂȇƮȈƷDzȈųȍơȄǴǟƆơƽƢǼƬLJơƧǁȂǘLJƗ
ƨºǤǴƥǥȂdzƘǷƐȐdzơǞǷDzǷƢǠƬdzơĿǹƢLjǻȍơƨǠȈƦǗ ȆǿƢǸǯȁƨǷƢŧƧƘȈǿȄǴǟƶȈLjŭơȄǴǟDZōŗƫ
ǾºƬǠȈƦǘdzǁƢƦƬǟơǹȁƽƢĔȂǸȀǨȇƨǤǴƥǽŚLjǨƫǵȐLJȎdzǶȀƬȀƳơȂǷĿǹȂȈƸȈLjŭơDZȁƢƷ ǥȂdzƘŭơ
DzºƥƨƥċǁƾŭơƨǷƢǸūơȁǪǴǠŭơƩȂƥƢƬdzơļǁȂǘLJƗDzǏƗśƦȇƢǷơǀǿȁƨǨǴƬƼŭơǺǰƫŃǹƛƨǴǬƬLjŭơ
 ơǀºǿǵƢēơƾƷńƛDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǟǮLJƢǼdzơDžǂǘƥȁȆLjǴƥơǂǘdzơǵƢȈdzȁǶȀǔǠƦƥǂǷȋơDzǏȁ
ĿǺǰȇŃƔƢȈNjƗǺǷǹƕǂǬdzơĿƢǷńƛȃDŽǠȇǮdzƿĿƤƦLjdzơōDzǠdzȁƨȈƸȈLjǷƨǬǗǂǿǾǻƘƥǺȇƾdzơ
DzȈųȍơĿƢǷǞǷƢȀǬǧơȂƬdzƤȇƿƢǯȋƢƥƢȀƬǠǻśǧǂǘƬŭơśȈƫȂǿȐdzơǁȁƾǬǷ
ȄºǟċƽơƾǬǧǪnjǼǷDZƢǼȇƽǁƢǯœĈǼdzơǹƗȆǟċƾƫŖdzơƧǁȂǘLJȋơDzǏƗǂLjǨȇƢǷƾȈǯƘƬdzƢƥơǀǿȁ
ƽƢºǫƢƥƢƦdzơƤǐǼŭǽǁƢȈƬƻơǶƬȇŃƢǷƾǼǟȁƢǷȁǁĿƆȏƢǼȇƽǁƢǯǹƢǯDZȂLJǂdzơǹƘƥśǧǂǘƬŭơǒǠƥ
ĿŖǻơƽDzưǷƣƢċƬǰdzơǒǠƥƾǸƬǟơƾǫȁŖnjƦdzơƨLjȈǼǰdzơŚǷƾƬdzǩƢǬnjǻơƨǯǂƷĿƣǂǠdzơ
ǾºƥǁƽȅǀºdzơǁȂưdzơƧǁȂǘLJƗƢǷƗƨȈǟơƾƥȍơǶŮƢǸǟƗĿƧǁȂǘLJȋơǽǀǿȄǴǟƨȈŮȍơƢȇƾȈǷȂǰdzơ
ǹȂǰƫǹƗƢǷƛƢĔƗƶǓơȂdzơǺǷȁƢǿŚǣǺǷƆȏȁơƾƫDzǫƗȆȀǧǾȈǻǂǫȄǴǟǦƸǐŭơDzǸƸȈdzDZȂLJǂdzơ
ƧǂǬƦdzơƧǁȂLjdzƆƢǗȂǴǤǷƆƢǸȀǧȁƗƆƢǨȇǂŢ

ȏŖdzơƤȇƿƢǯȋơǒǠƥDZȂLJǂdzơƧƢǧȁDZȂƷƪƴLjĄǻďȆǐƼnjdzơƶȇǂƴƬdzơƧƽƢǟȄǴǟƆƢȇǂƳȁ
ǹƗǶǟDŽºȇǺǷǭƢǼȀǧǵȐLJȎdzǺȇƽƢǠŭơƨǻƢLJǂƫĿƆƢƷȐLJƪǴĉǤĄƬLJơƢĔƛƮȈƷƢǿǂǯƿǺǷǍƢǼǷ
ȄǴǟƆƢǷȂǸLjǷƩƢǷǾǻƗǂƻȉơǒǠƦdzơƾǯƚȇȁƣȐǰdzơǾƬǸȀƬdzơȁƉǝăǂăǏƨƥȂǻƤƦLjƥƩƢǷDZȂLJǂdzơ
 džȇǁƢºƥȂȈƯƢºǷǶǟDŽȇȁDzȈǻơƽǹƢǷǁȂǻƧǂǯƢǷƨȇƽȂȀȇƧƗǂǷơƾȇ
ǝǂǏƨƥȂǻǾƬƥƢǏƘǧƨdzƢǸưdzơŕƷƆơǂŨƣǂNjǶLjdzơǂƯƗǺǷňƢǠȇDZȂLJǂdzơǹƢǯƢǸǼȈƥǾǻƗ
ǹƗdžȇǁƢƥƨǴǯƢNjȄǴǟǶǿǺŲŚưǰdzơǶǟDŽȇȁǾLjǨǻ ǁƾǐŭơǾƬǸȀƬdzƢǧǂȇǃƢǼƻƨƦȇǁǃĿǞǫȁȁ
DzƥƨȈưȈǴưƬdzơƨǫƾǻDŽdzơƨǯǂƷǶȀȇƗǁĿƢǷdžLJƚǷǾƦǰƫǁơȅǀdzơǵǂŪơƤLJƢǼƫƨȈƯȐưdzơƨƬȈŭơǽǀǿ
ƨǷȂǟDŽŭơƨƯƽƢūơǽǀŮǵȐLJȍơĿǂȇŗŬơǶūDzǯƗȁǂǸŬơƣǂNjʼnǂŢƤƦLJǶȀǼǷǒǠƦdzơǞƳǂĄȇ
ƧƢºǧȁDzƦǫƢǻƢǯǂȇŗŬơǶūDzǯƗȁǂǸŬơƣǂNjʼnǂŢǹƗƪƦưƫŖdzơƨȈźǁƢƬdzơǪƟƢǬūơśǴǿƢƴƬǷ
ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơDZȂLJǂdzơ

ǺºǟƨƸȈƸºǐdzơƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơƧƽƢȇǃǶǣǁƢƥȁǁȁƗĿǁƢnjƬǻȏơĿŚǗƢLJȋơǽǀǿƩǂǸƬLJơȁ
ŕƷƨdzȁơƾƬǷŚǗƢLJȋơǽǀǿǒǠƥƪdzơǃƢǷȁƨȈƦȈǴǐdzơƣȁǂūơƔƢǼƯƗȁƢȈǻƢƦLJƛƨƥơȂƥŐǟǵȐLJȍơ
ǭƢǼȀǧƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơƣȂǠnjǴdzƨǷƢǠdzơƧǂǯơǀdzơĿƺLJǂƫƢǷƢȀǼǷǹƛDzƥƨȈƫƢǷȂǴǠŭơȁƨǧǂǠŭơǂǐǟĿ
ǽơȂƸǧƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơƨǤǴdzơĿDZȁơƾƬǷDZȂǫDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǟ
(If the mountain does not come to Mahammad, Mahammad
goes to the mountain )
ȄǴǟǾƫǁƾǫǹƢȈƦƫǾƥƢƸǏƗǺǷƵƢūƛƾǠƥDZȁƢƷDZȂLJǂdzơǹƗƢǿƽƢǨǷƧǁȂǘLJƗȄǴǟřƦǷȂǿȁ
ǭǂºƸƬȇŃƢǷƾǼǟȁǵȁƾǬdzƢƥǽƢȇƛƆơǂǷƕDzƦƳńƛ,ǁƢNjƘǧDzLJǂdzơȁƔƢȈƦǻȋơƨȈǬƥDzưǷƩơDŽƴǠŭơDzǠǧ
ƆȐƟƢǫDzƦŪơńƛƤǿƿȁǶLjƬƥơǽȂƳȂdzơȄǴǟDzǷȋơƨƦȈƻƩƢǷȐǟDZȂLJǂdzơȃƗǁȁǾǻƢǰǷǺǷDzƦŪơ
DzƦŪơńƛƤǿǀȈLJƆơƾǸŰǹƜǧĊƾǸŰńƛƌDzƦŪơĉƩƘȇŃǹƛ

ǹȁǂºǬdzơƢƥȁǁȁƗĿřȇƾdzơƾȀnjŭơȄǴǟǵȐLJȎdzǂǧƢLjdzơƔơƾǠdzơǁƢȈƫǹƢȈǤǗǺǷȁƾƦȇƢǷǶǣǁȁ
ǺºǷƆơƽƾºnjƫōDzºǫƗǾƬdzƽƢůȁǵȐLJȍơƧǂǛƢǼŭǶēƢȈƷơȂƦǿȁǺċŲśȈƸȈLjŭơǒǠƥǹƢǯȄǘLJȂdzơ
ǶȀǟƢºǼǫƛȁśǸǴLjŭơƨǬƯƤLjǯDzƳƗǺǷǹƢǯǹƛȁƨǻȁǂŭơǺǷƆơǁƾǫǶȀǔǠƥȃƾƥƗDzƥǶǿŚǣ
ĿƢºǰǟĿǹƢǰȈǼȈǷȁƾºdzơƨºǨƟƢǗƽơǂǧƗƾƷƗȆLjǴƥơǂǘdzơǵƢȈdzȁƔȏƚǿǺǷȁƨȈƸȈLjŭơǩƢǼƬǟƢƥ
ƨȈƸȈºLjǷƨǬǗǂǿǵȐLJȍơĿȃǂȇȆLjǴƥơǂǘdzơǵƢȈdzȁǹƢǯǂnjǟƮdzƢưdzơǹǂǬdzơǺǷƩƢȈǼȈǠƦLjdzơ
ǵȐºLJȍơśºƥƨǯǂƬnjŭơǶLJơȂǬdzơĿǺǠǸƬdzơȄǴǟśǸǴLjŭơǞȈƴnjƫśȈƸȈLjŭơȄǴǟśǠƬȇǾǻƗȁ
ȄǴǟǾƥDžƘƥȏƆƢǗȂNjơȂǠǘǫǹȂǸǴLjŭơȅƗǶĔƗȁDzȈǻơƽǹƢǷǁȂǻƨȈƸȈLjŭơȁ
ƨȈƸȈLjŭơƨǻƢȇƾdzơǩƢǼƬǟơǪȇǂǗ

ȅƗǂºdzơǵƢºǟClunyřƊǴƒǯǂȇƾdzƆƢLjȈƟǁŚƬƻơȅǀdzơǮLJƢǼdzơDžǂǘƥŘƦƬȇȁ
śǸǴºLjŭơƔơƾǟǹƗȁǭDŽƬȇǂǯdžǸȈƳȃŐǯƨȈƸȈLjǷƨǬǗǂǿǵȐLJȍơǹƘƥ
ǺºǷǾºǻƗȆƠƫǂȇȁǾLjǨǻǁƾǐŭơǎǴƼŭơǾǻƗƗƾƦǷǶȀǔǧǁĿǖǬǧǂǐƸǼȇƶȈLjǸǴdz
ǵȋƾdzȁǾǻƘƥǹȂǼǷƚȇȁƶȈLjŭƢƥǹȂǼǷƚȇǞǫơȂdzơĿǶĔȋ ƨȈƸȈLjŭơǩƢǼƬǟƢƥśǸǴLjŭơǝƢǼǫƛŚLjȈdzơ
ƲƴūƢºƥǶȀƬǬǗǂǿǒƷƽǺǷƾƥȏǹƢǯƨȇƢǤdzơǽǀǿńƛDZȂǏȂǴdzȁʼnǂǷǾǷƗǹȂǸǜǠȇȁƔơǁǀǟ
ƨºȇƢǤdzơǽǀǿńƛƆȏȂǏȁȁǵȐLJȍơǺǟƨƸȈƸǐdzơƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơǂǧȂƬƥƐȏƛȄƫƘƬȇȏơǀǿȁśǿơŐdzơȁ
ƨȈŻƽƢǯȋơƩƢLJơǁƾdzơǵƢȈǫńƛǪȇǂǘdzơƆơƾȀŲƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơńƛʼnǂǰdzơǹƕǂǬdzơƨŦǂƬƥǮLJƢǼdzơDžǂǘƥǂǷƗ
ƨƴūƢƥśǸǴLjŭơƨǟǁƢǬǷƣȂƳȂƥǵƢƬdzơǾǟƢǼƬǫơǮLJƢǼdzơDžǂǘƦdzƤLjŹƢĈŲȁƢƥȁǁȁƗĿǵȐLJȎdz
ȏȅƗǂºdzơơǀǿċǺǰdzǾLjǨǻǁƾǐŭơƾǬūƢƥȏƤūƢƥȁƧȂǬdzƢƥȏDzǬǠdzƢƥȁƵȐLjdzƢƥȏ
ǵȐLJȍơǽƢšǮLJƢǼdzơDžǂǘƥȅǂǏƢǠǷǦǫơȂǷĿƆƢǷƢǟƆȏȂŢDzưŻ

ļȂǿȐdzơǵƢǜǼdzơǝƢĈƦĄƫǦǬǴƫǾďȈƦǻƧǁȂǏǾȇȂnjƬƥǵȐLJȍơƧǁȂǏǾȇȂnjƬdzƣȁƙƾdzơǶȀȈǠLJĿȁ
ȆǬnjǷƾdzơƢǼƷȂȇƭǁƛǎȈƸǸƬdzơȁƮƸƦdzơƔƢǼǟǹȁƽȄǘLJȂdzơǁȂǐǠdzơĿƨȈƸȈLjŭơǺǟǞǧơƾŭơ
ǹƢºǷǁȂǻƾºǸŰƧċȂƦǻǾƥƾǠƦăƬLjĄƫȁƩơċȂƦǼdzơDzǯǾȈǴǟDžƢǬƫƆƢǠǷƢƳƆơǁƢȈǠǷơȂǠǓȁȁȅƾǼǰdzơȁ
ƧƢȈƷǹȂǰƫǹƗȆǿȁƨȈdzƢƬdzơƨƯȐưdzơƝƽƢƦŭơĿǾǴǯǵƢǜǼdzơDZơDŽƬƻơǺǰŻȁDzȈǻơƽ
ǪƟƢºǬƷǶŮơȂºǫƗǃƢƬŢǹƗȁƩơDŽƴǠŭơDzǠǧǺǷƔƢȈƦǻȋơǺǰǸƬȇǹƗȁƨǷƢǬƬLJȐdzȏƢưǷƔƢȈƦǻȋơ
DzºnjǧǹƗȄǴǟDzȈdzƾƬdzơȂǿǵƢǜǼdzơơǀŮȆLJƢLJȋơǥƾŮơǹƘƥŚǯǀƬdzơńƛƔǂŭơƱƢƬŹȏƧƾdzƢƻ
ƾǿơȂnjdzơƪǓǁƢǠƫƢǷƾǼǟȁǾƫċȂƦĄǻǦȇǃȄǴǟƆƢȈǧƢǯƆȐȈdzƽČƾǠȇƝƽƢƦŭơǽǀǿǺǷďȅƗǪȈǬŢĿœǼdzơ
ƾǿơȂnjdzơǮǴƫDzȇȁƘƫĿǹȂȈƥǂǤdzơǹȂȈƸȈLjŭơƣƢƬǰdzơƽƽǂƬȇŃǽǂȇȂǐƫƽơǂȇƢǷǞǷœǼdzơƧƢȈƷǺǷ
ƢºǷǹƗƨdzȂǬǷȄǴǟǮdzƿĿǺȇƾǸƬǠǷƧƾȇƾƳƾǿơȂNjǩȐƬƻơȁƗƽȂǐǬŭơǂǷȋơǞǷƤLJƢǼƬȇƢŠ
ǂºǷȋơċƾǠƬȇŃǹƛȁŕƷǾLjǨǻǁƾǐŭơƆƢȈǬȈǬƷǾƫơƿĿǹȂǰȇǹƗċƾƥȏǪūơƔơƾǟƗŚǔȇ
ȅƗǂºdzơơȁƾºǸƬǟơǶĔƘƥǁơǂǫȍơĿƆƢƳǂƷǹȂȈƥȁǁȁȋơƣƢĈƬǰdzơƾŸŃǾȈǴǟȁDZƢǬdzơȁDzȈǬdzơƽǂů
Guibert of ȂǿƢºȀǧǵȐLJȍơǺǟǶēƢǷȂǴǠǷƢȀǼǷǹȂǬƬLjȇǁƽƢǐǷDZȂǬdzơǺǷȂǤǴdzơȁǵƢǠdzơ
ǶºǿơƿƗǃȁƢºƴƬȇǺȇǀdzơǮƠdzȁƗǂnjdzƢƥǹƢLjǻȍơǂǯǀȇǹƗDZȂƦǬŭơǺǷǾǻƘƥƵďǂǐȇ Nogent
ǹǁƊǀăLJĿdžƦƬǬǷŚưǰƥǂnjdzơƽȁƾƷ

ƨŤƢǫƧǁȂǏȄǘLJȂdzơǁȂǐǠdzơĿƨȈƸȈLjŭơǺǟǹȂǠǧơƾŭơǶLJǁǶȀǧȐLJƗǾǟƾƬƥơƢǷȄǴǟƢȇǂƳȁ
ǞºǫơȁǺºǟŐǠƫȏƧǁȂǏžǞǫơȂdzơǺǟǹȂǰƫƢǷƾǠƥƗdžȈȇƢǬŭơDzǰƥƪǻƢǯśǸǴLjŭơȁǵȐLJȎdz
ǺȇƽƗƾǬǧǾȈǴǟȁƣǂǤdzơǽƾȇǂȇȁǽơǂȇƢǸǯǵȐLJȍơǺǟŐǠƫƢǷǁƾǫǾƫǁƢǔƷȁǾƬdzƢLJǁȁǵȐLJȍơ
ǮŎǴŤǺǷǽƾǠƦƬLjƫŖdzơƨǠnjƦdzơƩƢǨǐdzơȁǶȀƬdzơDzǯǾƥƪǬǐdzƗȁƢȇƢǘŬơDzǯƣƢǰƫǁƢƥǵȐLJȍơ
ǂƻȉơǁȁƽƤǠdzĿƆƧǂǐƸǼǷǵȐLJȍơƨǨȈǛȁƩƾǣȁƣǂǤdzơƧǃȂŞƨǴǷƢǯƪƸƦǏƗŖdzơƨǬȈǬūơ
džȈºdzƢǷDzǯDzưŻȅǀdzơȁƾǠdzơȂǿǵȐLJȍƢǧƢȀƬȇȂđȁƢēơǀƥƢƥȁǁȁƗǁȂǠNjǃDŽǠȇȅǀdzơǒȈǬǼdzơ
DZȁƢºƷĽǾƦǴǏȁƶȈLjŭơƨȈǿȂdzƗǂǰǻƗȁƮȈǴưƬdzơƗƾƦǷǵȐLJȍơǂǰǻƗƾǬǴǧǒȈǬǼdzơȅƗƆƢȈƸȈLjǷ
ƩƢƸǘºnjdzǹȂǸǴLjŭơȁǵȐLJȍơǑǂǠƫơǀǰǿȁƨȈƸȈLjŭơƧƾȈǬǠdzơŚǷƾƫǦǼǠdzƢƥǶȀȇƗǁƤLjƷ
ĿƽȂǸºǐdzơƪǟƢǘƬLJơƨȈƦǴLjdzơĿƨȇƢǣƨǠǷƢƳƧǁȂǏƲƬǻƗƢŲǕơǂǧȍơĿƨǼǠǸŭơĺǂǤdzơDZƢȈŬơ
DzǔǧƗȂǿƢǷȂŴƩơǁȂǘƬdzơDzǯǾƳȁ

ƆƢºǔȈǤƥȁƆƢºƬȈǬǷȆƸȈLjŭơǽơǂȇƢǷDzǯǹȂǴưŻƧǁȂǐdzơǽǀǿĿǹȂǸǴLjŭơȁǵȐLJȍơǁƢǏ
ǦºǼǠdzơǺºȇƽǵȐºLJȍơȁžǹȂƬƠƬǨǷƧǂƥơǂƥȁǹȂǟƽƢűȁǶŮƨǨǟȏǁƢǨǯȁǹȂȈǼƯȁǹȂǸǴLjŭƢǧ
ǽȂºǬǼƬǠȇŕƷDžƢǼdzơƔơǂǣƛȁƨǬȈǬūơǦȇǂŢƾǸǠƫȁDzƟƢǔǨdzơńƛǂǬƬǧơǺȇƽƨȈƷƢƥȍơȁDzȈƳƾƬdzơȁ
ƢºǷƗžƨºǔǫƢǼƬŭơǁƢǰǧȋơǺǷƤȇǂǣǖȈǴƻǺǟƧǁƢƦǟǹƕǂǬdzơȁžƨȈƷƢƥȍơȁƗƧȂǬdzơƢǷƛƆȐǤƬLjǷ
DzƦǫǾdzȅƾǐƬdzơȁǵȐLJȍơƨǻơƽƛǺǷƨȈƸȈLjǸǴdzƾƥȏǹƢǯǾȈǴǟȁDZƢƳƾdzơƶȈLjŭơȂȀǧDZȂLJǂdzơ
ƆƢȈƟƢĔǾȈǴǟƔƢǔǬdzơ

ǁȂºǐǠdzơǹƢºċƥƛƣǂǤdzơĿƨǴȈƼƬŭơƨȈǟơƾƥȍơDZƢǸǟȋơƾǸǠƫǹƗǹƿƛƣǂǤƬLjŭơǺǷǺǰȇŃ
ǹȂȈƸȈºLjŭơǹȂȈƫȂǿȐdzơƢȀǟƾƬƥơŖdzơśǸǴLjŭơȁǵȐLJȎdzƨǿȂnjŭơǁȂǐdzơDZȐǤƬLJơńƛȄǘLJȂdzơ
 ƾȈºnjǻ ƢȀºǼǷȁƨǧȁǂǠŭơƨȈƥƽȋơDZƢǸǟȋơǮǴƫǮdzƿȄǴǟDZƢưǷƶǓȁƗōDzǠdzȁƢǿǂȇȁƾƫƧƽƢǟƛȁ
DzȈǨȇƾºǼǷƩȐºƷǁȁŖǻơƾºdzƨȈŮȍơƢȇƾȈǷȂǰdzơȁǵƾǻȏȁǁƾȈnjǻȁǂƯƖŭơ
DZƢºǸǟȋơǽǀºǿƨǠȈƦǗƪƸũȁǵƪȈǣƾȈdzǹȂŪƔơǂǷȋơǕȂǬLJȁǵ
ǹȂǸǴºLjŭơǁƢǐǧƽȁƾƷȁƗƽȂȈǫǹȁƽǵȐLJȎdzǁȂǏǶLJǂdzǶȀƬǴȈƻȋƨǼǟȋơơȂǬǴǘȇǹƗƔƢƥƽȌdz
DŽǻȂºƳƭƾȇŚǷȆLJƾǯƚȇȁƾăƦǠĄȇƆƢŮƛȁƆȏƢƳƽƶƦǏƘǧœǼdzơƢǷƗǹƢƯȁƗƧƾƦǟȁśȈƥƢǿǁƛƧǂƥơǂƥ
ǂǠºnjdzơĿƾƟƢLjdzơƾȈǴǬƬdzơǹƗǂƯƖŭơƾȈnjǻĿ *ƨǼLJơǂLjǴdzƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơƧǁȂǐdzơǹơȂǼǠƥƨdzƢǬǷĿ
ǶĔƗȄǴǟśǸǴLjŭơǂȇȂǐƫȂǿȆLjǻǂǨdzơȆǸƸǴŭơ
 
ƨºǼƬǨdzơDžƗǁƔƢǼƥƗǶǿȁǾLjƟƢǼǯŚǷƾƫȁ ƶȈLjŭơŚǬŢȁǽǂǯĿǶēƢȈƷǹȂǔŻǁơǂNjƗ
džȈǴƥƛǁȁǂnjdzơDzǯǁƾǐǷȁ
ǹȂǠnjƥƨǬdzƢǸǟǶȀǼǷŚưǯȁǹƢǘȈnjdzơƧǂǷƛƪŢǶȀLjǨǻƗǹȂǠǔȇȁƅơǹȂǿǂǰȇǶĔƛ 
ƢȀǴǸǯƘƥDzƟƢƦǫǶȀǼǷǹƗƢǸǯ
ǺȇǁƾºǐǷǭǁƢºǠŭơńƛǹȂǠǧƾǼȇȁśǗƢȈnjdzơǹȂǴƥƧǂnjƦdzơƽȂLJǶȀǼǷȁǹȁǂǫȅȁƿ 
ƣȐǰdzơƵƢƦǻDzưǷƨƦȇǂǣƢƫơȂǏƗ
ƵǂºƫǝȂºǷƽƽȂǠƬdzƨǜūǶȀǼǷƵǂǨdzơǝȂǷƽǂǸȀǼƬǧƨNjƢȈŪơǦǗơȂǠdzơǶȀȈǴǟƤǴǤƫ 
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ƧƾºȈƷȂdzơƨǸºLjdzơǶǿǃȂºǠƫƮȈƷǺƟƢNjƪȈǬǷȂǿƢǷŏDzǰdzƾȈLjšǶēƢȈǯȂǴLJǹƜǧ 
ǶȀǧŅƢƬdzƢƥȁƨȈƸȈLjŭơƧƾȈǬǠdzơȅƗDZƢǸǰǴdz
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ƢºǷȄǴǟƨȈǼƦǷȆǿDzƥƨȈǧǂǠǷǪƟƢǬƷƧƾȈdzȁƪLjȈdzƧǁȂǐdzơǽǀǿǹƛƆȐƟƢǫDŽǻȂƳƽǂǘƬLjȇȁ
DzưǷĿȁǶēơƽƢǟȁǁƢǨǰdzơƩơƾǬƬǠǷǾȇȂnjƫĿƨƸǴǐŭơƩơƿƨȈǼȇƾdzơƩƢǘǴLjdzơǾƫƘƫǁơ
ŃƢǸǯƨǬȈǬūơǺǟƮƸƦǴdzƽơƾǠƬLJơȄǴǟǞǷƢLjdzơȁƗƝǁƢǬdzơȁƗƤƫƢǰdzơǺǰȇŃǥȁǂǜdzơǽǀǿ

ƢȈƸȈLjǷdžȈdzǺǷDzǯȄǴǟǪǴǘƬdzƢŮƢǸǠƬLJơǶďǸĄǟĽȄǘLJȂdzơǁȂǐǠdzơĿƢǏȂǐƻǶǴLjŭơȁƗĺǂǠdzơȄǴǟǪǴǘƫƨȈǸLjƫ
(Saracen)
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śǸǴLjŭơȁǵȐLJȍơǺǟ

DZȂºȀůȆLjǻǂǧǂǟƢNjƢȀǨdzƗŖdzơƾǻȏȁǁǂƯƖǷƨǸƸǴǷĿǁȂǐdzơǽǀǿDzǯƪLjǰǠǻơƾǫȁ
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ǺºǷƆơƾƟƢǟǹƢŭǁƢNjǹƢǯƢǸǼȈƥƿƛǵǵƢǟƨȈźǁƢƫƨƯƽƢƷńƛƨǸƸǴŭơǽǀǿƾǼƬLjƫȁśǸǴLjŭơ
ƨºǸƸǴŭơǺǰdzƢǿȁƽƢƥƗȁǾnjȈƳƧǂƻƚǷǮLJƢƦdzơǺǷǹȂƥǁƢŰǶƳƢǿƢȈǻƢƦLJƛȄǴǟƨȇǂǰLjǟƨǴŧ
ǮǴǷƨǸƸǴŭơĿƆƢǸȀǷƆơǁȁƽƤǠǴƫŖdzơƩƢȈǐƼnjdzơǺǷȁśǸǴLjŭƢƥǮLJƢƦdzơśŦƢȀŭơDZƾƦƬLjƫ
ƾȈnjǻȂdzȂƥƗǾdzȎdzȆǴǐƫȁƆơƾǸŰƾƦǠƫȁƣǂdzơǽǂǰƫƨȈǐƼNjȂǿȁDzȈLJǁƢǷǶǴLjŭơƨǘLjǫǂLJ
ƢȀºLJƗǁȄǴǟȁǹƕǂǬdzơƢȀǼǷƨŮȉơǺǷƨǟȂǸůƾƦǠȇřƯȁơǀǿDzȈLJǁƢǷȁDZơƾǻơǁ
DzºǯƾºǼǟƢȈdzƢǟœǼdzơƩȂƥƢƫǹȂȈǼƯȂdzơƔȏƚǿǞǧǂȇȁƾǸŰǶǿŚƦǯ
DzȈºLJǁƢǷǝǂǔƫƨǯǂǠŭơdžȈǗȁȆŧƢǷƾǼǟȁǂǐǼdzơǶŮǪǬƸƬȈdzƨǯǂǠǷ
ǹȂǸǘƸȈǧǽƽȂǼƳȁDzȈLJǁƢǷǾȈǴǟƤǴǬǼȇǮdzǀdzǶȀǼǟȄǴƼƬȇǾǻƗōȏƛƔƢǟƾdzƢƥƾǸŰńƛǽƽȂǼƳȁ
ǂȇǃƢǼŬơȁƣȐǰdzơǾLJȁƾƫƮȈƷǩƾǼƻĿǾǻȂǬǴȇȁǾdzƢưŤ

ƽƽǂºƫȁƧƾȈǬǠdzơĿƣǀƥǀƫȄǘLJȂdzơǁȂǐǠdzơĿƣǂǤdzơǶǿơǂȇƢǸǯśǸǴLjŭơDZƢƷơǀǰǿ
ƧǁȂǘLJȋƢƥǾLjǨǻƪǫȂdzơĿǖƦƫǂȇȁƨǼȈȀǷƨƥȂǬǟƾǸŰDZƢưǸƬdzdžȈǻƾƬdzơơǀǿDzưŻȁǦǫơȂŭơĿ
ǺǷDZȂLJǂdzơƨȈǐƼNjśƥƹǁƢǐdzơǒǫƢǼƬdzơƨǸƸǴŭơǽǀǿƾǯƚƫȁœǼdzơƩȂǷǺǟǂǯǀdzơƨǨdzƢLjdzơ
ƶȈLjŭơƩȂŭƧǂƻƢLJƧƢǯƢŰƢǼǿČƾǠȇȅǀdzơǾƫȂǷĿŕƷȃǂƻƗƨȀƳǺǷƶȈLjŭơƨȈǐƼNjȁƨȀƳ
ǹƗȁƾºȈƷȂƬdzơǺȇƽȂǿȁǭǂnjdzƢƥǵȐLJȍơǶǏȂȇǹƗƨƦȇǂǣƨǫǁƢǨǷƢȀǴǠdzȁDzȈųȍơĿƽǁȁƢǸǯ
ȆƟơƾºǠdzơǂȇȂǐƬdzơơǀǿDzưǷĿƨƥơǂǣȏȁƾƦǠȇƢŮƛƨǰǷĿǵƢǼǏȋơǶǘƷȅǀdzơDZȂLJǂdzơƶƦǐȇ
ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛĿśǸǴLjŭơƾǓƨųǂǨdzơǮǴǷƩȏȂǘƥƾƴŤƨǸƸǴǷĿśǸǴLjŭơȁǵȐLJȎdz

ǵȐºLJȎdzǽǂȇȂǐƫĿǾLjǨǻȆƟơƾǠdzơƣƢǘŬơǵƪȈǣƾȈdzǹȂƳǦǛȂȇȁ
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ƣȂǴºLJƘƥƪȈǣƾºȈdzǝƢǘƬLJơǵȐLJȍơǶȈdzƢǠƫȁœǼdzơƧƢȈƷǺǟƮȇƾūơĿǦdzƚŭơǾȈǧDzLJǂƬLjȇ
ǺǟǽǂǐǟĿƧǂƫơȂƬŭơƤȇƿƢǯȋơȁŚǗƢLJȋơDzǯǂnjŹǹƗơǂǘLJǺȇǂnjǟȁƨƟƢǷǺǷDzǫƗĿǂǯƢǷ
ǂǘºLjdzơǺǷƪȈǣƾȈdzDZȂǬȇƨȈǻơȂȀnjdzơȁǝǂǐdzơƩƢƥȂǻȁǝơƾŬơȁǂƸLjdzơȁDzȈƳƾƬdzơœǼdzơ
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ǞȈǓȁDzǏƗǺǷƣǂǠdzơƧǂȇDŽƳĿƾdzȁ   
ǹƢƯȁȋơƧƽƢƦǟĿǾƫƢȈƷƆƢȈǔŲ   

ȃȂǣƗœǼdzơǹƗȁȆƸȈLjŭơȅƽȂȀȈdzơƭơǂƬǴdzƨǸǴŭǵȐLJȍơǹƗƧǁȂǘLJƗǂȇȁƾƫƪȈǣƾȈdzƾȈǠȇȁ
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ƧǁȂǘºLJƗȁƨƥǁƾŭơƨǷƢǸūơƧǁȂǘLJƗƪȈǣƾȈdzǁǂǯƢǸǯǾƥƢƬǼƫŖdzơǝǂǐdzơƩƢƥȂǻƢŮǁŐȇȆǯ
ǞǧƽřƯȁǾǻƘƥœǼdzơƪȈǣƾȈdzǶēơȁǹƕǂǬdzơƨƥƢƬǯĿǽƾǟƢLJȅǀdzơȅǁȂǘLjǼdzơƤǿơǂdzơDžȂȈƳŚLJ
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ƢȈǟƾǷDzǠǨȇȏƢŠǾƥƢƸǏƗǂǷƘȇȂȀǧƨȈǫȐƻȋơƨȈƳơȁƽǃȏƢƥœǼdzơƪȈǣƾȈdzǶēơƢǸǯśǸǴLjŭơ
ȂºǿƱȁDŽƫśƷĿśǸǴLjŭơȄǴǟǞƥǁƗǺǷǂưǯƘƥƱơȁDŽdzơʼnǂŢDzưǷƢǏƢƻƔƢǼưƬLJơǾƸǼǷƅơǹƗ
ƽƢǟơȁǾƬċȈǨȈǯȁœǼdzơƩȂŠȅƽƢǟŚǣƢǷƢǸƬǿơƪȈǣƾȈdzȃƾƥƗȁǮdzƿǺǷǂưǯƗ
ǂȇǃƢºǼƻƨºƦȇǁǃĿƢǿǂƯƛǖǬLJǝǂǏƨƥȂǼdzDzťȂǿȁœǼdzơǑĈǂǠƫǺǟƧǂƫơȂƬŭơƧǁȂǘLJȋơǂǯƿ
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ƣƽȋơśºƥǵƢƴºLjǻȏơȁǪǧơȂƬdzơǾȈǧdžǰǠǼȇƆƢȈƥƽƗƆȐǸǟŖǻơƾdzƨȈŮȍơƢȇƾȈǷȂǰdzơDzưŤȁ
ǶȈºƸŪơĿœǼdzơŖǻơƽƢđǎźŖdzơƨƥȂǬǠdzƢǧśǸǴLjŭơȁǵȐLJȍơDZƢȈƷƢǸȀǨǫȂǷĿƨLjȈǼǰdzơȁ
ƢǿŚǷƾºƫœǼdzơƨdzȁƢƸŠǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧƨLjȈǼǰdzơǂǜǻƨȀƳȁƔȐŝdžǰǠƫǹȁǂnjǠdzơȁǺǷƢưdzơǞǘǬŭơ
ǦdzƢºLjdzơǪºnjǼŭơDZƢǼȇƽǁƢǰdzơƾǸŰƧǁȂǘLJƗȄǴǟơƽƢǼƬLJơǩƢǬnjdzơȁƨǫǂǨdzơǝǁDŽƥDzƻơƾdzơǺǷ
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ƨȈdzƾƬŭơœǼdzơƔƢnjƷƗƩƢȇȂƬƄǃDŽǬŭơǦǏȂdzơǮdzǀƥƧċƾƷƽơƽDŽƫƤǰƫǂŭơǵǂŪơƤLJƢǼƫƢĔƗŖǻơƽ
ƨȈºNjȂLJƢǷƧȂºnjǻĿǽǁƾǏƢđœǼdzơǩDŽŻŖdzơƨǬȇǂǘǴdzǞȇǂŭơǦǏȂdzơńƛƨǧƢǓƛǾȈǫƢLJśƥ
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ǽƾȈƥǽǁƾǏǪnjȇȂǿȁřǬǷǁ   
ȅǁƾǏǩDŽǷƗǦȈǯǂǜǻơDZƢǫȁ   
śǨǐǻńƛƾǸŰǂǘnjǼȇǦȈǯǂǜǻơ   
ƢŏŭƘƬǷĈȆǴǟǂŻȆǷƢǷƗȁ   
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ǑǁȋơȄǴǟƨǼƬǨdzơǁȁǀƥơȂǟǁǃǶĔȋȁ   
ǶȈƸŪơǩƢǬnjdzơȅǁƿƢƥƨƥȂǬǟơȂǬƸƬLJơ   

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ƔƢºƳȁƨºƥȂǬǠdzơƩƔƢºƳǮdzǀdzȂǰȈǷƕƽǭƢƳƆȐǗƢƥǪūơƤǴǬȇȅǀdzơœǼdzơ
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ǺǷƗȂLJƗȏƮȈƷŖǻơƽǶȈƸƳǺǷDzǨLJȋơǭǁƾdzơȅƗƨǠLJƢƬdzơƧǂƟơƾdzơĿœǼdzơƨƥȂǬǟǹƛ
ƧǁƢƯƛĿƨƥȂǬǟƨȇƗƢȀȈǿƢǔƫȏDzƥǖǬǧƨǟƢǜǧƩƢƥȂǬǠdzơǂưǯƗƪLjȈdzdžȈǴƥƛƨƥȂǬǟȏƛǾƬƥȂǬǟ
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ƔƢºƳƢǷƤƦLjƥƢēȂǫȁƢȀǰLJƢŤȁƢēƾƷȁƨLjȈǼǰdzơƩƾǬǧƾǬǧƨLjȈǼǰdzơȄǴǟǂǘƻǺǷǵȐLJȍơ
ƮȈƷǂȀǘŭơƢȇƾȈǷȂǰdzơǺǷňƢưdzơƔDŽŪơĿƆƢƷȂǓȁǂưǯƗơǀǿơƾƥȁœǼdzơǾƥ
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ǽơǂºȇƢºǷńƛǮºdzƿƽǂǷȁœǼdzơƨƥȂǬǟǺǷƢǠȇȁǂƫȁƧƾƷDzǫƗƤdzƢǗĺƗǺƥȆǴǟǵƢǷȍơƨƥȂǬǟ
ǦºȈǨţƤƳȂƬºLjȇƢºŲŐºǯȋơǝƽƢƼŭơƢȇƢƸǓƆƢǠȈŦśǸǴLjŭơǹƗǺǷȆƸȈLjŭơƣǂǤdzơ
ǶȀƬƥȂǬǟ

ǶȈºƸŪơǺǷńȁȋơƧǂƟơƾdzơĿśǸǴLjŭơǺǷƨƯȐƯǺǰLJƗŖǻơƽǹƗƣơǂǤƬLJȐdzŚưŭơǺǷȁ
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ƨȈƸȈLjǷƨƸǴǐǷǺǷƢǷĘƾƷńƛǞƥƢǻśǸǴLjŭơȄǴǟƣƢċƬǰdzơƔȏƚǿǾǫƾǣƗȅǀdzơƔƢǼưdzơǺǰdz
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ƢºǻƢŻƛǪǸǟƗǹȂǸǴLjŭơŚǐȇƢǷƾǼǟƧƘǗȁċƾNjƗȁƧċƾƷăǂưǯƗśȈƸȈLjŭơǶĔơȂƻȍƣƢċƬǰdzơǮƠdzȁƗ
ƩƢºȀƳȁDzǰnjȇƶǷƢLjƬdzơȏǶǰƸƬLjŭơřȇƾdzơƔơƾǠdzơDzǛƾǬǧǵȂǸǠdzơĿƢǷƗƧƾȈǬǟƺLJǁƗȁ
ȄǘLJȂdzơǁȂǐǠdzơĿƣǂǤdzơƾǼǟśǸǴLjŭơȁǵȐLJȍơǽƢšǦǫơȂŭơȁǂǜǼdzơ


 












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