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335-358, 2013
ABSTRACT
In recent years, horizontal well technology have evolved as the more favorable option in the
state of Kuwait over the conventional vertical and deviated wells. Several models have been
published in the literature to estimate the productivity index of horizontal wells. Generally,
all of these models require two factors which are the shape and pseudo-skin factors. Also,
most of these models require parameters that are not always easy to determine.
This study presents easy and quick technique for calculating the productivity index of a
horizontal well. The new technique has been established based on the instantaneous
source solutions for the pressure response of a horizontal well. The pseudo-steady state
ow is expected to develop because the horizontal well is assumed to be acting in nite
reservoirs. Two parameters were derived and their inuences on the productivity index
were investigated. The rst one is the pseudo-skin factor due to asymmetry of a
horizontal well. The second one is the shape factor group.
The study emphasizes that the productivity index for horizontal wells are strongly
aected by the two parameters: the shape factor group and the pseudo-skin factor.
Shape factor group is mainly aected by the drainage area conguration while pseudoskin factor is mainly aected by vertical penetration. The study conrms that the
productivity index is aected by the penetration ratio in the horizontal plane and
reservoir geometry. In addition, square-shaped reservoir produces at maximum
productivity index while channel-shaped reservoir produces at minimum productivity
index. The study nds that wellbore eccentricity (wellbore location in the horizontal
plane) does not aect the pseudo-skin factor and vertical penetration ratio does not
aect the shape factor group. The results obtained from the new technique have been
compared with the results from Babu & Odeh model and Economides model. Numerical
examples will be included in the paper.
INTRODUCTION
Productivity index of oil and gas wells represents one of the important
parameters in reservoirs management and development. It is dened simply as
the production rate corresponding to the pressure drawdown. Typically, it is
336
337
wells is the existing of two-phase ow. Wiggins & Wang (2005) investigated the
inow performance data generated for a horizontal wells producing in a
solution gas drive reservoirs. Based on their simulated data, two inow
performance relationships have been generated one was the generalized IPR and
the other one was the IPR that is a function of reservoir recovery. Tang et al.
(2005) studied the eects of formation damage and high-velocity ow on the
productivity of perforated horizontal wells. They developed a comprehensive
semi-analytical model in their study. The model incorporates the additional
pressure drop caused by formation damage and high-velocity ow into a semianalytical coupled wellbore/reservoir model.
Diyashev & Economides (2006) presented for the rst time the idea of the
dimensionless productivity index as a general approach to wells evaluation.
They analyzed more than 100 wells drilled in Siberia and compared the actual
productivity index with the calculated one. Ding et al. (2006) studied the nearwellbore formation damage eects on well performance. They developed
numerical model for the productivity index for the cases of underbalance and
overbalance drilling. The eect of selective perforated horizontal wells was
investigated by Yildiz (2006). He stated that the changes in ow rate, pseudosteady state productivity, and cumulative production for a given perforation
design can be computed using the solution of his analytical model. He explained
that the performance of wells treated with oriented perforation would be
inuenced by the orientation of the perforation and the reservoir anisotropy.
Aulisa et al. (2009) addressed the eect of nonlinearity of ow on the value of
productivity index. They presented a rigorous framework in their study based
on several sets of experiments to measurer the index of a well for nonlinear
Forchheimer ow. The developed technique combines the generalized Darcy
equation and easy-to-apply numerical and analytical methods.
Tabatabaei & Ghalambor (2011) introduced a new method to predict
performance of horizontal and multilateral wells. They derived semi-analytical
model that couples the ow from box-shaped drainage volume to the ow in the
wellbore. They stated that the ignoring of wellbore pressure drop may cause
overestimation for the productivity index while ignoring the uid-inow eect
can result in the underestimation of well productivity. Hagoort (2011) presented
two exact analytical formulas for the semi-steady state productivity index of an
arbitrarily positioned well in a closed rectangular reservoir. The rst model is
for the constant rate and the second one is for the constant pressure.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING
Horizontal well technology has added signicant values to the petroleum
industry in terms of increased deliverability, injectivity, and increased ultimate
recovery. The great contact area between horizontal wellbore and rock matrix
338
allows reservoir uids to ow freely to the wellbore. The production rate from
horizontal wells is a function of total surface area of the perforated sections and
the pressure drop. For a constant production rate, the pressure drop at any
point in the formations depends on several parameters: permeability,
homogeneity, isotropy, formation drainage area conguration, reservoir uid
properties, and wellbore length. The production rate and the pressure drop at
the wellbore are the two items required for estimating the productivity index.
Generally, the simple model for the productivity index can be written as:
1P
For constant sandface production rate, the pressure drop is the main
parameter that aects the productivity index. Pressure drop can be modeled
using the instantaneous source solutions as:
q
Pxm ; ym ; zm ; t; zw ; Lw ; h
c
Zt
Sxyz xm ; ym ; zm ; t ; zw ; Lw ; hd
PD xeD LD
tRD
("
11
X
4
yeD n1 n
exp
n yeD D
2 2 2
sinn
yeD
2
cosn
2 2 2
1
P
n x D
xwD
n
eD
cosn 2 cos 2 xD xeD xwD 2
1 2 exp
4
n1
1
P
1
2 expn
LD D
2 2 2
n1
ywD
2
n
The above model represents the sum of the pressure drop due to transient
period and the pressure drop due to pseudo-steady state. It can be written as:
ZD
PD 2tDA xeD LD
tDA
kx
ct A
A 4xe ye
5
6
In equation (4), PDi is the dimensionless pressure drop from initial reservoir pressure
to average reservoir pressure that represents the transient period. It can be written as:
PDi
tDA
339
and reservoir pressure at any point and any time. This pressure drop represents
the pseudo-steady state. It can be written as:
ZD
PDa xeD LD
The model given in equation (8) can be solved for long time pseudo-steady
state. It can be written as follows:
9
PDa CHF Sp
CHF is dened as the shape factor group, and Sp is dened as the pseudo-skin factor.
Appendix A shows the derivation of the above pressure drop models and the
dimensionless groups (XD ; YD ; ZD ; XD YD ; XD ZD ; YD ZD andXD YD ZD .
ln
The term
1
2
ln
4A
CA r2w
the shape factor CA . From equation (8), it can be recognized that seven instantaneous
YD ZD ; XD YD ZD represent the
eect of the vertical penetration. While the three solutions XD ; YD ; XD YD represent the
eect of the reservoir drainage area in the horizontal plane where the shape factor is
determined by this area. Therefore, the shape factor group from equation (8) can be written as:
ZD
CHF
xeD LD
XD YD XDYD d D
11
For long time approximation (pseudo-steady state), the group can be dened as:
1
P
yeD
ywD
m
cos
cos
n
x
D
eD
wD
CHF xeD LD 66 cosn 2 cos 2 xD xeD xwD 2 2
2
7
2
2
x
eD n1 n
6
7
1
6
7
16 X 1
yeD
ywD
m
4
5
3 y3 m3 sinm 2 cosm 2 cos 2 yD yeD ywD array
eD m1
32
12
The results of the shape factor group given in equation (12) are plotted in
340
It can be seen that the shape factor group has two linear relationships for
dierent reservoir geometries. The rst linear relationship has negative unit
slope lines when the reservoir boundary normal to the wellbore is less than one
xeD < 1:0 :This fact indicates that the horizontal wells that extend in squareshaped or in wide rectangular reservoirs have the highest productivity index.
The second linear relationship has positive unit slope line when the reservoir
boundary normal to the wellbore is more than one xeD > 1:0 :This fact
indicates that the productivity index of narrow or channel reservoirs is low. In
addition, the maximum productivity index is obtained when the wellbore fully
1:0 :
penetrates the formation in the horizontal plane yfD
In general, the following conclusions about shape factor group are correct:
1 - Shape factor group increases as the wells partially penetrate the formation
in the horizontal plane. Therefore the productivity index increases as the
wells fully penetrate the formation horizontally.
2 - Shape factor group increases as the wellbore length increases. However, the
productivity index in this case depends on both values of shape factor
group and the pseudo-skin factor.
>
>
&
,
&
,
reservoir congurations
reservoir congurations
341
>
>
&
,
&
,
reservoir congurations
reservoir congurations
>
>
&
,
&
,
reservoir congurations
reservoir congurations
PSEUDO-SKIN FACTOR
The pseudo-skin factor for horizontal wells can be found from the instantaneous
solutions that include the vertical direction. It represents the eect of vertical penetration
(i.e. the point in the formation height where the horizontal wells are extending) on
pressure behavior. Therefore, the pseudo-skin factor can be written as:
ZD
Sp
xeD LD
YDZD ZD XD ZD XDYDZD d D
13
342
1
X
yeD
ywD
m
x
cos
n
cos
cos
l
z
cos
l
z
L
D eD
wD
wD
D D
wD
7
6
2
2
7
6
7
6 32 X
1
1
yeD
ywD
m
7
6
7
6 3
cos
m
cos
sin
m
D
eD
wD
7
6 yeD m1 l1 mm2 y2eD 4l2 L2D
2
2
2
7
6
7
6
7
6
Sp xeD LD 6 coslzwD coslzD LD zwD
7
7
6
7
6
1
7
6 16 X
1
xwD
n
7
6
cos
cos
n
x
D
eD
wD
7
6 2
2
2
2
2
7
6 n1 l1 n2 xeD 4l2 LD
7
6
7
6
7
6 coslzwD coslzD LD zwD
7
6
7
6
1
7
6
2 X1
5
4
2 L2 l2 cosnzwD cosnzD LD zwD
D l1
64
14
The pseudo-skin factor in the above model represents the eect of the partial
penetration in the vertical direction and the location of the horizontal wellbore.
For a well extending in the midpoint of the formation thickness zwD
0:5 ; the
following comments can be inferred from Fig. (7) to Fig. (12):
343
>
>
W
^
reservoir congurations
reservoir congurations
>
>
W
^
reservoir congurations
reservoir congurations
>
>
reservoir congurations
reservoir congurations
344
>
>
>
>
>
>
&,
penetration ratios
penetration ratios
345
>
W
^
&,
EFFECT OF ECCENTRICITY
The eccentricity refers to the well location in the reservoir horizontal plane. The optimum
location of the well is the middle of the formation width where it has equal distance to
the boundary parallel to the wellbore direction. Fig. (17) shows the eect of eccentricity
for the well in the middle of the formation xwD 1:0 or the one close to the boundary
xwD 0:5; 1:5 on shape factor group. It can be seen that the shape factor group is
changed signicantly with the location of the well in the horizontal plane due to the
impact of the drainage area on shape factor group. Fig. (18) shows the eect of
eccentricity on the pseudo-skin factor. It can be seen that the eccentricity does not have
great impact on the pseudo-skin factor due to the fact that the pseudo-skin factor is
aected by the penetration and location in the vertical direction rather than the
horizontal direction.
>
>
,&
eccentricities
eccentricities
346
&,
>
>
wellbore lengths
wellbore lengths
PSEUDO-PRODUCTIVITY INDEX
The pseudo-skin factor can be dened as:
Jp
2C 1S S 3
HF
p
m
15
347
>
W:
W
:
Fig. 21. Pseudo-productivity index for dierent Fig. 22. Pseudo-productivity index for dierent
reservoir congurations
reservoir congurations
PRODUCTIVITY INDEX
The productivity index can be written as:
J CJp
2C CS S 3
HF
p
m
16
p
kx kz 2ye
C
where
17
141:2B
The mechanical skin factor negatively aects the productivity index. It increases the
resistance of the formation to the ow of uid from the drainage area close to the
wellbore. Fig. (23) and Fig. (24) show the eect of the mechanical skin factor on the
pseudo-productivity index for dierent horizontal wellbore.
>
>
:W
:W
348
APPLICATIONS
Exampl-1
Table 1 includes the required data of the formation and reservoir uid
properties (Economides et al. 1996). The well is extending at the midpoint of the
formation either in the vertical plane or in the horizontal plane.
20 ft
Oil viscosity
1.0 cp
1500 ft
0.4 ft
Reservoir Permeability:
kx
10 md
ky
10 md
kz
10 md
1.25 res-bbl./STB
2000 ft
4000 ft
0 75
xeD 0 375
sm 0 0
LD 37 5
yeD
Fig. (25) shows the plot of (CHF ) hat has been generated for the above
conditions. It can be found that:
CHF
128 5
:
SP
2 15
:
Both CHF ; SP are calculated using MATLAB simulator due to the diculties
of using the mathematical model for the two parameters given in Eqs. (12) and
(14) respectively.
Using equation (17):
C 113:3
Using equation (16):
349
J 0:87STB/D/psi
The calculated productivity index by Economides et al. 1996 is 0.88.
&
,
^W
Exampl-2
Table 2 includes the required data of the formation and reservoir uid properties
(Lee et al. 2003). The well is extending at the midpoint of the formation in the
vertical direction. Fig. (27) shows the well and reservoir geometry.
350
100 ft
Oil viscosity
Horizontal wellbore length (2Lw
Wellbore radius (rw
1.0 cp
1000 ft
0.25 ft
Reservoir Permeability:
kx
200 md
ky
200 md
kz
50 md
1.25 res-bbl./STB
2000 ft
4000 ft
05
ywD 0 75
xeD 0 25
xwD 1 5
zwD 0 5
sm 0 0
LD 2 5
yeD
Fig. (28) shows the plot of (CHF ) hat has been generated for the above
conditions. It can be found that:
CHF
25 8
:
SP
75
:
C 113:3
Using equation (16):
J 33:9STB/D/psi
The calculated productivity index by Lee et al. 2003 is 33.5. The dierence
between the two values results because the model that used by Lee et al. (2003)
in their calculation is the model presented by Babu & Odeh (1988). In this
model, both (ZD ) and (YD ZD ) were assumed equal to zero.
351
&,
W
^
CONCLUSIONS
1 - The productivity index for horizontal wells can be calculated from the
pseudo-steady state pressure model using long time approximation. Shape
factor group and pseudo-skin factor are the main parameters in the
productivity index model.
2 - Shape factor group is mainly aected by the drainage area conguration.
3 - Pseudo-skin factor is mainly aected by the vertical penetration.
4 - The productivity index of horizontal wells is strongly aected by the
penetration ratio in the horizontal plane. The high penetration ratio, the
high productivity index.
5 - Square-shaped reservoir produces at maximum productivity index.
Channel-shaped reservoir produces at minimum productivity index.
6 - Wellbore eccentricity does not aect the pseudo-skin factor. Vertical
penetration ratio does not aect the shape factor group.
NOMENCLATURES
B
CA
CHF
formation height, ft
Jp
Lw
352
kx
ky
kz
1P
Q
q
rw
Sp
Sm
t
xe
ye
xm
ym
zm
xw
yw
zw
Greek Symbols
porosity
viscosity, cp
diusivity
dummy variable of time
Pxm ; ym ; zm ; t; zw ; Lw ; h
q
c
Zt
Sxyz xm ; ym ; zm ; t ; zw ; Lw ; hd
A 1
2 2
q is the uid withdrawal per unit surface area per unit time can be determined as
follows:
q Q2Lw
A 3
353
z
Y
2Lw
2xe
2ye
"
2xe
1 1
X
n1
exp
n x t
4x2e
2 2 2
n 2xxw
e
cos
n 2xx
e
cos
A 4
"
1
Lw
4ye X 1
Sy; t
1
n
ye
Lw
n 1
exp
n y t
4y2e
2 2 2
n 2Lyw
e
n 2yyw
e
sin
cos
n x t
h2
n zhw
"
1
X
n1
exp
2 2 2
cos
cos
n 2yy
e
#
n hz
cos
A 5
A 6
Substituting Eqs. (A-4), (A-5), and (A-6) in Eq. (A-2) rst and then substitute
Eqs. (A-2) and (A-3) in Eq. (A-1) gives the pressure drop in dimensionless form
as:
PD xeD LD
tRD
0
("
4
11
X
yeD n1 n
exp
n yeD D
2 2 2
yeD
sinn 2 cosn
2 2 2
1
P
exp n x4eD D cosn xwD2 cosn2 xDxeD xwD 2
n1
1
P
2 2 2
1 2 expn LD D cosnzwD cosnzD LD zwD dD
n1
x xw
xD
Lw
n
1 2
where:
ywD
s
ky
kx
A 8
354
yD
y L yw
z zw
zD
Lw
rwD
Lrw
w
PD
ky t
ct L2w
s
ky
kx
A 11
xwD
xxw
A 13
ywD
yyw
A 14
s
kz
ky
A 15
Lyw
A 16
Lxw
e
s
kx
ky
A 17
Lyt where y
p
kx kz 2ye Pxm
A 10
A 12
xeD
ky
kz
zhw
yeD
zwD
Lw
LD
h
tD
A 9
ky
ct
A 18
; ym ; zm ; t; zw ; Lw ; h
q
A 19
PD xeD LD 2
D
1 XD YD ZD XDYD XD ZD YD ZD XD YDZD d D A 20
In this equation, PDi is the dimensionless pressure drop from initial reservoir
pressure to average reservoir pressure. It can be given as:
A 21
PDi xeD LD tD
while PDa is the dimensionless pressure drop between average reservoir pressure
and reservoir pressure at any point and any time. It is given by:
ZD
355
PDa
xeD LD
XD YD ZD XDYD XD ZD XD YDZD d D A 22
where:
YD
yeD
exp m
m
1
X
1
yeD D
2 2 2
2 2
cson
sinm
L2D D
yeD
2
cosl
xwD
2
ywD
cson
zwD
yeD m1 n1
2 2
cosn
xwD
2
ywD
A 27
1 1
X
A 26
2 2 2
2 2
1 exp n xeD 4l LD D cosn xwD cosn x x x
X
D eD
wD
1
A 25
m
yD yeD ywD
cos
2
2
yeD m
4
2
cosl zwD cosl zD LD zwD
8
2 2
2 2
ywD
m
yD yeD ywD A 28
cos
2
2
XD YD ZD
xeD D
2 2 2
expl
1 1 exp
8 XX
XD ZD 4
YD ZD
ZD
XD YD
exp n
1 1
X
4
1
X
XD
1 1
X
exp m yeD n 4xeD 4l LD D sinm y2eD cosm ywD2 cosm2 yD yeD ywD
yeD m
A 29
xwD
n
cos 2 xDxeD xwD cosl zwD cosl zDLD zwD
cson
2
16
2 2
2 2
2 2
XD
1
X
xeD n1 n
2 2
cosn
xwD
2
A 30
356
YD
1
X
16
yeD m1 m
1 1
X
L2D l1 l2
yeD
cosm
2
cosl
ywD
16
XD ZD
yeD m1 l1 mm yeD
;
4l L sinm
2 2
cosn
yeD
cosm
2
1
X
xwD
A 33
ywD
A 34
m
yDyeD ywD
cos
2
2
sinm
cos
ywD
A 35
cosm
2
n xeD 4l LD
cosl zwD cosl zDLD zwD
2
XD YD ZD
2 2
n1;l1
2 2
A 32
1
X
1
X
32
3
cos
sin
zwD
1
m y2eD
yeD n1 m1 mn2 x2eD m2 y2eD
n xwD n xD xeD xwD
cos
YD ZD
1
X
32
sinm
ZD
XD YD
3 3
cos
cos
yeD
2
cosm
ywD
2
A 36
REFERENCES
Aulisa, E., Ibragimov, A. & Walton, J.R. 2009.
Babu, D.K. & Odeh, A.S. 1988. Productivity of a horizontal Well. SPE 18298 presented at the 63rd
Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Houston, TX, USA, 2-5 October.
Cho, H. & Subhash, S.N. 2001. Prediction of Specic Index for Long Horizontal Wells. SPE 67237
presented at the SPE Production and Operation Symposium held in Oklahoma City, OK, USA,
24-27 March.
357
Engineering, 319-323.
Mukherjee, H. & Economides, M.J. 1991. A Parametric Comparison of Horizontal and Vertical
Well Performance. SPE Formation Evaluation, 209-216.
Tabatabaei, M. & Ghalambor, A. 2011. A New Method to Predict Performance of Horizontal and
Multilateral Wells. SPE Production and Operation, 75-87.
Tang, Y., Yildiz, T. & Ozkan, E. 2005. Eects of Formation Damage and High-Velocity Flow on
the Productivity of Perforated Horizontal Wells. SPE Reservoir Evaluation and Engineering,
315-324.
Yildiz, T. 2006.
Submitted : 19/12/2012
Revised : 11/3/2013
Accepted : 20/3/2013
358
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