Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP)

Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu

Skim Latihan Juruteknik
PETRONAS
INSTEP
BASI C I NDUSTRI AL
CHEMI STRY
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP)
Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu
Skim Latihan Juruteknik
PETRONAS
INSTEP
Introduction
Acids are formed when non-metal oxides
react with or dissolve in water.
S + O
2
SO
2
SO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
3
(acid)
Bases are most metal oxides or hydroxides
2Mg + O
2
MgO (base)

MgO + H
2
O Mg(OH)
2
(base)
Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP)
Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu
Skim Latihan Juruteknik
PETRONAS
INSTEP
Introduction (Con't)
Alkali are formed when metal oxides react with water
or dissolve in water.
Na
2
O + H
2
O 2NaOH (alkali)
Note: Not all metal oxides dissolve in water,
eg: Copper (II) oxide does not dissolve in water.
Salts are formed by reacting an acid with an alkali, the
hydrogen atom of an acid being replaced by a metal or
ammonium ion.
Mg(OH)
2
+ HCl MgCl
2
(salt) + H
2
O
Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP)
Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu
Skim Latihan Juruteknik
PETRONAS
INSTEP
General Properties of Acids and Bases
ACIDS BASES
Tastes sour Tastes bitter
Turn litmus red Turn litmus blue
React with a base in
neutralization reaction
React with acid in
neutralization reaction
Combine with active metals to
produce Hydrogen gas
Feel slippery when react
with skin
pH < 7 pH > 7
Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP)
Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu
Skim Latihan Juruteknik
PETRONAS
INSTEP
Definition of Acids and Bases
1. Arrhenius Definition
Acids - release/increase H
+
in water
Bases - release/increase OH
-
in water
2. Bronsted-Lowry Definition
Acids - proton (H
+
) donor
Bases - proton (H
+
) acceptor
Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP)
Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu
Skim Latihan Juruteknik
PETRONAS
INSTEP
Arrhenius Definition
Acids - Increase the number of H
+

ion in solution.
Bases - Increase the number of OH
-
ion in solution.
HCl + H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ Cl
-
NH
3
+ H
2
0 NH
4
+
+ OH
-
Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP)
Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu
Skim Latihan Juruteknik
PETRONAS
INSTEP
Bronsted-Lowry Definition
Acids - proton (H
+
) donor
Bases - proton (H
+
) acceptor
H Cl + NH
3
NH
4
Cl
acid base
Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP)
Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu
Skim Latihan Juruteknik
PETRONAS
INSTEP
Relative Strength of Acids and Bases
a) Strong Acids
Acid that react completely with water (completely ionized to form ion hydronium
H
3
O
+
)
eg : HCl (aq) + H
2
O ------> H
3
O
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq)
b) Weak Acids
Acid that react incomplete with water
eg : H
2
CO
3
(aq) + H
2
O -----> H
3
O
+
(aq) + HCO
3
-
(aq)
c) Strong Bases
Base that fully ionized in water to give hydroxide ion OH-. Alkali metal oxide which
are ionic compound are strong bases
eg : NaO (aq) + H2O ------> 2Na+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)
d) Weak Bases
Bases incompletely ionized in water to give hydroxide ion

Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP)
Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu
Skim Latihan Juruteknik
PETRONAS
INSTEP
STRONG ACIDS WEAK ACIDS
Hydrochloric acid HCl Hydrofluoric acid HF
Hydrobromic acid HBr Carbonic acid H
2
CO
3

Hydroiodic acid HI Phosphoric acid H
3
PO
4

Sulfuric acid H
2
SO
4
Acetic acid CH
3
CO
2
H
Nitric acid HNO
3
Hypochlorous acid HOCl
Perchloric acid HClO
4
Boric acid H
3
BO
3

Hydrocyanic acid HCN
Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP)
Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu
Skim Latihan Juruteknik
PETRONAS
INSTEP
Acid-Base Reactions
A reaction between an acid and a base is called a
neutralization reaction. The reaction of an aqueous solution
of HCl with an aqueous solution of NaOH is an example:

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) --------> NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
salt water
Another example is:

KOH(aq) + HBr(aq) --------> KBr(aq) + H
2
O(l)
salt water
Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP)
Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu
Skim Latihan Juruteknik
PETRONAS
INSTEP
Classification of Salts
a) Neutral salt : contain a neutral cation and
neutral anion.
b) Acidic salt : contain an acidic cation and neutral
anion or neutral cation and acidic anion
c) Basic salt : contain a neutral cation and a basic
anion

Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP)
Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu
Skim Latihan Juruteknik
PETRONAS
INSTEP
CATIONS ANIONS
Acidic NH
4
+
, H
3
O
+
, Al
3+
,
Fe
3+

HSO
4
-
, H
2
PO
4
-

Neutral Mg
2+
, Ca
2+
, Sr
2+
, Ba
2+
,
Li
+
, Na
+
, K
+
, Rb
+
,
Cs
+
, Ag
+

NO
3
-
, ClO
4
-
, Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
,
SO
4
2-
Basic None SO
4
2-
,(very weak, almost
neutral), PO
4
3-
, CO
3
2-
,
SO
3
2-
, F
-
, CN
-
, OH
-
, S
2-
,
CH
3
CO
2
-
, HCO
3
-