Chapter 1 Notes

Principles of Government

Section 1Government and the State

What is government?
Government is the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies.
Public policy is all of the goals a government sets and the various courses of action it pursues as
it attempts to realize these goals.

Three types of power:
Legislative Power: the power to make laws
Executive Power: the power to enforce laws
Judicial Power: the power to interpret laws

Constitution is the body of fundamental (basic) laws setting out the principals, structures, and
processes of government.
Government is as old as early man; people realized that they needed a way to regulate actions
theirs and others.
Politics is the process by which a society decides how power and resources will be distributed within
that society.

Characteristics of a state:
A state is a body of people living in a defined territory who have a government with the power
to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority.





Origins of the State:
The Force Theory
The force theory states that one person or a small group took control of an area and
forced all within it to submit to that persons or groups rule.
The Evolutionary Theory
The evolutionary theory argues that the state evolved naturally out of the early family.
The Divine Right Theory
The theory of divine right holds that God created the state and that God gives those of
royal birth a divine right to rule.
The Social Contract Theory
The social contract theory argues that the state arose out of a voluntary act of free
people.

Many people wonderWhat does government do? For the United States this question can be
answered by reading the Preamble to the United States Constitution. There are 6 purposes for the
American system of government listed in the Preamble.

Preamble to the United States Constitution
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union
1
, establish Justice
2
,
insure domestic Tranquility
3
, provide for the common defence
4
, promote the general Welfare
5
,
and secure the Blessings of Liberty
6
to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this
Constitution for the United States of America.

Section 2Forms of Government

Classifying Governments
Governments can be classified by three different standards:
(1) Who can participate in the governing process?
(2) The geographic distribution of the governmental power within the state.
(3) The relationship between the legislative (lawmaking) and the executive (law-executing)
branches of the government (is it presidential or parliamentary).

Democracy
In a democracy, supreme political authority rests with the people.
A direct democracy exists where the will of the people is translated into law directly by the
people themselves.
In an indirect democracy, a small group of persons, chosen by the people to act as their
representatives, expresses the popular will.

Dictatorship
A dictatorship exists where those who rule cannot be held responsible to the will of the people.
An autocracy is a government in which a single person holds unlimited political power.
An oligarchy is a government in which the power to rule is held by a small, usually self-
appointed elite.

Classification by Geographic Distribution of Power
Unitary Governmentunitary government has all powers held by a single, central agency.
Confederate Government
confederation is an alliance of
independent states.
Federal Governmentfederal
government is one in which the powers
of government are divided between a
central government and several local
governments. An authority superior to
both the central and local governments
makes this division of power on a geographic basis.



Section 3Basic Concepts of Democracy
The American concept of democracy rests on these basic notions:
(1) A recognition of the fundamental worth and dignity of every person;
(2) A respect for the equality of all persons;
(3) A faith in majority rule and an insistence upon minority rights;
(4) An acceptance of the necessity of compromise; and
(5) An insistence upon the widest possible degree of individual freedom.

1. Fundamental worth and dignity of every personour government is based on the belief in the
importance of the individual.
2. Respect for the equality of all personsthis does not mean equal conditions or possessions
rather opportunities and equality before the law
3. Majority rule & minority rightsthe majority will be right more often than a small group or
individual, yet still hearing and respecting the minorities objections and criticisms
4. Necessity of compromiseis needed to find the position most acceptable to the largest number;
not all compromises are good and not all are necessary
5. Individual freedomfinding the balance between freedom for the individual and the rights of
society

Duties and Responsibilities
Duties Responsibilities
Serve on a jury
Serve as a witness
Attend school (become an educated/informed
citizen)
Paying taxes
Register for the draft (only for men 18 years
old --benefits)
Obey local, state and federal laws
Respecting the rights of others
Voting
Volunteering
Participate in civic
life
Understand the
workings of the
government

The free enterprise system (capitalism) is an economic system characterized by private or
corporate ownership of capital goods; investments that are determined by private decision
rather than by state control; and determined in a free market.
Decisions in a free enterprise system are determined by the law of supply and demand.
An economy in which private enterprise exists in combination with a considerable amount of
government regulation and promotion is called a mixed economy.

Democracy demands that the people be widely informed about their government.
Theoretically, the Internet makes knowledgeable participation in democratic process easier
than ever before.
However, all data on the World Wide Web is not necessarily true, and the long-term effects of
the Internet on democracy have yet to be determined.

The essay is your essential question; Is government necessary?