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dgv- 1, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g

c_g Aavq
mUI dvskb
(Set and Function)

mUi cv_wgK avi YvgvawgK exRMwYZ Avj vPbvKi vnqQ| G Aavq gvawgK exRMwYZi AwZwi
wel qeAvj vPbvKi vnj v:

Aavq kl wkv_xi v
mvweK mU, DcmU, c~i K mUI kw mUMVb Ki Z cvi e|
wewf bmUi mshvM, Q` I Ai wbYq Ki Z cvi e|
mUcwqvi agvewj i hw K cgvY Ki Z cvi e|
mgZzj mUeYbvKi Z cvi e Ges Gi gvag Amxg mUi avi YvevLvKi Z cvi e|
mUi mshvMi kw mUwbYqi m~ evLvKi Z cvi e Ges f bwP I D`vni Yi mvnvhZv
hvPvB Ki Z cvi e|
mUcwqvcqvMKi Rxebwf wK mgmvmgvavb Ki Z cvi e|
mUi mvnvhwi j kb I dvskb Gi avi YvevLvKi Z cvi e|
dvskbi Wvgb I i wbYq Ki Z cvi e|
GK-GK dvskb, mvweK dvskb I GK-GK mvweK dvskb D`vni Yi mvnvhevLvKi Z cvi e|
weci xZ dvskb evLvKi Z cvi e|

11 mU
eve RMZ evwPvRMZi ei hKvbvmywbavwi Z msMnK mUej vnq| hgb, Mathematics kwU
t s m i h e c a , , , , , , , Ai j vi mywbavwi Z msMn| ZvB GwUMathematics ki Ai mg~ni mUGes
cZKwUAi H mUi Dcv`vb| mUK Avgi vBsi wR eo nvZi Ai w`q cKvk Kwi Ges Gi
Dcv`vbj vewbi {} gvS AveKi Dcv`vbj vK Avj v`vKi vi RbKgveenvi Ki vnq| A_vr


Avi vKqKwUD`vni Y :
(K) 1g `kwUAFYvZK msLvi mU ' 'F vi vewYZ nj v: } 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 { = F .
(L) mvni w`bj vi mUD vi vwb`wkZ nj , Avgi vwj LZ cvwi
D ={kwbevi , i weevi , mvgevi , gj evi , eyaevi , enwZevi I evi }
A_ev x x D : { = nj vmvni w`bj vi bvg| }
KvR : Zvwj KvcwZZ j L :
(K) eQi i gvmj vi mU|
(L) `wY Gwkqvi `kj vi mU|
(M) ^vf vweK msLvi mU|
(N) evsj v`ki mi Kvwi cvKj vi mU|
} , , , , , , , { t s m i h e c a M =
mvweK mU
mvweK mU( Set Universal ) Avj vPbvi RbwbPi mUj vweePbvKwi
x x P : { = abvZK c~YmsLvGes } 16 5 x
x x Q : { = abvZK c~YmsLvGes } 20
2
< x
Ges x x R : { = abvZK c~YmsLvGes } 2 x hvKej abvZK c~YmsLvavi Y Ki |
GLb

x x U : { = abvZK c~YmsLvi mU} weePbvKwi |
Zvnj Q P , Ges R nj vU Gi DcmUGes U K ej vnq mvweK mU|
wbw` mUK Avj vPbvaxb mKj mUi mvweK mUej vnq|
DcmU(Subset )
} 3 , 2 , 1 { = P , } 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { = Q Ges } 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { = R
mUweePbvKi j `Lvhvq P Gi cwZwUDcv`vb R Gi Dcv`vb, A_vr R x P x .
P mUwUK R mUi DcmUej vnq Ges j Lvnq . R P
Abyi cf ve Q mUi cwZwUDcv`vb R mUi Dcv`vb A_vr, R x Q x
myZi vs Q K R mUi DcmUej vnq Ges j Lvnq R Q .
Q P I mUqK R mUi DcmUnI qvmI G`i gacv_Kwe`gvb|
GLvb, Dj Lh, 3 ) ( = P n Ges 4 ) ( = R n , hLvb ) (S n nQS mUi Dcv`vb msLv|
P K R Gi cKZ DcmUej vnq Ges j Lvnq . R P
hKvbvmUA Gi Rb
A A i ) (
A i ) ( (duvKvmU hKvbvmUi DcmU)
hw` A mU, mmxg mUBGi DcmUnq B A e i . . ZLb ) ( ) ( B n A n
hw` A mU, mmxg mUB Gi cKZ DcmU B A e i . . ZLb ). ( ) ( B n A n <
`e: wP A_DcmUbq Ges Gi A_cKZ DcmUbq|
c~i K mU ) ( Set Complement
weePbvKi vhvK x x U : { = abvZK c~YmsLv} Ges } , , { 3 2 1 = P | mU } 16 5 : { > = x x P msvwqZ
Ki vnj vhvi KvbvDcv`vb PmUbB| myZi vs ,.....} , , { 6 5 4 = P Ges GK ej vnq c~i K mU|
Z`yc, } , , , { 4 3 2 1 = Q mUi Rbc~i K mU . ,........} , , { 7 6 5 = Q
hw` U mvweK mUnq, Ze P mUi c~i K mU }. , : { U x P x x P =

D`vni Y 1| `I qv AvQ x x U : { = c~YmsLv, } 7 2 : { }, 10 0 > = < x x A x Ges B =
} 20 3 : { < x x GLvb _K ) (a mU A A I ) (b mU B I B Gi Dcv`bj vZvwj KvcwZZ
cKvk Ki |
2
DPZi MwYZ
KvbwUmZevwg_vej : B A iii A B ii B A i ) , ) , )

mgvavb : } , , , , , , , , , { 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 = U
} 10 , 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 { } 7 2 : { ) ( = > = x x A a
} 3 , 2 , 1 { = A
} 20 3 : { ) ( < = x x B b = } 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 {
} 10 , 9 , 8 , 7 { = B
B A mZ, A B wg_vGes B A mZ

kw mU(Power Set)
KvbvmUA Gi mKj DcmUi mUK A Gi kw mUevcvI qvi mUej vnq Ges GK ) (A P vi v
cKvk Ki vnq|
hgb, .} . . { 3 2 1 = A nj , A

Gi kw mU,
}}. 3 , 2 , 1 { }, 3 , 2 { }, 3 , 1 { }, 2 , 1 { }, 3 { }, 2 { }, 1 { , { ) ( = A P
j Yxq h, ) (A P Gi Dcv`vbj vcZKB mUA Gi DcmU|

`e: ) (A P B ej j eySZ ne A B , KvbvAvj vPbvq mvweK mUU ai vnj , H Avj vPbvq
weewPZ cZK mU ) (U P Gi m`m|

hw` KvbvmUi Dcv`vb mmxg nq, ai vhvK H mUn msLK Dcv`vb AvQ, Zvnj D mUwUi kw
mU
n
2 msLK Dcv`vb _vKe |

KvR :
1| `I qvAvQ } , , , , , , , , , { 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 = U
wbPi mUj vZvwj KvcwZZ cKvk Ki :

} : { ) (
} : { ) (
} : { ) (
} : { ) (
37
17 2 6
12 5
37 5
2
< =
< < =
< + =
> =
x x D d
x x C c
x x B b
x x A a

2| `I qvAvQ }. , : {
+
= Z x x x U 20 1
wbPi mUj vZvwj KvcwZZ cKvk Ki :
) (a 2 , : { x x A = Gi wYZK} ) (b 5 , : { x x B =

Gi wYZK}
) (c 10 , : { x x C = Gi wYZK}
c` Z_i Avj vK wbPi Kvbj vmZevwg_vej
B C A B A C , ,
3| hw` } , , , , { e d c b a A = nq, Ze ) (A P wbYq Ki |
3
DPZi MwYZ
f bwP ) ( Diagram Venn
wP } 3 , 2 , 1 { = P } Ges

} 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { = Q mUi gamKnj v . Q P

KvbvmUi GKvwaK DcmUi gaGi c mKwb`k Ki Z h RvwgwZK wP eenvi Ki vnq, ZvB
f bwP |

mvavi YZ AvqZ vi vmvweK mUeySvbvnq| evKvi evw f yRvKvi DcmUevSvZ eenvi Ki v
nq| wbPi f bwP wP -1 G mvweK mU x x U : { = c~YmsLv, }, 10 0 < x
mU } : { Ges } : { 7 2 7 2 = > = x x A x x A `Lvbvnj v|

cwZmUi msLvZvwj KveKi vi cwi eZwP 2 Gi Abyi c Ki cwZ mUi Dcv`vbj vwj LZ cvwi |
hLb Avgi vwj wL : ) (A n A_vr Avgi vAbygvb Kwi h, A mmxg mU|

hw` U mvweK mUGes A hKvbvmUZLb wj LZ cvwi ) ( ) ( ) ( U n A n A n = +

D`vni Y 2| `I qvAvQ } , 30 2 : {
+
= Z x x x U Ges x x P : { = nj v30 Gi Drcv`K}
P a ) ( mUi Dcv`vbj vZvwj KvcwZZ wj L
P b ) ( mUi eYbv`vI
) (c ) (P n wbYq Ki
mgvavb : ) (a } 30 , 15 , 10 , 6 , 5 , 3 , 2 { = P
) (b 30 , : { x x P = Gi Drcv`K bq}
) (c ) ( ) ( ) ( P n U n P n =
= 7 29
22 ) ( = P n

mUi mshvM
Bsi wR eYgvj vwbq mvweK mUI `yBwUDcmUh_vg
} , , , , , , { h s i l g n e E =
Ges } , , , , , , { y r o t s i h H =
) (a f bwP mvweK mU E U , Ges H K wPwZ Ki
p
wP -1 wP -2
DPZi MwYZ
4

) (b
mUE H = } A_ev : { H x E x x Gi
Dcv`vbj vZvwj KvcwZZ cKvk Ki
mgvavb : ) (a

f b wP

) (b f bwP nZ cvB, } A_ev : { H x E x x
} , , , , , , , , , , { y r o t h s i l g n e =
j Kwi : mUwU E x x : { A_ev } , , , , , , , , , { } y o,r t h s i l g n e H x =
H E Ges mUi mKj Dcv`vb wbq MwVZ mUhvK mshvMmUej vnq Ges E H cZxKi gvag
cKvk Ki vnq
A_vr, } : { E H x E x x H = A_ev

D`vni Y 3| mvweK mUI `yBwUDcmU`I qvnj v
} , , , , , , , { 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 = U
x x A : { = gwj K msLv}
x x B : { = weRvo msLv}
) (a B A , I A B mUi Dcv`vbj vZvwj KveKi :
) (b f bwP A B `LvI
) (c mU A B I mUA B Gi Dcv`vbj vZvwj KvcwZZ cKvk Ki |

mgvavb : } 9 , 7 , 5 , 3 { }, 7 , 5 , 3 , 2 { ) ( = = B A a

Ges A B ={2,3,5,7,9}


wP

) (c A x x B = : { A ev } 9 , 7 , 5 , 3 , 2 { }= B x
} 8 , 6 , 4 { ) A ( = B
mUi Q`
Bsi wR eYgvj vi Ai j vmvweK mUGes `yBwUDcmU
} , , , , , , { Ges } , , , , , , { y r o t s i h B h s i l g n e A = = msvwqZ Kwi |

Zvnj mU }. , , , { } Ges : { h s i B x A x x = hv B A Ges mUi mKj mvavi Y Dcv`vb wbq
MwVZ| Gf ve MwVZ mUK B A I mUi Q` mUej vnq Ges B A wj L cKvk Ki vnq| A_vr,
A x x B A = : { Ges } B x
5
DPZi MwYZ
Abyi cf ve Avgi vcvB,
A x x B A = : { Ges }. , , , { } l g n e B x =
A x x B A = : { Ges }. , , , { } y r o t B x =
A x x B A = : { Ges } B x
= }. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , { z x w v u q p m k j f d c b a
wbPi f bwP Dci i mUj v`Lvbvnj v:

wP
D`vni Y 4 : `I qvAvQ } , , , , , , , , { 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 = U ,

} , , , { Ges } , { }, , , , { 6 5 3 1 8 4 8 6 4 2 = = = C B A
f bwP AsKb Ki B A a ) ( Ges B A


C B b ) ( Ges C B
mgvavb : ) (a hnZz A B

} 8 , 4 { = = B B A


} 6 , 2 { = = A B A

{} ) ( = C B b

} 9 , 7 , 2 { = = B C B
D D`vni Y _K {} = C B AZGe mU C B I K ej vnq wb` mU|
B A I mUq wb` = B A
D`vni Y 5| } , , , , { I } , , { }, , , , { }, , , , , , , , { w v u t s C t s r B s r q p A w v u t s r q
q
p U = = = =
C B B A a , ) ( Ges A C Gi Dcv`vbj vZvwj KvcwZZ wj wceKi Ges f bwP `LvI
C B A b ) (

Gi Dcv`vbj vZvwj KvcwZZ cKvk Ki :

mgvavb :

} , { ) ( s r B A a =


} , { t s C B =


} {s A C =
) (b } , . . . { } . { } , { w v u t s s r C s r C B A = =
={s }

D`vni Y 6| `I qvAvQU mvweK mUGes = B A wf bwf bf bwP wbPi mUj vAvQvw`Z
Ki :

B A d B A c
B A b B A a


) ( ) (
) ( ) (




cvB
6
DPZi MwYZ
`LvI h, ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( U n B A n B A n B A n B A n = + + +
mgvavb :

(a) A B



(b) A B



(c) A B



(d) A B

f bwP mvweK mUU Gi cwZwUDcmUGi m`mmsLv`LvbvnqQGLvb _K Avgi vcvB,
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( U n B A n B A n B A n B A n = + + +
mvweK mUU Gi hKvbv`yBwUDcmUi j Lvhvq



) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( U n B A n B A n B A n B A n = + + +

&D`vni Y 7| f bwP Mvp Ki `LvI
) (a ) ( C B A

) (b ) ( C B A
mgvavb :




D`vni Y 8| } 10 , 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 { = U , x x A : { = RvomsLv}
Ges } 25 3 7 : { < < = x x B
B A B A B A a , , , ) ( Ges B A Gi Dcv`vbj vZvwj KvcwZZ j L|



7
DPZi MwYZ
x b ) ( Gi Dcv`vbj vevwni Ki hb, Ges B x A x
x c ) ( Gi Dcv`vbj vevwni Ki hb Ges B x A x

mgvavb : ) (a } 10 , 8 , 6 , 4 , 2 { = A } 8 , 6 , 4 { = B A
) 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 { = B
} 10 , 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 { = B A
} 10 , 2 { = B A


B x A x b Ges ) (


A x Ges B x
B A x
10 , 2 = x

B x A x c Ges ) (
A x Ges B x


} 9 { = B A x

9 = x
D`vni Y 9| f bwP mvweK mUU Gi cwZwUDcmUi Dcv`vb msLv`LvbvnqQ| GLvb Dj Lh,
C B A U = .




) (a `I qvAvQ Ges ) ( ) ( C n B n = GLvb _K x Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
) (b `I qvAvQ ) ( ) ( B A n C B n = Ges GLvb _K y Gi gvb wbYq Ki
) (a ) (U n KZ ?
mgvavb : ) (a ) ( ) ( C n B n =

5
8 3
=
+ = + +
x
y y x


) (b ) ( ) ( B A n C B n =
6 = y
) (c 8 3 6 ) ( + + + + = y x U n

28
8 6 3 5 6
=
+ + + + =

1| `I qvAvQh, x x A U : { Ges } , , , , , , , , { = = 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 , 3 Gi YxZK}. `LvI h,

8
DPZi MwYZ
dgv- 2, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
9
KvR :
1| `I qvAvQh, x x A U : { Ges } , , , , , , , , { = = 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 , 3 Gi YxZK}. `LvI h,
) (a U A A = ) (b = A A
2| `I qvAvQ } 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 { = U , x x A : { = gwj K msLv} x x B : { Ges =

Rvo msLv}|
f bwP i mvnvhmUA Ges B A

Gi Dcv`vbj vi Zvwj KvZwi Ki |
`LvI h, } 9 { ) ( = B A a ) (b B A Ges A A .
3| f bwP B A I mUi Dcv`vbj v`Lvbvnj v|

`I qvAvQ, ) ( ) ( B A n A n = Zvnj
x a ) ( Gi gvb wbYq Ki
) (b ) (A n I ) (B n Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
4| } , , , { }, , , , , , , , { s r q p A w v u t s r q p U = =
} , , { t s r B =

Ges } , , , , { w v u t s C =
) (a ) ( B A n =KZ?
) (b ) ( B A Ges C B A Gi Dcv`vbj vi Zvwj KvZwi Ki |
5| f bwP Mvp ) (Shade Ki `LvI : C B A b R Q P a ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
mUcwqvi agvewj
BZvc~emUi mshvM, Q` Ges wb` mUmKAvj vPbvKi vnqQ| GLvb G`i agvewj mK
Avj vPbvKi vnj v:
mshvMI Q` mUi agvej x:
cwZv1| wewbgq wbqg ( ) ( law e Commutativ )
gb Kwi , } , , { Ges } , , { 5 3 2 4 2 1 = = B A `yBwUmU| Zvnj

} 5 , 3 , 4 , 2 , 1 {
} 5 , 3 , 2 { } 4 , 2 , 1 {
=
= B A


} 4 , 1 , 5 , 3 , 2 {
} 4 , 2 , 1 { } 5 , 3 , 2 {
=
= A B


hnZz A B B A Ges G cKZ c GKB Dcv`vbj vwe`gvb|
AZGe, A B B A =
GKBf ve Avevi , } , , { Ges } , , { a c b B c b a A = = wbq `Lvbvhvq A B B A =
mvavi YZ hKvbv`yBwUmU B A Ges `Lvbvhvq
A B B A =

GwUB mshvMmUi wewbgq wewa|
mUi mshvMmUi wewbgq wewa gb Pj |
hnZz,
A x x B A = : { ev } B x

10
DPZi MwYZ
`e: Abyi cf ve Q` cwqvq wewbgq wewa
A B B A =
cwZv2| mnhvRb wbqg ) ( law e Associativ
G wbqgwUeySvi Rbf bwP eenvi Ki vnj v| awi C B A I , wZbwUmU






wP -a (i) wP -a (ii)
wP -b (i) wP -b (ii)
C B nj vMvp AskUzKz ) ( C B A nj vMvp AskUyKz





B A nj vMvp AskUzKz C B A ) ( nj vMvp AskUyKz
f bwP ) ( Ges ) ( ii b ii a _K GUvcwi vi h, C B A C B A = ) ( ) (
G wbqgwUB } , , { }, , , , { f c b B d c b a A = = Ges } , , { g d c C = wZbwUmUwbq eySvi PvKwi
GLvb } , , { } , , { g d c f c b C B =
}. , , , , { g d f c b =
Ges } , , , , { } , , , { ) ( g d f c b d c b a C B A =
) ..( .......... }......... , , , , , { i g f d c b a =
GLb, } , , { } , , , { f c b d c b a B A =
} , , , , { f d c b a =
Ges } , , , , { ) ( f d c b a C B A =
) ..( .......... }......... , , , , , { ii g f d c b a
} , , { g d c
=
) ( I ) ( ii i nZ Avgi vcvB, C B A C B A = ) ( ) (
mvavi YZ, hKvbvwZbwUmU C B A I , Gi Rb

C B A C B A = ) ( ) (

mUi mshvMcwqvmnhvRb wbqg gb Pj |
Abyi cf ve Q` cwqvmnhvRb wbqg gb Pj
A_vr, C B A C B A = ) ( ) (



U
11
DPZi MwYZ

cwZv3| A A : Gi Rbawi } , , { 5 3 2 = A

A
A A
=
=
=

} , , {
} , , { } , , {
5 3 2
5 3 2 5 3 2

GKBf ve } , , { z y x A = wbq `Lvbvhvq h, A A A =
wmv: hKvbvmUA Gi Rb
A A A =

GKBf ve wbR Ki : A A A =

cwZv4| hw` B A ZLb . B B A =
awi , } , ( Ges } , , { 5 1 3 2 1 = = x N x x B A `yBwUmU|
} 3 , 2 , 1 { = A Ges } 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { = B
B A .
GLb } 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { } 3 , 2 , 1 { = B A

.
} , , , , {
B =
= 5 4 3 2 1

Gf ve, hw` B A ZLb B B A = Ges hw` A B ZLb . A
A
B A =
GKBf ve wbR Ki : B A ZLb A B A = Ges hw` A B ZLb B
B
R
1
R
2
R
3
B A =
cwZv5| ) ( B A A : gb Kwi , B A Ges `yBwUmU| cvki wP j Kwi
2 1
R R Ges Gj vKv
A mUi Af ~ | Avevi ,
3 2
R R Ges Gj vKvB Gi Af y |
myZi vs,
3 2 1
R R R Ges , Gj vKv B A Gi Af y |
wK
2 1
R R Ges Aj
3 2 1
R R R Ges , Gj vKvi AMZ
). ( . . B A A e i

wmv: hKvbvmU B A I Gi Rb

) ( Ges ) ( B A B B A A
`e: GKBf ve wbR Ki : hKvbvmU B A Ges Gi Rb ) ( Ges ) ( B A A B A


cwZv6| U U A = Ges A A = Avgi vRvwb, U A Ges A ) (4 bs agvbyhvqx,
U U A = Ges A A =
KvR :
1| B A wbYq Ki hLb
x x A { = c~YmsLv, } 1 2 < x Ges x x B { = gwj K msLv, } 28 24 x
DPZi MwYZ
12
2| U A wbYq Ki hLvb x x U { = c~YmsLv, } 3 2 < < x Ges
} , { 1 1 < = x z x x A
3| hw` } , , , { }, , , { }, , , { 7 5 3 2 5 3 2 = = = C c b a B A Ges
} , , , { d c b a D = nq, Ze cgvY Ki h, ) ( ) ( D C B A
4| } , , { Ges } , , { d c b B c b a A = = Gi RbhvPvB Ki . A B B A =
5| hw` } 7 , 5 , 3 , 1 { = A , } 8 , 7 , 3 { = B Ges } , , { 9 8 7 = C nq, Ze `LvI h,
A C B C B A = ) ( ) ( .

cwZv7| eUb wbqg ( Law ve Distributi )
C B A , , hKvbvmUnj , `LvI h,
(K) ) ( ) ( ) ( C A B A C B A =
(L) ) ( ) ( ) ( C A B A C B A =
cgvY : gb Kwi , ) ( C B A x
Zvnj A x A_ev C B x
A x A_ev ) Ges ( C x B x
A x ( A_ev ) B x Ges A x ( A_ev ) C x
C A x B A x Ges
) ( ) ( C A B A x

) ( ) ( ) ( C A B A C B A ....................

(i)
Avevi gb Kwi , ) ( ) ( C A B A x
Zvnj , C A x B A x Ges
A x ( A_ev ) B x Ges A x ( A_ev ) C x
A x A_ev B x ( Ges ) C x
C B x A x A_ev
) ( C B A x
) ( ( ) ( ) ( C B A C A B A ................ (ii)
myZi vs ) (i I ) (ii nZ cvI qvhvq ) ( ) ( ) ( C A B A C B A =
(L) GKBf ve wbR Ki |


KvR :
) (i eUb wewai m~ wUcgvY Ki | hLvb
} , , , { Ges } , , , { }, , , , { 7 6 5 3 5 4 3 2 6 3 2 1 = = = C B A
) (ii cgvYwUf bwP i gvag `LvI
wmv: mUi mshvMI Q` cwqv`yBwUi cZKwUAci wUi cwZ eb wbqg gb Pj |
13
DPZi MwYZ
cwZv8| `vgi Mvbi m~ ( law Morgans De ) :
mvweK mUU Gi hKvbvDcmU B A I Gi Rb(K) B A B A = ) (
(L) B A B A = ) (
cgvY (K) : gb Kwi , ) ( B A x
Zvnj , B A x
A x Ges B x
B x A x Ges ..
B A x
B A B A

) (
Avevi gb Kwi , B A x
Zvnj , A x
A_ev
B x
A x

A_ev B x B A x
) ( B A x
) ( B A B A
myZi vs B A B A = ) (
(L) Abyi cf ve wbR Ki :
cgvwYZ|


cwZv9| mvweK mUU Gi hKvbvDcmU B A I Gi Rb B A B A = \
cgvY : gb Kwi , B A x
Zvnj A x Ges B x
B x A x Ges
B A x
A
\
B A B
Avevi gb Kwi , B A x
Zvnj , B x A x Ges
B x A x Ges
B A x
B A B A \
myZi vs, B A B A = \
cwZv10| hKvbvmU C B A , , Gi Rb
(K) ) ( ) ( ) ( C A B A C B A =
(L) ) ( ) ( ) ( C A B A C B A =

cgvY : (K) msvbymvi
) ( C B A
} , : ) , {( C B y A x y x =
14
DPZi MwYZ
B y A x y x = , : ) , {( Ges } C y
B A y x y x = ) , ( : ) , {( Ges ) ( ) ( ) , ( : ) , {( } ) , ( C A B A y x y x C A y x =

) ( ) ( ) ( C A B A C B A
Avevi (A B) (A C)
={(x, y) : (x, y) A B Ges (x, y) A C}
={x, y) : x A, y B Ges x A, y C}
={(x, y) : x A, y B C}
={(x, y) : (x, y) A B C}
(A B) (A C) A (B C)
A_vr A (B C) =(A B) (A C)
(L) Abyi cf ve wbR Ki |
11| mUcwqvmsvAvi vKwZcq cwZv:
(K) A hKvbvmUnj A A
(L) duvKvmU hKvbvmUA Gi DcmU
(M) B A I hKvbvmUnj B A = ne hw` I Kej hw` B A Ges A B nq|
(N) hw` A nq, Ze = A
(O) hw` B A Ges C B Ze, C A
(P) B A I hKvbvmUnj , A B A Ges B B A
(Q) B A I hKvbvmUnj B A A Ges B A B
cgvY : (L) : gb Kwi A , myZi vs msvbymvi Ggb x AvQhb x | wK A
hnZzk~bmUAv`KvbvDcv`vb bB|
A mZbq
A
(N) `I qvAvQ, A Avevi Avgi vRvwb, A myZi vs = A [cwZvM_K]
(Q) mUi mshvMi msvbyhvqxA mUi mKj Dcv`vb B A mU_vK| myZi vs DcmUi
msvbyhvqx B A A | GKB hw Z B A B
`e: K, M, OI P cwZvj vwbR Ki |
KvR : [GLvb mKj mUmvweK mUU Gi DcmUweePbvKi Z ne]
1| `LvI h : ) ( ) ( ) ( C A B A C B A =
2| `LvI h, B A ne hw` Ges Kej hw` wbgv hKvbvGKwUkZLvU:
(K) A B A =
(L) B B A =
(M) A B
(N) = B A
(O) U A B =
15
DPZi MwYZ
3| `LvI h,
(K) B A B A
(L) A B B A =
(M) A B A
(N) B A nj . B A B A = ) (
(O) = B A nj , B A Ges B A =A Ges B B A =
4| `LvI h,
(K) B A B A = ) (
(L) C B A C B A = ) (
(M) C B A C B A = ) (
mgZzj I Amxg mU
GK-GK wgj (One One Correspondence)
gb Kwi , } , , { c b a A = wZbRb j vKi mUGes } , , { 50 40 30 = B H wZbRb j vKi eqmi mU|
AwaKgb Kwi , a Gi eqm b , 30 Gi eqm40 Ges C Gi eqm . 50
myZi vs ej vhvq h, A mUi mv_ B mUi GK-GK wgj AvQ|

msv: hw` A mUi cwZwUDcv`vbi mv_ B mUi GKwUI Kej GKwUDcv`vb Ges B mUi
cwZwUDcv`vbi mv_ A mUi GKwUI Kej GKwUDcv`vbi wgj vcb Ki vnq, Ze B A I Gi
gaGK-GK wgj ej vnq| B A I Gi gaGK GK wgj K mvavi YZ B A wj L cKvk Ki vnq
Ges A mUi Kvb m`m x Gi mB mUi h m`m y Gi wgj Ki vnqQZv y x wj L eYbv
Ki vnq|
mgZzj mU(Equivelent set)
awi , } , , { } 3 , 2 , 1 { c b a B A = = Ges `yBwUmU| wbPi wP B A I mUqi gaGKwUGK-GK wgj
vcb Ki `Lvbvnj v:
A B

msv: hKvbvmU B A I Gi gahw` GKwUGK-GK wgj B A eYbvKi vhvq, Ze B A I K
mgZzj mUej vnq| B A I K mgZzj evSvZ B A cZxK j Lvnq| B A cZxK nj , G`i
hKvbvGKwUK Aci wUi mv_ mgZzj ej vnq|
16 DPZi MwYZ
D`vni Y 10| `LvI h, } ,........ 3 , 2 , 1 { n A = Ges } 1 2 ,......... 5 , 3 , 1 { = n B mUq mgZzj , hLvb n
GKwU^vf vweK msLv|
mgvavb : B A I mU`yBwUi gaGKwUGK-GK wgj wbgi wP `Lvbvnj v:

: A


: B

myZi vs B A I mU`yBwUmgZzj |

ge: Dci i wPw Z GK-GK wgj wUK 1 2 : k K B A , A k vi veYbvKi vhvq|

D`vni Y 11| `LvI h, ^vf vweK msLvi mUN Ges Rvo msLvi mU .....} ,........ 6 , 4 , 2 { n A =
mgZzj |

mgvavb : GLvb, N n N ........} .; ,......... 3 , 2 , 1 { = Ges A Gi gaGKwUGK-GK wgj wbgi wP `Lvbv
nj v

: N


: A

myZi vs A N I mgZzj mU|
ge: Dci wPw Z GK-GK wgj wUK N n n n A N , 2 : vi veYbvKi vhvq|

`e: duvKvmU Gi wbRi mgZzj ai vnq| A_vr,

cwZv1| cZK mUA Zvi wbRi mgZzj |
cgvY : A nj , A A ai vnq|
gb Kwi , A

A A
AmUi cZK m`m x Gi mZvi wbRK wgj Ki vnj GK-GK wgj A x x x A A , :
vwcZ nq|
1, 2, 3,..............
1, 3, 5, ...........
,n
, 2n-1

.............
1, 2, 3,..............
2, 4, 6,
,n
, 2n
myZi vs A A .
dgv- 3, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
17
cwZv2 : hw` B A I mgZzj mUnq Ges C B I mgZzj mUnq, Ze C A I mgZzj mUne|

cgvY : hnZz B A , myZi vs A Gi cZK m`m x Gi mB Gi GKwUAbbm`m y Gi wgj
Ki vhvq| Avevi hnZz C
C
B , myZi vs B
B
Gi GB m`m y Gi mC Gi GKwUAbbm`mz Gi
wgj Ki vhvq| GLb A Gi m`m x Gi mC Gi G m`m z Gi wgj Ki vnj , C A I mUi ga
GKwUGK-GK wgj vwcZ nq| A_vr, C A
A
nq|


mvI AbmU(Finite and Infinite sets)
} 22 , 21 , 20 , 19 , 18 , 17 , 16 , 15 { = A mUwUi m`mj vMYbvKi `Lvhvq h, A mUi m`mmsLv
8| GB MYbvKvR A mUi m } 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { = B mUi GKwUGK-GK wgj vcb Ki mb
Ki vnq| hgb,
A = {15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22}

B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

Gi c MYbvKi h mKj mUi m`mmsLvwbavi Y Ki vhvq, Zv`i K mvmUej vnq| duvKvmUKI mv
mUai vnq|

msv: (K) duvKvmU mvmUGi m`mmsLv . 0
(L) hw` KvbvmU A Ges } ,...., 3 , 2 , 1 { m J
m
= mgZzj nq, hLvb N m , Ze A GKwU
mvmUGes A Gi m`mmsLvm|
(M) A KvbvmvmUnj , A Gi m`mmsLvK ) (A n vi vm~wPZ nq|
(N) KvbvmUA mvmUbvnj , GK AbmUej vnq|

`e 1| } 3 , 2 , 1 { }, 2 , 1 { }, 1 {
3 2 1
= = = J J J BZvw` cZKB N Gi mvDcmU Ges
2 ) ( , 1 ) (
2 1
= = J n J n , 3 ) (
3
= J n BZvw`|

evweK c,
m m
J J (GB AbyQ`i cwZv1 `e) Ges m J n
m
= ) ( |

`e2| aygv mvmUi B m`mmsLvwbw` Ki vhvq| myZi vs ) (A n wj Lj eySZ ne A mvmU|

`e 3| B A I mgZzj mUGes G`i ga GKwUmUmvnj Aci mUwUI mvne Ges
) ( ) ( B n A n = ne|
18
DPZi MwYZ
cwZv3| hw` A mvmUnq Ges A B, Gi cKZ DcmUnq, Ze B mvmUGes ) ( ) ( A n B n <
ne|

cwZv4| A AbmUne hw` I Kej hw` A A Ges Gi GKwUcKZ DcmUmgZzj nq|

`e5| N GKwUAbmU(D`vni Y 11 `e)|

mvmUi Dcv`vb msLv
mvmU A Gi Dcv`vb msLv ) (A n vi vm~wPZ Ki vnqQGes ) (A n wbavi Yi cwZ evLvKi v
nqQ|
gb Kwi , , 0 ) ( , 0 ) ( > = > = q B n P A n hLvb = B A


Dci i wP ewYZ GK-GK wgj _K `Lvhvq h,
q p
J B A
+

A_vr, ) ( ) ( ) ( B n A n q p B A n + = + = G _K ej vhvq h,

cwZv1| hw` B A I ci i wb` mUnq, Ze ) ( ) ( ) ( B n A n B A n + =
GB cwZvK mcmvi Y Ki ej vhvq h, ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( C n B n A n C B A n + + =
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( D n C n B n A n D C B A n + + + = BZvw`,
hLvb D C B A , , , mUj vci i wb` mvmU|

cwZv2| hKvbvmvmU B A I Gi Rb ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( B A n B n A n B A n + =

cgvY : GLvb, B A B A , \ Ges A B \ mUwZbwUci i wb` mU[f bwP `e] Ges
) ( ) \ ( B A B A A =
) ( ) \ ( B A A B B =
) \ ( ) ( ) \ ( A B B A B A B A =


) )......( \ ( ) ( ) \ ( ) (
) ( )......... ( ) \ ( ) (
) ).....( ( ) \ ( ) (
iii A B n B A n B A n B A n
ii B A n A B n B n
i B A n B A n A n
+ + =
+ =
+ =

19
DPZi MwYZ
myZi vs, ) (i bs _K cvB, ) ( ) ( ) \ ( B A n A n B A n =
) (ii bs _K cvB, ) ( ) ( ) \ ( B A n B n A B n =
GLb, ) \ ( ) \ ( A B n B A n Ges ) (iii bs G ewmq cvB,
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( B A n B A n B n B A n A n B A n + + =
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( B A n B n A n B A n + =


KvR :
1| wbgv cZK B A I Gi gamvemKj GK-GK wgj eYbvKi :
(K) } , { b a A = } 2 , 1 { = B .
(L) } , , { c b a A = } , , { c b a B =

2| Dci i ckewYZ cZK GK-GK wgj Ki Yi Rb } , : ) , {( B y A x y x F = Ges y x mUwU
Zvwj KvcwZZ eYbvKi |
3| gb Kwi } 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { } , , , { Ges = = B d c b a A | B A Gi GKwUDcmU F eYbvKi | hvi
Af y gRvoj vi c_g c`i mwZxq c`i wgj Ki vnj , A I B Gi GKwUGK-GK
wgj vwcZ nq hLvb, 3 a |
4| `LvI h, } ,........ 3 , 2 , 1 { n A = Ges } 2 . ,......... 2 , 2 , 1 {
1 2 +
=
m
B mU`yBwUmgZzj |
5| `LvI h, 0 : 3 { = = n S
n
A_ev } N n mUwUN Gi mgZzj |
6| Dci i ckewYZ S mUi GKwUcKZ DcmUeYbvKi hvS Gi mgZzj |
7| `LvI h, mKj weRvo ^vf vweK msLvi mU ,.....} 7 , 5 , 3 , 1 { = A BZvw` AbmU|

kw mU
gvawgK exRMwYZ G msvwevwi Z Aj vPbvKi vnqQ| GLvb aykw mUi D`vni Y `I qv
nj v:

D`vni Y 12| hw` } 4 , 3 , 2 { } 3 , 2 , 1 { Ges = = B A nq, Ze `LvI h, ) ( ) ( ) ( B A P B P A P =

mgvavb : GLvb, } 4 , 3 , 2 { } 3 , 2 , 1 { Ges = = B A
myZi vs, }} 3 , 2 , 1 { }, 3 , 2 { }, 3 , 1 { }, 2 , 1 { }, 3 { }, 2 { }, 1 { , { ) ( = A P
Ges P(B) ={,{2}, {3}, {4}, {2,3}, {2,4}, {3,4}, {2,3,4}}
P(A)P(B) ={,{2}, {3}, {2,3}}
GLb, } 4 , 3 , 2 { } 3 , 2 , 1 { = B A
} 3 , 2 { =
P(AB) ={,{2}, {3}, {2,3}}
myZi vs ) ( ) ( ) ( B A P B P A P = .
DPZi MwYZ
20
D`vni Y 13| hw` } , { b a A = Ges } , { c b B = nq, Ze `LvI h, ) ( ) ( ) ( B A P B P A P
mgvavb : GLvb, P(A) ={, {a}, {b}, {a, b}}
P(B) ={,{b}, {c}, {b, c}}
P(A) P(B) ={, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {b, c}}
Avevi , } , , { c b a B A =
P(AB) ={, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c} {a, b, c}}
myZi vs, ). ( ) ( ) ( B A P B P A P
KvR :
1| hw` } 3 , 1 { } 3 , 2 { }, 2 , 1 { }, 3 , 2 , 1 { Ges = = = = D C B A nq, Ze `LvI h,
P(A) ={A, B, C, D, {1}, {2}, {3}, }
2| hw` } 5 , 2 { } 2 , 1 { Ges = = B A nq, Ze `LvI h,
P(A) ={A, B, C, D, {1}, {2}, {3}, }.

). ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
B A P B P A P ii
B A P B P A P i

=




eve mgmvmgvavb mU:
eve mgmvmgvavb f bwP eenvi Ki vnq| GLvb Dj Lh, cwZmUi Dcv`vb msLvf bwP j Lv
ne, ZvKqKwUD`vni Yi gvag `Lvbvnj v|
D`vni Y 14| 50 Rb j vKi ga35 Rb Bsi wR 25 Rb Bsi wR I evsj vej Z cvi Ges
`y BwUf vl vi A Z GKwUej Z cvi | evsj vej Z cvi KZ Rb ? Kej gv evsj vej Z cvi
KZ Rb ?

mgvavb : gb Kwi , mKj j vKi mUS Ges Zv`i gahvi vBsi wR ej Z cvi Zv`i mUE
,
hvi v
evsj vej Z cvi Zv`i mUB|
Zvnj ckvbymvi , 50 ) ( = S n , 35 ) ( = E n , 25 ) ( = B E n Ges
B E S =
gb Kwi , x B n = ) (
Zvnj , ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( B E n B n E n B E n S n + = = _K cvB,
25 35 50 + = x
ev, 40 25 35 50 = + = x
A_vr, 40 ) ( = B n
evsj vej Z cvi 40 Rb|
GLb, hvi vKej evsj vej Z cvi , Zv`i mUnQ(B\E)|

cZKB
21
DPZi MwYZ
gb Kwi , y E B n = ) \ ( hnZz E B B E \ Ges wb` Ges ) \ ( ) ( E B B E B = [f bwP
`e]
myZi vs ) \ ( ) ( ) ( E B n B E n B n + =
y + = 25 40
ev, 15 25 40 = = y
A_vr, 15 ) \ ( = E B n
Kej evsj vej Z cvi 15 Rb| AZGe, evsj vej Z cvi 40Rb Ges Kej gv evsj vej Z
cvi 15 Rb|
D`vni Y 15| f ~Mvj I BwZnvmwel q cov bvKi QGgb Qv `i mUh_vg H G I nj wbgi cki
Di `vI (Dj L, mUi m`mwb`k Ki Z x eenvi Ki vnqQ| )
(a) ) (i f ~Mvj I BwZnvmDf q wel q cov bvKi QGgb Qv `i msLv
) (ii aygv BwZnvmcov bvKi QGgb Qv `i msLv
f bwP Mvp Ki `LvI |

) (b KvbvKvmi 32

Rb Qv i gacZK Qv AZ f ~Mvj evBwZnvmwel q cov bvKi Q| Zv`i
ga 22 Rb f ~Mvj Ges 15 Rb BwZnvm| KZRb Qv BwZnvmI f ~Mvj Df q wel q coQZvf bwP
`LvI |

mgvavb : ) ( ) ( i a

H x Ges G x
G H x e i . .
) (ii H x Ges G x

i.e.x H\G

(b) awi , BwZnvmwel q coQGgb Qv `i mUH
f ~Mvj wel q coQGgb Qv `i mUG
Zvnj G H f ~Mvj I BwZnvmwel q coQGgb Qv `i mU
awi , x G H n = ) (
hnZzGK wel q AZ cZK coQ = G H
n (HG)=n (U)
i.e. (22 x) +x +(15 x) =32
37 x =32
x =5
myZi vs 5Rb Qv BwZnvmI f ~Mvj Df q wel q coQ|
D`vni Y 16| GKwUkwYi 35Rb evwj Kvi cZK `o, muvZvi I bvPi hKvbvGKwUZ AskMnY
Ki | Zv`i ga15Rb `o, 4Rb muvZvi I bvP, Rb ay`uo, 7Rb muvZvi AskMnY Ki wK
bvP bq|


22
DPZi MwYZ
Zv`i ga 20Rb `uo cQ` Ki bv, x Rbi muvZvi I bvP cQ`, x 2 Rb aybvP cQ`, 2 Rb ay
mu vZvi cQ` Ki |
) (a G Z_j vf bwP `LvI
) (b x wbYq Ki
) (c mUi gvag evLvKi {h mgevwj Kv`uo I bvP cQ` Ki wKmuvZvi bq}
) (d KZRb evwj Kv`uo I bvP cQ` Ki wKmuvZvi cQ` Ki bv|

mgvavb : ) (a
awi , mU = J hvi v`o cQ` Ki
= S hvi vmuvZvi cQ` Ki
= D hvi vbvP cQ` Ki

) (b { = J h me evwj Kv`o cQ` Ki bv}
20 ) ( = J n
ev, 20 2 2 = + + x x
ev, 18 3 = x
6 = x
) (c {h me evwj Kv`uo I bvP cQ` Ki wKmuvZvi cQ` Ki bv}
S D J
(d) awi , y S D J n = ) (
`I qvAvQ 15 ) ( = J n

2
15 2 7 4
=
= + + +
y
y


ay2Rb evwj Kv`uo Ges bvP cQ` Ki wKmuvZvi cQ` Ki bv|

D`vni Y 17| 24Rb Qv i 18Rb evUej Lj vcQ` Ki , 12Rb f wj ej Lj vcQ` Ki | `I qv
AvQ, = U {kwYi Qv `i mU}, = B {evUej Lj vcQ` Ki Ggb Qv i mU}
= V {f wj ej Lj vcQ` Ki Ggb Qv `i mU}
gb Kwi , x V B n = ) ( Ges f bwP wbPi Z_j vevLvKi :
) (a V B mUi eYbv`vI Ges ) ( V B n K x Gi gvag cKvk Ki |
) (b xGi mveb~bZg gvb wbYq Ki |
) (c xGi mveeng gvb wbYq Ki |
mgvavb :
) (a V B nj vGgb me Qv i mUhvi vevUej evf wj ej Lj vcQ` Ki |


23
DPZi MwYZ
x x x x V B n = + + =

30 ) 12 ( ) 18 ( ) (
(

x x x x V B n = + + = 30 ) 12 ( ) 18 ) (
) (b ) ( V B n z`Zg hLb U V B = ZLb, 24 30 ) ( ) ( = = =

x U n V B n ev 6 = x
mvez`Zg gvb 6 = x
) (c ) ( V B n eng hLb U B V = ZLb , 12 ) ( ) ( = = = x V n V B n
mveeng gvb 12 = x

KvR :
1| KvbvkwYi 30Rb Qv i 20Rb dzUej Ges 15Rb wKUcQ` Ki | cZK Qv `yBwU
Lj vi hKvbvGKwULj vcQ` Ki | KZRb Qv `yBwULj vB cQ` Ki ?

2| wKQzmsLK j vKi ga 50Rb evsj v, 20Rb Bsi wR Ges 10Rb evsj vI Bsi wR ej Z cvi |
`yBwUf vl vi A Z GKwUf vl vKZRb ej Z cvi ?

3| XvKvwekwe`vj qi AvaywbK f vl vBbwwUDUi 100Rb wkv_xi ga 42Rb d, 30Rb
Rvgvb, 28Rb vwbk wbqQ| 10Rb wbqQd I vwbk, 8Rb wbqQRvgvb I vwbk,
5 Rb wbqQRvgvb I d, 3 Rb wZbwUf vl vB wbqQ|
) (i KZRb wkv_xH wZbwUf vl vi GKwUI bqwb ?
) (ii KZRb wkv_xH wZbwUf vl vi Kej GKwUf vl vwbqQ?
) (iii KZRb wkv_xH wZbwUf vl vi Kej `yBwUf vl vwbqQ|
4| Kvbvzj i beg kwYi gvbweK kvLvi 50 Rb wkv_xi ga 29Rb ci bxwZ, 24Rb f ~Mvj
Ges 11Rb ci bxwZ I f ~Mvj Df q wel q wbqQ| KZRb wkv_xci bxwZ evf ~Mvj wel q
`yBwUi KvbwUB bqwb ?

Abykxj bx11

1| . i Kvb mUi m`mmsLv n 2 nj , Gi DcmUi msLvne
n
4
. ii mKj g~j ` msLvi mU

= Z , q 0 p, q
q
p
Q :
. iii R x x b a R b a =

: { [ , ] ; , Ges } b x a < <


Dci i Z_i Avj vK wbPi KvbwUmwVK ?
K. ii i I L. iii ii I M. iii i I N. iii ii i I ,

24 DPZi MwYZ
wbPi Z_i Avj vK (2-4) bs cki Di `vI :
cZK N n Gi Rb ...} .......... 3 . 2 , { n n n A
n
=
2|
2 1
A A Gi gvb wbPi KvbwU?
K.
1
A L.
2
A M.
3
A N.
4
A
3| wbPi KvbwU
6 3
A A Gi gvb wb`k Ki ?
K.
2
A L.
3
A M.
4
A N.
6
A
4|
3 2
B A Gi cwi eZwbPi KvbwUj Lvhvq ?
K.
3
A L.
4
A M.
5
A N.
6
A
5| `I qvAvQ } , 20 3 : { Z n x x U = , x x A : { = weRvo msLv} Ges x x B : { = gwj K
msLv} wbgi mUi Dcv`vbj vi Zvwj Kvwj wceKi :
) (a AGes B
(b) } : { B x A x x C = Ges Ges
A x x D = : { A_ev } B x
mU D C Ges Gi eYbv`vI
6| f bwP B A Ges mUi Dcv`vbj v`LvbvnqQ| hw` ) ( ) ( B n A n = nq, Ze wbYq Ki
x a ) ( Gi gvb ). ( ) ( ) ( B A n B A n b Ges

7| f bwP B A Ges mUqi cZKi Dcv`vbj v`LvbvnqQ| ) ( B A n wbYq Ki |
x a ) ( Gi gvb ) ( ) ( A n b Ges ) (B n
8| hw` x x U : { = abvZK c~YmsLv}, } 5 : { { = x x A Ges } 12 : < = x x B
Ze ) ( ) ( A n B A n Ges Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
9| hw` x x U : { = Rvo c~YmsLv}, } 25 3 : { = x x A Ges } 12 5 : { < = x x B nq, Zvnj
) ( ) ( B A n B A n Ges Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
10| `LvI h, (K) = A A\ (L) A A A A = ) \ ( \
11| `LvI h, ) ( ) ( ) ( C A B A C B A =
12| hw` D C B A Ges nq, Ze `LvI h, ) ( ) ( D B C A
13| `LvI h, } ,........, 3 , 2 , 1 { n A = Ges } 2 ,........ 2 , 2 , 1 {
1 2
=
n
B mU`yBwUmgZzj |
dgv- 4, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
25
14| `LvI h, ^vf vweK msLvmg~ni eMi mU ...} ,......... 36 , 25 , 9 , 4 , 1 { = S GKwUAmU|

15| cgvY Ki h, = = = B A q B n p A n Ges ) ( , ) ( Ges nj , q p B A n + = ) ( |

16| cgvY Ki h, C B A , , mvmUnj ,
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( C B A n A C n C B n B A n C n B n A n C B A n + + + = |

17| hw` } , { } , , { y c B x b a A Ges = = mvweK mU } , , , , , { z y x c b a U = Gi DcmUnj , hvPvB
Ki h, B B A iii B B A ii B A i a = = ) ( , ) ( , ) )( (
) (b wbYq Ki : ) ( ) ( B A B A

18| KvbvkwYi 30Rb wkv_xi ga 19Rb A_bxwZ, 17Rb f ~Mvj , 11Rb ci bxwZ, 12Rb
A_bxwZ I f ~Mvj , 4Rb ci bxwZ I f ~Mvj , 7 Rb A_bxwZ I ci bxwZ Ges 5Rb wZbwUwel qB
wbqQ| KZRb wkv_xwZbwUwel qi KvbwUB bqwb ?

19| f bwP mvweK mUU Ges DcmU C B A , , Gi m`mmsLvDcvcb Ki vnqQ|
) (a hw` ) ( ) ( C B n B A n = nq, Ze x Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
) (b hw` ) ( ) ( C A n C B n = nq, Ze y Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
) (c ) (U n Gi gvb wbYq Ki |

20| f bwP C B A , , mUi Dcv`vbj vGgbf ve `I qvAvQhb, C B A =

) (a hw` 50 ) ( = U
U
n nq, Ze x Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
) (b ) ( ) ( B A n C B n Ges Gi gvb wbYq Ki
) (c ) ( C B A n Gi gvb wbYq Ki
21| wZbwU mU C B A Ges ,

Ggbf ve `I qv AvQ hb, B C C A B A = = Ges ,
f bwP AsKb Ki mUj vi evLv`vI :
22| `I qvAvQ } , 3 1 : { } , 5 2 : { R x x x B R x x x A < = < = Ges
Ges } 5 , 4 , 2 { = C wbgi mUj vAbyi c set notation G cKvk Ki :
) (a B A ) (b Ges B A ) (d B A
23| `I qv AvQ } , 10 : { R x x x U < = , } 4 1 : { < = x x A Ges }. 6 3 : { < = x x B wbPi
mUj vAbyi c mUwPi gvag cKvk Ki :
) (a B A ) (b B A ) (c Ges B A ) (d B A
24| wbg B A I mU`I qvAvQ| cwZ B A wbYq Ki Ges hvPvB Ki h ) ( B A A Ges
) ( B A B
. i } 2 , 1 , 0 , 1 . 2 { = A Ges } 3 , 0 , 3 { = B

26
DPZi MwYZ
. ii 2 , 10 { Gesx x N, x A < = Gi wYZK}
Ges 3 , 10 { Gesx x N, x B < = Gi wYZK}

25| wbgi mUj veenvi Ki B A wbYq Ki Ges hvPvB Ki h,
B B A A B A ) ( Ges (
) (i } 2 , 0 , 1 { }, 5 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 {

= = B A
) (ii } , , , { }, , , , { y c x b B d c b a A = =

26| Avbvqvi vgnvwe`vj qi Qv x`i gawewP v, mvbxI c~evYxcw Kvi cvVvf vmmKcwi Pvwj Z
GK mgxvq `LvMj % 60 Qv xwewP v, % 50 Qv xmvbx, % 50 Qv xc~evYx, % 30 Qv xwewP vI
mvbx, 30% Qv xwewP vI c~evYx, 20%Qv xmvbxI c~evYxGes 10% Qv xwZbwUcw KvB co|
) (i kZKi vKZRb Qv xD cw KvwZbwUi KvbwUB co bv?
) (ii kZKi vKZRb Qv xD cw Kvj vi gaKej `yBwUco ?
27| } 0 ) ( : {
2
= + + = ab x b a x R x x A Ges
} 5 , 4 , 2 { } 2 , 1 { Ges = = C B
K. A mUi Dcv`vbmg~n wbYq Ki |
L. `LvI h, ) ( ) ( ) ( C P B P C B P =
M. cgvY Ki h, ) ( ) ( ) ( C A B A C B A =
28| GKwUkwYi 100Rb Qv i ga 42Rb dzUej , 46Rb wKUGes 39Rb nwK Lj | G`i
ga13Rb dzUej I wKU, 14Rb wKUI nwK Ges 12Rb dzUej I nwK Lj Z cvi | GQvov
7Rb KvbvLj vq cvi `kxbq-
K. Dwj wLZ wZbwULj vq cvi `kxGgb Qv `i mUGes KvbvLj vq cvi `kxbq Ggb Qv `i mU
f bwP `LvI -
L. KZRb Qv Dwj wLZ wZbwULj vq cvi `kxZvwbYq Ki |
M. KZRb Qv Kej gv GKwULj vq cvi `kxGes KZRb AZ `yBwULj vq cvi `kx?

A^q (Relation) Ges dvskb (Function)
2 , 3 Gi Pq eo, 3 Gi eM9| Gj vA^qi D`vni Y| c_g D`vni Y j Kwi , Gi Pq eoK_vwU
msvwqZ Ki vnqQhvmKj eve msLvi mUR Gi AMZ| Avevi 2q D`vni Y mKwUGi eMI
eve msLvi mUR

Gi AMZ|

Dj Lh mKj eve msLvR mUAMZ wKA^q bq| hgb 3 gwj K msLvA^q bq Kvi Y 3
AbKvbvmsLvi msMmwKZ bq| hvf bwP i gvag D`vni Y 1-G `Lvbvnj v|

: x
: x
27
DPZi MwYZ
D`vni Y 1| gb Kwi } 7 , 5 , 3 , 2 { = A Ges } 10 , 7 , 4 , 2 , 1 { = B | A Gi h h m`mvi v B Gi h h
m`mwef vRnq G`i AwZ Ki wbP wP `Lvbvnj v:


A

B

Gi c Aw^Z m`m`i vi vMwVZ gRvoj vi mU )} 7 , 7 )( 10 , 5 )( 10 , 2 )( 4 , 2 )( 2 , 2 {( = A vi vGB
wef vRZvmKwUeYbvKi vhvq| D mUAf y gRvoj vi c_g c` A Gi m`mI wZxq c`
B Gi m`mhLvb c_g c` vi vwZxq c` wef vR|
A_vr, x B y A x y x D B A D Ges Ges = , : ) , {( vi v y wef vR}, GLvb D mUwU A mU
_K B mUGKwUA^q|

D`vni Y 2| eve msLvi gRvoi mU } , : ) , { y x R y R x y x L < = Ges weePbvKwi h, `yBwU
eve msLv b a, Gi Rb b a < hw` I Kej hw` L b a ) , ( nq| myZi vs L mUvi veve msLvi
QvU-eo mKewYZ nq|

msv: B A I mUnj B A Gi KvbvAk~bDcmUK A _K B G GKwUA^q ) (relation
ej vnq|
msv: A GKwUmUnj A A Gi KvbvA bDcmUK A _K A G GKwUA^q ej vnq|

ge: cZK A^q GK evGKvwaK gRvoi GKwUmU|
f bwP mU } 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { = X Gi Dcv`vbj vmU } 9 , 7 , 5 , 3 { = Y Gi Dcv`bj vi mAvi v
(arrow) wP vi vmshvMvcb `LvbvnqQ| mU Y X I Gi gvS Gi c mshvMvcbK X nZ
Y G A^q ) (relation ej vnq|

f bwP X mUi m`m1 Gi mv_ Y mUi m`m 3 Gi mKK 3 1 vi vcKvk Ki Avgi v
ewj cvi wK m`m1 Ges kl m`m3 A_ev1 gvwcs 3| Z`c 7 3 , 5 2 Ges . 9 4

myZi vs X mUi cwZwUm`m Y x , mUi GKwUgv m`m y Gi mv_ mwKZ| G mKK dvskb
evgvwcs ej |
(
DPZi MwYZ
28
f bwP Avi KwUmKweePbvKwi |

wP _K `Lvhvq, 9 3 , 7 2 , 5 1 , 3 1 Ges 7 4 .
X mUi m`m1, Y mUi `yBwUm`m3 Gi 5 Gi mv_ gvwcs| G mKKxdvskb ?
D`vni Y 3| wbPi Kvb A^qwU ) (relation dvskb bq ? hyw `vI |

) (a ) (b





) (c ) (d





mgvavb: ) (a Ges ) (d mKwUdvskb wK(b) mKwUdvskb bq Kvi Y 4 3 Ges 5 3 |
dvskbK mvavi YZ Bsi wR QvUnvZi Ai h g f , , BZvw` vi vwb`k Ki vnq|

mU } 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { = X nZ mU } 9 , 7 , 5 , 3 { = Y dvskb wb`k Ki Z Avgi vwj wL
7 3 : , 5 2 : , 3 1 : f f f Ges 9 4 : f
GLvb 3 K ej vnq 1 Gi BgR| Z`c 9 7 , 5 I h_vg 4 3 , 2 I Gi BgR|

AwaKX mUi hKvbvm`m x Ges Y mUi hKvbvm`m y Gi mKwUK Avgi v 1 2 + = x y
AvKvi cKvk Ki Z cvwi |

AZGe, dvskbK Avgi vwbgi wbqg Aby mi Y Ki cKvk Ki Z cvwi -
y x f : hLvb 1 2 + = x y
A_ev 1 2 : + x x f
hLvb Avgi vwj LZ cvwi 1 2 ) ( + = x x f
Zvnj 3 ) 1 ( = f nj v1 Gi BgR Ges ) (x f nj vx Gi BgR|




x Y
29
DPZi MwYZ
Avj vwPZ dvskbi gac_g mU } 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { = X K dvskbwUi Avavi ) (Domain Ges c_gv mU
nZ c` wbqg cv wZxq mUi msLvj vi mUK dvskbwUi wevi ) (Range ej vnq|

Abf ve ej vhvq ) (x f y = dvskbi Avavi nj v x Gi Ggb GKwUmUhLvb mgx Gi Rb
) (x f dvskbi gvb wbYq Ki vme| Avi dvskbwUi Avavi x Gi Rb ) (x f Gi h mggvb cvI qvhvq,
G`i msMnK Gi wevi evi ej |

D`vni Y 4| 1 2 :
2
+ x x f Gi BgR wbYq Ki : hLvb Wvgb } 3 , 2 , 1 { = X
mgvavb : 1 2 ) (
2
+ = x x f
3 , 2 , 1 Gi BgR nj v: 9 1 ) 2 ( 2 ) 2 ( , 3 1 ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 (
2 2
= + = = + = f f
Ges 19 1 ) 3 ( 2 ) 3 (
2
= + = f
BgR mU }. 19 , 9 , 3 { = R

D`vni Y 5 : cvki wP c mx x f + : dvskbi Ask _K wbYq Ki -
) (a m Ges c Gi gvb
) (b f Gi Aaxb 5 Gi BgR
) (c BgR 3 nj m`mmsLv

mgvavb : ) (a c mx x f + = ) (

) 2 .........( 1 4 4 ) 4 ( . .
1 ) 4 ( 1 4 :
) 1 .( .......... 7 2 . .
7 ) 2 ( 7 2 :
= + + =
=
= +
=
c m c m f e i
f f
c m e i
f f


) ( ) ( ii i I _K cvB 4 = m Ges 15 = c
) (b f Awab 5 Gi BgR 5 15 5 4 ) 5 ( = + = f
) (c awi x wbYq m`mmsLvhvi BgR 3 ZLb 3 3 15 4 3 ) ( = = + = x x x f

D`vni Y 6| )} 4 , 2 ( ), 1 , 1 ( ), 0 , 0 ( ), 1 , 1 ( ), 4 , 2 {( = F A^qwUKxdvskb ? Gi Wvgb I i wbYq Ki |

Di : )} 4 , 2 ( ), 1 , 1 ( ), 0 , 0 ( ), 1 , 1 ( ), 4 , 2 {( = A A^qwUGKwUdvskb| Kvi Y Gi gRvoj vi c_g
Dcv`vb wf bwf b|
ewYZ dvskb 4 ) 2 ( , 1 ) 1 ( , 0 ) 0 ( , 1 ) 1 ( , 4 ) 2 ( = = = = = F F F F F
Wvgb } 2 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 { = A Ges i } 4 , 1 , 0 { = B
A Gi wewf bm`mi Qwe j Ki j `Lvhvq h, GLvb A x Gi Rb , ) (
2
x x F = G dvskbwUK
2
) ( , : x x F B A F = wj L cKvk Ki vhvq|
2
4
_
1
7
30
DPZi MwYZ
ge: Kvbvdvskb F Gi Wvgb Ges Wvgbi cZK m`m x Gi AbbQwe ) (x F wbw` Ki v
nj B dvskbwUwbavwi Z nq| AbK mgq Wvgb Dni vLvnq| Gi c Wvgb wnme R Gi H
DcmUK MnY Ki vnq, hvi cZK m`m x Gi Rb R G ) (x F wbavwi Z _vK|

D`vni Y 7| x x F = 1 ) ( vi vewYZ dvskbi Wvgb wbYq Ki |
) 2 ( ), 1 ( ,
2
1
), 0 ( ), 3 ( F F F F F

Gi gahj vmsvwqZ mj vwbYq Ki |


mgvavb : R x x F = 1 ) ( hw` I Kej hw` 0 1 x ev x 1 A_vr, 1 x myZi vs
Wvg } 1 : { = x R x F
GLvb 2 4 ) 3 ( 1 ) 3 ( = = = F
1 1 0 1 ) ( = = = o F

2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
= = =

F
0 1 1 ) 1 ( = = F
) 2 ( F msvwqZ bq, Kbbv . 2 domF



KvR :
1| wbPi Kvb A^qwUdvskb bq ? hyw `vI |

) (a ) (b




) (c ) (d







2| 2 4 : + x x f vi vewYZ dvskb hvi Wvgb } 5 , 3 , 1 { = D Zvnj dvskbwUi BgR
mUwbYq Ki |



31
DPZi MwYZ
3| c` S A^qwUK Zvwj KvcwZZ eYbvKi Ges Kvbj vdvskb Zvwbavi Y Ki | Wvg S I
i S wbYq Ki | hLvb } 2 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 { = A
(K) } 1 , : ) , {( = + = y x A y A x y x S Ges
(L) } 1 , : ) , {( = = y x A y A x y x S Ges
(M) } , : ) , {(
2
x y A y A x y x S = = Ges
(N) } , : ) , {(
2
x y A y A x y x S = = Ges
4| 1 2 ) ( = x x f vi vewYZ dvskbi Rb-
(K) ) 2 ( ) ( ), 2 ( F o F F Ges wbYq Ki
(L)

+
2
1 a
F wbYq Ki , hLvb R a
(M) 5 ) ( = x F nj , x wbYq Ki
(N) y x F = ) ( nj x wbYq Ki hLvb R y
GK-GK dvskb ) ( Function One One
f bwP B A Ges mUj Kwi -





A B
f bwP f dvskbi Aaxb wf bwf bm`mi Qwe me`vwf b|
msv: hw` Kvb dvskbi Aaxb Gi Wvgbi wf bwf bm`mi Qwe me`vwf bnq, Ze dvskbwUK GK-
GK (One-One) dskb ej vnq|

msv _K `Lv hvq, GKwU dvskb B A f : K GK-GK dvskb ej v ne, hw`
2 1 2 1
) ( ) ( x x x f x f = = hLvb . ,
2 1
A x x
D`vni Y 8| R x x x f + = , 5 3 ) ( GKwUGK-GK dvskb|
hvPvB : `I qvAvQ 5 3 ) ( + = x x f
awi , R b a , Zvnj 5 3 ) ( 5 3 ) ( + = + = b b f a a f Ges
GLb, b a b a b f a f = + = + = 5 3 5 3 ) ( ) (
myZi vs f GK-GK dvskb|
Avevi , g G ewYZ dvskbwUj Kwi h,

32 DPZi MwYZ

Wvgbi `yBwUwf bm`mi Qwe GKB 12 ) 3 ( , 12 ) 2 ( = = g g
myZi vs g dvskbwUGK-GK bq|
Dci i wP `yBwUi Zxi wPi ) (arrows w`K DvKi j `Lvhvq-

c_gwUGK-GK dvskb, GB dvskbK ej vnq f dvskbi weci xZ dvskb|
wKweci xZ gvwcs hvg
g
Gi Aaxb Ki vnqQZvGK-GK dvskb bq| ZvB dvskbi weci xZ dvskb
cvI qvhve bv| GLvb GK-GK dvskb Ges Bnvi weci xZ
1
f Gi gamK`Lvbvnj v:
f Gi Aaxb
1
f Gi Aaxb
= 2 ) 1 ( f
= 4 ) 2 ( f
= 7 ) 3 ( f
= b a f ) (

1 ) 2 (
1
=

f
2 ) 4 (
1
=

f
3 ) 7 (
1
=

f
a b f =

) (
1


f GK-GK dvskb hw`
) (i f Gi GKwUweci xZ dvskb
1
f nq
) (ii b BgR nq ) (a f Aaxb a BgR nq ) (b f b = A_vr ) ( ) (
1
b f a a f b

= =
GwUK wP `Lvbvhvq
) ( ) (
1
b f a a f b

= =

12
dgv- 5, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
33
D`vni Y 9| `LvI h,
2
) ( , : x x F R R F = dvskbwUGK-GK bq|
mgvavb :GLvb Wvg 1 , 1 ,
2 1
= = = x x R F wbq `wL h,
1
x

Wvg
2
, x F Wvg
2 1
x x
wK ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) ( , ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
2
2
2
1
= = = = F x F F x F
A_vr, F x F x F = ), ( ) (
2 1
GK-GK bq|
`e: Kvb dvskbi weci xZ A^q dvskb bvI nZ cvi |
D`vni Y 10| 2 ,
2
) (

= x
x
x
x ewYZ dvskbi RbwbYq Ki (K) ) 5 ( f (L) ) 2 (
1

mgvavb : (K) 2 ,
2
) (

= x
x
x
x f

3
2
1
3
5
2 5
5
) 5 ( = =

= f

(L) awi ,
1
= f a ZLb 2 ) ( = a f
4 4 2 2
2
= = =

a a a
a
a

4 ) 2 (
1
=

f


D`vni Y 11| 2 0 , 1 3 ) ( + = x x x f
) (a f Gi Mvd AuvK Ges i `LvI

) (b `LvI h f GK-GK dvskb
) (c
1
f wbYq Ki Ges
1
f Gi Mvd Ab Ki |

mgvavb : 2 0 , 1 3 ) ( + = x x x f
nZ cvB kxl we`y ) 1 , 0 ( Ges ) 7 , 2 (
i } 7 1 : { : = y y R f
) (b hnZzcZK R y Gi RbGKgv R x Gi BgR y `LvbvnqQ|
myZi vs f GK-GK dvskb|
) (c awi , ) (x f y = , x Gi BgR
Zvnj , 1 3 + = x y
) 1 (
3 `
1
= y x
weci xZ dvskb x y f

:
1
hLvb, ) 1 (
3 `
1
= y x

F,
1 =
f f

34
DPZi MwYZ
ev, ) 1 (
3
1
:
1

y y f hvwP `LvbvnqQ|
y Gi j x vcb Ki cvB, ) 1 (
3 `
1
:
1

x x f

1
f Gi AwZ i Lv 7 1 ), 1 (
3
1
= x x y `LvbvnqQ|
mvweK dvskb A_evAbUzdvskb ) ( on Onto Functi
f bwP dvskb f Gi Aaxb mU } 3 , 2 , 1 { = A Ges } 9 , 7 , 5 { = B weePbvKwi |

GLvb 3 1 2 5 ) 1 ( + = = f j Lvhvq
Abyi c 3 2 2 7 ) 2 ( + = = f
3 3 2 9 ) 3 ( + = = f
mvavi Yf ve Avgi vwj LZ cvwi b x x f y + = = 2 ) (
AZGe, ej vhvq b a f = ) (


msv: &GKwUdvskb B A f : K mvweK dvskb A_evAbUzdvskb ej vne hw` B A f = ) (
A_ev, GKwUdvskb B A f : K mvweK dvskb A_evAbUzdvskb ej vne hw` cZK B b Gi
RbGKwU A a cvI qvhvq hb b a f = ) ( nq| Avj vPdvskb } 9 , 7 , 5 { } 3 , 2 , 1 { : = = B A f K
3 2 ) ( + = = x x f y vi vmsvwqZ Ki vnq| Ze f GKwUmvweK dvskb|


weci xZ dvskb ) ( function Inverse
gb Kwi B A f : GKwUGK-GK Ges AbUzdvskb, Zvnj GKwUdvskb A B f

:
1
we`gvb
AvQhLvb cZK B b Gi RbGKwUAbb A b f

) (
1
we`gvb| Ze
1
f K f Gi weci xZ
dvskb ej vnq|

gb Kwi , B A f : Ges A B g : Df qB GK-GK Ges AbUzdvskb| Zvnj g K f Gi
weci xZ dvskb ej vne hw` x x f g x g f = = )) ( ( )) ( ( nq hLvb B x f ) ( Ges . ) ( A x g GLvb
1
= f g

D`vni Y 12| hw` R R f : Ges R R g : dvskb `yBwU 5 ) ( + = x x f Ges 5 ) ( = x x g vi v
msvwqZ nq, Ze `LvI h, f Gi weci xZ dvskb g |
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ ) 1 .......( 5 ) ( + = x x f Ges
) 2 ........( .......... 5 ) ( = x x g
GLb : ) 5 ( )) ( ( = x f x g f [(2) bs vi v]
= 5 ) 5 ( + x [(1) bs vi v]
=x

35
DPZi MwYZ
Ges 5 ) ( )) ( ( = x f x f g [(2) bs vi v]
= 5 ) 5 ( + x

[(1) bs vi v]
=x

hnZz x x f g x g f = = )) ( ( )) ( (
myZi vs f Gi weci xZ dvskb . g

D`vni Y 13| hw` R R f : dvskbwU 5 ) (
3
= x x f vi vmsvwqZ nq, Ze ) (
1
x f y

= wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : msvbymvi , x x f f =

)) ( (
1

) 1 ........( ) ( x y f = [hnZz ] ) (
1
y x f =

]
`I qvAvQ 5 ) (
3
= x x f
5 ) (
3
= y y f
5
3
= y x [(1) vi v]

3
1
3
) 5 ( 5 + = = + x y y x
3
1
1
) 5 ( ) ( + =

x x f .

KvR :
1| wbgi cwZwUGK-GK dvskbi mswk
1
f wbYq Ki |
(K)
3
1
) 5 ( + = x y (L) 1 ,
1
3
) (

= x
x
x f
(M) 2 ,
2
2
) (

= x
x
x
x f (N)
2
1
,
1 2
3 2
:

+
x
x
x
x f
2| ewYZ dvskb 2 ,
2
9 4
) (

= x
x
x
x f Gi
(K) ) 1 (
1

f Ges ) 1 (
1
f wbYq Ki |
(L) x Gi gvb wbYq Ki hb x x f =

) ( 4
1

3| ewYZ dvskb 1 ,
1
2 2
) (

+
= x
x
x
x f Gi Rb
(K) ) 3 (
1
f wbYq Ki |
(L) `I qvAvQ p kp p f , ) (
1
=

Gi mvc k K cKvk Ki |
4| wbgv cZK c` mKF GKwUdvskb wKbvZvwbYq Ki | F dvskb nj Dnvi
Wvgb Ges i wbYq Ki , DnvGK-GK wKbvZvI wbavi Y Ki :
(K) } : ) , {(
2
x y R y x F =
(L) } : ) , {(
2 2
x y R y x F =
DPZi MwYZ
36
(M) } : ) , {(
2 2
x y R y x F =
(N) { } x y R y x F = : ) , (
2

5| ) (a hw` } 8 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 8 { } 2 , 1 , 0 , 1 2 { : f dvskbwU
3
) ( x x f = vi vmsvwqZ, `LvI h,
f GK-GK Ges AbUz|
) (b R f } 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { : GKwUdvskb hv 1 2 ) ( + = x x f vi vmsvwqZ, `LvI h, f GK-GK dvskb
wKAbUzdvskb bq|
A^q (Relation) I dvskbi j LwP
j LwP nj vdvskbi RvwgwZK Dcvcb| ) (x f y = j LwP AsKbi Rb ' 'O we`y Z ci i Q`x
j ^`yBwUmi j i Lv Y YO X XO Ges j I qvnq| O K g~j we`y X XO K x A Ges Y YO K y
A ej vnq|

) (x f y = dvskbi j LwP AsKbi Rb b x a eewaZ ^vaxb Pj K x Ges Aaxb Pj K y Gi
gvbj vi Zvwj KvcZ Ki Z nq| AZ:ci Zvwj Kvi mxwgZ msLK we`yj vK xy mgZj vcb Ki Z
nq| cv we`yj vK mi j i LvA_evei Lvvi vhy Ki j ) (x f y = dvskbi j LwP cvI qvhvq|
gvawgK exRMwYZ j LwP mKcv_wgK avi Yvc`vb Ki vnqQ| GLvb, mi j i wLK ) (Linear
dvskb, wNvZ ) (Quadratic dvskb Ges ei j LwP Ab mKAvj vPbvKi vnqQ|

mi j i wLK dvskb
mi j i wLK dvskb Gi mvavi Y i c nj v b mx x f + = ) (
hLvb, b m Ges eve msLv| Gi j LwP GKwUi Lvhvi Xvj nj v y m Ges Ai Q`K b |

GLvb, awi 2 = = b m Ges 3 Zvnj dvskbwU`uvovq 2 3 ) ( + = x x f
ewYZ dvskb nZ y x I Gi wbgi c mswk gvb cvI qvhvq :
x
y
2
4
1
1
0
2
1
5
2
8

2 3 ) ( + = x x f Gi j L wbg`Lvbvnj v:

37
DPZi MwYZ
wNvZ dvskb ) ( function Quadratic
wNvZ dvskb nj vGKwUdvskb hv c bx ax y + + =
2
mgxKi Y vi vewYZ hLvb c b a Ges , eve msLv
Ges . 0 a
c` dvskb awi 1 , 4 , 1 = = = c b a
Zvnj c bx ax y + + =
2
K j Lvhvq 1 4
2
= x x y
ewYZ dvskb nZ y x I Gi mswk gvb cvI qvhvq|
x 1 4
2
x x
y
1 1 ) 1 ( 4 ) 1 (
2

4
0 1 ) 0 ( 4 0
2
1
1 1 ) 1 ( 4 1
2
4
2 1 ) 2 ( 4 2
2
5
3
1 ) 3 ( 4 3
2
4
4 1 ) 4 ( 4 4
2
1
5 1 ) 5 ( 4 5
2

4

BnvwbYq wNvZ dvskb-Gi j LwP |
GB wNvZ dvskb Gi wKQzmvavi Y ewkj Kwi |
) (i ci ve AvKvi
) (ii y

Ai mgvi vj i Lvevy A ei vei cwZmvgwe`ycvI qvhve|
) (iii GKwUwe`yZ dvskbwUi gvb z`Zg eveng ne|
ei j LwP
Dj Lh r q p I , a eK Ges 0 r nj R G } ) ( ) ( : ) , {(
2 2 2
r q y p x y x S = + =
A^qi j L GKwUe hvi K` q p , Ges evmvar (gvawgK exRMwYZ cyK `e)|
QK KvMR q p , we`ycvZb Ki H we`yK K`Ki r evmvawbq e Ab Ki j LwP wUcvI qvhvq|
ge: h A^qi mgvavb mUAmxg, Gi j LwP Abi ^xKZ cwZ nj vh_ msLK mgvavbi
cwZi cxwe`yQK KvMR cvZb Ki mvej xj f ve (........) H me we`yhvMKi v, hvZ A^qwUi j LwP i
ai Y _nxbf ve evSvhvq|
wKh A^qi j LwP e, Gi RbKvmeenvi Ki j KvR mnR I my`i nq weavq kl v cv
Aej ^b Ki vnj v|
D`vni Y 14|
S ={(x, y) : x
2
+y
2
=16}
ev, x
2
+y
2
=4
2

myZi vs S Gi j LwP GKwUe hvi K`C (0,0) Ges evmva . 4 = r

38
DPZi MwYZ
S Gi j LwP wbg`Lvbvnj v:




KvR :
1| wbgi dvskbi mvavi Y i c (Standard Form) wj L :
(K) ) 5 ( 3 2 = x y (L) ) 3 (
2
1
2 + = x y
(M) ) 1 ( 2 ) 5 ( + = x y (N) y 5 =
4
3
(x 3)
2| j LwP Ab Ki :
(K) 1 3 = x y (L) 3 = + y x
(M) x
2
+y
2
=9 (N) . 1
3
1
+ = x y
Abykxj bx12

1| )} 7 , 7 ( ), 10 , 2 ( ), 2 , 4 ( ), 2 , 2 {( A^qi Wvgb KvbwU?
(K) } 7 , 4 , 2 { (L) } 7 , 10 , 2 , 2 {
(M) } 7 , 10 , 2 , 2 { (N) } 7 , 5 , 2 , 4 , 2 {
2| A y A x y x S = , : ) , {( Ges }
2
x y = Ges } 2 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 { = A wbPi KvbwU S A^qi
m`m?
(K) ) 4 , 2 ( (L) ) 4 , 2 (
(M) ) 1 , 1 ( (N) ) 1 , 1 (

3| hw` )} 4 , 5 ( ), 1 , 4 ( ), 0 , 3 ( ), 1 , 2 ( ), 4 , 1 {( = S nq Ze,
) (i S A^qi i } 4 , 0 , 1 , 4 { = S
) (ii S A^qi weci xZ A^q, )} 5 , 4 ( ), 4 , 1 ( ), 3 , 0 ( ), 2 , 1 ( ), 1 , 4 {(
1
=

S
) (iii S A^qwUGKwUdvskb
Dci i Z_i Avj vK wbPi KvbwUmwVK ?
(K) ii i I (L) iii ii I (M) iii i I (N) iii ii i I ,

wbPi Z_i Avj vK wbPi 4-6 bs cki Di `vI :
hw` 1 ) ( = x x F

39
DPZi MwYZ
4| = ) 10 ( F KZ ?
(K) 9 (L) 3 (M) 3 (N) 10


5| 5 ) ( = x f nj x Gi gvb KZ ?
(K) 5 (L) 24 (M) 25 (N) 26


6| dvskbwUi Wvgb wbPi KvbwU?
(K) Wvg } 1 : { = x R x F (L) Wvg } 1 : { = x R x F
(M) Wvg } 1 : { = x R x F (N) Wvg } 1 : { > = x R x F

7| ) (a c` S A^qi Wvgb, i I weci xZ A^q wbYq Ki |
) (b S A_ev
1
S dvskb wKbvZvwbavi Y Ki |
) (c dvskbj vGK-GK wKbv?
(K) )} 20 , 4 ( ), 15 , 3 ( ), 10 , 2 ( ), 5 , 1 {( = S
(L) )} 8 , 3 ( ), 3 , 2 ( ), 0 , 1 ( ), 1 , 0 ( ), 0 , 1 ( ), 3 , 2 ( ), 8 , 3 {( = S
(M) 2 ,
2
5
, 2 ,
2
5
), 1 , 1 ( ), 1 , 1 ( , 0 ,
2
1

= - S
(N) )} 3 , 3 ( ), 1 , 1 ( ), 0 , 0 ( ), 1 , 1 (
(
), 3 , 3 {( = S
(O) )} 3 , 2 ( ), 2 , 2 ( ), 1 , 2 { = S

8| 1 ) ( = x x F vi vewYZ dvskbi Rb
(K) ), 5 ( ), 1 ( F F Ges ) 10 ( F wbYq Ki (L) ) 1 (
2
+ a F wbYq Ki hLvb R a
(M) 5 ) ( = x F nj , x wbYq Ki (N) y x F = ) ( nj , x wbYq Ki hLvb . 0 y

9|
2
) ( , : x x F R R F = dvskbi Rb
(K) Wvg F Ges i F wbYq Ki (L) `LvI h, F GK-GK dvskb bq|

10| (K) R R f : GKwUdvskb hv R b a b ax x f + = , ; ) ( vi vmsvwqZ nj , `LvI h, f
GK-GK Ges AbUz|
(L) ] 1 , 0 [ ] 1 , 0 [ : f dvskbwU
2
1 ) ( x x F = vi vmsvwqZ, Ze `LvI h, f GK-GK Ges
AbUz |
11| (K) hw` R R
g
R R f : : Ges dvskbq
3
1
3
) 5 ( ) ( 5 ) ( = + = x x g x x f Ges vi v
msvwqZ nq, Ze `LvI h,
1
= f g
dgv- 6, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
wZxq Aavq
exRMvwYwZK i vwk
(Algebraic Expression)

wewf bcKvi i exRMvwYwZK i vwki mAvgi vcwi wPZ| GK evGKvwaK msLvI msLvwb` kK cZxKK
+ , , , NvZ evg~j ` wPi hKvbvGKwUA_evGKvwaKi mvnvhA_enf ve mshy Ki j h
bZzb msLvwb`kK cZxKi mw nq, GK exRMvwYwZK i vwk (Algebraic expression) evmsc i vwk
ej vnq| hgb, , , ay x x 3 2 2 + z a y x + + +
2
4 6 BZvw` cZKB GK GKwUexRMvwYwZK i vwk|
Aavq kl wkv_xi v
ec`xi avi YvevLvKi Z cvi e|
D`vni Yi mvnvhGK Pj Kwewk ec`xevLvKi Z cvi e|
ec`xi Y I f vMevLvKi Z cvi e|
f vMkl Dccv`I Drcv`K Dccv`evLvGes ZvcqvMKi ec`xi Drcv`K wekl Y Ki Z
cvi e|
mggvw K i vwk,cwZmg i vwk Ges P-wgK i vwk evLvKi Z cvi e|
mggvw K i vwk, cwZmg i vwk Ges P-wgK i vwki Drcv`K wbYq Ki Z cvi e|
g~j ` f MvskK AvswkK f Mvsk cKvk Ki Z cvi e|

21 Avj vPAavq msLvej Z Avgi veve msLvB eySe| C B A , , BZvw` i vwkj vi KvbvwUB hw`
GKvwaK i vwki hvMdj evweqvMdj bvnq, Ze G`i cZKwUK .......... + + + C B A AvKvi i vwki
GK GKwUc` ej vnq| hgb, 2 2 3 5
2
+ + b y x i vwkwUZ 2 , 2 , 3 , 5
2
b y x GK GKwUc`|
KvbvAvj vPbvq msLvwb`kK GKwUAi cZxK ev Pj K (Variable ) evaeK (Constant) nZ
cvi | hw` Gi c GKwUcZxK GKvwaK m`mwewk KvbvmsLvmUi hKvbvAwbavwi Z m`mwb`k
Ki , Ze cZxKwUK Pj K ej vnq Ges mUwUK Gi Wvgb ej vnq| hw` cZxKwUGKwUwbw` msLv
wb`k Ki , Ze GK a eK ej vnq|
KvbvAvj vPbvq GKwUPj K Gi Wvgb _K hKvbvgvb MnY Ki Z cvi | wKGKwUaeKi gvb
KvbvAvj vPbvq wbw` _vK|
ec`x:
ec`xwekl ai bi exRMvwYwZK i vwk| Gi c i vwkZ GK evGKvwaK c` _vK Ges c`j vGK ev
GKvwaK Pj Ki aygv AFYvZK c~YmvswLK NvZ I aeKi Ydj nq|
42
DPZi MwYZ
ev
GK Pj Ki ec`x:
gb Kwi , x GKwUPj K| Zvnj , (1) , a (2) b ax + (3) c bx ax + +
2
(4) d cx bx ax + + +
2 3

BZvw` AvKvi i i vwkK x Pj Ki ec`xej vnq, hLvb, d c b a , , , BZvw` wbw` msLv(aeK)|
mvavi Yf ve, x Pj Ki ec`xi c`mg~n
p
Cx AvKvi nq, hLvb C GKwU( x-ewRZ) wbw` msLv(hv
k~bI nZ cvi ) Ges p GKwUAFYvZK c~YmsLv| p k~bnj c`wU ayC nq Ges C k~bnj
c`wUec`xZ Abyj L _vK|
p
Cx c` C K
p
x Gi mnM( t Coefficien ) Ges p K GB c`i
gv v NvZ (degree) ej vnq|

Kvbvec`xZ Dwj wLZ c`mg~ni Mwi gv vK ec`xwUi gv vej vnq| ec`xZ Mwi gv vhy
c`wUK g~Lc` I g~Lc`i mnMK g~LmnMGes 0 gv vhy A_vr, Pj K-ewRZ c`wUK aec` ej vnq|
hgb, x x x x x , 5 2 3 2
4 5 6
+ Pj Ki GKwUec`x, hvi gv v6, g~Lc`
6
2x , g~ LmnM2 Ges
a ec` 5 |

0 a nj , c~ev (1) ec`xi gv v0
,
(2) ec`xi gv v1
,
(3) ec`xi gv v2 Ges (4) ec`xi
gv v3| hKvbvAk~baeK ( ) 0 a ) Pj Ki 0 gv vi ec`x
0
( ax a = weeP)| 0 msLvwUK k~b
ec`xweePbvKi vnq Ges k~bec`xi gv vAmsvwqZ ai vnq|
x Pj Ki ec`xK mvavi YZ x Gi NvZi Aatg (A_vr, g~Lc` _K i Ki g g ae c`
ch) eYbvKi vnq| Gi c eYbvK ec`xwUi Av`ki c ( form Stanard ) ej vnq|

eenvi i myweav_x Pj Ki ec`xK ) ( ), ( x Q x P BZvw` cZxK vi vm~wPZ Ki vnj v|
hgb, 5 7 2 ) (
2
+ + = x x x P

Gi c ) (x P

cZxK x Gi Dci ec`xwUi gvbi wbf i Zvwb`k Ki | ) (x P ec`xZ x Pj Ki
cwi eZKvbvwbw` msLva emvj ec`xwUi h gvb cvI qvhvq, GK ) (a P vi vm~wPZ Ki vnq|
D`vni Y 1| hw` 8 7 2 3 ) (
2 3
+ + = x x x x P nq, Ze
) ( , ), ( ), ( ), ( 2
2
1
2 1 0 P P P P P

Ges ) (a P
wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : c` ec`xZ x Gi cwi eZ a , 2 ,
2
1
, 2 , 1 , 0 ewmq cvB,
P(0) =3(0)
3
+2(0)2 7(0) +8 =8
P(1) =3(1)
3
+2(1)2 7(1) +8 =6
P(2) =3(2)
3
+2(2)2 7(2) +8 =6
P

1
2
=3

1
2
3
+2

1
2
2
- 7

1
2
+8 =
43
8

P(a) =3a
3
+2a
2
7a +8
43
DPZi MwYZ
`yB Pj Ki ec`x
2x +3y 1
x
2
4xy +y
2
5x +7y +1
8x
3
+y
3
+10x
2
y +6xy
2
6x +2
Gj v y x I Pj Ki ec`x| mvavi Yf ve Gi c ec`xi c`j v
q p
x Cx AvKvi i nq hLvb C
GKwUwbw` msLv(aeK) Ges q p I AFYvZK c~Ym~Lv|
q p
x Cx c` C nQ
q p
x x Gi mnMGes
q p + nQGB c`i gv v| Gi c ec`xK Dwj wLZ c`mg~ni Mwi gv vK ec`xwUi gv vej vnq|
Gi c ec`xK ) , ( y x p AvKvi i cZxK vi v m~wPZ Ki v nq| hgb,
5 2 7 4 8 ) , (
2 3 3
+ + + = y xy x y x y x p ec`xi gv v3 Ges . 1 5 4 8 ) 0 , 1 ( = = P

wZb Pj Ki ec`x
z y x I , Pj Ki ec`xi c`j v
r q p
z x Cx AvKvi i nq| hLvb C (aeK) c`wUi mnMGes
r q p , , AFYvZK c~YmsLv| ) ( r q p + + K GB c`i gv vGes ec`xZ Dwj wLZ c`mg~ni Mwi
gv vK ec`xwUi gv vej vnq| Gi c ec`xK ) , , ( z y x P AvKvi i cZxK vi vm~wPZ Ki vnq| hgb,
xyz z y x z y x P 3 ) , , (
3 3 3
+ + = ec`xi gv v3 Ges 0 6 8 1 1 ) 2 , 1 , 1 ( = + + = P |

ge: `yBwUec`xi hvMdj , weqvMdj Ges Ydj memgq ec`xnq| wKec`xi f vMdj ec`x
nZI cvi A_evbvI nZ cvi |

KvR :
1| wbPi KvbwUec`xwbYq Ki :
(K
3
2x (L)
2
3 7 a (M)
2 3
+ x x
(N)
a a
a a

+
3
2
(O)
2 2
3 2 5 y xy x + (P) b a 3 6 +
(Q) 3
0
2
2
+ C (R) 4 3 n (S) ) 3 ( 2
2
y x x +
(T) ) 4 2 ( 3 z y x + (U) y
x
2
6
+ (V) y x 2
4
3


2| cwZc`i msLvAbyhvqxec`xwPwZ Ki :
(K) 5 10
2
+ + x x (L) b a 2 3 + (M) xyz 4
(N)
2 2
2 mn n m (O) 2 7 + b a (P)
2 2 2
6 c b a

3| wbPi ec`xj vi cZKwU x i ) ( Pj Ki ec`xi Av`ki c ZveYbvKi Ges x Pj Ki
ec`xi c Gi gv v, g~LmnMI ae c` wbYq Ki | y ii ) ( Pj Ki ec`xi Av`kAvKvi eYbv
Ki Ges y Pj Ki ec`xi c Gi gv v, g~LmnMI ae c` wbYq Ki |
(K) 3 3
2 2
+ x y x (L) 3
4 6 2
+ + x x x (M) 2 4 5
4 4 2
y x y x
(N) 6 3 2
3 2
+ + + x x x (O)
4 3
2 3 x xyz y x +
DPZi MwYZ
44
4| hw` 3 2 ) (
2
+ = x x P nq, Ze

2
1
), 6 ( ), 5 ( P P P Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
f vMm~ :
hw` ) ( ) ( x N x D I Df qB x Pj Ki ec`xnq Ges ) (x D Gi gv v) ) ( ( x N Gi gv v) nq, Ze
mvavi Y wbqg ) (x D vi v ) (x N K f vMKi f vMdj ) (x Q f vMkl ) (x R cvI qvhvq| hLvb,
(1) ) ( ) ( x R x Q I Df qB x Pj Ki ec`x
(2) ) (x Q Gi gv v) = ) (x N Gi gv v ) (x D Gi gv v
(3) 0 ) ( = x R A_ev ) (x R Gi gv v ) ( ( x D < Gi gv v
(4) mKj x Gi Rb = ) (x N ) ( ) ( ) ( x R x Q x D +

ge: (4) bs wbqgK f vR=f vRK f vMdj +f vMkl wnme Dj L Ki vnq|

mgZvm~ :
(1) hw` mKj x Gi Rb q px b ax + = + nq, Ze 1 0 = = x x I ewmq cvB, q b = Ges
q p b a + = + hv_K `Lvhvq h, q b p a = = ,

(2) hw` mKj x Gi Rb r qx px c bx ax + + = + +
2 2
nq, Ze 1 1 , 0 = = = x x x I ewmq cvB,
r q p c b a r c + + = + + = , Ges r q p c b a + = + hv _K `Lv hvq h, p a = ,
r c q b = = , .

(3) mvavi Yf ve `Lv hvq h, hw` mKj x Gi Rb
n n
n n n
a x a x a x a x a + + + +


1
2
2
1
1 0
.....
n n
n n
p x p x p x p + + + + =

1
1
1 0
..... nq, Ze,
1 1 1 1 0 0
....., ,

= , = =
n n
p a p a p a a
n
= p
n

A_vr, mgZvwPi Df q c x Gi GKB NvZhy mnMq ci i mgvb|

ge: x Pj Ki n gv vi ec`xi eYbvi mnMj vK
0
a (a mve-wRi v),
1
a (a mve-I qvb) BZvw`
bI qvmyweavRbK|

`yBwUec`x ) ( ) ( x Q x P I mKj x Gi Rbmgvb nj , G`i mgZvK Af ` ej vnq Ges ZvevSvZ
AbK mgq ) ( ) ( x Q x P j Lvnq| G ) ( ) ( x Q x P I ec`x`yBwUAwf bnq| wPK Af `
wP ej vnq| mvavi Yf ve, `yBwUexRMwYZxq i vwki mgZvK Af ` (identity ) ej vnq, hw` i vwk `yBwUZ
KvbvGKwUPj Ki Wvgb GKB nq Ges Pj Kmg~ni Wvgbf y gvbi Rbi vwk `yBwUi gvb mgvb nq|
hgb, xz xy z y x + = + ) ( GKwUAf `|

22 f vMkl I Drcv`K Dccv`
GB AbyQ` ayx Pj Ki ec`xweePbvKi vne| c_g `yBwUD`vni Y weePbvKwi |
45
DPZi MwYZ
D`vni Y 1| hw` 6 5 ) (
2
+ = x x x P nq, Ze ) (x P K ) 4 ( x vi vf vMKi Ges `LvI h, f vMkl
) 4 ( P Gi mgvb|

mgvavb : ) (x P K 4 x vi vf vMKwi ,

2
4
6
4
1 6 5 4
2
2




( )
+
+

+
x
x
x x
x x x x

GLvb f vMkl 2,
hnZz . 2 6 ) 4 ( 5 4 ) 4 (
2
= + = P
myZi vs, f vMkl ) 4 ( P Gi mgvb|

D`vni Y 2| hw` c bx ax x P + + =
3
) ( nq, Ze ) (x P K m x vi vf vMKi `LvI h, f vMkl
) (m P Gi mgvb|
mgvavb : ) (x P K m x vi vf vMKwi ,

GLvb f vMkl = c bm am + +
3

Avevi , c bm am m P + + =
3
) ( , myZi vs f vMkl ) (m P Gi mgvb|
GB D`vni Y `yBwU_K wbgi cwZvwUmKavi YvcvI qvhvq|

f vMkl Dccv`( Theorem Remainder )
cwZv1| hw` ) (x P abvZK gv vi ec`xnq Ges a Kvbvwbw` msLvnq, Ze ) (x P K a x
vi vf vMKi j f vMkl ) (a P ne|
cgvY : ) (x P K a x vi vf vMKi j f vMkl nq 0 A_evAk~baeK ne|
gb Kwi , f vMkl R Ges f vMdj ) (x Q Zvnj , f vMi wbqg, mKj x Gi Rb-
) 1 ...( .......... ) ( ) ( ) ( R x Q a x x P + =
) (1 bs G a x = ewmq cvB, . ) ( ) ( R R a Q a P = + = 0
myZi vs, ) (x P K a x vi vf vMKi j f vMkl ) (a P ne|
c bm am
m b am x b am
c x b am
x am amx
c bx amx
amx ax
b am amx ax c bx ax m x
+ +
+ +
+ +
2

+ +

+ + + + +
3
2
2
2
2
2 3
2 2 3
2


) ( ) (
) (



( )
46
DPZi MwYZ
D`vni Y 3| 60 6 8 ) (
2 3
+ + = x x x x P ec`xK 2 + x vi vf vMKi j , f vMkl KZ ne ?
mgvavb : hnZz 2 + = x a x , 2 ) 2 ( 2 = = + a x x
myZi vs, f vMkl 8 60 ) 2 ( 6 ) 2 ( 8 ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 3
= + + = p
cwZv1 Gi AbyKi Y cgvY Ki vhvq h,
cwZv2| hw` ) (x P abvZK gv vi ec`xnq Ges 0 a nq, Ze ) (x P K b ax + vi vf vMKi j
f vMkl


a
b
P ne|

D`vni Y 4| ec`x 5 8 36 ) (
2
+ = x x x P K ) 1 2 ( x vi vf vMKi j f vMkl KZ ne ?
mgvavb : wbYq f vMkl 10 5 4 9 5
2
1
8
2
1
36
2
1
2
= + = +

P
D`vni Y 5| hw` 6 6 5 ) (
2 3
+ + = ax x x x P K 2 x vi vf vMKi j f vMkl 6 nq, Ze a Gi gvb
wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : ) (x P K 2 x vi vf vMKi j f vMkl ne,
P(2) =5(2)
3
+6(2)
2
a(2) +6
=40 +24 2a +6
=70 2a
kZvbymvi , 6 2 70 = a
ev 32 64 6 70 2 = = = a a

D`vni Y 6| hw` 8 6 5 ) (
2 3
+ + + = x x x x P nq Ges ) (x P K a x Ges b x vi vf vMKi j GKB
f vMkl _vK hLvb , b a Ze `LvI h, 0 6 5 5
2 2
= + + + + + b a ab b a .
mgvavb : ) (x P K a x vi vf vMKi j f vMkl ne 8 6 5
2 3
+ + + = a a a a P ) (
Ges ) (x P K b x vi vf vMKi j f vMkl ne 8 6 5
2 3
+ + + = b b b b P ) (
kZvbymvi , 8 6 5 8 6 5
2 3 2 3
+ + + = + + + b b b a a a
ev, 0 6 5
2 2 3 3
= + + ) ( ) ( b a b a b a
ev, 0 ) 6 5 5 )( (
2 2
= + + + + + b a ab b a b a

0 6 5 5
2 2
= + + + + + b a ab b a , hnZz 0 ) ( b a b a e i . .
47
DPZi MwYZ
Drcv`K Dccv` ) ( theorem Factor

cwZv3| hw` ) (x P abvZK gv vi ec`xnq Ges 0 = ) (a P nq, Ze ) (x P Gi GKwUDrcv`K
a x ne|
cgvY : ) (x P ec`xK a x vi vf vMKi j f vMkl = ) (a P [f vMkl Dccv`Abyhvqx]
=0 [c` kZ_K]
A_vr ) (x P ec`x a x vi vwef vR|
a x nQ ) (x P Gi GKwUDrcv`K|
Drcv`K Dccv`i weci xZ Dccv`
cwZv4| hw` ) (x P ec`xi a x GKwUDrcv`K nq, Ze `LvI h, 0 = ) (a P
cgvY : hnZz ) (x P ec`xi a x GKwUDrcv`K, myZi vs Avi KwUec`x ) (x Q cvI qvhvq hb,
) ( ) ( ) ( x Q a x x P =
GLvb a x = ewmq `Lvhvq h, . ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 0 0 = = = a Q a Q a a a P
D`vni Y 7| `LvI h, d cx bx ax x P + + + =
2 3
) ( ec`xi 1 x GKwUDrcv`K ne hw` I Kej
hw` 0 = + + + d c b a nq|
mgvavb : gb Kwi , 0 = + + + d c b a
Zvnj , 0 1 = + + + = d c b a P ) ( [kZvbymvi ]
myZi vs, ) ( , x P x 1 Gi GKwUDrcv`K [Drcv`K Dcc`i mvnvh]
Gevi gb Kwi ) (x P Gi GKwUDrcv`K 1 x
Ze, Drcv`Ki weci xZ Dccv`i mvnvhcvB, 0 1 = ) ( P A_vr 0 = + + + d c b a .
ge : abvZK gv vi hKvbvec`xi 1 x GKwUDrcv`K ne hw` I Kej hw` ec`xwUi
mnMmg~ni mgw 0 nq|
D`vni Y 8| gb Kwi , d cx bx ax x P + + + =
2 3
) ( ec`xi mnMj vc~YmsLv, o d a , 0 Ges
r x ec`xwUi GKwUDrcv`K| `LvI h, (K) hw` r c~YmsLvnq, Ze d r , Gi Drcv`K ne| (L)
hw`
q
p
r = j wN AvKvi cKvwkZ g~j ` msLvnq, Ze d p , Gi Drcv`K I a q , Gi Drcv`K ne|
mgvavb : (K) Drcv`K Dccv`_K `Lvhvq h, 0
2 3
= + + + = d cr br ar r P ) (
ev, d r c br ar = + + ) (
2

hnZz ) (
2
c br ar + + , d r I cZKB c~YmsLv, myZi vs, d r , Gi GKwUDrcv`K|
(L) Drcv`K Dccv`_K `Lvhvq h, 0
2 3
= + + + = d cr br ar r P ) (
48
DPZi MwYZ
ev, 0
2 3
= +

d
q
p
c
q
p
b
q
p
a
q
p
P
ev, ) ......(1 0
3 2 2 3
= + + + dq cpq q bp ap
) (1 _K cvI qvhvq ) .........( ) ( 2
3 2 2
dq p cq bpq ap = + +
Ges ) 3 .........( ) (
3 2 2
ap q dq cqp bp = + +
GLb, a d q p dq cpq bp cq bpq ap , , , , ,
2 2 2 2
+ + + + cZKB c~YmsLv|
myZi vs ) (2 _K cvI qvhvq,
3
dq p, Gi GKwUDrcv`K Ges ) (3 _K cvI qvhvq,
3
ap q , Gi GKwU
Drcv`K| wK q p I Gi 1 QvovKvbvmvavi Y Drcv`K bB| myZi vs d p, Gi GKwUDrcv`K Ges
a q , Gi GKwUDrcv`K|
`e : Dci i D`vni Y _K Avgi vj Kwi h, Drcv`K Dccv`i mvnvh c~YmvswLK mnMwewk
ec`x ) (x P Gi Drcv`K wbYqi Rbc_g ) (r P Ges ci

s
r
P ci xvKi vhZ cvi , hLvb,
r ec`xwUi ae c`i wewf bDrcv`K ( 1 = r

mn) Ges S ec`xwUi g~LmnMi wewf bDrcv`K
( 1 = S mn)|

D`vni Y 9| 6 11 6
2 3
+ = x x x x P ) ( Drcv`K wekl Y Ki |
mgvavb : c` ec`xi mnMmg~n c~YmsLvGes ae c` 6 = , g~LmnM 1 =
GLb r hw` c~YmsLvnq Ges ) (x P Gi hw` r x AvKvi i KvbvDrcv`K _vK, Ze r AekB 6
Gi Drcv`K A_vr, 6 3 2 1 , , , Gi KvbwUne| GLb r Gi Gi c wewf bgvbi Rb ) (x P
ci xvKwi |
) ( , ) ( x p x p 1 0 6 11 6 1 1 = + = Gi GKwUDrcv`K
) ( , ) ( x p x p 1 0 6 11 6 1 1 + = Gi Drcv`K bq
) ( , ) ( x p x p 2 0 6 22 24 8 2 = + = Gi GKwUDrcv`K
) ( , ) ( x p x p 2 0 6 22 24 8 2 + = Gi Drcv`K bq
) ( , ) ( x p x p 3 0 6 33 54 27 3 = + = Gi GKwUDrcv`K
hnZz, ) (x P Gi gv v3 Ges wZbwU1 gv vi Drcv`K cvI qvMQ, myZi vs ) (x P Gi Ab Kvb
Drcv`K hw` _vK Ze ZvaeK ne|
), 3 )( 2 )( 1 ( ) ( = x x x k x P hLvb k aeK|
Df qc x Gi mevP NvZi mnMweePbvKi `Lvhvq h, 1 = k
myZi vs, ) )( )( ( ) ( 3 2 1 = x x x x P
dgv- 7, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
49
`e: Kvbvec`x ) (x P K Drcv`K wekl Y Ki vi Rbc_g ) ( r x AvKvi i GKwUDrcv`K
wbYq Ki ) (x P K mi vmwi ) ( r x vi vf vMKi A_ev ) (x P Gi c`mg~nK c~bwebvmKi ) (x P
K ) ( ) ( ) ( x Q r x x P = AvKvi j Lvhvq| mLvb ) (x Q ec`xi gv v ) (x P Gi gv v_K 1
Kg| AZ:ci ) (x Q Gi Drcv`K wbYq Ki AMmi nZ nq|

D`vni Y 10| Drcv`K wekl Y Ki :
2 15 18
2 3
+ x x x
mgvavb : gb Kwi , 2 15 18
2 3
+ = x x x x P ) (
) (x P Gi ae c` 2 Gi Drcv`Kmg~ni mU } , , , { 2 2 1 1
1
= F .
) (x P Gi g~LmnM18 Gi Drcv`Kmg~ni mU } , 18 , 18 , 9 , 9 , 6 , 6 , 3 3 , 2 , 2 , 1 , 1 {
2
= F
GLb ) (a P weePbvKwi , hLvb,
s
r
a = Ges r F
1
, s F
2

1 = a nj , 0 2 1 15 18 1 + = ) ( P
1 = a nj , 0 2 1 15 18 1 + = ) ( P
2
1
= a nj , 2
2
1
4
1
15
8
1
18
2
1
+

P
P

=
9
4
+
15
4
+
1
2
2
=
17
4

17
4
=0
myZi vs ) ( 1 2
2
1
2
1
+ = + x x A_vr, ) ( ), 1 2 ( x x + Gi GKwUDrcv`K|
GLb, 2 4 3 6 9 18 2 15 18
2 2 3 2 3
+ + + = + x x x x x x x x

) )( (
) ( ) ( ) (
2 3 9 1 2
1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 9
2
2
+ + =
+ + + + =
x x x
x x x x x

Ges 2 3 6 9 2 3 9
2 2
+ = + x x x x x

) )( (
) ( ) (
1 3 2 3
2 3 1 2 3 3
+ =
+ + =
x x
x x x


) )( )( ( ) ( 1 3 2 3 1 2 + + = x x x x P


KvR :
1| hw` 2 5 6 2
3 4
+ = x x x x P ) ( nq, Ze ) (x P K wbg wj wLZ ec`xvi vf vMKi f vMkl
wbYq Ki |
) (i 1 x ) (ii 2 x ) (iii 2 + x ) (iv 3 + x ) (v 1 2 x ) (vi 1 2 + x

2| f vMkl Dccv`i mvnvh- f vMkl wbYq Ki |
) (i f vR: , 10 7 4
3
+ x x f vRK : 2 x
50
DPZi MwYZ
) (ii f vR: , 4 3 11 5
2 3
+ x x x f vRK : 1 + x
) (iii f vR: , 4 2
2 3
y y y f vRK : 3 + y
) (iv f vR: , 10 18 2
2 3
+ + x x x f vRK : 1 2 + x
3| `LvI h, 3 4 4 3
2 3
+ x x x Gi GKwUDrcv`K ) ( 1 x
4| hw` , 9 2
2 3
+ + ax x x ec`xi GKwUDrcv`K 3 + x nj a Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
5| `LvI h, 3 4 4
2 3
+ x x x ec`xi GKwUDrcv`K
ec`xi
3 x |
6| hw` 8 7 5 2
2 3
+ = x x x x P ) ( nq, Ze ) (x P K 2 x vi vf vMKi j h f vMkl _vK
GK f vMkl Dccv`i mvnvhwbYq Ki |
7| `LvI h, 2 5 5 4
2 3
+ x x x 1 1 + x x Ges mvavi Y Drcv`K
8| Drcv`K wekl Y Ki :
) (i 6 5 2
2 3
+ x x x ) (ii 6 4
2 3
+ + x x x
) (iii 8 10
2 3
a a a ) (iv 5 8 5 3
2 3 4
+ + + + x x x x
mggvw K, cwZmg I P-wgK i vwk
mggvw K ec`x : Kvbv ec`xi cZK c`i gv v GKB nj , GK mggvw K ec`x
) ( Polynomial s Homogeneou ej vnq|
2 2
5 2 y xy x + + i vwkwU y x , Pj Ki `yB gv vi GKwU
mggvw K ec`x(GLvb cZK c`i gv v2)|
2 2
2 by hxy ax + + i vwkwU y x , Pj Ki GKwU`yB gv vi mggvw K i vwk, hLvb, b h a , , wbw` msLv|
b h a y x , , , , cZKK Pj K weePbvKi vnj GwUGB Pj Kmg~ni wZb gv vi mggvw K ec`xnq|
xyz x z z y y x 5 9 2
2 2 2
+ + i vwkwU z y x , , Pj Ki wZb gv vi mggvw K ec`x| (GLvb cZK
c`i gv v3)|
cwZmg i vwk ) (Symmetric
GKvwaK Pj K avi YKvi xKvbvexRMvwYwZK i vwki hKvbv`yBwUPj K vb wewbgq hw` i vwkwUAcwi ewZZ
_vK, Ze i vwkwUK H Pj Kmg~ni cwZmg ) (Symmetric i vwk ej vnq|
c b a + + i vwkwU c b a , , Pj Ki cwZmg i vwk| Kvi Y, c b a , , Pj K wZbwUi hKvbv`yBwUi vb
wewbgq i vwkwU Acwi ewZZ _vK| GKBf ve, ca bc ab + + i vwkwU c b a , , Pj Ki Ges
zx yz xy z y x + + + + +
2 2 2
i vwkwU z y x , , Pj Ki cwZmg i vwk|
wK
2 2
6 5 2 y xy x + + i vwkwUx I y Pj Ki cwZmg bq Kvi Y i vwkwUZ x I y Gi ci i vb
wewbgq
2 2
6 5 2 x xy y + + i vwkZ cwi ewZZ nq hvc~ei i vwk _K wf b|
51
DPZi MwYZ
1g
3q
2q
x
y
z
zx yz xy z y x + + + + +
2 2 2
i vwkwU z y x , , Pj Ki GKwU P-wgK
i vwk, Kvi Y GZ PvKvi x Gi cweeZ y y, Gi cwi eZz Ges z
Gi cwi eZx emvj i vwkwUGKB _vK| GKBf ve x z z y y x
2 2 2
+ +
i vwkwU z y x , ,

Pj Ki GKwUP-wgK i vwk|
2 2 2
z y x + i vwkwUP-wgK i vwk bq, Kvi Y GZ x Gi j y y,
Gi j z Ges z Gi j x emvj i vwkwU
2 2 2
x z y + i vwkZ cwi ewZZ nq hvc~ei i vwk _K
wf b |
wZbwU Pj Ki cZK cwZmg i vwk P-wgK| wK cZK P-wgK i vwk cwZmg bq| hgb,
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
y x z x z y z y x + + i vwkwUP-wgK, wK cwZmg bq| Kvi Y, i vwkwUZ y x Ges
vb wewbgq Ki j ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
x y z y z x z x y + + i vwk cvI qvhvq hvc~ei i vwkwU_K wf b|

`e: eYbvi myweav_ y x, Pj Ki i vwkK ) , ( y x F AvKvi i Ges z y x , , Pj Ki i vwkK ) , , ( z y x F
AvKvi i cZxK vi vm~wPZ Ki vnq|
D`vni Y 1| `LvI h,
x
z
z
y
y
x
+ + i vwkwUcwZmg bq wKPwgK|

+ + =
x
z
z
y
y
x
z y x F ) , , ( ai wbR Ki

P-wgK ec`xi Drcv`K wekl Y
Gi c ec`xK Drcv`K wekl Y Ki vi Kvbvai v-euvavwbqg bB| mvavi YZ, i vwkwUi c`j vK
cybwebvmKi Drcv`K ei Ki vnq| AbK mgq i vwkwUK KvbvGKwUPj Ki ec`xai Drcv`K
Dccv`i mvnvh GK evGKvwaK Drcv`K wbYq Ki vnq Ges i vwkwUi P-wgK I mggvw K ewk
weePbvKi Aci vci Drcv`K wbYq Ki vnq|
G cmDj Lh, c b a , , Pj Ki
(K) KvbvP-wgK ec`xi ) ( b a GKwUDrcv`K nj , ) ( c b Ges ) ( a c i vwkwUi Drcv`K
ne|
(L) GK gv vi I `yB gv vi mggvw K P-wgK ec`xh_vg ) ( ) (
2 2 2
c b a k c b a k + + + + I
) ( ca bc ab m + + +

hLvb m k I a eK|
P-wgK i vwk ) (Cyclic
wZbwUPj K m^wj Z KvbvexRMvwYwZK i vwkZ c_g Pj K wZxq Pj Ki , wZxq Pj K ZZxq Pj Ki Ges
ZZxq Pj Ki j c_g Pj K emvj i vwkwUhw` cwi ewZ Z bvnq, Ze i vwkwUK H wZb Pj Ki Dwj wLZ
g GKwUP-wgK i vwk evP cwZmg i vwk ev(Cyclically symmetic expression) ej vnq|
Pj Kj vi vb cwi eZb cvki wP i gZ PvKvi Ki vnq ej B Gi c i vwkK P-wgK i vwk ej vnq
_vK|
DPZi MwYZ
52
(M) `yBwUec`xhw` Ggb nq h, Pj Kj vi mKj gvbi RbG`i gvb mgvb nq, Ze ec`x`yBwUi
Abyi c c` `yBwUi mnMci i mgvb ne|

D`vni Y 2| ) ( ) ( ) ( b a ab a c ca c b bc + + K Drcv`K wekl Y Ki |
mgvavb : c_g cwZ-
) )( )( (
) )( )( (
)} ( ) ( ){ (
} ){ (
} ){ (
)} ( ){ (
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
a c c b b a
a b a c c b
a c a a c b c b
a ac ab bc c b
ac ab a bc c b
c b a a bc c b
c b a c b a c b bc
a c ab ca b a c b bc
ab b a ca a c c b bc
b a ab a c ca c b bc
=
=
=
+ =
+ =
+ + =
+ =
+ + =
+ + =
+ +

wZxq cwZ : c` i vwkwUK a Gi ec`x ) (a P ai ZvZ a Gi cwi eZb ewmq `wL h,
0 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
= + + = b a b b b cb c b bc b P myZi vs, Drcv`K Dccv` Abyhvqx ) ( b a c`
i vwki GKwUDrcv`K GLb hnZzc` i vwkwUP-wgK i vwk mnZz ) ( c b Ges ) ( a c Df q c`
i vwkwUi Drcv`K| c` i vwkwUwZb gv vi mggvw K Ges Gi wZbwUGK gv vi Drcv`K cvI qvMQ|
myZi vs AbDrcv`K hw` _vK ZvaeK ne|
A_vr, ) 1 )........( )( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( a c b a k b a ab a c ca c b bc = + + mLvb k GKwUa eK| c b a , ,
Gi mKj gvbi Rb ) 1 ( mZ| ) 1 ( bs G 2 , 1 , 0 = = = c b a ewmq cvB, ) 2 )( 1 )( 1 ( ) 1 ( 2 = k
1 = k
). )( )( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( a c c b b a b a ab a c ca c b bc = + +

D`vni Y 3| ) ( ) ( ) (
3 3 3
b a c a c b c b a + + K Drcv`K wekl Y Ki |
mgvavb : c` i vwkwUK a Gi ec`x ) (a P weePbvKi ZvZ a Gi cwi eZb ewmq cvB,

myZi vs Drcv`K Dccv`Abyhvqx ) ( b a c` i vwki GKwUDrcv`K| GLb hnZzc` i vwkwUP-
wgK i vwk mnZz ) ( c b Ges ) ( a c Df q c` i vwkwUi Drcv`K| Avevi c` i vwkwUPvi gv vi
mggvw K i vwk Ges ) )( )( ( a c c b b a wZb gv vi mggvw K i vwk| myZi vs c` i vwki Aci
Drcv`KwUAekB P-wgK Ges GK gv vi mggvw K i vwk ne| A_vr, Zvk(a+b+c) ne, hLvb k
GKwUaeK|
0 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
3 3 3
= + + = b b c b c b c b b b P
53
DPZi MwYZ
) 1 ( )......... )( )( )( ( ) ( ) ( ) (
3 3 3
c b a a c c b b a k b a c a c b c b a + + = + +
c b a , , Gi mKj gvbi Rb ) 1 ( mZ|
myZi s ) 1 ( bs G 2 , 1 , 0 = = = c b a ewmq cvB, 1 ) 3 )( 2 )( 1 )( 1 ( ) 1 ( 8 2 = = + k k ev
) 1 ( G 1 = k ewmq cvB,
). )( )( 0 )( ( ) ( ) ( ) (
3 3 3
c b a a c b b a b a c a c b c b a + + = + +
D`vni Y 4| abc b a a c c b + + + + ) )( )( ( K Drcv`K wekl Y Ki |
mgvavb : i vwkwUK a Gi ec`xP(a) weePbvKi ZvZ a Gi cwi eZ c b ewmq cvB,
0 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) )( )( ( )} ( { = + + = + + + = + c b bc c b bc bc c b b c b c b c c b c b P .
myZi vs Drcv`K Dccv` Abyhvqx ) ( c b a + + c` i vwki GKwUDrcv`K| c` i vwkwUwZb gv vi
mggvw K P-wgK ec`xGes Gi GK gv vi GKwUDrcv`K cvI qvMQ| myZi vs Aci Drcv`K `yB
gv vi mggvw K P-wgK ec`xne, A_vr, ) ( ) (
2 2 2
ab ca bc m c b a k + + + + + AvKvi i ne,
hLvb m k I a eK|
abc b a a c c b + + + + ) )( )( ( = ) 1 ( )}........ ( ) ( ){ (
2 2 2
ab ca bc m c b a k c b a + + + + + + +
c b a , , Gi mKj gvbi Rb ) 1 ( mZ|
) 1 ( G c_g 1 , 0 , 0 = = = c b a Ges ci 0 , 1 , 1 = = = c b a ewmq h_vg cvB, k = 0 Ges

. 1 , 0 = = m k
GLb m k I Gi gvb ewmq cvB, ) )( ( ) )( )( ( ab ca bc c b a abc b a a c c b + + + + = + + + +
ge: D`vni Y 2 Gi mgvavbi c_g cwZi Aby i c cwZi D`vni Y 3 Ges D`vni Y 4 G ewY Z i vwk
`yBwUK Drcv`K wekl Y Ki vhve|
GKwUwekl exRMvwYwZK m~ : c b a I , Gi mKj gvbi Rbwbgm~ wUi `yBwUcgvY `I qvnj v:
) )( ( 3
2 2 2 3 3 3
ca bc ab c b a c b a abc c b a + + + + = + +

c_g cgvY (mi vmwi mnR exRMvwYwZK cwqvcqvMKi ) :
abc c b a 3
3 3 3
+ +

= abc c b a ab b a 3 ) ( 3 ) (
3 3
+ + +
= ) ( 3 ) (
3 3
c b a ab c b a + + + +
= ) ( 3 } ) ( ) ){( (
2 2
c b a ab c c b a b a c b a + + + + + + +
= ) 2 )( (
2 2 2
c bc ac b ab a c b a + + + + + 3ab (a + b + c)
= ) )( (
2 2 2
ca bc ab c b a c b a + + + +
wZxq cgvY (mggvw K P-wgK ec`xi avi Yveenvi Ki ) :
abc c b a 3
3 3 3
+ + i vwkwUK a Pj Ki ec`x ) (a P ai ZvZ ) ( c b a + = ewmq cvB,
) 2 ( 2 2 + = m k
54
DPZi MwYZ

0 ) ( ) (
) ( 3 ) ( )} ( {
3 3
3 3 3
= + + + =
+ + + + + = +
c b c b
bc c b c b c b c b p


myZi vs c b a + + weePbvaxb i vwkwUi GKwU Drcv`K| hnZz abc c b a 3
3 3 3
+ + wZb gv vi
mggvw K P-wgK ec`x, myZi vs i vwkwUi Aci Drcv`K ) ( ) (
2 2 2
ca bc ab m c b a k + + + + +
AvKi i ne, hLvb m k I aeK| AZGe, mKj c b a I , Gi Rb
)} ( ) ( ){ ( 3
2 2 2 3 3 3
ca bc ab m c b a k c b a abc c b a + + + + + + + = + +
GLvb c_g 0 , 0 , 1 = = = c b a Ges ci 0 , 1 , 1 = = = c b a ewmq cvB, 1 = k Ges
1 ) 2 ( 2 2 = + = k m k Ges 1 2 1 = + = m m
1 = k Ges 1 = m .
) )( ( 3
2 2 2 3 3 3
ca bc ab c b a c b a abc c b a + + + + = + +
Abywmv1| } ) ( ) ( ) ){( (
2
1
3
2 2 2 3 3 3
a c c b b a c b a abc c b a + + + + = + +
cgvY : hnZz, ca bc ab c b a + +
2 2 2

= ) 2 2 2 2 2 2 (
2
1
2 2 2
ca bc ab c b a + +
= ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 {(
2
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
a ca c c bc b b ab a + + + + + }
= } ) ) ( ) {(
2
1
2 2 2
a (c c b b a + +
abc c b a 3
3 3 3
+ +
= ) )( (
2 2 2
ca bc ab c b a c b a + + + +
= } ) ) ( ) ){( (
2
1
2 2 2
a c c b b a c b a + + + +

Abywmv2| hw` 0 = + + c b a nq, Ze abc c b a 3
3 3 3
= + + .
Abywmv3| hw` abc c b a 3
3 3 3
= + + nq, Ze 0 = + + c b a A_ev . c b a = =

D`vni Y 5|
3 3 3
) ( ) ( ) ( a c c b b a + + K Drcv`K wekl Y Ki |

mgvavb : awi c b B b a A = = , Ges . a c C = Zvnj ,
0 = + + = + + a c c b b a C B A
myZi vs, ABC C B A 3
3 3 3
= + +
A_vr, ). )( )( ( 3 ) ( ) ( ) (
3 3 3
a c c b b a a c c b b a = + +

KvR : Drcv`K wekl Y Ki
1| (K) ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2 2 2
b a c a c b c b a + +
(L) ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
b a c a c b c b a + +
55
DPZi MwYZ
(M)
3 3 3
) ( ) ( ) ( b a c a c b c b a + +
(N) ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2 2 2
b a ab a c ca c b bc + +
(O) ) ( ) ( ) (
4 4 4
b a c a c b c b a + +
(P)
3 2 3 2 3 2
) ( ) ( ) ( b a c a c b c b a + +
(Q) ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
y x z x z y z y x + +
(R) ) ( ) ( ) (
3 3 3
b a c a c b c b a + +
2| hw` 0
2 2 2
=

c
xy z
b
zx y
a
yz x
nq,
Ze `LvI h, cz by ax z y x c b a + + = + + + + ) )( ( .
3| hw` abc ca bc ab c b a = + + + + ) )( ( nq, Ze `LvI h,
3 3 3 3
) ( c b a c b a + + = + + .
g~j ` f Mvsk ( Fractions Rational )
GKwU ec`xK ni Ges GKwU ec`xK j e wbq MwVZ f MvskK g~j ` f Mvk ej v nq| hgb
) )( ( b x a x
x

Ges
) )( (
1
2
c a b a
a a

+ +
g~j ` f Mvsk|
D`vni Y 1| mi j Ki :
) )( ( ) )( ( ) )( ( b c a c
c
a b c b
b
c a b a
a

+

+


mgvavb : c` i vwk
) )( ( ) )( ( ) )( ( b c a c
c
a b c b
b
c a b a
a

+

+


=
) )( ( ) )( ( ) )( ( c b a c
c
b a c b
b
a c b a
a

+

+


=
) )( )( (
) ( ) ( ) (
a c c b b a
b a c a c b c b a

+ +

=
) )( )( ( a c c b b a
bc ca ab bc ca ab

+ +

=
) )( )( (
0
a c c b b a

=0
D`vni Y 2| mi j Ki :
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
a c b
b a c
c b a
c a b
b c a
c b a
+

+
+

+
+


mgvavb : c_g f Mvsk =
c b a
c b a
c b a c b a
c b a c b a
+ +
+
=
+ + +
+ +
) )( (
) )( (

wZxq f Mvsk =
c b a
c a b
c b a c b a
c a b c b a
+ +
+
=
+ + +
+ +
) )( (
) )( (

56
DPZi MwYZ
ZZxq f Mvsk =
c b a
b a c
a c b a c b
b a c b a c
+ +
+
=
+ + +
+ +
) )( (
) )( (

c` i vwk =
c b a
b a c
c b a
c a b
c b a
c b a
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+

1 =
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+ + + + +
=
c b a
c b a
c b a
b a c c a b c b a

D`vni Y 3| mi j Ki :
) )( (
) 1 (
) )( (
) 1 (
) )( (
) 1 (
2 2 2
x z z y
az
z y y x
ay
x z y x
ax

+
+

+
+

+

mgvavb : c` i vwk = ) 1 ( ..........
) )( )( (
) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) )( ) 1 (
2 2 2
x z z y y x
y x az x z ay z y ax

+ + + + +

) 1 ( Gi j e = ) )( 1 2 ( ) )( 1 2 ( ) )( 1 2 (
2 2 2 2 2 2
y x az z a x z ay y a z y ax x a + + + + + + + +
= )} ( ) ( ) ( { 2 )} ( ) ( ) ( {
2 2 2 2
y x z x z y z y x a y x z x z y z y x a + + + + +
)} ( ) ( ) { y x x z z y + + +
wK ) )( )( ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
x z z y y x y x z x z y z y x = + +
Z`ycwi , 0 ) ( ) ( ) ( = + + y x z x z y z y x Ges 0 ) ( ) ( ) ( = + + y x x z z y
) 1 ( Gi j e = ) )( )( (
2
x z z y y x a
my Zi vs c` i vwk =
2
2
) )( )( (
) )( )( (
a
x z z y y x
x z z y y x a
=



D`vni Y 4| mi j Ki :
8 8
7
4 4
3
2 2
8 4 2 1
x a
x
a x
x
a x
x
a x
+
+
+
+
+
+

mgvavb : c` i vwki ZZxq I PZz_c`i hvMdj =

+
+
=

+
+
4 4
4
4 4
3
8 8
7
4 4
3
2
1
4 8 4
x a
x
a x
x
x a
x
a x
x

=
4 4
3
4 4
4 4
4 4
3
4 4
4 4 4
4 4
3
4 4 2 4
x a
x
x a
x a
a x
x
x a
x x a
a x
x

+
=

+

wZxq, ZZxq Ges PzZ_c`i hvMdj =

+
+
=

+
+
2 2
2
2 2 4 4
3
2 2
2
1
2 4 2
x a
x
a x
x
x a
x
a x
x

=
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
x a
x
x a
x a
a x
x
x a
x x a
a x
x

+
=

+

c` i vwk =
x a x a
x a
x a
x x a
x a
x
a x
=

+
=

+
=

+
+
1 2 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
.
dgv- 8, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
57
KvR :
mi j Ki :
1|
) )( ( ) )( ( ) )( ( b c a c
b a
a b c b
a c
c a b a
c b

+
+

+
+

+

2|
) )( (
1
) )( (
1
) )( (
1
3 3 3
b c a c
c
a b c b
b
c a b a
a


+


+



3|
) )( (
) (
) )( (
) (
) )( (
) (
b c a c
d c ab
a b c b
d b ca
c a b a
d a bc

+
+

+
+

+

4|
) )( (
1
) )( (
1
) )( (
1
2 3 2 3 2 3
b c a c
c c
a b c b
b b
c a b a
a a

+ +
+

+ +
+

+ +

5|
) )( ( ) )( ( ) )( (
2 2 2
b c a c
ab c
a b c b
ca b
c a b a
bc a

+
+

+
+

+


AvswkK f Mvsk ( Fraction Portial )
hw` Kvbv f MvskK GKvwaK f Mvski hvMdj i c cKvk Ki v nq, Ze kl v f Mvskj vi
cZKwUK c_gv f Mvski AvswkK f Mvsk ej vnq| ai vhvK, GKwUf Mvsk
8 5
8 3
2
+

x x
x
GK j Lv
hvq,
3
1
2
2
) 2 )( 3 (
) 2 ( ) 3 ( 2
8 5
8 3
2

+

=

+
=
+

x x x x
x x
x x
x

GLvb c`& f MvskwUK `yBwUf Mvski hvMdj i c cKvk Ki vnqQ| A_vr, f MvskwUK `yBwUAvswkK
f Mvsk wef Ki vnqQ|

hw` ) ( ) ( x D x N I Df qB x Pj Ki ec`xGes j e ) (x N Gi gv vni ) (x D Gi gv vAcvQvU
nq, Zvnj f MvskwUcKZ f Mvsk ( Fraction oper Pr )| hw` j e ) (x N Gi gv vni ) (x D Gi gv vi
mgvb A_evZvAcveo nj f MvskwUK AcKZ f Mvsk (Improper Fraction) ej vnq|
hgb,
) 3 )( 2 )( 1 (
1
2
+ +
+
x x x
x
GKwUcKZ f Mvsk|
Ges
2
2 3
1
2
2 3 4
+
+ +
+ x
x x
x
x
I Df qB AcKZ f Mvsk|
Dj Lh, AcKZ f Mvski j eK ni vi vmvavi Y wbqg f vMKi A_evj ei c`j vK my weavRbKf ve
cybwebvmKi f MvskwUK GKwUec`x(f vMdj ) Ges GKwUcKZ f Mvski hvMdj i c cKvk Ki v
hvq|
hgb,
2
6
) 2 (
2
2 3
2
2 3
+
+ + =
+
+ +
x
x x
x
x x

58
DPZi MwYZ
cKZ g~j ` f MvskK Kxf ve AvswkK f Mvsk cwi YZ Ki vnq, Zvwbgwewf bcwZZ `Lvbvnj v|
c_g cwZ : hLb ni eve I GKNvZwewk Drcv`K _vK wKKvb Drcv`KB cybi vew nq bv|
D`vni Y 1|
) 2 )( 1 (
7 5


x x
x
K AvswkK f Mvsk cKvk Ki |
mgvavb : awi , ) 1 .......(
2 1 ) 2 )( 1 (
7 5



x
B
x
A
x x
x

) 1 ( Gi Df qcK ) 2 )( 1 ( x x vi vY Ki j cvB, ) 2 ..( )......... 1 ( 2 ( 7 5 + = x B x A x

hvx Gi mKj gvbi RbmZ| GLb ) 2 ( Gi Df qc 1 = x ewmq cvB, ) 1 1 ( ) 2 1 ( 7 5 = A
ev, 2 2 = = A A
Avevi , ) 2 ( Gi Df qc 2 = x ewmq cvB, B ) 2 2 ( 7 10 + = A
ev, 3 3 = = B B
GLb A Ges B Gi gvb ) 1 ( G ewmq cvB,
2
3
1
2
) 2 )( 1 (
7 5

=


x x x x
x
; GZB c` f MvskwU
AvswkK f M vsk wef nj v|
ge: c` f MvskwUi AvswkK f Mvsk cKvk h h_vh_ nqQZvci xvKi `LvhZ cvi |
Wvbc =
1
1
1
2

+
x x
=
) 2 )( 1 (
) 1 ( 3 ) 2 ( 2

+
x x
x x
=
) 2 )( 1 (
7 5


x x
x
=evgc
D`vni Y 2|
) 3 )( 2 )( 1 (
5

+
x x x
x
K AvswkK f Mvsk cKvk Ki |
mgvavb : awi , ) 1 .......(
3 2 1 ) 3 )( 2 )( 1 (
5


+
x
C
x
B
x
A
x x x
x

) 1 ( Gi Df qcK ) 3 )( 2 )( 1 ( x x x vi vY Ki cvB,
) 2 )........( 2 )( 1 ( ) 3 )( 1 ( ) 3 )( 2 ( 5 + + + x x C x x B x x A x
) 2 (

Gi Df qc x Gi mKj gvbi RbmZ|
) 2 ( Gi Df qc 1 = x ewmq cvB, 3 2 6 ) 2 )( 1 ( 5 1 = = = + A A A
Avevi ) 2 ( Gi Df qc 2 = x ewmq cvB, 7 ) 1 )( 1 ( 5 2 = = + B B
7 = B
Ges ) 2 ( Gi Df qc 3 = x ewmq cvB, ) 1 )( 2 ( 5 3 C = + ev C 2 8= ev 4 = C
GLb, B A, Ges C Gi gvb . ) 1 ( G ewmq cvB,
3 x
4
2
7
1
3
) 3 )( 2 )( 1 (
5

=

+
x x x x x
x

GwUB c` f Mvski AvswkK f Mvsk cKvk|
+ B
59
DPZi MwYZ
wZxq cwZ : hLb j ei NvZ ni i NvZ Acveni evmgvb nq, ZLb j eK ni vi vf vMKi j ei
NvZ Acvz`Zi Ki Z nq|
D`vni Y 3|
) 4 )( 2 (
) 5 )( 1 (

+
x x
x x
K AvswkK f vMvsk cKvk Ki |
mgvavb : awi , ) 1 ........(
4 2
2
2
1
) 4 )( 2 (
) 5 )( 1 (

+

+
x
A
x x
x x

) 1 ( Df qcK ) 4 )( 2 ( x x vi vY Ki cvB,
) 2 )........( 2 ( ) 4 ( ) 4 )( 2 ( ) 5 )( 1 ( + + x B x A x x x x
) 2 ( Gi Df qcK chvqg 4 , 2 = x ewmq cvB, ) 4 2 ( ) 5 2 )( 1 2 ( = A ev,
2
3
= A
Ges ) 2 4 ( ) 5 4 )( 1 4 ( = B ev,
2
3
= B
GLb A Ges B Gi gvb ) 1 ( G ewmq cvB,
) 4 ( 2
3
) 3 ( 2
3
1
) 4 )( 2 (
) 5 )( 1 (

+ =

+
x x x x
x x

hvwbYq AvswkK f Mvsk|
D`vni Y 4|
) 3 )( 2 )( 1 (
3
x x x
x
K AvswkK f vMvsk cKvk Ki |
mgvavb : awi , ) 1 .......(
3 2 1
1
) 3 )( 2 )( 1 (
3

+
x
C
x
B
x
A
x x x
x

) 1 ( Df qc ) 3 )( 2 )( 1 ( x x x vi vY Ki cvB,
) 2 ( )......... 2 )( 1 ( ) 3 )( 1 ( ) 3 )( 2 ( ) 3 )( 2 )( 1 (
3
+ + + x x C x x B x x A x x x x
) 2 ( Gi Df qc chvqg 3 , 2 , 1 = x ewmq cvB,
) 2 )( 1 ( 1 = A ev,
2
1
= A
) 1 )( 1 ( 8 = B ev, 8 = B
Ges ) 1 )( 2 ( 27 C = ev,
2
27
= C
GLb C B A Ges , Gi gvb ) 1 ( G ewmq cvB,
) 3 ( 2
27
2
8
) 1 ( 2
1
1
) 3 )( 2 )( 1 (
3

+ =
x x x x x x
x

hvwbYq AvswkK f Mvsk|
ZZxq cwZ : hLb ni eve I GKNvZ wewk Drcv`K _vK Ges Dnv`i gaKqKwUcybi vew nq|
DPZi MwYZ
60
D`vni Y 5|
) 2 ( ) 1 (
2
x x
x
K AvswkK f vMvsk cKvk Ki |
mgvavb : awi ) 1 ....( ..........
2 ) 1 ( 1 ) 2 ( ) 1 (
2 2

x
C
x
B
x
A
x x
x

) 1 ( Gi Df qcK ) 2 ( ) 1 (
2
x x vi vY Ki cvB,
) 2 ..( .......... ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 )( 1 (
2
+ + = x C x B x x A x
) 2 ( Gi Df qc 2 , 1 = x emvBqvcvB, ) 2 1 ( 1 = B ev, 1 = B
Ges
2
) 1 2 ( 2 = C ev, 2 2 = = C C
Avevi , ) 2 ( G
2
x Gi mnMmgxKZ Ki cvB, C A+ = 0 ev, 2 = = C A
GLb C B A Ges , Gi gvb ) 1 ( G ewmq cvB,
1
2
) 1 (
1
1
2
) 2 ( ) 1 (
2 2
+
+
+

=
x x x x x
x

hvwbYq AvswkK f Mvsk|

PZz_cwZ : hLb ni eve I wNvZ wewk Drcv`K _vK wKKvbvcybi vew nq bv|
D`vni Y 6|
) 4 )( 1 (
2
+ x x
x
K AvswkK f vMvsk cKvk Ki |
mgvavb : awi , ) 1 ( ..........
4 1 ) 4 )( 1 (
2 2
+
+
+

+ x
C Bx
x
A
x x
x

Df qcK ) 4 )( 1 (
2
+ x x vi vY Ki cvB, ) 2 ( )......... 1 )( ( ) 4 (
2
+ + + = x C Bx x A x
) 2 ( G 1 = x emvBqvcvB,
5
1
) 5 ( 1 = = A A
x x I
2
Gi mnMmgxKZ Ki cvB, ......... 0 = + B A (3) Ges .......... 1 = B C (4)
(3) bs G
5
1
= A emvBqvcvB,
5
1
= B
(4) bs G
5
1
= B emvBqvcvB
5
4
= C
GLb, C B A I , Gi gvb (1) bs G ewmq cvB,

) 4 ( 5
4
) 1 ( 5
1
4
5
4
5
1
5
1
) 4 )( 1 (
2 2 2
+

+
+

=
+ x
x
x x
x
x x x
x
, hvwbYq AvswkK f Mvsk|
cg cwZ : hLb ni ee I wNvZwewk Drcv`K _vK Ges Dnv`i gaKqKwUcybi vew NU|
61
DPZi MwYZ
D`vni Y 7|
2 2 2
) 1 (
1
+ x x
K AvswkK f vMvsk cKvk Ki |
mgvavb : awi ,
2 2 2
) 1 (
1
+ x x

2 2 2 2
) 1 ( 1 +
+
+
+
+
+ +
x
F Ex
x
D Cx
x
B
x
A

(1) Gi Df qc
2 2 2
) 1 ( + x x vi vY Ki cvB,
) 1 ( .......... ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x F Ex x x D Cx x B x Ax + + + + + + + + =
(1) Gi x x x x x , , , ,
2 3 4 5
Gi mnMGes aeK c` mgxKZ Kwi qvcvB,

1
0
0 2
0 2
0
, 0
=
=
= + +
= + +
= +
= +
B
A
F D B
E C A
D B
C A

0 = + C A Z 0 = A ewmq cvB, 0 = C
0 = + D B Z 1 = B ewmq cvB, 1 = D
0 2 = + + E C A Z 0 , 0 = = C A ewmq cvB, 0 = E
Avevi , 0 2B = + + F D Z 1 , 1 = = B D ewmq cvB, 1 0 1 2 = = + F F
1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 B , 0 = = = = = = F E D C A
(4) Gi ewmq cvB,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
) 1 (
1
1
1 1
) 1 (
1 0
1
1 0 1
) 1 ( +

+
=
+

+
+

+ =
+ x x x x x x x x
x

hvwbYq AvswkK f Mvsk|

KvR :
AvswkK f Mvsk cKvk Ki :
1|
x x x
x x
6
1
2 3
2
+
+
2|
2
2 4
2
+ x x
x
3|
2 3
2 4
3
+ + x x
x

4|
) ( ) ( 2 1
3
2
x x
x
5|
3
1
1
x
6|
2 2
1 1
2
) )( ( + + x x
x


Abykxj bx 2

1| wbPi Kvbvi vwkwUcwZmg?
(K) c b a + + (L) zx yz xy + + (M)
2 2 2
z y x + (N)
2 2
5 2 c bc a
62
DPZi MwYZ
2| ) (i hw` 0 = + + c b a nq, Ze abc c b a 3
3 3 3
= + +
) (ii
x
z
z
y
y
x
z y x P + + = ) , , ( i vwkwUPwgK
) (iii
1
4
1
2
1
1
4 2

+
+
+
+ x x x
Gi mi j gvb
1
1
x

Dci i Z_i Avj vK wbPi KvbwUmwVK ?
(K) ii i I (L) iii ii I (M) iii i I (N) ii ii i I ,
ec`x 7 x px x +
2 3
Gi GKwUDrcv`K 7 + x | GB Z_i Avj vK wbPi 3 Ges 4 bs
cki Di `vI |
3| P Gi gvb KZ ?
(K) 7 (L) 7 (M)
7
54
(N) 477
4| ec`xwUi Aci Drcv`Kj vi Ydj KZ ?
(K) ) )( ( 1 1 x x (L) ) )( ( 2 1 + x x (M) ) )( ( 3 1 + x x (N) ) )( ( 1 1 + x x
5| a x x x +
2 3 4
7 5 ec`xi GKwUDrcv`K 2 x nj , `LvI h, 4 = a
6| gb Ki ,
n n
a x x P = ) ( , hLvb n abvZK c~YmsLvGes a GKwUa eK
(K) `LvI h, ) ( a x ec`xwUi GKwU Drcv`K Ges Ggb ) (x Q wbYq Ki hb
) ( ) ( ) ( x Q a x x P = nq|
(L) n Rvo msLvnj `LvI h, ) ( a x + ec`xwUi GKwUDrcv`K Ges Ggb ) (x Q wbYq Ki
hb ) ( ) ( ) ( x Q a x x P + =

nq|


7| gb Ki ,
n n
a x x P + = ) ( , hLvb n abvZK c~YmsLvGes a GKwUaeK| n weRvo msLv
nj `LvI h, ) ( a x + ec`xwUi GKwU Drcv`K Ges Ggb ) (x Q wbYq Ki hb,
) ( ) ( ) ( x Q a x x P + = nq|
8| gb Ki , a bx cx cx bx ax x P + + + + + =
2 3 4 5
) ( hLvb c b a , , a eK Ges 0 a , `LvI h,
) ( r x hw` ) (x P Gi GKwUDrcv`K nq, Ze ) ( 1 rx I ) (x P Gi GKwUDrcv`K|
9| Drcv`K wekl Y Ki :
) (i 6 17 17 7
2 3 4
+ + + + x x x x
) (ii 2 3 7 12 4
2 3 4
+ + a a a a
) (iii 1 2 2
2 3
+ + + x x x
63
DPZi MwYZ
(iv)

xyz y x z x z y z y x 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + + + + + ) ( ) ( ) (
(v)

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( y x z x z y z y x + + + + +
2 2 2
1 1 1
(vi)

) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
b a b a a c a c c b c b + +
10| hw`
abc c b a
3 1 1 1
3 3 3
= + + nq, Ze `LvI h, 0 = + + ab ca bc A_ev, c b a = =
11| hw` b a c y a c b x + = + = , Ges c b a z + = nq, Ze `LvI h,
) 3 ( 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
abc c b a z y x + + = + +
12| mi j Ki
(a)
) )( ( ) )( ( ) )( ( b c a c
c
a b c b
b
c a b a
a

+

+

2 2 2

(b)
) )( )( ( ) )( )( ( ) )( )( ( c x b c a c
c
b x c b a b
b
a x c a b a
a

+

+


(c)
) )( (
) (
) )( (
) (
) )( (
) (
b c b a
ca a c
a b a c
bc c b
c a c b
ab b a

+
+

+
+

+
2 2 2

(d)
1
16
1
8
1
4
1
2
1
1
16 8 4 2

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ x x x x x) (

13| AvswkK f Mvsk cKvk Ki :
(a)
) ( 2
4 5
+
+
x x
x
(b)
12 7
2
2
+
+
x x
x
(c)
) 3 )( 2 (
6 9
2
+

x x x
x x

(d)
) )( ( 4 1
7 4
2
2
+ +

x x
x x
(e)
2
2
3 1 2 ) )( ( + + x x
x

14| Pj K x Gi GKwUec`x
3 4 2
12 4 3 7 x a x x x x P + + = ) (
(K) ec`xi Av`ki cwUj L Ges GKwUZ Zxq gv vi Dvec`xi D`vni Y `vI |
(L) ) (x P ec`xwUi GKwUDrcv`K ) ( 2 + x nj a Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
(M) hw` 2 9 6
2 3
+ + = x x x x Q ) ( Gi 0
2
1
=

Q nq, Ze ) (x P Ges ) (x Q Gi
mvavi Y Drcv`K `yBwUwbYq Ki |
15| z y x , , Gi GKwUec`xnj v, xyz z y x z y x F 2 ) , , (
3 3 3
+ + =
(K) `LvI h, ) , , ( z y x F nj vGKwUP-wgK i vwk|
(L) ) , , ( z y x F K Drcv`K wekl Y Ki Ges hw` 0 0 + + = z y x z y x F , ) , , ( nq, Ze
`LvI h, ) ( ) ( zx yz xy z y x + + = + +
2 2 2

64
DPZi MwYZ
(M) hw` , b a c y a c b x + = + = Ges c b a z + = nq, Ze `LvI h,
4 1: ) , , ( : ) , , ( = z y x F c b a F
16| Pj K x Gi Pvi wUi vwk nj v, ) 27 ( ), 9 ( ), (
3 2
+ + x x x x Ges ) 81 (
4
x
(K) Dcwi D i vwkj vi nZ GKwUcKZ g~j ` f Mvsk Ges GKwUAcKZ g~j ` f Mvsk Zwi Ki |
(L)
9
27
2
3

+
x
x
K mveAvswkK f Mvski mgwi c Dcvcb Ki |
(M) Dci i c_g, wZxq Ges PZz_i vwkmg~ni cZKi YvZK weci xZ i vwki mgwK mi j i c
cKvk Ki |
17|
2 3
) 1 ( ) 1 ( + + + y y x i vwkwUK
(K) x Pj Ki ec`xi Av`kAvKvi eYbvKi Ges x Pj Ki ec`xi c Zvi gv v, g~LmnMI
ae c` wbYq Ki |
(L) y Pj Ki ec`xi Av`kAvKvi eYbvKi Ges y Pj Ki ec`xi c Zvi gv v, g~LI mnM
I aec` wbYq Ki |
(M) y x I Pj Ki ec`xi c weePbvKi Zvi gv vwbYq Ki |
dgv- 9, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
ZZxq Aavq
RvwgwZ
wbggvawgK I gvawgK chvqi RvwgwZZ cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`I Gi weci xZ Dccv`wbq wevwi Z
Avj vPbvKi vnqQ| MwYZ wkvq cx_vMvi vmmsvwel qvej xAZi Z c~ Yf ~ wgKvcvj b Ki | ZvB
gvawgK DPZi MwYZ cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`i Avj vK AwaKZi Avj vPbv AvekK| G msv
Avj vPbvi Rb j ^Awf cmKmy avi Yv_vKv`i Kvi | mj GB chvq c_g Ask
cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`i msw Avj vPbv, wZxq chvq j ^Awf ci avi Yv Ges cx_vMvi vmi
Dccv`i Abywmvwbq Avj vPbvKi vne| Avj vPbvi kl Ask cx_vMvi vmGes Gi wewZi avi Yvi
Dci wf w Ki hyw g~j K Avj vPbvI cgvYi RbwKQzmgmvAf y Ki vne|


Dccv`31
cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`:
GKwUmgKvYxw f yRi AwZf yRi Dci AwZ eM i dj Aci `yB evi Dci AwZ eM qi
dj i mgwi mgvb|
Aavq kl wkv_xi v
j ^Awf ci avi YvevLvKi Z cvi e|
cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`i Dci wf w Ki c` Dccv`j vcgvY I cqvMKi Z cvi e|
w f zRi cwi K`, f i K`I j ^we`ymwKZ Dccv`j vcgvY I cqvMKi Z cvi e|
evi Dccv`cgvY I cqvMKi Z cvi e|
Uj wgi Dccv`cgvY I cqvMKi Z cvi e|


3 (K) cx_vMvi vmmwKZ Avj vPbv
wLi Rbi cvq 600 eQi AvMweLvZ MxK cwZ cx_vMvi vm
mgKvYx w f y Ri GKwU AZi Zc~YDccv`
) (Theorem eYbv Ki b| GB Dccv`wwU Zuvi bvgvbymvi
cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`ej cwi wPZ| Rvbvhvq Zvi I cvq 1000
eQi AvMwgki xq f ~wg Rwi cKvi xMYi GB Dccv`wUmg avi Yv
wQj | cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`wewf bf ve cgvY Ki vhvq| wbg gvawgK
chvq Gi `yBwUcgvY `I qvAvQ| ZvB GLvb KvbvcgvY`I qv
ne bv| wkv_xi vGi cgvY AekB wbggvawgK RvwgwZZ Ki e|
GLvb aygv Gi eYbvI wKQzAvj vPbv_vKe|


wP 3.1 mgKvYxw f yR
f yR
66
DPZi MwYZ
wP 32 Gi ABC w f yRwUGKwUmgKvYxw f zR| BAC mgKvY Ges BC AwZf yR| BC AwZf yRi
Dci KvbveM AsKb Ki j Zvi h dj ne mgKvY msj Mevq AC AB I Gi Dci eM
Ab Ki j Zv`i dj i hvMdj Zvi mgvb ne|

A_vr
2 2 2
AC AB BC + =
GLvb C C BB BC
2 1
2
= eM i dj |
B B AA AB
1 1
2
=
C C AA AC
1 1
2
=
Dccv`32
Kvbvw f y Ri GKwUevi Dci AwZ eM i dj Aci `yB evi Dci AwZ eM qi
dj i mgwi mgvb nj kl v evnyqi Af yKvYwUmgKvY ne| (wP : 3.4) j Ki |

ABC Gi BC ev AwZf yR Ges Aci `yB ev h_vg . AC AB I

wP : 3.4
BC evi Dci AwZ eM i dj Aci `yB ev h_vg AC AB I evi Dci AwZ
eM qi dj i mgwi mgvb|
A_vr,
2 2 2
AC AB BC + =
myZi vs, BAC GKwUmgKvY|
D`vni Y^i c Avgi vej Z cvwi ABC Gi BC AB , I CA evi `Nh_vg 6 m.wg 10 m.wg I
8 m.wg nq Zvnj BAC AekB mgKvY ne|
hnZz,
2 2
6 = AB e. m. wg. =36 e. m. wg.
wP : 33


wP : 3.2



D`vni Y ^i c, GKwUmgKvYxw f yRi (wP : 3.3)
mgKvY msj Mevqi `N h_vg 8m.wg I
6m.wg. nj cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`i gvag mnRB
ej vhvq Gi AwZf yRi `N10 m.wg ne|
Abyi cf ve, hKvbv`yB evi `Ni gvag ZZxq
evi `NRvbvme|
wbgi Dccv`wU cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`i weci xZ
cwZvwnmve cwi wPZ|

AwZf yR
67
DPZi MwYZ

2 2
10 = BC e. m. wg. =100 e. m. wg.

2 2
8 = AC e. m. wg. =64 e. m. wg.
. 64 36 100
2 2 2
AC AB BC + = + = =

90 = BAC =mgKvY|
wP 3.5
3 (L) j ^Awf c (Orthogonal Projection)
we`y i j ^Awf c : Kvbvwbw` mi j i Lvi Dci Kvbvwe`yi j ^Awf c ej Z mB we`y_K D
wbw` i Lvi Dci AwZ j ^i cv`we`yK ey Svq|

gbKwi , XY GKwUwbw` mi j i LvGes P hKvbvwe`y(wP 3.6 )| P we`y_K XY i Lvi Dci
AwZ j ^P P Ges j ^P P Gi cv`we`yP |
myZi vs, P we`yXY i Lvi Dci P we`yi j ^Awf c| A_ vr Kvbvwbw` i Lvi Dci Kvbvwe`y i
j ^Awf c GKwUwe`y| Avgi vG avi bv_K ej Z cvwi Kvbvmi j i Lvi Dci j ^hKvb mi j i Lvi
j ^Awf c GKwUwe`y| m D j ^Awf ci `Nne k~b|


wP : 36 wbw` i LvXY Gi Dci Kvbvwe`yP Ges i Lvsk AB Gi j ^Awf c|
i Lvski j ^Awf c :
awi , AB i Lvski cvwe`yq B A I (wP : 3.6)| GLb B A I we`y_K XY i Lvi Dci AwZ
j ^h_vKg B B A A I | A A j ^i cv`we`y B B A Ges j ^i cv`we`yB | GB B A i LvskB
nQXY i Lvi Dci AB i Lvski j ^Awf c|

myZi vs, `LvhvQj ^Abi gvag Awf c wbYq Ki vnq| ZvB B A i LvskKXY i Lvi Dci
AB i Lvski j ^Awf c ) Pr ( ojection Orthogonal ej vnq|

j Yxq :
1| Kvbvi Lvi Dci Kvb we`y_K AwZ j ^i cv`we`yB H we`yi j ^Awf c|
2| Kvbvi Lvi Dci j ^i Lvi j ^Awf c GKwUwe`y | dj j ^Awf ci `N k~ b|
3| Kvbvwbw` i Lvi mgvi vj i Lvski j ^Awf c H i Lvski mgvb ne|
wP 3.6 G AB i Lvsk XY Gi mgvi vj nj B A AB = ne|

6

m
w
g
8

m
w
g
10 mwg
DPZi MwYZ
68
KwZcq i Zc~YDccv`
cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`i Dci wf w Ki Ges j ^Awf ci avi Yvi mnvh KqKwUi Zc~Y
hyw g~j K cgvY Dcvvcb Ki e|
Dccv`33
y j KvYx w f y Ri ~ j KvYi weci xZ evi Dci AwZ eM H KvYi mwbwnZ Ab`yB evi Dci
AwZ eM qi Ges H `yB evi hKvbvGKwUI Zvi Dci Aci evi j ^Awf ci AMZ
AvqZ i wYi mgwi mgvb|
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi ABC w f y Ri BCA yj KvY, AB ~j KvYi weci xZ ev Ges ~j KvYi
mwbwnZ evq h_vg AC BC I

BC evi ewaZvski Dci AC evi j ^Awf c CD (wP : 3.7) | cgvY Ki Z ne h,
. 2
2 2 2
CD BC BC AC AB + + =
cgvY : BC evi ewaZvski Dci AC evi j ^Awf c CD nI qvi ABD GKwUmgKvYxw f yR
Ges ADB mgKvY|
myZi vs cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`Abymvi
. 2
] [ ) (
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
CD BC CD BC AD
CD BC BD CD BC AD
BD AD AB
+ + + =
+ = + + =
+ =


) ( .......... 2
2 2 2 2
1 CD BC BC CD AD AB + + + =
Avevi ACD mgKvYxw f y R Ges ADC mgKvY|
) ..( ..........
2 2 2
2 CD AD AC + = wP : 3.7
) 2 ( bs mgxKi Y nZ
2
AC Gi gvb ) 1 ( bs mgxKi Y ewmq cvB,
CD BC BC AC AB + + = 2
2 2 2
[cgvwYZ]
Dccv`34
hKvbvw f yRi m~ KvYi weci xZ evi Dci AwZ eM Aci `yB evi Dci AwZ eM qi
mgw AcvH `yB evi hKvbvGKwUI Zvi Dci Aci wUi j ^Awf ci AMZ AvqZ i wY
cwi gvY Kg|
wekl wbePb : ABC m~ KvYx w f yRi C m~KvY Ges m~ KvYi weci xZ ev AB | Aci `yB
ev hv_vKg BC AC I | gb Kwi , BC evi Dci (wP : 38-L) Ges BC evi ewaZvski Dci
(wP : 38-K) j ^AD| Zvnj Df q w f y Ri BC evi Dci AC evi j ^Awf cCD|
Dccv`i
69
DPZi MwYZ

wP : 38 (K) wP : 38 (L)
cgvY : ABD Gi ADB mgKvY|
2 2 2
BD AD AB + = [cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`] ........ (1)
c_g wP DC BC BD =
wZxq wP BC DC BD =
Df q
2 2 2
) ( ) ( BC DC DC BC BD = =

] [ 2
2
2 2
2 2
DC CD CD BC CD BC
DC BC DC BC
= + =
+ =


) 2 ( .......... 2
2 2 2
CD BC CD BC BD + =
GLb mgxKi Y ) 1 ( I ) 2 ( nZ cvI qvhvq
CD BC CD BC AD AB + + = 2
2 2 2 2

ev, CD BC BC CD AD AB + + = 2
2 2 2 2
.............(3)
Avevi ADC mgKvYxw f yR Ges D mgKvY

2 2 2
CD AD AC + = [cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`] ............ (4)
mgxKi Y (3) I (4) nZ cvB,
. 2
2 2 2
CD BC BC AC AB + = [cgvwYZ]

we. `. : C we`y_K AB Gi Dci j ^Abi gvag GKB f ve Dccv`wUcgvY Ki vhvq|
cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`, j ^Awf c Ges cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`i Dci wf w Ki
ewYZ Dccv`mg~n nZ j Yxq wel q Ges wmvmg~n|

j Yxq :
1| mgKvYxw f yRi mgKvYi mwbwnZ evq ci i j ^weavq Zv`i cZKwUi j ^Awf c
k~b| myZi vs . 0 = CD BC
2| Dccv`33 I Dccv`34, Dccv`31 Gi wf wi Dci cwZwZ| ZvB Dccv`33 I Dccv`
34 K Dccv`31 A_vr cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`i Abywmvej vhvq|
Dci v Avj Pbvmvc MwnZ wmvmg~n :
ABC Gi ,
1| C ~j KvY nj ,

2 2 2
BC AC AB + > [Dccv`33]
70
DPZi MwYZ
2| C mgKvY nj ,
2 2 2
BC AC AB + = [Dccv`31]
3| C m~ KvY nj ,
2 2 2
BC AC AB + < [Dccv`34]
wbgv Dccv`wUcx_vMvi vmi Dccv`i wevi A_vr Dccv`3.3 I Dccv`3.4 Gi Dci wf w Ki
cwZwZ| GB Dccv`wUGvcvj vwbqvmKZK ewYZ ej GwUGvcvj vwbqvmi Dccv`bvg cwi wPZ|
Dccv`35 (Gvcvj vwbqvmi Dccv`)
w f yRi hKvbv`yB evi Dci AwZ eM qi dj i mgw, ZZxq evi Aa Ki I ci AwZ
eM i dj Ges H evi mgwLK gagvi I ci AwZ eM i dj i mgwi wY|
wekl wbePb : ABC Gi AD gagvBC evK mgwLwZ Ki Q|
cgvY Ki Z ne h, ) ( 2
2 2 2 2
BD AD AC AB + = +

wP : 39 (K) wP : 39 (L)
Ab : BC evi Dci (wP : 39 (K)) Ges BC evi ewaZvski (wP 39 (L)) AE j ^Ab Kwi |
cgvY : ABD Gi ADB ~j KvY Ges BD i Lvi ewa Zvski Dci AD i Lvi j ^Awf c DE
[Df q wP ]|
~j KvYi cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`i wewZ Abymvi [Dccv`33]
Avgi vcvB, (1) . .......... DE BD BD AD AB 2 + + =
2 2 2

Avevi , ACD Gi ADC m~ KvY Ges DC i Lvi (wP 3.9 (K) Ges DC i Lvi ewa Zvski
(wP 3.9 (L)) Dci AD i Lvi j ^Awf c . DE
m~ KvYi cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`i wewZ Abymvi (Dccv`3.4) cvB,
(2) .. .......... DE CD CD AD AC + = 2
2 2 2

GLb mgxKi Y (1) I (2) hvMKi cvB,
71
DPZi MwYZ
[cgvwYZ] ). (

] [ ;
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
BD AD
2BD AD
CD BD DE BD DE BD BD BD AD
DE CD DE BD CD BD AD AC AB
+ =
+ =
= + + + =
+ + + = +

wmv: Gvcvj vwbqvmi Dccv`i gvag w f yRi ev I gagvi mKwbYq |
gb Kwi , ABC Gi AB CA BC I , evi `Nh_vg c b a I , | AB CA BC I , evi Dci
AwZ gagv CF BE AD I , Gi `Nh_vKg . , f e d I
Zvnj , Gvcvj vwbqvmi Dccv`nZ cvB,
4
)
)
( 2
2
2
4
1
2 2
2
1
2
1
2
) ( 2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
a c b
d
a
d c b
a d c b
a BD a d b c
BD AD AC AB
+
=
+ = +
+ = +

+ = +
+ = +





ev,
ev,
ev,
ev,

Abyi cf ve cvI qvhvq,
4
( 2
2 2 2
2
b a c
e
+
=
Ges
4
) ( 2
2 2 2
2
c b a
f
+
=
Kvbvw f yRi evi `NRvbv_vKj gagvmg~ni `NRvbvhvq|
Avevi ,
) (
) ( ) ) ( (
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
4
3
4
2
4
2
4
2
c b a
c b a b a c a c b
f c d
+ + =
+
+
+
+
+
= + +

). ( 4 ) ( 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
f c d c b a + + = + +

myZi vs ej vhvq Kvbvw f yRi wZbwUevi Dci AwZ eM mg~ni dj i mgwi wZbY D
w f yRi gagv qi Dci AwZ eM mg~ni dj i mgwi Pvi Yi mgvb|

w f yRwUmgKvYxA_vr C =mgKvY Ges AB AwZf yR nj
72
DPZi MwYZ
. 3 ) ( 2
2 ) (
3
4
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
c f c d
c f c d
c c b a
b a c
= + +
= + +
= + +
+ =
ev,
ev,



myZi vs, ej v hvq mgKvYx w f yRi gagv qi Dci AwZ eM mg~ni dj i mgwi wY
AwZf ~Ri Dci AwZ eM i dj i wZYYi mgvb|
Abykxj bx31

1| ABC Gi 60 = B nj cgvY Ki h, BC AB BC AB AC + =
2 2 2

2| ABC Gi 120 = B nj cgvY Ki h, BC AB BC AB AC + + =
2 2 2

3| ABC Gi 90 = B Ges BC Gi gawe`yD| cgvY Ki h,
2 2 2
3BD AD AB + =
4| ABC G BC AD , evi Dci j ^Ges AC BE , Gi Dci j ^| `LvI h,
CE AC CD BC =
5| ABC Gi BC ev Q P I we`yZ wZbwUmgvb Ask wef nqQ| cgvY Ki h,
2 2 2 2 2
4PQ AQ AP AC AB + + = + .
[msKZ : ; QC PQ BP = = ABQ Gi gagvAP .

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 ) ( 2 AP PQ AP BP AQ AB + = + = +
, AQ APC gagv Gi


] 2 2
2 2 2 2
AQ PQ AC AP + = +
6| ABC Gi AC AB = | f ~wg BC Gi Dci P hKvbv we`y| cgvY Ki h,
.
2 2
PC BP AP AB =
[msKZ : BC Gi Dci AD j ^AuvK Zvnj
2 2 2 2 2 2
AD PD AP AD BD AB + = + = Ges ]
7 | ABC Gi gagv q G we`yZ wgwj Z nj cgvY Ki h,
) ( 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
GC GB GA CA BC AB + + = + +
[msKZ : Gvcvj vwbqvmi Dccv`i Avj vK MnxZ wmvmg~n `LZ ne A_vr, w f yRi evi
`NI gagvi mK`LZ ne]

3 (M) w f yR I e wel qK Dccv`
GB Ask w f y R I e wel qK KqKwUi Zc~YDccv`i hyw g~j K cgvY Dcvcb Ki vne|
Dccv`mg~n cgvYi Rb`yBwUw f yRi m`kZvmK c~evb _vKvAvekK| gvawgK RvwgwZZ
w f yRi m`kZvmK wevwi Z Avj vPbvKi vnqQ| GB Dccv`j vcgvYi c~ewk_xi vw f yRi
mv`kZvmKRb wbe| wkv_x`i myweav_w f yRi mv`kZvmK msc Avj vPbvKi vnj v|
dgv- 10, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
73

wP : 311
KvYi m`kZv: mgvb msLK evwewk `yBwUef yRi GKwUi KvYj vhw` avi vevwnKf ve
Aci wUi KvYj vi mgvb nh, Ze ef yR `yBwUK m`kKvYxef yR ej vnq|
evi AbycvZi m`kZv: mgvb msLK evwewk `yBwUef yRi GKwUi kxl we`yj vK hw`
avi vevwnKf ve Aci wUi kxl we`yj vi mGgbf ve wgj Ki vhvq h, ef yR `yBwUi -
(1) Abyi c KvYj vmgvb nq Ges
(2) Abyi c `yBwUevi AbycvZ mgvb nq, Ze ef yR `yBwUK m`k ) (Similar ef yR ej vnq|

wP 3.10
Dci i wP j Ki j `Le h,
(1) AvqZ ABCD I eMEFGH m`k bq hw`I Zvi vm`kKvYx|
(2) eMEFGH I i ^ mKLMN m`k bq hw`I Zv`i kxl we`yj vi hKvbvavi vevwnK wgj Ki Yi
dj Abyi c ev `yBwUi AbycvZj vmgvb nq|
`yBwUw f yRi ej vq Aek G i Kg nq bv| `yBwUw f yRi kxl we`yj vi KvY wgj Ki Yi dj hw`
m vi msvq Dj wLZ kZ`yBwUi GKwUmZnq, Ze Aci wUI mZnq Ges w f yR `yBwUm`k nq|
G cmDj Lh,
(1) `yBwUw f yR m`kKvYxnj mgvb KvY `yBwUK Abyi c KvY Ges Abyi c KvYi weci xZ ev
`yBwUK Abyi c ev ai vnh|
(2) `yBwUw f y Ri GKwUi wZb ev Aci wUi wZb evi mgvbycvwZK nj , AvbycvwZK ev `yBwUK Abyi c
ev Ges Abyi c evi weci xZ KvY `yBwUK Abyi c KvY ai vnq|
(3) Df q Abyi c KvYj vi kxl we`y wgj Ki w f yR `yBwU eYbv Ki v nq| hgb,
DEF ABC I Gi Abyi c KvYj vnQ , D A I , E B I F C I Ges
Abyi c evj vnQ DE AB I , , DF AC I . EF BC I |

`yBwUw f yRi m`kZvmwKZ KqKwUDccv`i msw eYbv`I qvnj v|
Dccv`36
`yBwUw f yR m`kKvYxnj Zv`i Abyi c evj vmgvbycvwZK ne|

cvki wP DEF ABC I m`kKvYxw f yR|
A_vr, E B D A = = , Ges . F C = nI qvq
EF
BC
DF
AC
DE
AB
= = ne| A_vr Abyi c evj vmgvbycvwZK ne|
74
DPZi MwYZ


wP 312

wP : 3.14
Abywmv: `yBwUw f yR m`kKvYxnj , Zvi vm`k nq|
ge: `yBwUw f yRi GKwUi `yB KvY Aci wUi `yB KvYi mgvb nj w f yR `yBwUm`kKvYxGes Gi dj
Gj vm`k nq| Kvi Y hKvbvw f yRi wZb KvYi mgw `yB mgKvY|
Dccv`37
`yBwUw f yRi evj vi mgvbycvwZK nj Abyi c evi weci xZ
KvYj vci i mgvb nq|
cvki wP DEF ABC I Gi evj vmgvbycvwZK A_vr,
EF
BC
DF
AC
DE
AB
= = nI qvq w f y Rqi KvYj v ci i
mgvb| A_vr, E B D A = = , Ges . F C = |
Dccv`3.7 K Dccv`3.6 Gi weci xZ wnmveI ej vhZ cvi |
Dccv`38
`yBwUw f yRi GKwUi GK KvY Aci wUi GK KvYi mgvb Ges mgvb KvY msj Mevj vmgvbycvwZK
nj w f yR `yBwUm`k ne|
cvki wP i (wP : 3.13) DEF ABC I Gi D A = Ges mgvb KvY msj Mevq
EF DE AC AB I Ges , mgvbycvwZK| A_vr,
DF
AC
DE
AB
= nI qvq DEF ABC I m`k|

wP : 3.13
Dccv`39
`yBwUm`k w f yR i dj qi AbycvZ Zv`i hKvbv`yB Abyi c evi I ci AwZ eM i
dj qi AbycvZi mgvb|
cvki wP i DEF ABC I w f yRq m`k| w f yR `yBwUi Abyi c ev EF BC I | GB Aevq
w f yRqi dj i AbycvZ EF BC I evqi I ci AwZ eM i dj qi AbycvZi mgvb|
A_vr
2
2
EF
BC
DEF
ABC
=

|
w f yRi Dci v Avj vPbvI Dccv`mg~nK wf w Ki wbgv
Dccv`mg~ni hyw g~j K cgvY Dcvcb Ki vnj v|
75
DPZi MwYZ
Dccv`310
w f yRi cwi K`, f i K`I j ^we`ymgi L|
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi , ABC Gi j ^we`yO cwi K` AP S Ges GKwUgagv| j ^we`yO Ges
cwi K`S Gi mshvMi LvAP gagvK G we`yZ Q` Ki Q| P S, hvMKi j SP i LvBC Gi
Dci j ^| Zvnj , G we`ywU ABC Gi f i K`GwUcgvY Ki vB h_ ne|

wP 3.15
cgvY : Avgi vRvwb, Kvbvw f yRi j ^we`y_K kxl i `~i Zw f y Ri cwi K`_K H kxl i weci xZ
evi wY| ABC Gi j ^we`yO _K A kxl i `~i ZOA Ges cwi K`S _K A kxl i weci xZ
ev BC Gi `~i ZSP |
SP OA 2 = ........................................ (1)
GLb hnZz SP AD I Df qB BC Gi I ci j ^mnZz . SP AD ll
GLb AP SP AD Ges ll G`i Q`K|
APS PAD = [GKvi KvY]
A_vr, SPG OAG =
GLb PGS AGO Ges Gi ga
PGS AGO = [wecZxc KvY]
SPG OAG = [GKvi KvY]
Aewk AOG =Aewk PSG
PGS AGO Ges m`k KvYx|
myZi vs,
SP
OA
GP
AG
=
ev,
SP
OA
GP
AG
=
ev,
SP
SP
GP
AG 2
= [(1) bs mgxKi Y nZ]
ev,
1
2
=
GP
AG

DPZi MwYZ
76
1 : 2 : = GP AG
A_vr, G we`yAP gagvK 1 : 2 AbycvZ wef Ki Q|
G we`y ABC Gi f i K`| (cgvwYZ)
`e: (1) bewe`ye ) ( Circle t Poin Nine : Kvbvw f yRi evj vi gawe`y q, kxl we`yj v_K
weci xZ ev qi Dci AwZ j ^ qi cv` we`y q Ges kxl we`yI j ^we`yi mshvRK i Lv qi
gawe`y q, megvUGB bqwUwe`yGKB ei Dci Aevb Ki | GB eKB bewe`ye ej |
(2) w f yRi j ^we`yI cwi K`mshvRb Ki Drcbmmxg mi j i Lvi gawe`yB bewe`yei K`|
(3) bewe`yei evmvaw f yRi cwi evmvai AaKi mgvb|
Dccv`3.11 (evi Dccv`)
Kvbvw f yR hKvbv`yB evi AMZ AvqZ i dj w f yRi cwi ei evmGes H evqi
mvavi Y we`y_K f ~wgi Dci AwZ j ^i AMZ AvqZ i dj i mgvb|

wP : 3.16

wekl wbePb : gb Kwi , ABC w f y Ri cwi K` AP O Ges cwi ei GKwUevm| ABC Gi kxl
A _K weci xZ ev BC Gi Dci AD j ^|
cgvY Ki Z ne h, . AD AP AC AB =
Ab : P B, hvMKwi |
cgvY : GKB Pvc AB Gi Rb ACD APB I evskwZ KvY| AP ei evmej ABP
AateKvY Ges BC evi Dci AD j ^nI qvq ADC mgKvY|
GLb ADC APB I Gi ga ACD APB = [GKB evskwZ KvY mgvb| ]
ABP =AaeKvY =GK mgKvY = . ADC
Aewk BAP =Aewk . CAD
ADC ABP I m`kKvYx|
AC
AP
AD
AB
=
77
DPZi MwYZ
A_vr, . AD AP AC AB = [cgvwYZ]
j Yxq : ABC Gi cwi ei evmvaR nj , AP R
2
1
=
A_vr, . 2R AP =
Dci i Dccv`_K cvI qvhvq . 2 AD R AC AB =
Dccv`3.12 (Uj wgi Dccv`)
e Awj wLZ Kvbv PZzf yRi KYqi AMZ AvqZ H PZzf yRi weci xZ evqi AMZ
AvqZ i mgwi mgvb|

wP : 3.17
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi e Awj wLZ ABCD PZzf yRi weci xZ evj vh_vg AB I CD Ges
BC I AD| BD AC Ges PZzf yRwUi `yBwUKY| cgvY Ki Z ne h,
. AD BC CD AB BD AC + =
Ab : BAC K DAC Gi QvUai wbq A we`yZ AD i Lvski mv_ BAC Gi mgvb Ki
DAP AuvwK hb AP i LvBD KYK P we`yZ Q` Ki |
cgvY : Ab Abymvi DAP BAC =
Df qc CAP hvMKi cvB,
CAP DAP CAP BAC + = +
A_vr, CAD BAP =
GLb ABP I ACD Gi ga
ADP =ACD
ACD ABD = [GKB evskwZ KvY mgvb ej ]
Ges Aewk = APB Aewk ADC
ACD ABD I m`kKvYx|
AC
AB
CD
BP
=
A_vr, CD AB BP AC = .............................................. (1)
78
DPZi MwYZ
Avevi , APD ABC I Gi ga
PAD BAC = [Ab Abymvi ]
ADP = ACB
[GKwUevskwZ KvY mgvb ej ]
Ges Aewk = ABC Aewk APD
APD ABC I m`kKvYx|
BC
PD
AC
AD
=
A_vr, AD BC PD AC = .......................................... (2)
GLb mgxKi Y ) 1 ( I ) 2 ( hvMKi cvB,
AD B CD AB PD AC BP AC + = +
ev, AD BC CD AB PD BP AC + = + ) (
A_vr, AD BC CD AB BD AC + = [hnZz BD PD BP = + ] [cgvwYZ]

Abykxj bx32

1|


XY i Lvsk AB Gi j ^Awf c wbPi KvbwU?
K. AB L. BC
M. AC N. XY
2|

I ci i wP KvbwUj ^we`y?
K. D L. E
M. F N. O
3| i w f yRi gagv qi Q` we`yK f i K`ej |
ii f i K`hKvbvgagvK 3:1 AbycvZ wef Ki |
iii m`k KvYxw f yRi Abyi c evj vmgvbycvwZK
wbPi KvbwUmwVK ?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii
M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
79
DPZi MwYZ

D, E, F h_vg BC, AC I AB Gi gawe`ynj I ci i wP i Avj vK 4-6 bs cki Di `vI :
4| G we`yi bvg wK?
K. j ^we`y L. A:K`
M. f i K` N. cwi K`
5| ABC Gi kxl we`yw`q AwZ ei bvg wK?
K. cwi e L. A:e
M. ewn:e N. bewe`ye
6| ABC Gi wbPi KvbwUGvcvj vwbqvmi Dccv`K mg_b Ki ?
K. AB
2
+AC
2
=BC
2

L. AB
2
+AC
2
=2(AD
2
+BD
2
)
M. AB
2
+AC
2
=2 (AG
2
+GD
2
)
N. AB
2
+AC
2
=2 (BD
2
+CD
2
)
7| ABC w f yRi cwi ehKvbvP we`y_K CA BC I Gi Dci PE PD I j ^Ab Ki v
nqQ| hw` ED i Lvsk AB K O we`yZ Q` Ki , Ze cgvY Ki h, PO i Lv AB Gi
Dci j ^| A_vr . AB PO
8| ABC Gi C mgKvY| C _K AwZf yRi Dci AwZ j ^CD nj , cgvY Ki h,
.
2
BD AD CD =
9| ABC Gi kxl q _K weci xZ evj vi I ci j ^ CF BE AD I , i Lv q O we`yZ Q`
Ki | cgvY Ki h, . OF CO OE BO OD AO = =

[msKZ : COE BOF Ges m`k|
OE OF CO BO : : = ]
10| AB evmi I ci AwZ Aaei `yBwURv BD AC I ci i P we`yZ Q` Ki | cgvY Ki
h, BP BD AP AC AB + =
2

11| Kvbvmgev w f yRi cwi ei evmva 0 3 m.wg. nj H w f yRi evi `NwbYq Ki |
80
DPZi MwYZ
12| ABC mgwev w f y Ri kxl we`yA nZ f ~wg BC Gi I ci AwZ j ^AD Ges w f yRi
cwi evmvaR nj cgvY Ki h, . 2
2
AD R AB =

[e vi Dccv` AC AB = ]
13| ABC w f yRi A Gi mgwLK BC K D we`Z Ges ABC cwi eK E we`yZ Q`
Ki Q| `LvI h, .
2
DC BD AC AB AD =
14| ABC w f y Ri AC I AB evi I ci h_vg CF BE I j ^| `LvI h,
. : :
2 2
AE AB AEF ABC =
15| PQR -G PM, QN I RS gagv q O we`yZ Q` Ki Q|
K. O we`ywUi bvg wK? O we`yPM K wK AbycvZ wef Ki ?
L. PQR nZ PQ
2
+PR
2
=2(PM
2
+QM
2
) mKwUcwZwZ Ki |
M. `LvI h, PQR -Gi ev wZbwUi eMi mgw O we`ynZ kxl we`ywZbwUi `~i Zi eMi mgwi
wZbY|
16|

I ci i wP S, O h_vg cwi K`I j ^we`y| AP gagv, BC =a, AC =b Ges AB =c
K. OA Ges SP Gi gamKwbYq Ki |
L. `LvI h, S, G, O GKB mi j i Lvq AewZ|
M.

C m~ KvY nj a.CD =b.CE mgxKi YwUcwZwZ Ki |
dgv- 11, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
Abi weei Y :
avc 1 : hKvb i wkBD
_K a BC = Ask KU
wbB|

avc 2 : B we`yZ BC Gi
Dci j ^BP Ab Kwi
Ges BP _K
h BM = Ask KUwbB|

avc 3 : M we`yZ BC
Gi mgvi vj MN i Lvsk
Ab Kwi |


PZz_Aavq
RvwgwZK Ab

KvmI i j vi eenvi Ki wbw` kZAbyhvqxh wP Ab Ki vnq, ZvnvB RvwgwZK Ab|
cgvYi Rbh wP Ab Ki vnq Zvh_vh_ ) ( nI qvLye Ri yi xbq| mv`i
wP Ab h_vh_ nI qvLyeB cqvRb|

Aavq kl wkv_xi v
c` Z_I Dcvi wf wZ w f yR Ab Ges Abi h_v_ZvhvPvB Ki Z cvi e|
c` Z_I Dcvi wf wZ e Ab Ges Abi h_v_ZvhvPvB Ki Z cvi e|

41 w f yR msvKwZcq mv`:
mv`1
w f zRi f ~wg, f ~wg msj MGKwUKvY I DPZv`I qvAvQ,
w f zRwUAb Ki Z ne|

gbKwi , w f y Ri f ~ wg a , DPZvh Ges f ~wg msj MGKwU
x `I qvAvQ| w f yRwUAb Ki Z ne|




















Dccv`
RvwgwZK accurate
82
DPZi MwYZ




avc 4 : Avevi B we`yZ c` x Ge mgvb Ki CBE Ab Kwi | BE i Lvsk MN K A we`yZ
Q` Ki |
avc 5 : C A, hvMKwi | Zvnj ABC -B Dw w y~R|
cgvY : hnZz BC MN ll (Abvbymvi )
ABC Gi DPZv h BM =

Avevi , a BC = Ges x ABC =
ABC -B Dw w f yR|
wekl Y : hnZzf ~wg I f ~wg msj MKvY `qvAvQ, myZi vs GKwUmi j i Lv_K f ~wgi mgvb Ask KU
wbq Zvi GK cvc` KvYi mgvb KvY AvuKZ ne| AZ:ci f ~ wgi mwbw` KvY AvbZ Ggb
i Lvwe`ywbYq Ki Z ne| f ~wg _K Gi DPZvw f yRi DPZvi mgvb nq|
mv`2
w f zRi f ~wg, wki tKvY I Aci evqi mgw `I qvAvQ| w f zRwUAb Ki Z ne|



gb Kwi , GKwUw f y Ri f ~wg a , Aci evqi
mgw s Ges wki tKvY x `I qvAvQ| w f yRwU
Ab Ki Z ne|
Abi weei Y :
avc 1 : hKvbvi wkDE _K s DB = Ask
KUwbB|


avc 2 : DB i Lvi D we`yZ x BDF =
2
1

Ab Kwi |

avc 3 : B K K`Ki f ~ wg a Gi mgvb evmva
wbq GKwUePvc Ab Kwi hv DF K
C C I we`yZ Q` Ki | C B C B , , I
hvMKwi |

83
DPZi MwYZ











wP
avc 4 : C we`yZ BDF Gi mgvb C DCA Ges we`yZ BDF Gi mgvb A C D Ab
Kwi | A C CA I i Lvq BD K h_vg A A I we`yZ Q` Ki | Zvnj C B A ABC I
w f yRq Dw w f yR|

cgvY : hnZz x D C A ADC ACD = = =
2
1
(Abvbymvi )
x x x ACD ADC BAC = + + = + =
2
1
2
1

x x x D C A C D A C A B = + = + =
2
1
2
1

Ges D A C A AD AC = = ,
ABC w f yR a BC x BAC = = , Ges s DB AB DA AB CA = = + = +
ABC -B Dw w f yR|
Avevi C B A w f yR a C B x C A B = = , Ges s DB B A A D B A A C = = + = =
C B A -B Aci Dw w f y R|

mv`3
w f zRi f ~ wg, wki tKvY Ges Aci `yB evi Ai `I qvAvQ| w f zRwUAb Ki Z ne|



gb Kwi , f ~wg a | Aci `yB evi Ai d Ges
wki tKvY x `I qvAvQ| w f yRwUAb Ki Z ne|
Abi weei Y :

avc 1 : hKvbv i wk BD _K d BP = Ask
KUwbB|
avc 2 : P we`yZ x Gi m~i K KvYi AaKi
mgvb DPM Ab Kwi |
DPZi MwYZ
84





















avc 3 : B K K`Ki a Gi mgvb evmvawbq AwZ ePvc PM mi j i LvK C we`yZ Q`
Ki |
avc 4 : C B I hvMKwi |
avc 5 : Avevi , C we`yZ PCA DPC = KvY
Ab Kwi hb CA i Lvsk BD K A we`yZ Q`
Ki | Zvnj ABC -B Dw w f yR|
cgvY :
AC AP ACP APC = =
d AP AB AC AB = =
Avevi x ACP APC = = Ge m~i K KvYi
AaK|
x ACP APC = + Gi m~i K
=ewnt CAB CAD = Gi m~i K|
x CAB A = =
ABC -B wbYq w f yR|
mv`4
w f zRi DPZv, f ~wgi Dci gagvGes f ~wg msj M
GKwUKvY `I qvAvQ| w f yRwUAb Ki Z ne|













wP
gb Kwi , w f yRi DPZvh , f ~wgi Dci gagvd Ges f ~wg msj MGKwU x `I qvAvQ| w f yRwUAb
Ki Z ne |
85
DPZi MwYZ













wP
Abi weei Y :
avc 1 : hKvbvi wkBE Gi B we`yZ x Gi mgvb EBP Ab Kwi |
avc 2 : B we`yZ BE i Lvi Dci BQ j ^Ab Kwi |
avc 3 : BQ _K w f yRi DPZvh Gi mgvb BM Ask KUwbB|
avc 4 : M we`yZ BE Gi mgvi vj Ki MN i LvAb Kwi hvBP K A we`yZ Q` Ki |
avc 5 : A we`yK K`Ki gagvd Gi mgvb emvawbq GKwUePvc Ab Kwi | H ePvc BE
K D we`yZ Q` Ki |
avc 6 : BE _K DC BD = Ask KUwbB|
avc 7 : C A, hvMKwi | Zvnj ,&ABC -B Dw w f yR|
cgvY : D A, hvMKwi Ges A _K BC Gi Dci AZ j ^Ab Kwi |
GLvb, BE MN I mgvi vj Ges AZ MB I Df qB BE Gi Dci j ^|
= = = h AZ MB DPZv
D DC BD = we`yB BC Gi gawe`y|
= = d AD f ~ wgi Dci AwZ gagv, A_ vr, BC f ~ wg|
Avevi , = = x ABC f ~wg msj MGKwUKvY|
ABC -B Dw w f yR|
ge: x Gi Dci wbf i Ki AbK `yBwUw f yR cvI qvhZ cvi |

D`vni Y 1| w f y Ri f ~ wgi `N 5 m.wg., f ~wg msj MKvY 60 Ges Aci `yB evi mgw 7 m.wg.|
w f yRwUAb Ki Z ne|

mgvavb : `I qvAvQf ~wg BC =5 m.wg. Aci `yB
evi mgw AC AB + = 7 m.wg, Ges
60 = ABC | ABC Ab Ki Z ne|
Abi avcmg~n :
avc 1 : hKvbvi wkBX _K BC =5 m.wg.
KUwbB
avc 2 : XBY =60 AuvwK
avc 3 : BY i wk_K BD =7 m.wg. KUj B|
avc 4 : D C, hvMKwi
avc 5 : CD i Lvi j ^ wLK Au vwK hvBD K A
we`yZ Q` Ki |
avc 6 : C A, hvMKwi , Zvnj ABC -B wbYq w f yR|
bvU: hnZz CD AL, Gi j ^wLK
AC AD =
86
DPZi MwYZ
Zvnj AC BA AD BA BD + = + = =7 m.wg.|

D`vni Y 2 : w f yRi f ~wgi `N7.5 m.wg. f ~wg msj MKvY 45 Ges Aci `yB evi Ai 2.5 m.wg
`I qvAvQ| w f yRwUAb Ki Z ne|

mgvavb : `I qvAvQf ~wg BC =7.5 m.wg., Aci `yB evi Ai AC AB ev AB AC =2.5
m.wg. Ges f ~wg msj MKvY 45| w f yRwUAvuKZ ne|






wP
) (i = AC AB 2.5 m.wg Gi Abi avc mg~n :
1| hKvbvi wkBX _K = BC 7.5 m.wg KUwbB |
2| = YBC 45 Ab Kwi |
3| BY i wk_K = BD 2.5 m.wg KUwbB|
4| D C, hvMKwi |
5| CD Gi Dci RS j ^wLK AvuwK hb BY K A we`yZ Q` Ki |
6| C A, hvMKwi
Zvnj ABC -B wbYq w f yR|
) (ii = AB AC 2.5 m.wg. ai w f yRwUwbR AsKb Ki |


KvR :
1| GKwUw f yRi cwi mxgvGes f ~wg msj MKvYq `I qvAvQ| w f yRwUAb Ki |

2| w f y Ri f ~ wg 6 . 4 = BC m.wg, 45 = B Ges 2 . 8 = + CA AB m.wg `I qvAvQ| w f ywU
AuvKZ ne|

3| mgKvYxw f yRi GK evi `N 5 . 3 m.wg, Aci ev Ges AwZf yRi `N 5 . 5 m.wg `I qv
AvQ| w f yRwUAuvKZ ne|

4| ABC Gi 5 . 4 = BC m.wg, 45 = B Ges 5 . 2 = AC AB m.wg `I qv AvQ|
ABC wUAb Ki Z ne|

5| ABC Gi cwi mxgv12 m.wg, 60 = B Ges 45 = C `I qvAvQ| ABC wU
AuvKZ ne|
87
DPZi MwYZ













wP
42 e msvAb
mv`5
Ggb GKwUe Ab Ki Z ne hv`yBwUwbw` we`yw`q hvq Ges hvi K`GKwUwbw` mi j i Lvq
AewZ _vK|
wP
B A I `yBwUwbw` we`yGes PQ GKwUwbw` mi i i Lv| Ggb GKwUe Ab Ki Z ne hv B A I
we`yw`q hvq Ges hvi K`PQ mi j i Lvi Dci Aevb Ki |
avc 1 : B A , hvMKwi
avc 2 : B A i Lvski mgwL K CD Ab Kwi
avc 3 : CD i Lvsk PQ i LvK O we`yZ Q` Ki
avc 4 : O K`Ki OA evOB evmvawbq AwZ ABMN e AwZ nj v| hvwbYq e|
cgvY : CD i LvAB i Lvi j ^wLK| myZi vs CD i LvhKvbvwe`y B A I _K mg`~i eZx|
Abvbymvi , O we`ywU PQ CD I Gi Dci AewZ| Avevi , OB OA I mgvb ej O K K`Ki
OA evOB evmvawbq e& AuvKj ewU B A I we`yw`q hve Ges ei K`O we`ywUPQ i Lvi
Dci Aevb Ki e|
O K K`Ki OA evOB evmvawbq AwZ eB
wbYq e|
mv`-6
GKwUwbw` i Lvski mgvb evmvawewk GKwUe Ab
Ki Z ne hv`yBwUwbw` we`yw`q hvq|

B A I `yBwUwbw` we`yGes r GKwUwbw` i Lvski
`N| Ggb GKwUe Ab Ki Z ne hv B A I we`yw`q
hvq Ges hvi evmvar Gi mgvb nq|

88
DPZi MwYZ













Abi avcmg~n :
1| B A I hvMKwi
2| B A I K K`Ki r Gi mgvb evmvawbq AB Gi Df q cvk `yBwUKi ePvc AvuwK| GK
cvki e Pvc `yBwUci i K P we`Z Ges Aci cvki ePvc `yBwUci ci K Q we`yZ Q`
Ki |
3| P K K`Ki PA evmvawbq ABC e Ab Kwi |
4| Avevi Q K K`Ki QA evmvawbq ABD e AwZ nj v| Zvnj ABD ABC I e `yBwUi
cZKwUB wbYq e|
cgvY : r PB PA = =
P K K`Ki PA ev PB evmvawbq AwZ ABC e B A I we`yw`q hvq Ges evmva
r PA = nq|
Avevi r QB QA = =
Q K K`Ki QA evQB evmvawbq AwZ ABD e B A I we`yw`q hvq Ges evmva r QA = |

ABD ABC I e `yBwUi cwZwUB Dw e|
mv`7
Gi c GKwUe Ab Ki Z ne hvGKwUwbw` e K wbw` we`y Z kKi Ges e i ewntKvbv
wbw` we`yw`q hvq|

gb Kwi , wbw` ei K` P C, H ei I ci AewZ GKwUwbw` we`yGes Q H ei ewntGKwU
wbw` we`y| Gi c GKwUe Ab Ki Z ne hvH eK P we`yZ kKi Ges Q we`yw`q hvq|
Abi avcmg~n :
avc 1 : Q P, hvMKwi |
avc 2 : PQ Gi j ^wLK AB AvuwK
avc 3 : P C, hvMKwi
avc 4 : ewaZ CP i Lvsk AB K O we`yZ Q`
Ki
avc 5 : ' 'O K K`Ki OP Gi mgvb evmvawbq
AwZ PQR -B Dw e|
cgvY : Q O, hvMKwi | AB i Lvsk evOB i Lvsk
PQ Gi j ^wLK|
OQ OP =
myZi vs O K K`Ki OP evmvawbq e AuvKj ZvQ we`yw`q hve|
Avevi P we`ywU`yBwUei K`qi mshvRK i Lvi Dci AewZ Ges P we`yDf q ei Dci
AewZ A_vr P we`yZ eq wgwj Z nqQ| myZi vs eq P we`y Z kKi |
myZi vs O K K`Ki OP evmvawbq AwZ eB Dw e|
dgv- 12, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
89
mv`8
Gi c GKwUe Ab Ki Z ne hvGKwUwbw` mi j i LvK GKwUwbw` we`yZ kKi Ges i Lvi
Kvbvwe`yw`q hvq|
gb Kwi , AB mi j i Lv A GKwUwbw` we`yGes AB i Lvi ewnt P Aci GKwUwbw` we`y| Gi c
GKwUe Ab Ki Z ne hvAB K A we`yZ kKi Ges P we`yw`q hvq|
wP
Abi avcmg~n :
avc 1 : AB Gi Dci A we`yZ AC j ^Ab Kwi |
avc 2 : A P, hvMKi Zvi j ^ wLK QO Ab Kwi |
avc 3 : QO Ges AC i Lvq O we`Z Q` Ki |
avc 4 : O K K`Ki OA evmvawbq AwZ ewUQO i LvK R e`yZ Q` Ki |
Zvnj APR B Dw e|
cgvY : P O, hvMKwi | AP i Lvi j ^ wLK OQ Gi Dci O we`ywUAewZ|
OP OA =
O K K`Ki OA evmvawbq AwZ e P we`yw`q hvq|
Avevi OA evmvai Lvi A cvwe`yZ AB Gi Dci AO j ^|
AB i Lvsk ewUK A we`yZ kKi |
O K K`Ki OA evmvawbq AwZ ewUB wbYq e|
wekl Y : hnZzewU wbw` i LvK wbw` we`yZ kKi , myZi vs H i LvwUwbw` we`Z kKi
mmgKvY _vKe| myZi vs wbw` i Lvi wbw` we`yZ j ^AuvKZ ne Ges GB j ^B ei GKwUevm
ne| Avevi H i Lv wbw` we`yI ewnt wbw` we`yDf qB ei cwi wai I ci _vKe weavq GB
we`yqi mshvRK i Lvi j ^wLK K`w`q hve|
Zvnj GB j ^B wLK I c~evwZ evmi Q`we`yei K`ne|
D`vni Y 1| 2 m.wg, evmvawewk ei K`_K 5 m.wg, `~i Kvb wbw` we`y_K kKqi
`~i ZwbYq Ki |
90
DPZi MwYZ
mgvavb : 2 m.wg. evmvawewk ei K`0 Ges wbw` P _K 0 we`yi `~i Z5 m.wg| P we`y
_K D e kK AsKb Ki Zvi `NwbYq Ki Z ne|

Abi avcmg~n :
avc 1 : OP i LvK wLwZ Kwi | awi , wLwZ we`yM .
avc 2 : M -K K`Ki OM evmvawbq GKwUe AuvwK hvO
Ki | Kw`K ei Q Ges R we`Z Q`
avc 3 : Q P, Ges R P, hvMKwi | Zvnj PQ Ges PR-B wbYq kK|
GLb, PR PQ I K cwegvc Ki cvB, 6 4 = = PR PQ m.wg.

KvR :
1| 5 m.wg., 12 m.wg. I 13m.wg evwewk GKwUw f yRi Ae AsKb Ki Gi evmvawbYq Ki |
2| 6.5 m.wg., 7 m.wg. Ges 7.5 m.wg. evwewk GKwUw f zRi ewnte Ab Ki Gi evmvawbYq
Ki |

Abykxj bx4

1.



wP
x =60 nj x
x
Gi m~i K KvYi AaKi gvb KZ?
K. 30
0
L. 60
0

M. 120
0
N. 180
0

2. i hKvbv`NwZbwUev vi vw f yR Ab Ki vhvq bv|
ii aygv evmvaRvbv_vKj e Ab Ki vhvq|
iii ei Kvb we`yZ GKwUgv kK AuvKvhvq|
Dci i evKj vi KvbwUmwVK ?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii
M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
3| Kvbvw f zRi `yBwUKvY I Zv`i weci xZ evqi Ai `I qvAvQ, w f zRwUAuvK|

4| Kvbvw f zRi f ~wg, f ~wg msj MKvYqi Ai I Aci evqi mgw `I qvAvQ, w f zRwUAuvK|
5| f ~wg, wki tKvY I Aci KvYqi mgw `I qvAvQ, w f zRwUAuvK|
6| f ~wg, wki tKvY I Aci KvYqi Ai `I qvAvQ, w f zRwUAuvK|
7| mgKvYxw f zRi AwZf yR I Aci `yB evi mgw `I qvAvQ, w f zRwUAuvK|
91
DPZi MwYZ
8| f ~wg msj MGKwUKvY, DPZvI Aci `yB evi mgw `I qvAvQ, w f zRwUAuvK|
9| mgKvYxw f zRi AwZf zR I Aci `yBwUevi Ai `I qvAvQ, w f zRwUAuvK|
10| Ggb GKwUe Ab Ki hvGKwUwbw` mi j i LvK Gi Kvbvwbw` we`yZ Ges Aci GKwU
eK kKi |
11| Ggb GKwUe Ab Ki hvGKwUwbw` eK Gi Kvbvwbw` we`yZ Ges Aci GKwUeK
Kvbvwe`yZ kKi |
12| Ggb GKwUe Ab Ki hvGKwUwbw` mi j i LvK Kvbvwe`yZ Ges GKwUwbw` eK Gi
Kvbvwbw` we`yZ kKi |
13| wf bwf bevmvawewk Gi c wZbwUe AuvK hb Zvi vci i K ewntkKi |
14| Kvbvei AB Rv-Gi P hKvb we`y| P we`yw`q Aci GKwURvCD Ab Ki Z ne|
hb OB AP CP =
2
nq|
15. mgwev w f yRi f ~wg 5 m.wg. Ges mgvb mgvb evi `N6 m.wg.|
K. w f yRwUAb Ki |
L. w f yRwUi cwi e Ab Ki evmvawbYq Ki |
M. w f yRwUi cwi e Ab Ki evmvawbYq Ki |
N. Ggb GKwUe Ab Ki hvc~eAwZ cwi ei evmvai mgvb GKwUeK P we`yZ k
Ki Ges ei ewn:Kvb we`yQ w`q hvq|
cg Aavq
mgxKi Y

exRMwYZ AvZ evPj i vwk LyeB i Zc~YBnvc~eI Avj vPbvKi vnqQ| eve Rxeb Awbw` Kvbv
e, msLvevemg~nK eySvbvi RbAvgi v x, y, z BZvw` cZxK eenvi Kwi | GB i Kg cZxK ev
cZxKmg~nK Pj K evAvZ i vwk ej | GKvwaK Pj K evAvZ i vwki mg^q i vwkgvj vi mw nq| hgb,
2x +y, x
2
+z, x +y +2z, BZvw`| Avevi KvbvAvZ i vwk evi vwkgvj vhLb wbw` msLvi evgvbi
mgvb wj Lvnq ZLb ZvK mgxKi Y ej | exRMwYZ mgxKi Y LyeB i Zc~YGKwUwel q| Bnvi mvnvh
AbK eve mgmvmnRB mgvavb Ki vhvq|
Aavq kl wkv_xi v

wNvZ mgxKi Y ( ) 0
2
= + + c bx ax mgvavb Ki Z cvi e|
eMg~j wewk mgxKi Y wPwZ Ki Z cvi e|
eMg~j wewk mgxKi Y mgvavb Ki Z cvi e|
m~PKxq mgxKi Y evLvKi Z cvi e|
m~PKxq mgxKi Y mgvavb Ki Z cvi e|
`yB Pj Ki GKNvZ I wNvZ mgxKi Yi RvUmgvavb Ki Z cvi e|
evewf wK mgmvK `yB Pj Ki GKNvZ I wNvZ mgxKi Y cKvk Ki mgvavb Ki Z cvi e|
`yB Pj Kwewk m~PKxq mgxKi Y RvUmgvavb Ki Z cvi e|
j LwP i mvnvhwNvZ mgxKi Y ( ) 0
2
= + + c bx ax mgvavb Ki Z cvi e|

51 GK Pj K mgw^Z wNvZ mgxKi Y I Zvi mgvavb
gvawgK exRMwYZ GK Pj Ki GKNvZ I wNvZ mgxKi Y Ges `yB Pj Ki GKNvZ mgxKi Y wel q wek`
Avj vPbvKi vnqQ| exRj vg~j ` msLvnj , GK Pj Ki wNvZ mgxKi Yi evgcK Drcv`K
wekl Y Ki mnRB Zvi mgvavb Ki vhvq| wKme i vwkgvj vK mnR Drcv`K wekl Y Ki vhvq bv| m
RbhKvbvcKvi wNvZ mgxKi Yi mgvavbi Rbwbgwj wLZ cwZwUeenvi Ki vnq|

GK Pj K mgw^Z wNvZ mgxKi Yi Av`ki c 0
2
= + + c bx ax . GLvb a, b, c eve msLvGes a Gi
gvb KLbB k~bnZ cvi e bv|

Avgi vwNvZ mgxKi YwUi mgvavb Kwi ,
0
2
= + + c bx ax
ev, 0
2 2
= + + ac abx x a [Df qcK a vi vY Ki ]
ev, ( ) ( ) 0
2 2 2
2
2 2
2
= +

+ + ac
b b b
ax ax ev, ac
b b
ax =

+
4 2
2
2

93
DPZi MwYZ
ev,
4
4
2
2
2
ac b b
ax

=

+ ev,
2
4
2
2
ac b b
ax

= +
ev,
2
4
2
2
ac b b
ax

= ev,
a
ac b b
x
2
4
2

= (i)
AZGe, x Gi `yBwUgvb cvI qvMj Ges gvb `yBwUnQ
a
ac b b
x
2
4
2
1
+
= (ii) Ges
a
ac b b
x
2
4
2
2

= (iii)
Dci i (i) bs mgxKi Y b
2
4ac K wNvZ mgxKi YwUi wbvqK ej Kvi Y BnvmgxKi YwUi g~j qi
ai b I cKwZ wbYq Ki |
wbvqKi Aevf ` wNvZ mgxKYi g~j qi ai b I cKwZ
(i) b
2
4ac >0 Ges c~YeMnj mgxKi YwUi g~j q eve, Amgvb I g~j ` ne|
(ii) b
2
4ac >0 wKc~YeMbvnj mgxKi YwUi g~j q eve, Amgvb I Ag~j ` ne|
(iii) b
2
4ac =0 nj mgxKi YwUi g~j q eve I ci i mgvb ne| G
a
b
a
b
x
2
,
2
= .
(iv) b
2
4ac <0 A_vr FYvZK nj g~j q Aeve ne| G g~j q memgq `yBwUAbyexRwUj ev
Kv wbK msLvnq| G wel q DPZi kwYZ RvbZ cvi e|
D`vni Y 1| 0 6 5
2
= + x x Gi mgvavb Ki |
mgvavb : 0
2
= + + c bx ax mgxKi Yi mv_ Zzj bvKi G cvI qvhvq 5 , 1 = = b a Ges 6 = c .
AZGe mgxKi YwUi mgvavb
( ) ( )
2
1 5
2
24 25 5
1 . 2
6 . 1 . 4 5 5
2

=

=

= x
2
1 5
,
2
1 5
2
1 5 +
=

=
A_vr 2 , 3
2 1
= = x x .
D`vni Y 2| 0 9 6
2
= + x x Gi mgvavb Ki |
mgvavb : 0
2
= + + c bx ax mgxKi Yi mv_ Zzj bvKi G cvI qvhvq 6 , 1 = = b a Ges 9 = c .
AZGe mgxKi YwUi mgvavb
( ) ( )
2
0 6
2
36 36 6
1 . 2
9 . 1 . 4 6 6
2

=

=

= x
A_vr 3 , 3
2 1
= = x x .
D`vni Y 3| mgvavb Ki t 0 2 2
2
= x x
mgvavb : Av`ki c wNvZ mgxKi Yi mv_ Zzj bvKi cvI qvhvq, 2 , 2 , 1 = = = c b a .
94
DPZi MwYZ
AZGe mgxKi YwUi g~j q
( ) ( )
2
12 2
2
8 4 2
1 . 2
2 . 1 . 4 2 2
2

=
+
=

= x
ev,
( )
2
3 1 2
2
3 2 2
=

= x
A_vr 3 1 , 3 1
2 1
= + = x x .

GLvb j Yxq h, mvavi Y wbqg g~j ` msLvi mvnvh 1 2
2
x x K Drcv`K wekl Y Ki vbvMj I
c` mgxKi YwUi mgvavb Ki vme nqQ|

D`vni Y 4| mgvavb Ki t 0 4 3
2
= x x
mgvavb : Av`ki c wNvZ mgxKi Yi mv_ Zzj bvKi cvI qvhvq, 3 , 4 , 1 = = = c b a .
AZGe mgxKi YwUi g~j q

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 2
7 2 4
2
28 4
2
12 16 1
1 . 2
3 . 1 . 4 4 1
2

+
=


= x
ev, ( ) 7 2 = x
A_vr 7 2 , 7 2
2 1
+ = = x x .

KvR : Dci i (ii) I (iii) bs m~ i mvnvh 0
2
= + + c bx ax nZ
1
x Ges
2
x Gi gvb wbY q Ki hLb
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 0 , 0 = = = = c b iii c ii b i ( ) 1 = a iv Ges ( ) p c b a v 2 , 1 = = =


Abykxj bx5.1

m~ i mvnvhwbPi mgxKi Yj vi mgvavb Ki t
1| 0 9 9 2
2
= + + x x 2| 0 2 4 3
2
= x x 3| 0 1 4
2
= x x
4| 0 1 5 2
2
= x x 5| 0 1 7 3
2
= + + x x 6| 0 9 3 2
2
= + x x
7| 0 16 8
2
= + x x 8| 0 1 7 2
2
= + x x 9| 0 3 2 7
2
= x x
52| g~j wP m^wj Z mgxKi Y
Avgi vRvwb, Pj Ki h gvb evgvbj vi Rb mgxKi Yi Df q c mgvb nq, H gvb evgvbj vB
mgxKi Yi exR evg~j (Root) Ges H gvb evgvbj vi vi vmgxKi YwUwmnq|

mgxKi Y Pj Ki eMg~j m^wj Z i vwk _vKj ZvK eMKi eMg~j wPgy bZzb mgxKi Y cvI qvhvq| D
mgxKi Y mgvavb Ki h exRj vcvI qvhvq AbK mgq mej vexR c` mgxKi YwUK wmKi bv| G
ai bi exR Aev i (Extraneous) exR| myZi vs g~j wP m^wj Z mgxKi Y mgvavb cwqvq cv exRj v
c` mgxKi Yi exR wK bvZvAekB ci xvKi `Lv`i Kvi | ci xvi ci h me exR D mgxKi YK
wmKi ZvB ne c` mgxKi Yi exR| wbP KqKwUD`vni Y `I qvnj v|
95
DPZi MwYZ
KvR:
16 +
=
x
x
p ai
12
25 16
16
=
+
+
+ x
x
x
x
mgxKi YwUi mgvavb Ki wci xvKi |

D`vni Y 1| mgvavb Ki : 6 2 15 2 9 8 = + + x x x

mgvavb : 6 2 15 2 9 8 = + + x x x
ev, 9 8 6 2 15 2 + = + + x x x
ev, 9 8 6 2 15 2 2 6 2 15 2 + = + + + + x x x x x [eMKi ]
ev, x x x 2 6 2 15 2 = +
ev, ( )( )
2
4 6 2 15 2 x x x = + [cybi vq eMKi ]
ev,
2 2
4 90 18 4 x x x = +
ev, 90 18 = x
5 = x
wci xv: 5 = x nj , evgc 2 5 7 25 49 = = = Ges Wvbc = 2 4=
wbYq mgvavb 5 = x .

D`vni Y 2| mgvavb Ki : 0 2 5 2 8 2 = + + + x x

mgvavb : 2 5 2 8 2 + = + x x
ev, ( ) 5 8 4 5 4 8 2 + + + = + x x x [eMKi ]
ev, 8 2 4 20 4 5 8 + + = + x x x [cvi Ki ]
ev, ( ) 8 2 16 2 5 8 + = + = + x x x
ev, 8 5 4 + = + x x
ev, ( ) 64 16 5 16
2
+ + = + x x x [ eMKi ]
ev,
2
16 x =
4 16 = = x
wci xv: 4 = x nj , evgc = 0 2 3 2 4 2 9 2 16 = + = + =Wvbc
4 = x nj , evgc = 0 2 1 2 0 2 5 4 2 8 8 = + = + + + =Wvbc
wbYq mgvavb x =4, 4 .

D`vni Y 3| mgvavb Ki : 1 4 9 2 + = + x x x
mgvavb : 1 4 9 2 + = + x x x
ev, ( )( ) 1 4 9 2 2 4 9 2 + = + + + + x x x x x [eMKi ]
96
DPZi MwYZ
ev, 4 2 36 2 2
2
+ = + x x x
ev, 2 36 2
2
+ = + x x x
ev, 4 4 36 2
2 2
+ + = + x x x x [eMKi ]
ev, 0 40 3
2
= x x
ev, ( )( ) 0 5 8 = + x x
8 = x A_ev 5
wci xv: 8 = x nj , evgc = 3 2 5 = Ges Wvbc =3
AZGe, 8 = x c` mgxKi Yi GKwUexR|
5 = x MnYhvMbq, KbbvmgxKi Y 5 = x emvj FYvZK msLvi eMg~j AvmhvmsvwqZ bq|
wbYq mgvavb 8 = x

D`vni Y 4| mgvavb Ki : ( )( ) ( )( ) 2 4 3 2 1 = + x x x x
mgvavb : ( )( ) ( )( ) 2 4 3 2 1 = + x x x x
ev, 12 7 2 2 3
2 2
+ = + x x x x
ev, 12 7 2 2 3 2 2 2 3
2 2 2
+ = + + + x x x x x x [eMKi ]
ev, 4 2 4 6 2
2
= + x x x
ev, ( ) 16 16 4 4 2 4 6 2
2 2 2
+ = = + x x x x x [eMKi ]
ev, 0 6 5
2
= + x x
ev, ( )( ) 0 3 2 = x x
2 = x A_ev . 3 = x
wci xv: 2 = x nj evgc = 2=Wvbc
3 = x nj , evgc = = 2 Wvbc
wbYq mgvavb 3 , 2 = x
D`vni Y 5| mgvavb Ki : 8 10 13 6 15 6
2 2
= + + x x x x
mgvavb : 8 10 13 6 15 6
2 2
= + + x x x x
GLb y x x = + 13 6
2
ai j c` mgxKi Y ne
8 10 2 = + y y
ev, 10 8 2 + = + + y y
ev, y y y y 10 2 10 16 8 2 8 2 + + = + + + + [eMKi ]
ev, y y 10 16 8 = +
dgv- 13, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
97
ev, y y 10 16 8 = + [eMKi ]
ev, 16 2 = y ev, 8 = y
ev, 8 13 6
2
= + x x [y Gi gvb ewmq]
ev, 0 5 6
2
= + x x ev, ( )( ) 0 5 1 = x x
1 = x A_ev5.
wci xv: 1 = x nj , evgc = = 8 10 Wvbc
5 = x nj , evgc= = 8 10 Wvbc
wbYq mgvavb 5 , 1 = x
D`vni Y 6| mgvavb Ki : ( ) ( )
3
1
3
1
3
1
2 1 1 = + + x x
mgvavb : ( ) ( )
3
1
3
1
3
1
2 1 1 = + + x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
=

+ + + + + + x x x x x x [Nb Ki ]
ev, ( ) ( ) 2 2 1 1 3 2
3
1
3
1
3
1
= + + x x
ev, ( ) ( ) 0 1 . 1 2 . 3 3
1
3
1
3
1
= + x x
ev, ( ) ( ) 0 1 1 3
1
3
1
= + x x
ev, ( )( ) 0 1 1 = + x x [Avevi Nb Ki ]
1 = x Ges 1 = x Df qB mgxKi YwUK wmKi |
wbYq mgvavb 1 = x

Abykxj bx5.2
mgvavb Ki :
1| 12 2 4 + = + x x
2| 1 5 4 6 11 + = x x x
3| 1 7 18 3 7 2 + = + + x x x
4| 9 8 11 4 + = + + + x x x
5| 1 5 4 6 11 + + = x x x
6| 6 10 4 4 4
2 2
= + + + x x x x
7| 1 6 6 9 6
2 2
= + + x x x x
8| 1 9 5 2 2 5 2
2 2
= + + x x x x
9| 13
2
1
5
1
2
6 =

x
x
x
x

10| 3
1
2 3
2
2 3
1
=

+
+

x
x
x
x


53 m~PK mgxKi Y (Indicial Equation)
h mgxKi Y AvZ Pj K m~PKi c _vK, ZvK m~PK mgxKi Y ej |
0 8 2 2 . 4 16 , 8 2
1 2
= = =
+ + x x x x x
BZvw` mgxKi Yj vm~PK mgxKi Y hLvb x AvZ Pj K| m~PK
mgxKi Y mgvavb Ki Z m~PKi wbwj wLZ agwUcvqB eenvi Ki vnqt
98
DPZi MwYZ
1 a nj
m x
a a = ne hw` I Kej hw` m x= nq| G Rbc_g mgxKi Yi Df q cK GKB
msLvi NvZ evkw i c cKvk Ki vnq:
KvR: 1| 4096 K
2
1
, 2, 4, 8, 16,
3
4 , 2 2 Gi m~PK cKvk Ki |
2| 729 K 3, 9, 27, 16,
5
9 Gi m~PK wj L|
3|
729
64
K
3
2
3
,
2
3
Gi m~PK cKvk Ki |

D`vni Y 1| mgvavb Ki t
2 7
4 2
+ +
=
x x

mgvavb t
2 7
4 2
+ +
=
x x

ev, ( )
2
2 7
2 2
+
+
=
x
x

ev,
4 2 7
2 2
+ +
=
x x

4 2 7 + = + x x
ev, 3 = x
wbYq mgvavb, . 3 = x

D`vni Y 2| mgvavb Ki t
4
9 27 . 3
+
=
x x

mgvavb t
4
9 27 . 3
+
=
x x

ev, ( ) ( )
4 x
2
x
3
3 3 . 3
+
=
ev,
( ) 4 2 3
3 3 . 3
+
=
x x

ev,
8 2 1 3
3 3
+ +
=
x x

8 2 1 3 + = + x x
ev, 7 = x
wbYq mgvavb 7 = x

D`vni Y 3| mgvavb Ki t ( ) 0 , 3 , 0 , 3 3
2 1
> =

m a a a
mx mx

mgvavb t
2 1
3 3

=
mx mx
a
ev,
1
3
3

=
mx
mx
a [Df q cK 3 vi vf vMKi ]
ev,
2 2
3

=
mx mx
a
ev,
0 2
3
1
3

= =


a a
mx

ev, 0 2= mx
ev, 2 = mx
ev,
m
x
2
=
2
99
DPZi MwYZ
wbYq mgvavb
m
x
2
=
D`vni Y 4| mgvavb Ki : , 2 . 2 . 2
1 3 2 5 3 x x x x
a a

= ( 0 > a Ges
2
1
a )
mgvavb :
x x x x
a a

=
1 3 2 5 3
2 . 2 . 2
ev,
5 3
1 3
1
2
2
2 . 2

=
x
x
x
x
a
a
ev,
5 3 1 3 1 2
2
+ + +
=
x x x x
a
ev,
3 2 3 2
2
+
=
x x
a ev,
( ) 3 2 3 2
2

=
x x
a
ev,
3 2
3 2
2
1

=
x
x
a ev, 1 2 .
3 2 3 2
=
x x
a
ev, ( ) ( )
0 3 2
2 1 2 a a
x
= =


0 3 2 = x ev, 3 2 = x ev,
2
3
= x
wbYq mgvavb
2
3
= x
D`vni Y 5| mgvavb Ki t ( ) ,
1
2 2
2 2
b a
b a
b a a
x x x
+
= +

( 0 , 0 > > b a Ges 1 ab )
mgvavb t ( )
2 2
1
1
b a
b a a
x x x
+ = +


ev,
2 2
1
1 . .
b a
b a a a
x x x x
+ = +


ev, ( ) ( )
2
1 1

+ = + ab ab
x

ev, ( ) ( )
2
= ab ab
x

2 = x
A_vr, 2 = x
wbYq mgvavb 2 = x
D`vni Y 6| mgvavb Ki t
3
8
3 3
3 5
+ =
+ + x x

mgvavb t
3
8
3 3
3 5
+ =
+ + x x

ev,
3
8
3 3 3 . 3
3 5
+ =
x x

ev, 8 3 . 3 3 . 3
4 6
=
x x
[cvi Ges Df q c 3 vi vY Ki ]
ev, ( ) 8 1 3 3 . 3
2 4
=
x

ev, 8 8 . 3
4
=
+ x

ev,
0 4
3 1 3 = =
+ x

DPZi MwYZ
100
0 4= + x ev, 4 = x
wbYq mgvavb 4 = x
D`vni Y 7| mgvavb Ki t 0 66 3 . 5 3
2 2 2
=
x x

mgvavb t 0 66 3 . 5 3
2 2 2
=
x x

ev, 0 66 3 .
9
5
9
3
2
=
x
x

ev, 0 594 3 . 5 3
2
=
x x
[Df q c 9 vi vY Ki ]
ev, 0 594 5
2
= a a ( a
x
= 3 ai )
ev, 0 594 22 27
2
= + a a a
ev, ( )( ) 0 22 27 = + a a
GLb , 22 a Kbbv 0 3 > =
x
a myZi vs 0 22 + a
AZGe, 0 27= a
ev,
3
3 27 3 = =
x

3 = x
wbYq mgvavb 3 = x
D`vni Y 8| mgvavb Ki t ( ) ( ) 1 , 0 0
2 1 3 2
> = + +

a a a a a a a
x x

mgvavb t ( ) 0
2 1 3 2
= + +

a a a a a
x x

ev, ( ) 0 . 1
2 1 2 2
= + +

a a a a a a
x x

ev, ( ) 0 1
2 2 2
= + + a a a a
x x

ev, ( ) 0 1
2 2 2
= + + a p a p ( p a
x
= ai )
ev, 0
2 2 2
= + a p p a p
ev, ( )( ) 0 1
2
= a p p

1 = p A_ev
2
a p =
ev,
0
1 a a
x
= = ev
2
a a
x
=
0 = x 2 = x
wbYq mgvavb 2 , 0 = x

Abykxj bx53
mgvavb Ki :
1| 81 3
2
=
+ x

2|
7 3 7 3
3 5

=
x x

7| ( ) a b b a a
b
x
x
x x
> > =

+

5 , 0 , 0
5
. 5
6 2
1
6 2 5 3

8| 14 2 4
1 2 2
+ =
+ + x x

101
DPZi MwYZ
3| ( ) 2 , 0 , 4 2
6 4
> =

a a a
x x

4| ( ) ( )
5 2
3
5
3 3
+ +
=
x x

5| ( ) ( )
7 2
11
7 4
5
64 4
+ +
=
x x

6| ( ) 0
3
. 3
5 2
1
5 2 4 3
> =

+

a a
a
x
x
x x

9| 26 5 5
2
= +
x x

10| ( ) 0 1 3 . 4 9 3
1
= +
x x

11| 10 4 4
1 1
= +
+ x x

12| 32 2 . 3 2
2 2
=
+ x x

54| `yB Pj Kwewk wNvZ mgxKi Y RvU
`yB Pj Kwewk `yBwUGKNvZ mgxKi Y A_evGKwUGKNvZ I GKwUwNvZ mgxKi Y mg^q MwVZ RvUi
mgvavb wbYq cwZ gvawgK exRMwYZ cyK Avj vPbvKi vnqQ| GLvb Gi c `yBwUwNvZ mgxKi Y
mg^q MwVZ KwZcq RvUi mgvavb wbYq Avj vPbvKi vnj v|
Dj Lh, Pj K `yBwU x I y nj ( ) ( ) b a y x , , = Gi c AvKvi RvUi GKwUmgvavb hw` mgxKi Y
`yBwUZ x j a Ges y j b emvj Zv`i Df q c mgvb nq|
D`vni Y 1| mgvavb t 3
1
,
2
3 1
= + = +
x
y
y
x
mgvavb t ( ) ( ) ii
x
y i
y
x 3
1
,
2
3 1
= + = +
( ) i _K ( ) ( ) ii iii y xy
2
3
1= + _K, ( ) iv x xy 3 1= +
( ) iii I ( ) iv _K x y 3
2
3
= ev, x y 2 = ( ) v
( ) v _K y Gi gvb ( ) iv G ewmq cvB,
x x 3 1 2
2
= + ev, 0 1 3 2
2
= + x x
ev, ( )( ) 0 1 2 1 = x x 1 = x A_ev
2
1

( ) v _K, hLb , 1 = x ZLb 2 = y Ges
2
1
= x , ZLb 1 = y
wbYq mgvavb ( ) ( )

= 1 ,
2
1
, 2 , 1 , y x
D`vni Y 2| mgvavb Ki t y x xy y x x 4 5 , 6 3
2
+ = + =
mgvavb : ( ) ( ) ii y x xy i y x x 4 5 6 3
2
+ = + =
( ) i _K ( ) ii weqvMKi , ( ) ( ) y x y x x = 2
ev, ( ) ( ) 0 2 = + y x y x x
102
DPZi MwYZ
ev, ( )( ) ( ) iii y x x y x = = + 0 2
ev, ( ) iv x 2 =
( ) iii I ( ) i _K Avgi vcvB, y y 9
2
= ev, ( ) 0 0 9 = = y y y A_ev9
( ) iii _K, hLb 0 = y ZLb 0 = x Ges hLb , 9 = y ZLb 9 = x
Avgi v(iv) I (i) _K Avgi vcvB, x =2 Ges 4 =6 +6y ev, 6y=10 ev,
3
5
= y
wbYq mgvavb ( ) ( ) ( )

=
3
5
, 2 , 9 , 9 , 0 , 0 , y x
D`vni Y 3| mgvavb Ki t 30 , 61
2 2
= = + xy y x
mgvavb : ( ) ii xy i y x 30 ) ( 61
2 2
= = +
(ii) K 2 vi vY Ki (i) _K weqvMKi j Avgi vcvB, 121 ) (
2
= y x (iii)
ev, 11 = y x (iv)
(iii) I (iv) _K,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) viii
y x
y x
vii
y x
y x
vi
y x
y x
v
y x
y x

=
= +

=
= +

=
= +

=
= +
11
1
,
11
1
,
11
1
,
11
1

mgvavb Ki cvB,
(v) _K, ; 5 , 6 = = y x (vi) _K 6 , 5 = = y x
(vii) _K, 6 , 5 = = y x (viii) _K, 5 , 6 = = y x
wbYq mgvavb ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 5 , 6 , 6 , 5 , 6 , 5 , 5 , 6 , = y x
D`vni Y 4| mgvavb Ki t 4 2 3 , 8 8 2
2 2 2
= = + y xy y xy x
mgvavb t 8 8 2
2 2
= + y xy x , ( ) ( ) ii y xy i 4 2 3
2
=
(i) Ges (ii) _K Avgi vcvB,
1
2
2 3
8 2
2
2 2
=

+
y xy
y xy x
ev,
2
= + y xy y xy x 4 6 8 2
2 2

ev, 0 12 8
2 2
= + y xy x
ev, 0 12 2 6
2 2
= + + y xy xy x
ev, ( )( ) ( ) iii y x y x y x 6 0 2 6 = = A_ev ( ) iv y x 2 =
(iii) _K, x Gi gvb (ii) G ewmq Avgi vcvB,
4 2 . 6 . 3
2
= y y y ev, 4 16
2
= y ev,
4
1
2
= y ev,
2
1
= y
(iii) _K, . 3
2
1
6 =

= x
103
DPZi MwYZ
Avevi (iv) _K x Gi gvb (ii) G ewmq Avgi vcvB,
4 2 . 2 . 3
2
= y y y ev, 4 4
2
= y ev, 1
2
= y ev, 1 = y
(iv) _K ( ) 2 1 2 = = x
wbYq mgvavb ( ) ( )( ) 1 , 2 1 , 2
2
1
, 3 ,
2
1
, 3 ,

= y x

D`vni Y 5| mgvavb Ki t 90 ,
2
5
2 2
= + =
+

+
y x
y x
y x
y x
y x

mgvavb t ( ) ( ) ii y x i
y x
y x
y x
y x
90
2
5
2 2
= + =
+

+

(i) _K Avgi vcvB,
( ) ( )
( )( ) 2
5
2 2
=
+
+ +
y x y x
y x y x

ev,
( )
2
5 2
2 2
2 2
=

+
y x
y x

( ) ii
y x
[
2
5 90 2
2 2
=

_K 90
2 2
= + y x ewmq]
ev, 72
2 2
= y x ( ) iii
(ii)+(iii) wbj , 162 2
2
= x ev, 81
2
= x ev, 9 = x
Ges (ii)(iii) wbj , 18 2
2
= y ev, 9
2
= y ev, 3 = y
wbYq mgvavb ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 , 9 , 3 , 9 , 3 , 9 , 3 , 9 , = y x

KvR :
D`vni Y 2 Ges 3 Gi mgvavb weK cwZZ wbYq Ki |
Abykxj bx54
mgvavb Ki t
1| ( )( ) ( )( ) 1 2 3 , 14 1 3 2 = = + y x y x
2| ( )( ) ( )( ) 15 5 2 2 , 3 1 2 =

+ = y x y x
3| x y y y x x 6 7 , 6 7
2 2
+ = + =
4| x y y y x x 2 3 , 2 73
2 2
+ = + =
5| 25
4
, 1
4
= + = +
x
y
y
x
6|
y
x
x
y
3
5
4 ,
4
3 = = +
7| 2 , 1
2 2
= = xy y x xy
8| 60 , 14
2 2
= + = xy y xy x
9| 12 , 25
2 2
= = + xy y x
10| 3 ,
3
10
2 2
= =
+

+
y x
y x
y x
y x
y x

11| 7 , 3
2 2 2 2
= + = + + y xy x y xy x
12| 41 4 5 , 20 3 2
2 2 2 2
= + = + + y x y xy x

104
DPZi MwYZ
5.5 wNvZ mnmgxKi Yi eenvi
mnmgxKi Yi avi bveenvi Ki `bw`b Rxebi enymgmvi mgvavb Ki vhvq| AbK mgq mgmvq `yBwU
AvZ i vwki gvb wbYq Ki Z nq| m AvZ i vwk `yBwUi gvb x Ges y

evAbhKvb `yBwU^Z
cZxK ai Z nq| Zvi ci mgmvi kZevkZj v_K ci i Awbf i , mwZc~YmgxKi Y MVb Ki
mgxKi Y RvUi mgvavb Ki j B x Ges y

AvZ i vwkj vi gvb wbYq Ki vhvq|
D`vni Y 1| `yBwUeM i dj i mgw 650 eMwgUvi | H `yBwUeM i `yB ev vi vMwVZ
AvqZ i dj 323 eMwgUvi nj , eM `yBwUi cZK evi cwi gvb KZ?
mgvavb : gb Kwi , GKwUeM i evi cwi gvY x wgUvi Ges Aci wUi evi cwi gvY y wgUvi |
ckgZ, ) ......( .......... 650
2 2
i y x = +
Ges ) ......( .......... 323 ii xy =

1296 646 650 2
2 2 2
) ( = + = + + = + xy y x y x

A_vr 36 1296 ) ( = = + y x
Ges 4 646 650 2
2 2 2
) ( = = + = xy y x y x
A_vr 2 ) ( = y x

hnZz`NabvZK, mnZz ) ( y x + Gi gvb abvZK nZ ne|
) ( .......... .......... 36 ) ( iii y x = +

) .....( .......... .......... 2 ) ( iv y x =
hvMKi , 2 36 2 = x

19 1 18
2
2 36
= =

= x ev, 17
mgxKi Y ) (iii _K cvB, 17 36 = = x y ev, . 19
GKwUeM i evi cwi gvY 19 wgUvi Ges Aci eM i evi cwi gvY 17 wgUvi |
D`vni Y 2| GKwUAvqZ i `NZvi c i wY Acv10 wgUvi Kg| AvqZ i dj 600
eMwgUvi nj , Gi `NwbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , AvqZ i `N=x wgUvi Ges AvqZ i c=y wgUvi
ckgZ, ) ......( .......... 10 2 i x y + =


) ......( .......... 600 ii xy =
mgxKi Y ) (i _K cvB,
2
10 x
y
+
=
mgxKi Y ) (ii G y Gi gvb ewmq cvB,

600
2
) 10 (
=
+ x x

ev, 600
2
2
10
=
+ x x
ev, 1200 10
2
= + x x
ev, 0 1200 10
2
= + x x ev, 0 ) 30 )( 40 ( = + x x
myZi vs, 0 ) 40 ( = + x A_ev 0 ) 30 ( = x
A_vr, 40 = x ev, 30 = x
dgv- 14, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
105
wK`NFYvZK nZ cvi bv,
30 = x
AvqZ i `N=30 wgUvi |
D`vni Y 3| `yB Awewk GKwUmsLvK Aqi Ydj vi vf vMKi j f vMdj nq 3. msLvwUi mv_
18 hvMKi j Aq vb wewbgq Ki | msLvwUwbYq Ki |
mgvavb t gb Kwi , `kK vbxq A=x Ges GKK vbxq A y
msLvwU= y x + 10
c_g kZvbymvi , 3
10
=
+
xy
y x
ev, ) ......( .......... 3 10 i xy y x = +
wZxq kZvbymvi , x y y x + = + + 10 18 10 ev, 0 18 9 9 = + y x
ev, 0 2= + y x ev, ) .....( .......... .......... 2 ii x y + =
mgxKi Y ) (i

G 2 + = x y ewmq cvB, ) 2 ( . 3 2 10 + = + + x x x x
ev, x x x 6
2
. 3 2 11 + = +
ev, 0 2 5
2
3 = x x ev,

0 2 6
2
3 = + x x x
ev, 0 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 3 = + x x x

ev, 0 ) 1 3 )( 2 ( = + x x
myZi vs 0 ) 2 ( = x A_ev 0 ) 1 3 ( = + x ev, 1 3 = x

A_vr,

2 = x ev,
3
1
= x
wKmsLvi AFYvZK evf Mvsk nZ cvi bv|
myZi vs 2 = x Ges 4 2 2 2 = + = + = x y


msLvwU24

ckgvj v55

1| `yBwUeM i dj i mgw 481 eMwgUvi | H `yBwUeM i `yB ev vi vMwVZ AvqZ i
dj 240eMwgUvi nj , eM `yBwUi cZK evi cwi gvY KZ ?
2| `yBwUabvZK msLvi eMi mgw 250| msLv`yBwUi Ydj 117, msLv`yBwUwbYq Ki |
3| GKwUAvqZ i KYi `N10 wgUvi | Bnvi evqi hvMdj I weqvMdj i mgvb `Nwewk
evq vi vAwZ AvqZ i dj 28 eMwgUvi nj , c_g AvqZ wUi `NI cwbYq
Ki |
4| `yBwUmsLvi eMi mgw 181Ges msLv`yBwUi Ydj 90, msLv`yBwUi eMi Ai wbYq Ki |
5| GKwUAvqZ i dj 24eMwgUvi | Aci GKwUAvqZ i `NI cc_g AvqZ i
`NI cAcvh_vg 4wgUvi Ges 1 wgUvi ewk Ges dj 50 eMwgUvi | c_g
AvqZ i `NI cwbYq Ki |

106
DPZi MwYZ
6| GKwUAvqZ i ci wY `NAcv23 wgUvi ewk| AvqZ i dj 600eMwgUvi
nj , Zvi `NI cwbYq Ki |

7| GKwUAvqZ i cwi mxgvKYqi `Ni mgw Acv8

wgUvi ewk| wUi dj 48

eMwgUvi nj , Zvi `NI cwbYq Ki |

8| `yB Awewk GKwUmsLvK Gi Aqi Ydj vi vf vMKi j f vMdj 2

nq | msLvwUi mv_
27hvMKi j Aq vb wewbgq Ki | msLvwUwbYq Ki |

9| GKwUAvqZKvi evMvbi cwi mxgv56wgUvi Ges KY20 wgUvi | H evMvbi mgvb dj wewk
eM i GK evi `NKZ ?

10| GKwUAvqZ i dj 300eMwgUvi Ges Gi Aacwi mxgvGKwUKYAcv10

wgUvi ewk|
wUi `NI cwbYq Ki |
56| `yB Pj Kwewk m~PK mgxKi Y RvU
c~eeZxAavq GK Pj Kwewk m~PK mgxKi Yi mgvavb wbYq mKAvj vPbvKi vnqQ| `yB Pj Kwewk
m~PKxq mgxKi Y RvUi mgvavb wbYq Ki vmKGLvb Avj vPbvKi vnj v|

D`vni Y 1| mgvavb Ki : ( ) 1 . , .
9 1 2 10 1 2 2
= =
+ + +
a a a a a a a
y x y x

mgvavb : ( ) ( ) ii a a a i a a a
y x y x 9 1 2 10 1 2 2
. . = =
+ + +

(i) _K
10 3 2
a a
y x
=
+ +
ev, 10 3 2 = + + y x ev, ( ) iii y x 0 7 2 = +
(ii) _K,
9 1 2
a a
y x
=
+ +
ev, 9 1 2 = + + y x ev, ( ) iv y x 0 8 2 = +
(iii) I (iv) _K eRYb cwZ Abymvi ,
4 1
1
8 14 7 16
=
+
=
+
y x

ev,
3
1
6 9
=

y x

ev, 1
2 3
= =
y x

ev, 2 , 3 = = y x
wbYq mgvavb ( ) ( ) 2 , 3 , = y x

D`vni Y 2| mgvavb Ki :
3 2 3 1 3
16 4 , 9 3
+ + +
= =
x y x y x y

mgvavb : ( ) i
y x y +
= 9 3
1 3

ev, ( )
y x
y x
y 2 2 2 1 3
3 3 3
+
+

= =
y x y 2 2 1 3 + =
107
DPZi MwYZ
ev, 0 1 2 = + y x (iii)
( ) ii
x y x 3 2 3
16 4
+ +
=
ev, ( )
3 2
2 3
4 4
+
+
=
x
y x
ev,
6 4 3
4 4
+ +
=
x y x

ev, 6 4 3 + = + x y x ev, 0 6 3 3 = + y x
ev, ( ) iv y x 0 2= +
(iii) I (iv) _K eRYb cwZ Abymvi ,
1 2
1
4 1 1 2 +
=

=
+
y x

ev, 1
3 1
=

y x

ev, 3 , 1 = = y x
wbYq mgvavb ( ) ( ) 3 , 1 , = y x
D`vni Y 3| mgvavb Ki : y x y x
x y
2 , = =
mgvavb : ( ) ( ) ii y x i y x
x y
2 = = GLvb 0 , 0 y x
(ii) _K x Gi gvb (i) G ewmq cvB, ( )
y y
y y
2
2 = ev,
y y y
y y
2
. 2 =
ev,
y
y
y
y
2
=
y
2 ev, ( ) ii y y
y y
2 2 = = _K, 4 = x
wbYq mgvavb ( ) ( ) 2 , 4 , = y x

D`vni Y 4| mgvavb Ki : , ,
4 2 2
x y y x
y y
= = hLvb 1 x

mgvavb : ( ) ( ) ii x y i y x
y y 4 2 2
, = =
(i) _K cvB,
( ) ( )
y y
y
y x
2
= ev, ( ) iii y x
y y 2
2
=
(iii) I (ii) _K cvB,
4
2
x x
y
=
4
2
= y ev, 2 = y
GLb 2 = y nj (i) _K cvB, 4 2
2 2
= = x ev, 2 = x
Avevi , 2 = y nj , (i) _K cvB, ( ) ( ) 4 2
2 2
= =

x
ev, 4
1
2
=
x
ev,
4
1
2
= x ev,
2
1
= x
wbYq mgvavb ( ) ( ) ( )

= 2 ,
2
1
, 2 ,
2
1
, 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , y x
DPZi MwYZ
108
D`vni Y 5| mgvavb Ki :
27
1
3 . 9 , 4 2 . 8 = =
xy x y xy

mgvavb : ( ) ( ) ii i
xy x y xy
27
1
3 . 9 , 4 2 . 8 = =
(i) _K cvB, ( )
y
xy 2 3
2 2 . 2 = ev,
y xy 2 3
2 2 =
+
( ) iii y xy 2 3 = +
(ii) _K cvB, ( )
3
2
3
1
3 . 3 =
xy
x
ev,
3 2
3 3
+
=
xy x
( ) iv xy x 3 2 = +
(iii) _K (iv) weqvM Ki cvB, 3 2 2 3 + = y x ev, y x =
(v) _K y Gi gvb (iii) G ewmq cvB, x x 2 3
2
=
ev, 0 3 2
2
= x x ev, ( )( ) 0 3 1 = + x x
1 = x A_ev 3 = x
1 = x nj (v) _K cvB, 3 ; 1 = = x y nj (v) _K cvB, 3 = y
wbYq mgvavb ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 , 3 , 1 , 1 , = y x
D`vni Y 6| mgvavb Ki :
2 2
3 , 81 18 y y y
x x x
= =

mgvavb : ( ) ( ) ii y i y y
x x x 2 2
3 , 81 18 = =
(i) _K cvB, 0 81 18
2
= +
x x
y y ev, ( ) 0 9
2
=
x
y
ev, 0 9=
x
y ev, ( ) iii y
x 2
3 =
(ii) _K cvB, ( ) ( )
x x
x
y
2
3 = ev,
x x
y
2
2
3 = ( ) iv
(iii) _K cvB, ( ) ( )
2
2 2
3 = yx ev,
4 2
3 =
x
y ( ) v
(iv) I (v) _K cvB, 4 3 3
2 4
2
= = x
x
ev, 2 = x
2 = x nj (ii) _K cvB, 9
2
= y ev, 3 = y
2 = x nj (iii) _K cvB, 9
2
=

y ev,
9
1
2
= y ev,
3
1
= y
wbYq mgvavb ( ) ( ) ( )

=
3
1
, 2 ,
3
1
, 2 , 3 , 2 , 3 , 2 , y x

Abykxj bx56

mgvavb Ki :
1| 31 3 2 = +
y x

23 3 2 =
y x

2|
y x
9 3 =

xy y x
25 5
1
=
+ +

3| 81 9 . 3 =
y x

8 2 = y x
109
DPZi MwYZ
4| 18 3 . 2 =
y x

36 3 . 2
2
=
y x

5|
7 1
. a a a
y x
=
+


20 5 3 2
. a a a
x y
=
+

6| 1
4 2
2

=
=
y
y x
x y
x
x

7| 4 =
x
y

x
y 2
2
=
8|
y x
2 4 =

1
9 ) 27 (
+
=
y xy


9| 16 8
2
=
x x
y y

2
2 y
x
=

57 j LwP i mvnvhwNvZ mgxKi Y 0
2
= + + c bx ax Gi mgvavb
wNvZ mgxKi Y 0
2
= + + c bx ax Gi mgvavb Avgi v BZvc~eexRMwYZxq cwZZ wkLwQ| GLb
j LwP i mvnvhBnvi mgvavb cwZ Avj vPbvKi vne|

gb Kwi c bx ax y + + =
2
. Zvnj x Gi h mKj gvbi Rby =0 ne A_vr j LwP wUx -AK Q`
Ki e, x Gi H mKj gvb-B 0
2
= + + c bx ax mgxKi YwUi mgvavb|

D`vni Y 1| j LwP i mvnvh 0 4 5
2
= + x x Gi mgvavb Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , 4 5
2
+ = x x y .
x Gi KqKwUgvbi Rb y Gi gvb wbYq Ki GB mgxKi Yi j Li KqKwUwe`yi vbvsK wbYq Kwi :
x 0 1 2 2.5 3 4 5
y 4 0 2 2.25 2 0 4

Dci i mvi wYZ c` we`yj vQK KvMR vcb
Ki mgxKi YwUi j LwP Ab Kwi | `Lvhvq h
j LwP wUx -AK (1, 0) I (4, 0) we`yZ Q`
Ki Q|
myZi vs, mgxKi YwUi mgvavb x =1 evx =4.


D`vni Y 2| j LwP i mvnvh 0 4 4
2
= + x x Gi mgvavb Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , 4 4
2
+ = x x y .
x Gi KqKwUgvbi Rb y Gi gvb wbYq Ki j LwP i RbKqKwUwe`yi vbvsK wbYq Kwi t
x 0 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4
y 4 1 0.25 0 0.25 1 4

110
DPZi MwYZ
Dci i mvi wY nZ cv we`yj vQK KvMR vcb Ki
mgxKi YwUi j LwP Ab Kwi | j LwP `Lvhvq h Bnv
x-AK (2, 0) we`yZ kKi Q| hnZzwNvZ
mgxKi Yi `yBwUg~j _vK, mnZzmgxKi YwUi mgvavb ne
x =2, x =2.

D`vni Y 3| j LwP i mvnvhmgvavb Ki t 0 1 2
2
= x x
mgvavb : gb Kwi , 1 2
2
= x x y .
mgxKi YwUi j LwP Abi Rb x Gi KqKwUgvb wbq Zv`i Abyi c y Gi gvb wbYq Kwi :
x 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
y 2 0.25 1 1.75 2 1.75 1 0.25 2
mvi wYZ vwcZ we`yj v QK KvMR vcb Ki
mgxKi YwUi j LwP Ab Kwi | `Lv hvq h
j LwP wU x-AK gvUvgywUf ve (0.4, 0) I
(2.4, 0) we`yZ Q` Ki Q| myZi vs, mgxKi YwUi
mgvavb x =0.4 (Avmb) ev x =2.4 (Avmb)|


D`vni Y 4| 0 2 3
2
= + x x Gi g~j q j LwP i mvnvhwbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , 2 3
2
+ = x x y .
x Gi KqKwUgvbi Rb y Gi gvb wbYq Ki c` mgxKi Yi j Li KqKwUwe`yi vbvsK wbYq Kwi :
x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
y 2 0.75 0 0.25 0 0.75 2

cv we`yj vQK KvMR vcb Ki mgxKi YwUi
j LwP Ab Kwi | `Lvhvq h j LwP wU x
Ai Dci (1, 0) I (2, 0) we`yw`q wMqQ|
myZi vs mgxKi YwUi mgvavb x =1 ev x =2.


111
DPZi MwYZ
Abykxj bx5.7

1| ax
2
+bx +c =0 Ges a, b, c eve msLvnj x
2
x 12 =0 mgxKi Y b Gi gvb KvbwU?
K. 0 L. 1
M. -1 N. 3
2| 16
x
=4
x+1
mgxKi YwUi mgvavb KvbwU?
K. 2 L. 0
M. 4 N. 3
3| x
2
- x+13 =0 nj mgxKi YwUi GKwUg~j KvbwU?
K.
2
51 1 +
L.
2
51 1

M.
2
51 1 +
N.
2
51 1+

4| y
x
=9, y
2
=3
x
nj mwVK mgvavb KvbwU?
K. (2, 3), (2,
9
1
) L. (2, 2), (3,
9
1
)
M. (2,
9
1
), (2, 3) N. ( 2,
9
1
), (2, 3)
wbPi Z_i wf wZ 5 I 6 bs cki Di `vI :
`yBwUabvZK c~YmsLvi eMi Ai 11 Ges Ydj 30|
5| msLv`yBwUwK wK?
K. 1 Ges 30 L. 2 Ges 15
M. 5 Ges 6 N. 5 Ges -6
6| msLv`yBwUi eMi mgw KZ?
K. 1 L. 5
M.
M.
61 N.
N.
41
7| GKwUmsLvI H msLvi YvZK weci xZ msLvi mgw 6
i x +
x
1
=6
ii x
2
+1 =6x
iii x
2
6x 1 = 0
wbPi KvbwUmwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
8| 2
px-1
=2q
px-2
Gi mgvavb KvbwU?
K.
2
p
L. p
-
2
p

p
2

| mvemgxKi YwUMVb Ki j nq-
112
DPZi MwYZ
j LwP i mvnvhwbPi mgxKi Yj vi mgvavb Ki :
9| 0 3 4
2
= + x x 10| 0 3 2
2
= + x x 11| 0 7
2
= + x x
12| 0 3 7 2
2
= + x x 13| 0 2 5 2
2
= + x x 14| 0 16 8
2
= + + x x
15| 0 3
2
= + x x 16| 8
2
= x
17| GKwUmsLvi eMi wY msLvwUi 5 Y _K 3 Kg| wKH msLvwUi eMi 3 Y msLvwUi 5 Y _K
3 ewk|
K. D xcKi Z_j vi mvnvhmgxKi Y MVb Ki |
L. m~ cqvMKi 1g mgxKi YwUmgvavb Ki |
M. 2q mgxKi YwUj LwP i mvnvhmgvavb Ki |
18| Rbve AvkdvK Avj xi Rwgi dj 0.12 ni | RwgwUi Aacwi mxgvGi GKwUKYAcv20 wgUvi
ewk| wZwb Zuvi Rwg _K kvgeveyi wbKUGK ZZxqvsk wew Ki b| kvg eveyi Rwgi `N, cAcv5
wgUvi ewk|
K. D xcKi Avj vK `yBwUmgxKi Y MVb Ki |
L. AvkdvK Avj xi Rwgi `NI cwbYq Ki |
M. kvgeveyi RwgwUi KYi `NI cwi mxgvwbYq Ki |
dgv- 15, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
l Aavq
AmgZv

mgxKi Y evmgZvmKAvgv`i avi YvnqQ| wKeve Rxeb AmgZvi I GKUvweZ I i Zc~Y
f ~wgKv i qQ| `bw`b Rxeb cKwZZ Avgi vhZwKQz`wL Zvi KvbwUi B GK RvZxq `yBwUei ev
RxeRi ev`yBRb gvbyl i hKvbvai bi cwi gvc e GK cvI qvhvq bv| GgbwK `LZI GKB i Kg
nq bv| dj Avgv`i AmgZvi avi YvcqvRb nq|
Aavq kl wkv_xi v
GK I `yB Pj Ki GK NvZ wewk AmgZvevLvKi Z cvi e|
`yB Pj Kwewk mi j AmgZvMVb I mgvavb Ki Z cvi e|
evewf wK MvwYwZK mgmvq AmgZveenvi Ki mgvavb Ki Z cvi e|
GK I `yB Pj Kwewk AmgZvK j LwP i mvnvhmgvavb Ki Z cvi e|

AmgZv
gb Kwi GKwUKvki Qv msLv200 Rb| ^vf vweKf ve `Lvhvq h, H Kvk mew`b mKj DcwZ _vK
bv| GKwUwbw` w`b DcwZ Qv msLvx nj Avgi vwj LZ cvwi 0 < x 200| GKB f ve Avgi v`wL
h, KvbvI GKwUwbgwZ Abyvb mevB DcwZ nq bv| cvkvK-cwi Q` I Abvb AbK f vMcY
Zwi Z cwi vi f ve AmgZvi avi YvcqvRb nq| `vj vb Zwi i , cyK gy`Yi Ges Gi Kg
Avi I AbK Dcv`vbj vmwVK cwi gvY wbYq Ki vhvq bvweavq c_g chvq Abygvbi wf wZ
Dcv`vbj vq evmsMn Ki Z nq| AZGe `LvhvQh, Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb AmgZvi avi YvUv
LyeB i Zc~Y|

mgxKi Y msv^Ztwmevwewamg~n AmgZvi I chvR| ayewZg nj vAmgvb i vwkK mgvb
mgvb FYvZK msLvvi vY evf vMKi j AmgZvi w`K cv hvq|
4<6 AmgZvwUj Kwi |
4+2 < 6 + 2 ev, 6< 8 [Df qc 2 hvMKi ]
Z`c 2 < 4 [Df qc _K 2 weqvMKi ]
Z`c 4<12 [Df qcK 2 vi vY Ki ]
Z`c 2<3 [Df qcK 2 vi vf vMKi ]
AmgZvwUi Df qcK 2 vi vY Ki j Avj v`vf ve cvI qvhvq 8 Ges 12
GLvb 8>12, Zgwb 2>3 {Df qcK 4 vi vf vMKi ]
mvavi Yf ve ej vhvq, hw` b a < nq, Ze,
114
DPZi MwYZ
c b c a + < + c Gi hKvbvgvbi Rb
c b c a < c Gi hKvbvgvbi Rb
bc ac < c Gi abvZK gvbi Rb
c
b
c
a
< c Gi abvZK gvbi Rb
wK bc ac > c Gi FYvZK gvbi Rb
c
b
c
a
> c Gi FYvZK gvbi Rb

KvR: 1| Zvgv`i kwYi h mKj Qv -Q&v xi DPZv5 dzUi Pq ewk Ges 5 dzUi Pq Kg Zv`i DPZv
AmgZvi gvag cKvk Ki |
2| Kvbvci xvi gvUb^i 1000 nj , GKRb ci xv_xi cv b^i AmgZvi gvag cKvk Ki |

D`vni Y 1| mgvavb Ki I mgvavb mUwUmsLvi Lvq `LvI : 16 4 4 > + x

mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, 16 4 4 > + x
4 16 4 4 4 > + x [Df qc _K 4 weqvMKi ]
ev, 12 4 > x
ev,
4
12
4
4
>
x
[Df qcK 4 vi vf vMKi ]
ev, 3 > x
wbYq mgvavb 3 > x
GLvb mgvavb mU, } 3 : { > = x R x S

mgvavb mUwUwbP AwZ msLvi Lvq `Lvbvnj v| 3 Acveo mKj eve msLvc` AmgZvi
mgvavb Ges mgvavb mU, { } 3 : > = x R x S



D`vni Y 2| mgvavb Ki Ges mgvavb mUmsLvi Lvq `LvI : 1 3 9 + > x x
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, 1 3 9 + > x x
9 1 3 9 9 + + > + x x
ev, 10 3 + > x x
ev, x x x x 3 10 3 3 + >
ev, 10 2 > x
ev,
2
10
2
2

<

x
[Df qcK FYvZK msLv2 vi vf vMKi vq
ev, 5 < x AmgZvi w`K cv MQ]
1 0 1 2 3
115
DPZi MwYZ
wbYq mgvavb 5 < x
GLvb mgvavb mU { }, 5 : < = x R x S A_vr 5 AcvQvUmKj eve msLvc` AmgZvi
mgvavb|


we:`: mgxKi Yi mgvavb hgb GKwUmgxKi Y (mgZv) vi vcKvk cvq, Zgwb AmgZvi mgvavb GKwU
AmgZvvi vcKvk cvq| AmgZvi mgvavb mU(mvavi YZ) eve msLvi Amxg DcmU|
b a Gi A_, b a > A_ev b a =
A_vr ay b a < nj B b a wg_vnq|
AZGe, 3 4> Ges 4 =4 `yBwUDw B mZ|
D`vni Y 3| mgvavb Ki t ( ) [ ] 0 a , c b x a < +
mgvavb : a abvZK nj ,
( )
a
c
a
b x a
<
+
, Df qcK a vi vf vMKi cvB,
a
c
b x < + ev, b
a
c
x <
a FYvZK nj GKB cwqvq cvB,
( )
a
c
a
b x a
>
+

ev,
a
c
b x > + ev, b
a
c
x >
wbYq mgvavb : ( ) , b
a
c
x i < hw` 0 a> nq,
( ) b
a
c
x ii > , hw` 0 < a nq|
we:`: a hw` k~bGes c hw` abvZK nq, Ze x Gi hKvbvgvbi RbAmgZvwUmZne| wK a
hw` k~bGes c FYvZK nq, Ze AmgZvwUi Kbvmgvavb _vKe bv|

ckgvj v61

AmgZvj vmgvavb Ki Ges msLvi qLvq mgvavb mU`LvI :
( ) 3
2
1
| 4 1 2 2 3 | 3 6 2 3 | 2 5 3 | 1 + > < < z z x x x y
( ) ( )
60
47
5 4 3
| 8 3 4 3 2 3 5 | 7 4
3
| 6 2 2 8 | 5 > + + +
x x x
t t
x
x x
5 4 3 2 1 0 1
DPZi MwYZ
116
AmgZvi eenvi
mgxKi Yi mvnvhZvgi vmgmvmgvavb Ki Z wkLQ| GKB cwZZ AmgZvmwKZ mgmvi mgvavb
Ki Z cvi e|
D`vni Y 1| Kvbvci xvq evsj v1g I 2q c i gvcqQh_vg x 5 Ges x 6 b^i Ges KzgKzg
cqQ x 4 Ges 84 b^i | Kvbvc KD40 Gi wbP cvqwb| evsj vwel q KzgKzg nqQc_g Ges i gv
nqQwZxq| x Gi gvb mveAmgZvi gvag cKvk Ki |
mgvavb : i gvcqQgvU x x 6 5 + b^i Ges KzgKzg cqQ 84 4 + x gvUb^i |
ckgZ, 84 4 6 5 + < + x x x
ev, 84 4 6 5 + < + x x x ev, 84 7 < x
ev,
7
84
< x ev, 12 < x
wK, 40 4 x [ cv mewbb^i 40 ] ev, x 10
AmgZvi gvag wj Lvhvq 12 10 x
D`vni Y 2| GKRb Qv 5 UvKv`i x wUcwj Ges 8 UvKv`i ( ) 4 + x wULvZvwKbQ| gvUg~j
Abya97 UvKvnj , mevwaK KqwUcwj wKbQ?
mgvavb : x wUcwj i `vg x 5 UvKvGes ( ) 4 + x wULvZvi `vg ( ) 4 8 + x UvKv|
ckgZ, ( ) 97 4 8 5 + + x x ev, ( ) 97 4 8 5 + + x x
ev, 32 97 13 x ev, 65 13 x
ev,
13
65
x ev, 5 x
Qv wUmevwaK 5wUcwj wKbQ|
KvR : 140 UvKvKwR `i Wwf Wx KwR Avcj wKbj b| wZwb weZvK 1000 UvKvi GKLvbvbvU
w`j b| weZv50 UvKvi x LvbvbvUmn evKxUvKvdi Z w`j b| mgmvwUK AmgZvi gvag cKvk
Ki Ges x Gi mvegvb wbYq Ki |

ckgvj v62

15 chmgmvj vAmgZvi gvag cKvk Ki Ges x Gi gvb mvegvb wbYq Ki |
1| GK evj K Nvq x wK. wg. eM3 NvnuvUj Ges Nvq ( ) 2 x + wK. wg. eM
2
1
Nv`ovj
Ges Zvi AwZvc_ 29 wK. wg. Gi Kg|

2| GKwUevwWs-G i vR x 4 KwR Pvj Ges ( ) 3 x KwR Wvj j vMGes Pvj I Wvj wgj 40
KwRi ewk j vMbv|
117
DPZi MwYZ
3| 70 UvKvKwR `i mvni ve mvne x KwR Avg wKbj b| weZvK 500 UvKvi GKLvbvbvU
w`j b| weZv20 UvKvi x LvbvbvUmn evwK UvKvdi Z w`j b|
4| GKwUMvwo 4 Nvq hvq x wK. wg. Ges 5 Nvq hvq ( ) 120 x+ wK. wg.| MvwowUi Mo MwZeM
Nvq 100 wK. wg. Gi ewk bq|
5| GK UzKi vKvMRi dj 40 eMm. wg.| Zv_K x m. wg. `xNGes 5 m. wg. cwewk
AvqZvKvi KvMR KUbI qvnj v|

6| cy i eqmgvqi eqmi GK-ZZxqvsk| wcZvgvqi Pq 6 eQi i eo| wZbRbi eqmi mgw
Abya90 eQi | wcZvi eqmAmgZvi gvag cKvk Ki |

7| Rwb 14 eQi eqmRywbqi ew ci xvw`qwQj | 17 eQi eqmmGm.Gm.wmci xvw`e| Zvi
eZgvb eqmAmgZvq cKvk Ki |

8| GKLvwb RUcbi MwZ cwZ mK mevwaK 300 wgUvi | cbwU15 wK. wg. hvI qvi cqvRbxq
mgq AmgZvq cKvk Ki |
9| XvKv_K R vi wegvb c_ `~i Z5000 wK.wg| RUwegvbi mevP MwZeMNvq 900 wK.
wg.| wKXvKv_K R vhvevi c_ cwZK~j w`K Nvq 100 wK. wg. eMevqycevni myLxb
nZ nq| XvKv_K R vi wei wZnxb Dqbi cqvRbxq mgq GKwUAmgZvi gvag cKvk
Ki |
10| c~eeZxcki m~ ai , R v_K XvKvdi vi c_ Dqbi cqvRbxq mgq GKwUAmgZvi
gvag cKvk Ki |

11| KvbvabvZK c~YmsLvi 5 Y, msLvwUi wY Ges 15 Gi mgw AcvQvU| msLvwUi mve
gvb AmgZvq cKvk Ki |
`yB Pj Kwewk mi j GKNvZ AmgZv
Avgi v`yB Pj Kwewk c mx y + = (hvi mvavi Y AvKvi 0 c by ax = + + ) AvKvi mi j mgxKi Yi
j LwP Ab Ki Z wkLwQ(mg kYxi exRMwYZ cyK `e)| Avgi v`LwQh, G i Kg cZK
j LwP B GKwUmi j i Lv|
vbvvwqZ y , x mgZj 0 c by ax = + + mgxKi Yi j LwP i hKvbvwe`yi vbvmgxKi YwUK
wmKi A_vr mgxKi YwUi evgc x I y Gi cwi eZh_vg H we`yi f yR I KvwUemvj Gi gvb
k~bnq| Abw`K, j LwP i evBi Kvbvwe`yi vbvB mgxKi YwUK wmKi bvA_vr H we`yi f yR
KvwUi Rb c by ax + + Gi gvb k~bAcveo evQvUnq| mgZj Kvbvwe`yP Gi f yR I
KvwUvi v c by ax + + i vwki x I y K h_vg cwZvcb Ki j i vwkwUi h gvb nq, ZvK P
we`yZ i vwkwUi gvb ej vnq Ges D gvbK mvavi YZ ( ) P f vi vwb`k Ki vnq| P we`yj Lw Z nj
( ) P , 0 P f = we`yj LwP i ewntnj ( ) 0 P f > A_ev ( ) 0 P f <
118
DPZi MwYZ
eve j LwP i ewntmKj we`yj L vi v`yBwUAaZj wef nq t GKwUAaZj i cZK we`yP Gi
Rb ( ) ; 0 P f > Aci AaZj i cZK we`yP Gi Rb ( ) . 0 P f <
ej vevj , j Li Dci AewZ cZK we`yP Gi Rb ( ) 0 P f =
D`vni Y 1| 0 3 y x = + mgxKi YwUweePbvKwi | mgxKi YwU_K cvI qvhvq t
x y = 3
x 0 3 1
y 3 0 2
Ges ( ) y , x mgZj QK KvMR QvUeM i evi `NK GKK ai mgxKi YwUi j LwP wUwbi c nq:

wP
GB j LwP i LvmgMZj wUK wZbwUAsk c_K Ki | h_v:
(1) i Lvi (K) wPwZ cvki we`ymg~n
(2) i Lvi (L) wPwZ cvki we`ymg~n (3) i LvwZ we`ymg~n|
GLvb (K) wPwZ AskK j L i Lvi Dci i AskI (L) wPwZ AskK j L- i Lvi wbPi Askej vhvq|
`yB Pj Kwewk AmgZvi j LwP
D`vni Y 2| 0 3 y x > + A_ev 0 3 y x < + AmgZvi j LwP AsKb Ki |
mgvavb : Dci v AmgZvqi j LwP AsKb Ki Z c_gB QK KvMR 0 3 y x = + mgxKi YwUi
j LwP AsKb Kwi |
0 3 y x = + mgxKi Y _K cvB
x 0 3 1
y 3 0 2

wP
119
DPZi MwYZ
0 3 y x > + AmgZvi j LwP Abi RbD AmgZvq g~j we`y( 0, 0) Gi gvb emvj Avgi vcvB
0 3> hvmZbq| KvRB, AmgZvi QvqvwP ne 0 3 y x = + i Lvi h cvk g~j we`yi qQZvi
weci xZ cvk|

wP
0 3 y x < + AmgZvi j LwP AsKbi RbD AmgZvq g~j we`y(0, 0) Gi gvb emvj cvI qvhvq
3<0hvAmgZvK wmKi evgvb mZ| KvRB, G Aevq AmgZvi QvqvwP ne i LvwUi h cvk
g~j we`yi qQmcvk|

wP
D`vni Y 3| 0 6 y 3 x 2 + AmgZvi mgvavb mUi eYbv`vI I wPw Z Ki |
mgvavb : Avgi vc_g 0 6 y 3 x 2 = + mgxKi Yi j LwP Ab Kwi |
mgxKi YwU_K cvI qvhvq :
6 y 3 x 2 + ev 2
3
x 2
y + =
G j LwP wZ KqKwUvbv:
x 0 3 3
y 2 0 4
120
DPZi MwYZ
vbvvwqZ QK KvMRi z`Zg eMi evi `NK GKK ai (0, 2), (-3, 0), (3, 4) we`yj vvcb Ki
mgxKi YwUi j LwP Ab Kwi |

wP
GLb g~j we`y(0, 0) Z 6 y 3 x 2 + i vwki gvb 6, hvabvZK| myZi vs j LwP i LvwUi h cvk
g~j we`yi qQmB cvki mKj we`yi RbB 6 y 3 x 2 + >0
AZGe, 6 y 3 x 2 + >0 AmgZvi mgvavb mU 6 y 3 x 2 + >0 mgxKi Yi j LwP wZ mKj we`yi
Ges j LwP i h cvk g~j we`yAewZ mB cvki mKj we`yi vbvmg^q MwVZ|
GB mgvavb mUi j LwP Dci i wP i wPwZ AskUz Kzhvi gaj LwP i LvwUI Af y |
D`vni Y 4|
y , x
mgZj , 5 x 2 < AmgZvi j LwP Ab Ki |
mgvavb : 5 x 2 < AmgZvwUK Gf ve j Lvhvq|
0 5 x 2 > + ev, 5 x 2 > ev,
2
5
x >
GLb vbvvwqZ y , x mgZj
2
5
x = mgxKi Yi j LwP Ab Kwi | QK KvMRi z`Zg eMi evi
`Ni wYK GKK ai ( 0 ) ,
2
5
we`yw`q y Ai mgvi vj Ki j LwP i LvwUAb Ki vnj v|

wP
dgv- 16, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
121
GB j LwP i Lvi Wvb cvk g~ j we`yAewZ Ges g~j we`yZ 0 x= hv,
2
5
>
my Zi vs j LwP i Lvi Wvb cvki mKj we`yi vbvB c` AmgZvi mgvavb (j LwP i Lvi we`y j v
weePbq)| mgvavb mUi j LwP Dci i wP i wPwZ AskUzKz(hvi gaj LwP i LvwUAf y bq)|
D`vni Y 5| x 2 y AmgZvi j LwP Ab Ki |
mgvavb : x 2 y AmgZvwUK 0 x 2 y AvKvi j Lvhvq|
GLb 0 x 2 y = A_vr x 2 y=
mgxKi Yi j LwP Ab Kwi | mgxKi YwU _K cvB,
x 0 2 2
y 0 4 4
vbvvwqZ QK KvMRi z`Zg eM i `N K GKK ai (0, 0), (2, 4), (2, 4) we`yj vK vcb Ki
j LwP i LvwUAb Ki vnj v|

wP
(1, 0) we`yj LwP i Lvi wbPi AskAvQ| GB we`yZ 0 2 1 2 0 2 < = = x y
my Zi vs j LwP i LvwUI Zvi wbPi Ask [A_vr h Ask (1, 0) we`ywUAewZ] mg^q MwVZ mgZj i
AskUzKzB c` AmgZvi j LwP |
D`vni Y 6| 0 1 y 3 x 2 Ges 0 7 y 3 x 2 + AmgZv`yBwUi hyMcr mgvavb wPwZ Ki |
mgvavb : c_g ( ) i y x 0 1 3 2 =
Ges ( ) ii y x 0 7 3 2 = +
mgxKi Y `yBwUi j LwP Ab Kwi |
( ) i _K cvB,
1 x 2 y 3 = ev,
3
1 x 2
y

=
GLvb,
x 5 4 1
y 3 3 1
122
DPZi MwYZ
( ) ii _K cvB, 7 x 2 y 3 + = ev,
3
7 x 2
y
+
=
GLvb,
x 1 2 4
y 3 1 5

GLb vbvvwqZ QK KvMRi z`Zg eMi evi `NK GKK ai (5, 3), (4, 3), (1, 1) we`yj v
vcb Ki 0 1 3 2 = y x mgxKi Yi j LwP i LvGes (1, 3), (2, 1), (4, 5) we`yj vvcb Ki
0 7 3 2 = + y x mgxKi Yi j LwP i LvAb Kwi |

wP
g~j we`y(0, 0) Z 1 y 3 x 2 i vwki gvb 1, hvFYvZK| myZi vs 0 1 y 3 x 2 = Gi j LwP i Lvi
h cvk g~j we`yAewZ mBcvki mKj we`yi Rb 0 1 y 3 x 2 < GesAci cvki mKj we`yi Rb
0 1 3 2 > y x ; AZGe j LwP i LvwUmn Zvi wbPmZj i wPwZ Ask 0 1 y 3 x 2 > AmgZvi
j LwP | Avevi , (0, 0) Z ( ) 7 y 3 x 2 i vwki gvb 7, hvFYvZK| myZi vs 0 7 y 3 x 2 = + Gi
j LwP i Lvi h cvk g~j we`yAewZ mB cvki mKj we`yi Rb 0 7 y 3 x 2 < + , AZGe j LwP
i LvwUmn Zvi wbPmgZj i wPwZ Ask 0 7 y 3 x 2 + AmgZvi j LwP |
AZGe, GB i Lv`yBwUi mswk Ask mn GB `yBf ve wPwZ Aski Q`vskB AmgZv`yBwUi hyMcr
mgvavbi j LwP | wP Mvpf ve wPwZ AskB (mxgvi Lvmn) GB j LwP |
Abykxj bx63
1| 5x + 5 > 25 AmgZvwUi mgvavb mUKvbwU?
K. S = {xR : x > 4} L. S = { xR : x < 4}
M. S = { xR : x 4} N. S = { xR : x 4}
2| x + y = 2 mgxKi YwUZ x Gi KvY gvbi Rby = 0 ne?
K. 2 L. 0 M. 4 N. 2
3| 2xy + y = 3 mgxKi YwUi mwVK vbvsK Kvbj v?
K. (1, 1), (2, 1) L. (1, 1), (2, 1)
M. (1, 1), (2, 1) N. (1, 1), (2, 1)
123
DPZi MwYZ
wbgAmgZvwU_K 4 I 5 b^i cki Di `vI :
x 3
4
+
x

4| AmgZvwUi mgvavb mUKvbwU?
K. S = {xR : x > 4} L. S = {xR : x < 4}
M. S = {xR : x 4} N. S = {xR : x 4}
5| AmgZvwUi mgvavb mUi msLvi LvKvbwU?
wbgi AbyQ`wUco 6 I 7 b^i ckj vi Di `vI :
GKRb Qv x10.00 UvKv`i x wUcwj 6.00 UvKv`i (x+3)wULvZvwKbQ| mej vwgj gvU
g~j Abya114.00 UvKv|
6| mgmvwUi AmgZvq cKvk KvbwU?
i 10x + 6(x+3) 114 ii 10x + 6 (x+3) 114
iii 10x + 6 (x+3) < 114
wbPi KvbwUmwVK ?
K. i L. ii M. iii N. i I ii
7| Qv xwUmevwaK KZwUcwj wKbj ?
K. 1 wU L. 3 wU M. 5 wU N. 6 wU
8| mgmvwUmsLvi Lvq KvbwUchvRne?


9| wbi cZK AmgZvi mgvavb mUi j LwP Ab Ki :
(i) 10 y x > (ii) 6 y x 2 <
(iii) 0 y x 3 (iv) 12 y 2 x 3
(v) 2 y < (vi) 4 x
DPZi MwYZ
124
(vii) 2 x y + > (viii) 2 x y + <
(ix) x 2 y (x) 0 y 3 x < +
10| wbPi cZK AmgZvhyMj i mgvavb mUi j LwP Ab Ki :
(i) 0 6 y 3 x < Ges 0 2 y x 3 < + +
(ii) 0 4 y x + Ges 0 3 y x 2
(iii) 0 3 y x > + Ges 0 6 y x 2
(iv) 0 3 y x > + Ges 0 5 y x 2 >
(v) 0 4 y 2 x > + Ges 0 3 y x 2 >
(vi) 11 y 2 x 5 > + Ges 3 y 2 x 7 >
(vii) 5 y 3 x 3 > Ges 9 y 3 x +
(viii) 0 9 y 3 x 5 > Ges 5 y 2 x 3
11| nhi Z kvnRvj vj wegvb e`i _K wmvcyi wegvb c_i `~i Z1793 wK.wg.| evsj v`k wegvbi mevP
MwZeM500 wK.wg./Nv| wK nhi Z kvnRvj vj wegvb e`i _K wmvcyi hvevi c_ cwZKzj 60
wK.wg/NveMevqycevni myLxb nq|
K. D xcKi mgmvwUi cqvRbxq mgq t Nvai mgmvwUK AmgZvq `LvI |
L. nhi Z kvnRvj vj wegvbe`i _K wmvcyi wegvbe`i chwei wZnxb Dvqbi cqvRbxq mgq (K)
AmgZvmgxKi Y _K wbYq Ki Ges msLvi Lvq `LvI |
M. wmvcyi _K nhi Z kvnRvj vj wegvbe`i di vi c_ wei wZnxb Dvqbi cqvRbxq mgqK x ai
mgmvwUK AmgZvi gvag cKvk Ki j Li mvnvhmgvavb Ki |
12| `yBwUmsLvi 1g msLvwUi 3 Y _K 2q msLvwUi 5 Y weqvMKi j 5 Acveni nq| Avevi 1g
msLv_K 2q msLvi 3 Y weqvMKi j Abya9 nq|
K. D xcKi mgmvj vK AmgZvq `LvI |
L. 1g msLvwUi 5 Y, Bnvi wY Ges 15 Gi mgw AcvQvUnj msLvwUi mvegvb
AmgZvq cKvk Ki |
M. K bs G cv AmgZvhyMj i mgvavb mUi j LwP Ab Ki |
mg Aavq
Amxg avi v
Infinite Series
mvavi Y exRMwYZ Abyg I mmxg avi vmKwek` Avj vPbvKi vnqQ| wKAbyg I Amxg avi vi
gaGKUvcZ mKi qQ| Abygi c`j vi mv_ MvwYwZK wP eenvi Ki Amxg avi vcvI qvhvq| G
Aavq Amxg avi vwbq Avj vPbvKi vne|
Aavq kl wkv_xi v
Abygi avi YvevLvKi Z cvi e|
Amxg avi vwPwZ Ki Z cvi e|
Amxg Yvi avi vi mgw _vKvi kZevLvKi Z cvi e|
Amxg Yvi avi vi mgw wbYq Ki Z cvi e|
Ave `kwgK msLvK AbYvi avi vq c Kvk Ges mvavi Y f Mvsk i cvi Ki Z cvi e|

Abyg
wbPi mKwUj Kwi :
1 2 3 4 5 n

1 4 9 16 25
2
n

GLvb cZK ^vf vweK msLv n Zvi eMmsLv
2
n Gi mv_ mwKZ| A_vr ^vf vweK msLvi mU
,.......} 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { = N _K GKwUwbqgi gvag Zvi eMmsLvi mU ,.......} 16 , 9 , 4 , 1 { cvI qv
hvq| GB mvRvbveMmsLvi mUwUGKwUAbyg| myZi vs, KZKj vi vwk GKUvwekl wbqg gv^q
Ggbf ve mvRvbvnq h cZK i vwk Zvi c~ei c` I ci i c`i mv_ Kxf ve mwKZ ZvRvbvhvq|
Gf ve mvRvbvi vwkj vi mUK Abyg (Sequence) ej vnq|
Dci i mKwUK dvskb ej Ges
2
) ( n n f = wj Lvnq| GB Abygi mvavi Y c`
2
n . hKvbv
Abygi c`msLvAmxg| AbygwUmvavi Y c`i mvnvhwj Lvi cwZ nj v { } ... ... , 3 , 2 , 1 ,
2
= n n
ev, { }
+
=1
2

n
n ev, { }
2
n .
Abygi c_g i vwkK c_g c`, wZxq i vwkK wZxq c`, ZZxq i vwkK ZZxq c` BZvw` ej vnq| Dci
ewYZ 1, 4, 9, 16, Abygi c_g c` =1, wZxq c` =4, BZvw`|

wbP Abygi Pvi wUD`vni Y `I qvnj v:
2
1
,
2
2
1
,
3
2
1
,
4
2
1
,,
n
2
1
,
3, 1, 1, 3, , ) 2 5 ( n ,
126
DPZi MwYZ
1,
3
2
,
5
3
,
7
4
, ,
1 2 n
n
,
2
1
,
5
1
,
10
1
,
17
1
,,
1
1
2
+ n
,


KvR : 1| wbPi Abygj vi mvavi Y c` wbYq Ki :
(i)
, ........
5
4
,
4
3
,
3
2
,
2
1

(ii)
, ........
8
7
,
6
5
,
4
3
,
2
1

(iii)
, ........
2
4
,
2
3
,
2
1
,
2
1
4 3
(iv) , ........ 2 , 3 , 2 , 1 .
2| c` mvavi Y c` nZ wbPi Abygj vj L :
(i) ( )
n
1 1 + (ii) ( )
n
1 1 (iii)
n

+
2
1
1 (iv)
n
n

2
(v)
n
n ln
(vi)

2
cos
n

3| Zvgi vcZK GKwUKi Abygi mvavi Y c` wj L AbygwUj L|

avi v
KvbvAbygi c`j vci ci + wP vi vhy Ki j GKwUavi v(Series) cvI qvhvq| hgb,
....... 16 9 4 1 + + + + GKwUavi v| Avevi ........
16
1
8
1
4
1
2
1
+ + + + GKwUavi v| Gi ci ci `yBwUc`i
Aby cvZ mgvb| my Zi vs, hKvbvavi vi ci ci `yBwUc`i gamK i Dci wbf i Ki avi vwUi ewk|
avi vj vi gai Z c~ YGKwUavi vnj vYvi avi v| Avevi , Kvbvavi vi i vwk evc`i msLvi Dci
wbf i Ki avi vK `yBf ve f vMKi vhvq| h_v-
(i ) mmxg avi v(Finite Series), (ii ) Amxg avi v(Infinite Series)

mmxg avi vK mvavi vGes Amxg avi vK Abavi vI ej vnq|
mmxg avi vmKgvawgK exRMwYZ cyK Avj vPbvKi vnqQ| GLvb Amxg avi vmKAvj vPbvKi v
ne|

Amxg avi v(Infinite Series)
eve msLvi GKwUAbyg ,......... ........., , , ,
3 2 1 n
u u u u nj ......... ........
3 2 1
+ + + + +
n
u u u u K
eve msLvi GKwUAmxg avi vej vnq| GB avi vwUi nZg c`
n
u |

Amxg avi vi AvswkK mgw (Partial Sum of Infinite Series)
......... .........
3 3 2 1
+ + + + + +
n
u u u u u Abavi vi
1g AvswkK mgw
1 1
u S =
2q AvswkK mgw
2 1 2
u u S + =
3q AvswkK mgw
3 2 1 3
u u u S + + =
127
DPZi MwYZ
...... ...... ...... ...... .....
...... ...... ...... ...... .....
nZg AvswkK mgw
n n
u u u u S ..........
3 2 1
+ + + = A_ vr, KvbvAmxg avi vi nZg AvswkK mgw
nQavi vwUi c_g n msLK ) ( N n c`i mgw|

D`vni Y 1| c` Amxg avi v`yBwUi AvswkK mgw wbYq Ki |
(K) . .......... 4 3 2 1 + + + +
(L) ... .......... 1 1 1 1 + +
mgvavb : (K) avi vwUi c_g c` 1 = a Ges mvavi Y Ai 1 = d . AZGe avi vwUGKwUmgv i avi v|
mgw { } 1 1 1 2
2
+ = ) (n
n
S
n
{ }] ) 1 ( 2
2
[ d n a
n
S
n
+ =

{ }
2
) 1 (
1 2
2
+
=
+ =
n n
n
n

Dci i D`vni Y nGi wewf bgvb ewmq cvB,
5000050000
2
100001 100000
500500
2
1001 1000
55
2
11 10
100000
1000
10
=

=
=

=
=

=
S
S
S

...... ...... ...... ...... .....
...... ...... ...... ...... .....
G , nGi gvb hZ eo Ki vnq,
n
S Gi gvb ZZ eo nq| myZi vs c` Amxg avi vwUi Kvbvmgw bvB|
mgvavb : (L) ... .......... 1 1 1 1 + + Amxg avi vwUi
1g AvswkK mgw 1
1
= S
2q AvswkK mgw 0 1 1
2
= = S
3q AvswkK mgw 1 1 1 1
3
= + = S
4_AvswkK mgw 0 1 1 1 1 1
4
= + + = S
...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ......
...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ......
Dci i D`vni Y _K `Lvhvq h, n weRvo msLvnj nZg AvswkK mgw 1 =
n
S Ges n Rvo msLv
nj nZg AvswkK mgw, 0 =
n
S .
GLvb `LvhvQh, c` avi vwUi , Ggb Kvbvwbw` msLvcvI qvhvq bvhvK avi vwUi mgw ej v
nq|
128
DPZi MwYZ
Amxg Yvi avi vi mgw (Sum of Infinite Series in Geometric Progression)
... ..........
3 2
+ + + + ar ar ar a Yvi avi vwUi c_g c` a Ges mvavi Y AbycvZ . r
my Zi vs, avi vwUi nZg c` =
1 n
ar , hLvb N n Ges 1 r nj avi vwUi nZg AvswkK mgw

1 ,
1
1
1 ,
1
1
.. ..........
1 3 2
<

=
>

=
+ + + + + =

r
r
r
a S
r
r
r
a
ar ar ar ar a S
n
n
n
n
n
hLb Ges
hLb
j Kwi :
) (i 1 < l l r nj , A_vr, 1 1 < < r nj , nGi gvb ewKi j ( n nj ) l l
n
r Gi gvb nvm
cvq Ges nGi gvb h_ eo Ki j l l
n
r Gi gvb 0 Gi KvQvKvwQnq| A_vr
n
r Gi cvxq gvb
(Limiting Value) 0 nq| dj
n
S Gi cvxq gvb,

r
a
r
r
r
a a
r
r a
S
n n
n

=
1
1 1 1
) 1 (


G , .......
2
+ + + ar ar a Amxg avi vwUi mgw
r
a
S

1

) (ii 1 > l l r nj , A_vr, 1 > r A_ev 1 < r nj , nGi gvb ewKi j l l
n
r Gi gvb ewcvq Ges
n K h_ eo Ki l l
n
r Gi gvb h_ eo Ki vhvq| myZi vs Ggb Kvbvwbw` msLvS cvI qvhvq bv,
hvK
n
S Gi cvxq gvb ai vhvq|
A_vr, G Amxg avi vwUi Kvbvmgw bvB|

) (iii 1 = r nj ,
n
S Gi cvxq gvb cvI qvhvq bv|
Kbbv, n Rvo msLvnj 1 ) 1 ( =
n
Ges n weRvo msLvnj 1 ) 1 ( =
n

G avi vwUne, ...... + + + a a a a a a
myZi vs, GB Amxg avi vwUi Kvbvmgw bvB|

1 < l l r A_vr, 1 1 < < r nj , ......
2
+ + + ar ar a Amxg Yvi avi vwUi mgw .
1 r
a
S

=
r Gi AbmKj gvbi RbAmxg avi vwUi mgw _vKe bv|
dgv- 17, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
129
ge: Amxg Yvi avi vi mgwK (hw` _vK)

S wj L cKvk Ki vnq Ges GK avi vwUi AmxgZK


mgw ej vnq|
A_vr, ... ..........
3 2
+ + + + ar ar ar a Yvi avi vwUi AmxgZK mgw, ,
1 r
a
S

hLb 1 < l l r

KvR : 1| wbPi cZK GKwUAmxg Yvi avi vi c_g c` a Ges mvavi Y AbycvZ r `I qvAvQ|
avi vwUj L Ges hw` Gi AmxgZK mgw _vK Zv-I wbYq Ki :
(i)
2
1
, 4 = = r a ( ii)
3
1
, 2 = = r a (iii) 3 ,
3
1
= = r a
(iv)
2
10
1
, 5 = = r a . (v)
7
2
, 1 = = r a (vi)
3
1
, 81 = = r a .
2| Zvgi vcZK GKwUKi Amxg Yvi avi vj L|

D`vni Y 2| wbPi Amxg Yvi avi vi AmxgZK mgw (hw` _vK) wbYq Ki |

(1) .........
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
4 3 2
+ + + +
(2) .......... 001 0 01 0 1 0 1 + + +
(3) .........
4
1
2 2
1
2
1
2
1
1 + + + + +
mgvavb (1) : GLvb, avi vwUi c_g c`,
3
1
= a Ges mvavi Y AbycvZ
3
1
1
3
3
1
2
= = r <1
avi vwUi AmxgZK mgw,
r
a
S

1


2
1
2
3
3
1
3
1
1
3
1
= =

=
mgvavb (2) : GLvb, c_g c` 1 = a Ges mvavi Y AbycvZ
10
1
1
1 0
=

= r <1
avi vwUi AmxgZK mgw,
r
a
S

1

9
1
1
9
10
10
1
1
1
= =

=
mgvavb (3) : GLvb, c_g c` 1 = a , mvavi Y AbycvZ
2
1
1
2
1
r = = <1
avi vwUi AmxgZK mgw,
r
a
S

1
414 . 3
1 2
2
2
1
1
1
=

= (Avmb)
130
DPZi MwYZ
cYtcywYK `kwgKi mvavi Y f Mvsk i ~cvi
D`vni Y 3| (K) :
. .......... 005 0 05 0 5 0
. .......... 555 0 5 0
+ + + =
=
.
. .
. .


avi vwUGKwUAmxg Yvi avi vhvi 1g c` 5 0 = a Ges mvavi Y AbycvZ 1 . 0
5 0
05 0
=

= r
9
5
9 0
5 0

) 1 0 ( 1
5 0
1
5 0
.
=

=


=

=
r
a

(L)
. .......... 000012 0012 12
. .......... 12121212

12
+ + + =
=
. .


GB Amxg Yvi avi vwUi 1g c` 12 = a Ges mvavi Y AbycvZ 01
12
0012
=

= r
33
4
99
12

) 1 ( 1
12

1
12

=

=

r
a

(M) . .......... 231231231 1 1 3 2 1 =
.) .......... 000000231 000231 231 ( 1 + + + + =
GLvb, ebxi Af i i avi vwUGKwUAmxg Yvi avi v
hvi 1g c` 231 = a Ges mvavi Y AbycvZ 001
231
000231
=

= r
.
333
410
999
231
1
) 001 ( 1
231
1
1
1 1 3 2 1
= + =

+ =

+ =
r
a


Abykxj bx7
1. 1, 3, 5, 7, avi vwUi 12 Zg c` KvbwU?
K. 12 L. 13
M. 23 N. 25
2. KbvAbygi n Zg c` =
) 1 (
1
+ n n
Gi 3q c` KvbwU?
K.
3
1
L.
6
1

M.
12
1
N.
20
1

3. n Zg c` =
2
) 1 ( 1
n

nj 20 Zg c` KvbwU?
K. 0 L. 1
M. -1 N. 2
KbvAbygi
131
DPZi MwYZ
4 Kvb Abygi n Zg c` Un =
n
1
Ges Un <10
-4
nj n Gi gvb ne-
i n <10
3

ii n <10
4

iii n >10
4

wbPi KvbwUmwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
wbgi avi vwUj Ki Ges (5-7) b^i cki Di `vI | 4,
3
4
,
9
4
, .............
5. avi vwUi 10 Zg c` KvbwU?
K.
10
3
4
L.
9
3
4

M.
11
3
4
N.
12
3
4

6. avi vwUi c_g 5c`i mgw KZ?
K.
27
160
L.
81
484

M.
9
12
N.
9
20

7. avi vwUi AmxgZK mgw KZ?
K. 0 L. 5
M. 6 N. 7
8| c` Abygi 10 Zg c`, 15 Zg c` Ges r Zg c` wbYq Ki :
(K) ...... ,......... 12 , 10 , 8 , 6 , 4 , 2
(L) .... ,.........
2
5
, 2 ,
2
3
, 1 ,
2
1

(M) AbygwUi nZg c` = N n
n n

+
,
) 1 (
1

(N) .... ,......... 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0
(O) .... ,.........
81
5
,
27
5
,
9
5
,
3
5
, 5
(P) AbygwUi nZg c` =
2
) 1 ( 1
3n


9| GKwUAbygi nZg c`
n
u
n
1
=
(K)
5
10

<
n
u nj , nGi gvb wKi ~c ne ?
(L)
5
10

>
n
u nj , nGi gvb wKi ~c ne ?
(M)
n
u Gi cvxq gvb (nh_Qeo nj ) mKwK ej vhvq ?
DPZi MwYZ
132
10| MvwYwZK Avi vn cwZi mvnvh`LvI h, 1 r nj , Yvi avi v
... ..........
3 2
+ + + + ar ar ar a Gi nZg AvswkK mgw,
r
r
a S
n
n

=
1
1

11| c` Amxg Yvi avi vi (AmxgZK) mgw hw` _vK, Ze ZvwbYq Ki :
(K) ... ..........
8
1
4
1
2
1
1 + + + +
(L) ... ..........
5
8
5
4
5
2
5
1
4 3 2
+ +
(M) ... ..........
32
1
8
1
2
1
2 8 + + + + +
(N) ... .......... 16 8 4 2 1 + + + + +
(O) ... ..........
16
1
8
1
4
1
2
1
+

+ +

+
12| wbPi avi vj vi c_g
evLv`vI |
n msLK c`i hvMdj wbYq Ki | Gj vi AmxgZK mgw AvQwK? bv_vKj
(K) ... .......... 777 77 7 + + +
(L) ... .......... 555 55 5 + + +
13| x -Gi Dci wK kZAvi vc Ki j ... ..........
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
1
1
1
3 2
+
+
+
+
+
+ x x x
Amxg avi vwUi
(AmxgZK) mgw _vKe Ges mB mgw wbYq Ki |
14| c` cb:cywbK `kwgKj vK g~j `xq f Mvsk cKvk Ki :
(K)
. .
27 (L)
. .
305 2 (M)
. .
0123 (N)
. .
0403 3
15| GKwUAbygi n Zg c` Un =
) 1 (
1
+ n n

K. avi vwUwbYq Ki mvavi Y AbycvZ wbYq Ki |
L. avi vwU15 Zg c` Ges 1g 10 c`i mgw wbYq Ki |
M. avi vwUi AmxgZK mgw wbYq Ki Ges n Gi gvb h_ QvUnj Un Gi cvxq gvb mKwK ej vhvq?
16| wbgi avi vwUj Ki :
1 2
1
+ x
+
2
) 1 2 (
1
+ x
+
3
) 1 2 (
1
+ x
+...................
K. x =1 nj avi vwUwbYq Ki Ges cv avi vwUi mvavi Y AbycvZ KZ?
L. K bs G cv avi vwUi l0Zg c` Ges 1g l0wUc`i mgw wbYq Ki |
M. c` avi vwUx Gi Dci KxkZAvi vc Ki j avi vwUi AmxgZK mgw _vKe Ges mgw wbYq Ki |
Ag Aavq
w KvYwgwZ

w KvYwgwZ kwUwekl Y Ki j cvI qvhvq w KvYGes wgwZ| w KvY ej Z wZbwUKvY Ges wgwZ
ej Z cwi gvc eySvq| Bsi wRZ w KvYwgwZK ' ' ry Trigonomet j Lvnq| GwUwekl YI cvI qvhvq
' 'Trigon Ges ' 'Metry | ' 'Trigon MxK k vi vwZbwUKvY hvw f yR Ges ' 'Metry vi vcwi gvc
evSvq|

mvavi Yf ve w KvYwgwZ ej Z wZbwUKvYi cwi gvc evSvq| eenvwi K cqvRb w f yRi wZbwUKvY I
wZbwUevi cwi gvc Ges G`i mv_ mwKZ wel qi Avj Pbv_KB w KvYwgwZi m~ cvZ nq| hgb,
GKwUMvQi Qvqvi mvnvh MvQwUi DPZv, b`xi GKcvi `uvwoq b`xi wevi wbYq, KvYvKvi Rwgi
dj wbYq BZvw` w KvYwgwZi eenvi AwZcvPxb I Rbwcq| G Qvov, MwYZi evwevbi cwZwU
kvLvq w KvYwgwZi evcK eenvi i qQ| ZvB w KvYwgwZi Avj vPbvMwYZi GKwUAZxe i Zc~Ywel q
wnme mycwZwZ| w KvYwgwZi Avj vPbv `yBwU kvLvq wef | GKwU mgZj xq w KvYwgwZ
) ( ry Trigonomet Plane Ges AbwUMvj Kxq w KvYwgwZ ) ( ry Trigonomet Spherical | eZgvb Avj vPbv
aygv mgZj xq w KvYwgwZi gamxgve_vKe|

Aavq kl wkv_xi v
i wWqvb cwi gvci avi YvevLvKi Z cvi e|
i wWqvb cwi gvc I wWwMcwi gvci cvi wi K mKwbYq Ki Z cvi e|
Pvi wUPZzf vMw KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~ni wP wb`k Ki Z cvi e|
Abya 2 KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbYq Ki Z cvi e|
KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbYq Ki Z cvi e|
c~YmsLv ) 4 ( n n Gi Rb

2
n
KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbYq I cqvMKi Z
cvi e|
mnR w KvYwgwZK mgxKi Yi mgvavb Ki Z cvi e|

81 RvwgwZK KvY I w KvYwgwZK KvY
RvwgwZK KvY Ges w KvYwgwZK KvYi Avj vPbvi myweav_Avgi vXY mgZj ci i mgKvY Q`
Ki Gi c GKRvovmi j i Lv Y YO X XO Ges Ab Kwi | i Lvq O we`yZ Q` Ki vq (wP 8.1)
h Pvi wUmgKvY DrcbnqQZv`i cZKwUi Af i K GKwUPZzf vM(Quadrant) ej vnq|

OX i Lv_K Nwoi KuvUvi weci xZ w`K N~i Z _vKj c_g mgKvYi XOY ( GK mgKvY) Af
i K c_g PZzf vM ) ( quadrant First Ges GKBf ve N~i Z _vKj wZxq ) ( X YO , ZZxq ) ( Y XO
Ges PZz_ ) ( OX Y mgKvYi Af i mg~nK h_vg wZxq, ZZxq I PZz_PZzf vMej vnq (wP 8.1)|
134
DPZi MwYZ
RvwgwZK avi YvAbymvi `yBwUwf bi wkGKwUwe`yZ wgwj Z nj H we`yZ GKwUKvY DrcbnqQej
ai vnq| wKw KvYwgwZZ GKwUw i i wki mvc Aci GKwUN~ Yvqgvb i wki wewf bAe vb wewf b
KvY weePbvKi vnq|

wP : 8.1
gb Kwi , OA GKwUN~Yvqgvb i wkGesGwU i Z OX wi i wki Aevb _K Nwoi KuvUvhw`K N~i Zvi
weci xZ (Anticlockwise) w`K N~i Q| OA i wkc_g
1
OA Aevb Gm
1
XOA m~ KvY DrcbKi Ges
c_g PZzf vM_vK Gesci hLb OX Gi mv_ j ^f ve OY Aevb AvmZLb XOY KvYi cwi gvc
90

evGK mgKvY nq| OA i wkwUGKBw`K Avi I wKQzN~i hLb


2
OA Aevb AvmZLb
2
XOA KvYwU
yj KvY| GKBf ve N~i hLb OA i wkOX Gi wVK weci xZ w`K X O Aevb _vK, ZLb DrcbKvY
X XO GKwUmi j KvY ev`yBmgKvY| OA i wkhLb m~ Yi c N~i wVK AvMi Aevb AvmA_vr OX
mv_ wgwj Z nq ZLb gvUDrcbKvYi cwi gvY `yBmi j KvY hvPvi mgKvY nq|
RvwgwZZ KvYi Avj vPbv`yB mi j KvY chmxwgZ i vLvnq Ges Gi c RvwgwZK I w KvYwgwZK
KvYi gaKvbvcv_KbvB| wKhw` gb Ki vnq h, OA i wkwUm~Yi c GKevi N~ i vi ci Avi I
wKQzewk N~i
1
XOA Aevb Mj , ZLb Drcb
1
XOA KvYi cwi gvY Pvi mgKvY Acve ni |
Gi c N~Ybi dj w KvYwgwZZ Avi I eni KvY DrcbnZ cvi | wK mgZj RvwgwZZ Pvi
mgKvYi Pq ewk avi YvKi vhvq bv|
OA i wki Avw` Ae vb X XO KvYK RvwgwZZ KvY ej MYKi vnq bv, wKw KvYwgwZZ X XO
KvYi cwi gvY k~bai vnq|
83 abvZK I FYvZK KvY :
Dci v Avj vPbvq Avgi vOA i wkK (wP 8.1) Nwoi KuvUvi weci xZ w`K N~wi qwQGes OA i wkvi v
wewf bPZzf vMDrcbKvYmg~nK abvZK KvY wnmve weePbvKi wQ| myZi vs Kvbvi wkK Nwoi KuvUvi
weci xZ w`K (Anticlockwise) N~i vj DrcbKvYK abvZK ) (Positive KvY ej vnq Ges Kvbv
i wkK Nwoi KuvUvi w`K ) (Clockwise N~i vj DrcbKvYK FYvZK ) ((Negative KvY ej vnq|
ZvB, Dci i Avj vPbv_K ej vhvq GKwUabvZK KvYi cwi gvc 90

AcvKg nj 1g PZzf vM
_vKe| Avevi 360

I 450

ga_vKj I KvYwU1g PZzf vMB _vKe| GKBf ve KvbvabvZK


135
DPZi MwYZ
KvYi gvb 180

I 270

ga _vKj KvYwU3q PZzf vM, 90

_K 180

Gi ga _vKj 2q
PZzf vMGes 270

I 360

Gi ga _vKj 4_PZzf vM_vKe| Abyi cf ve GKwUFYvZK KvYi


cwi gvc 90

_K 0 ga_vKj 4_PZzf vM, 180

_K 90

Gi ga3q PZzf vM, 270


_K 180

Gi ga2q PZzf vMI 360

_K 270

Gi ga_vKj 1g PZzf vM_vKe| 0

I
360


evGi hKvbvc~YmvswLK wYZK X XO i Lvi Ges 90

I 270

G`i hKvbvc~YmvswLK
wYZK Y YO i Lvi (wP 8.1) Dci Ae vb Ki e|
wP : 8.1 bs wP
1
AOA 1g PZzf vM,
2
AOA 2q PZzf vM,
3
AOA 3q PZzf vMGes
4
AOA
4_PZzf vMAevb Ki |
D`vni Y 1| ) (i 430

I ) (ii 545

KvYqi Aevb KvY PZzf vMwbYq Ki |


70

90

4 70

360

430

+ = + =
430

KvYwUabvZK KvY Ges 4 mgKvY Acveo wK 5mgKvY AcvQvU| myZi vs 430


KvYwUDrcbKi vi RbKvbvi wkK 4mgKvY evGKevi m~YN~i vi ci Avi I 70

N~i Z nqQ(wP
: 8.2)| ZvB 430

KvYwU1g PZzf vMAevb Ki |



wP : 8.2
) (ii 5 90

6 5 540

545

+ = + =
545

KvYwUabvZK Ges 6 mgKvY Acveni wK 7mgKvY Acvz`Zi | 545

KvYwUDrcb
Ki Z Nwoi KuvUvi weci xZ w`K Kvbvi wkK 6mgKvY evGKevi m~YN~i Avw` Aevb Avmvi ci
Avi I `yB mgKvYi Pq 5

ewk N~i Z nqQ(wP : 8.3)|


myZi vs 545

KvYwUZZxq PZzf vMAevb Ki |



wP : 8.3
136
DPZi MwYZ
KvR : 777

535

330

, , I 1045

KvYmg~n KvY PZzf vMAevb Ki ZvwP mn `LvI |


D`vni Y 2| 550

) ( 520

) ( I iii i KvYq KvY PZzf vMAvQwbYq Ki |


70

90

5 70

450

520

) ( = = i
520

GKwUFYvZK KvY| 520

KvYwUDrcbKi Z Kvbvi wkK Nwoi KuvUvi w`K GKevi m~Y


N~i GKB w`K Avi vGK mgKvY ev90

Ges 70

N~i ZZxq PZzf vMAvmZ nqQ(wP : 8.4)|


myZi vs, 540

KvYwUZZxq PZzf vMAevb Ki Q|


wP : 8.4
30

90

8 30

720

750

750

) ( =

= ii
KvYwUFYvZK KvY Ges Nwoi KuvUvi w`K `yBevi m~Y(8 mgKvY) N~i vi ci GKB w`K
Avi I 30

Ni Z nqQ(wP 8.5)|
750

KvYwUi Aevb PZz_PZzf vM|



wP : 8.5

KvR : 720

, 365

, 100

I 1320

KvYmg~n Kvb PZzf vMAvQ, wP mn wbYq Ki |



84| KvY cwi gvci GKK
KvbvKvYi gvb evcwi gvY wbYq mvavi YZ `yB cKvi GKK ) (Unit cwZ eenvi Ki vnq :
(1) l vUg~j K cwZ ) ( System l Sexagesima I
(2) exq cwZ ) ( System Circular |

(1) l vUg~j K cwZ : l vUg~j K cwZZ mgKvYK KvY cwi gvci GKK ai vnq| GB cwZZ GK
mgKvY hv90

K mgvb 90 f vMwef Ki cwZ f vMK GK wWMx ) deg 1

( ree One = ai vnq|



GK wWwMK mgvb 60 f vMKi cwZf vMK GK wgwbU ) 1 ( Minute One = Ges GK wgwbUK mgvb 60
f vMKi cwZ f vMK GK mK ) 1 ( Secound One = ai vnq|

dgv- 18, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
137
A_vr, 0 6 (mK) =1 (wgwbU)
0 6 (wgwbU) =1
0
(wWwM)
90
0
(wWwM) =1 mgKvY|
exq cwZ mKRvbvi c~ei wWqvb mKRvbv`i Kvi |

i wWqvb : Kvbvei evmvai mgvb Pvc H ei K`h KvY DrcbKi mB KvYK GK i wWqvb
KvY ej |

wP : 8.6

wP PQR ei K`O e i evmva OP = r Ges evmvai mgvb PvcPQ| PQ Pvc K`O Z
POQ DrcbKi Q| D KvYi cwi gvYB GK i wWqvb| A_vr POQ GK i wWqvb|
(2) exq cwZ : exq cwZZ GK i wWqvb ) (Radian KvYK KvY cwi gvci GKK ai vnq|
KvYi wWMxcwi gvc I i wWqvb cwi gvci mKwbYqi Rb wbgv cwZvmg~n Ges KvYi exq
cwi gvc mKRvbvcqvRb|
cwZv1 : hKvbv`yBwUei ^-^cwi wa I evmi AbycvZ mgvb|
cgvY : gb Kwi , c` e `yBwUmgKw`K Ges Df qi K`O| eni ewUi cwi wa P I evmva
Ges `Zi ewUi cwi wa p I evmvar (wP : 8.7)| GLb eni ewUK n msLK ( 1 > n ) mgvb
f vMwef Kwi | K`i mv_ wef we`yj vhvMKi j z`Zi ewUI n msLK mgvb f vMwef
ne| Df q e wef we`yj vci i mshy Kwi |
dj cZK e n msLK evwewk GKwUmyl g ef yR Awj wLZ nj v(eni e .......... ABCD I
z`Zi e ....... abcd )|
GLb OAB OAB Ges m`k, Kvi Y, AOB AOB Ges [mvavi Y KvY] Ges Df q w f yR mgwev
ej ev msj MKvYj vmgvb|

r
R
ob
OB
oa
OA
ab
AB
= = =
Abyi cf ve,
&
r
R
cd
CD
r
R
bc
BC
= = , , BZvw`|
r
R
cd
CD
bc
BC
ab
AB
= = =
.........
2
2
.........
......
...... ..........
.. ..........
r
R
r
R
nr
NR
r r r
R R R
cd bc ab
CD BC AB
= = =
+ + +
+ + +
=
+ + +
+ + +
) 1 ( wP : 8.7
138
DPZi MwYZ

wP : 8.8
n hw` h_ eo nq ) ( + n Zvnj .......... , , CD BC AB i Lvskmg~n AZz`ne Ges gb ne
mevB ei QvUQvUPvc|

myZi vs G ,
... .......... + + + CD BC AB =e ni e i cwi wa P
Ges . .......... + + + cd bc ab =z`Zi ei cwi wa p
mgxKi Y (1) nZ cvB&,
r
R
p
P
2
2
=
A_vr,
r
p
R
P
2 2
=
A_vr, =

hKvbv`yBwUei cwi wa I evmi AbycvZ mgvb| (cgvwYZ)
cwZv(1) Gi Avj vK geI Abywmv:
ge: 1| hKvbvei cwi wa I evmi AbycvZ memgq mgvb I GKB ae msLv| G ae msLvwUK
wMK eY (cvB) vi vcKvk Ki vnq| GKwUAg~j ` msLvGes `kwgK cKvk Ki j GwUGKwUA
nxb AcbtcywbK msLv ........) 897932 1415926535 3 ( = |
ge2 : mvavi YZ Pvi `kwgK vb ch Gi Avmbgvb 1416 3 = eenvi Ki vnq| KwDUvi i
mvnvh Gi gvb mnmj vwaK `kwgK vb chwbYxZ nqQ| hnZz Gi Avmbgvb eenvi Ki v
nq mnZzDi I ne Avmb| ZvB Di i cvk cvqj LvAek KZe| ci eZxmgKvR Ab
Kvbvi c ej vbv_vKj Pvi `kwgK vb ch Gi Avmbgvb 1416 3 eenvi Ki vne|
Aby wmav: ei evmva' 'r nj , cwi wa ne r 2 |
cwZv1 Gi Avj vK Avgi vRvwb,
= aemsLv
ev, cwi wa = evm
= r 2 [evm= r 2 ]
= r 2
r evmvawewk hKvbvei cwi wa r 2 |
cwZv2 : ei KvbvPvc vi vDrcbK`KvY H ePvci
mgvbycvwZK|

gb Kwi , ABC ei K`O Ges evmvaOB | P ei Dci
AbGKwUwe`y| dj BP ei GKwUPvc Ges POB e i
GKwUK`KvY|
eni ei cwi wa
eni ei evm
z`i ei cwi wa
z`&i ei evm
cwi wa
evm
139
DPZi MwYZ

wP : 8.10
Zvnj , K` POB , Pvc . BP Gi mgvbycvwZK ne|
A_vr, K` POB Pvc BP |
cwZv3 : i wWqvb KvY GKwUae KvY|
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi , O K`wewk ABC e POB GKwUi wWqvb KvY| cgvY Ki Z ne h,
POB GKwUae KvY|
Ab : OB i Lvski (evmva i ) Dci OA j ^AvuwK|
cgvY :
OA j ^ei cwi waK A we`yZ Q` Ki |
Zvnj Pvc AB =cwi wai GK-PzZ_vsk
=
2
2
4
1 r
r

=
Ges Pvc PB =evmvar [ POB =Gi i wWqvb]
cwZv2 _K cvB,

AB
PB
AOB
POB
Pvc
Pvc
=



= =
2
r
r
AOB
AB
PB
POB

Pvc
Pvc
GK mgKvY [OA evmvaGes OB Gi Dci j ^ ^ ]
=

2
mgKvY|
hnZzmgKvY I a eK mnZz POB GKwUaeK KvY| (cgvwYZ)
85 KvYi exq cwi gvc
msv: exq cwZZ ) ( System Circular A_vr, i wWqvb GKK KvbvKvYi cwi gvcK Zvi exq
cwi gvc ) ( measure Circular ej vnq|


gb Kwi , MON hKvbvGKwUKvY hvi exq cwi gvc wbYq
Ki Z ne| O we`yK K`Ki r OA = evmvawbq GKwUe
Ab Kwi |
ewU ON OM I K h_vg B A I we`yZ Q` Ki | Zvnj
AB Pvc vi vDrcbK`KvY AOB | evmvar Gi mgvb Ki AP Pvc wbB (Pvc I evmvaGKB
GKK nZ ne)|
Zvnj , 1 = AOP i wWqvb|

wP : 8.9
DPZi MwYZ
140

wP : 8.11
awi Pvc . S AB =
cwZv2 Abyhvqx,

r
s
OA
AB
AP
AB
AOP
MON
= = =

a evmv
Pvc
Pvc
Pvc

AOP
r
s
MON =
= 1
r
s
=i wWqvb =
r
s
i wWqvb|
MON Gi exq cwi gvc
r
s
, hLvb KvYwUZvi kxl we`y K K`Ki Ges r evmvawbq AwZ
e s cwi gvY Pvc LwZ Ki |

cwZv4| r evmvai Kvbve s `Ni KvbvPvc K` cwi gvY KvY DrcbKi j r s =
ne|





wekl wbePb : gb Kwi , O K`wewk ABC ei evmva r OB = GKK, Pvc s AB = GKK Ges
AB Pvc vi vDrcbK`KvY
c
AOB = | cgvY Ki Z ne h, r s = |
Ab : O we`yK K`Ki OB OA ev Gi mgvb evmvawbq ABC e Ab Kwi | B we`yK K`
Ki OB Gi mgvb evmvawewk BP Pvc AuvwK hb Zv ABC ei cwi waK P we`yZ Q` Ki |
P O: hvMKwi |

cgvY : Ab Abymvi
c
POB 1 =
Avgi vRvwb, KvbvePvc vi vDrcbK`KvY H ePvci mgvbycvwZK|

POB
AOB
PB
AB

=
Pvc
Pvc

ev
c
c
r
s
1

=
GKK
GKK

ev =
r
s

. r s = [cgvwYZ]

wP : 8.12
141
DPZi MwYZ
86 KvYi wWwMcwi gvc I i wWqvb (exq) cwi gvci mK
cwZv3 (wP 8.9) Gi i wWqvb KvYi eYbvq Avgi vcvB,
1 i wWqvb =

2
mgKvY
A_v,

2
1 =
c
mgKvY| [1 i wWqvb =
c
1 ]
1 mgKvY =
c


ev,
c

=
2
90

0


c

=
180
1

0
Ges
0

180
1
c

j Yxq :
) (i 1 90 =
0
mgKvY =
2

i wWqvb =
c


A_vr, 2 180 =
0
mgKvY = i wWqvb .
c

) (ii l vUgyj K I exq cwZZ GKwUKvYi cwi gvc h_vg
c
R D I
0
nj
c
c
R D D =

=
180

0

A_vr, R D =
180


ev, .

R D
=
180

Dci v Avj vPbv_K ej eeZ KvYmg~ni wWwMI i wWqvbi mK`I qvnj v:
) (i
c

=
180
1

0

) (ii
c c

=
6 180
30 30

0

) (iii
c c

=
4 180
45 45

0
0

) (iv
c c

=
3 180
60 60

0
0

142
DPZi MwYZ
) (v
c c

=
2 180
90 90

0
0

) (vi
c
c

=
0
0
180
180 180
) (vii
c
c
) (

2
180
360 360 =

=
0
0

eenvwi K i wWqvb cZxK ) (c mvavi YZ wj Lvnq bv| msc (i wWqvb cZxK Dni L)
180
1

=
0
,
6
30

=
0
,
4
45

=
0
,
5
60

=
0
,
2
90

=
0
, =
0
180 , 2 360 =
0
BZvw`|
`e1 :
c
c
01745 0
180
1 =

=

0
AvmbcuvP `kwgK vb ch)

c c
29578 57
180
1 =

=
0

(&AvmbcuvP `kwgK vb ch) = . 1 8 44 7 1 57


0

G Gi Avmbgvb 1416 3 eenvi Ki vnqQ|
`e2 : bxPi mgD`vni Y Ges mgmgmvi Gi Avmbgvb Pvi `kwgK vb ) 1416 3 ( = ch
eenvi Ki vne| Gi Avmbgvb eeZ nj Di AekB cvqK_vwUwj LZ ne|
D`vni Y 3|
) (i 6 3 2 1 30
0
K i wWqvb cKvk Ki |
) (ii
13
3
K wWwM, wgwbUI mK cKvk Ki |
mgvavb :
) (i

=
5
63
30
5
3
12 30
60
36
12 30 6 3 2 1 30
0 0 0 0

0 0 0

=
100
3021
100
21
30
60 5
36
30
180 100
3021
= i wWqvb

=
180
1
c

0

5273
18000
3021
= =

i wWqvb (cvq)

c
5273 6 3 2 1 30 =
0
(cvq)
) (ii

180
13
3
13
3
= wWwM

180
1
c

143
DPZi MwYZ
=
13
540
wWwM
= . 6 4 18 2 3 41
0


13
3
i wWqvb = . 6 4 2 3 41
0

D`vni Y 4| GKwUw f yRi wZbwUKvYi AbycvZ 5 4 3 : : ; KvY wZbwUi exq gvb KZ ?
mgvavb : awi , KvY wZbwUh_vg
c c c
x x x 5 4 3 I , |
ckgZ,
c c c c
x x x = + + 5 4 3 [w f yRi wZb KvYi mgw 2 mgKvY =
c
]
ev,
c c
x = 12
ev,
12

= x
KvY wZbwUh_vg

12
5
12
5
5
3 3 12
4
4
4 4 12
3
3



=

=
=

=
=

=
c
c
c c
c
c c
c
x
x
x

Di : . , ,
12 3 4



D`vni Y 5| GKwUPvKv 75 1 wKj vwgUvi c_ hZ 40 evi N~i | PvKvwUi evmvaKZ ?
mgvavb : awi PvKvi evmvar wgUvi |
PvKvi cwi wa = r 2 wgUvi ( 1416 3 = )
Avgi vRvwb PvKvwUGKevi N~i j Zvi cwi wai mgvb `~i ZAwZg Ki |
40 evi N~i vq PvKvwUi gvUAwZv`~i Z= r 2 40 wg.
= r 80 wgUvi
ckgZ, 1750 80 = r [1 wK.wg. =1000 wgUvi ]
ev,
1416 3 80
1750
80
1750

= =

r wgUvi
= 963 6 wgUvi (cvq)|
Di : PvKvi evmva 963 6 wgUvi (cvq)|
144
DPZi MwYZ
D`vni Y 6| cw_exi evmva6440 wKj vwgUvi | XvKvI Rvgvj cyi K`
0
2 KvY DrcbKi j XvKvI
Rvgvj cyi i `~i ZwbYq Ki |
mgvavb : evmva= 6440 = r wK.wg.
cw_exi K`DrcbKvY
180
2 2
c

= =
0

=
90

i wWqvb|
s =Pvci `N=XvKvI Rvgvj cyi i `~i Z=
90
6640

= r wK.wg.
=
90
644
wK.wg.
= 8 224 wK.wg. (cvq)
Di : 8 224 wK.wg. (cvq)|

D`vni Y 7| Kvbvei evmva7 m.wg.| ei 11 m.wg. `xNPvci K`m~ KvYi cwi gvc wbYq
Ki |
mgvavb : awi , ABC ei evmva 7 = OB m.wg. Ges Pvc 11 = AB m.wg.| AB Pvci K`
m~ KvYi cwi gvY wbYq Ki Z ne|
Avgi vRvwb, r s =
ev,
m.wg.
m.wg.
7
11
= =
r
s

= 57 1 i wWqvb (cvq)
Di : 57 1 i wWqvb (cvq)|


D`vni Y 8| Gnmvb mvBKj Po evKvi c_ 10 mK GKwUePvc AwZg Ki | hw` PvcwUK`
0
28 KvY DrcbKi Ges e&i evm180 wgUvi nq, Ze Gnmvbi MwZeMwbYq Ki |
mgvavb : awi , Gnmvb ABCe i B we`y_K hv vKi 7 mK ci cwi wai Dci A we`yZ Avm|
Zvnj AB Pvc vi vDrcbK`KvY
0
28 = AOB
OB =evmva=
2
180
wgUvi =90 wgUvi
awi , Pvc S AB = wgUvi
Avgi vRvwb,
0
28 90 = = r S wgUvi

11


dgv- 19, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
145
180
28 90

= wgUvi
14 = wgUvi
1416 3 14 = wgUvi (cvq)
= 98 43 wgUvi (cvq)
Gnmvbi MwZeM=
10
98 43
wgUvi /mK = 398 4 wgUvi /mK
= 4 4 wgUvi /mK (cvq)
Di : 4 4 wgUvi /mK (cvq)

D`vni Y 9| 540 wKj vwgUvi `~i GKwUwe`yZ Kvbvcvnvo 7 KvY DrcbKi | cvnvowUi DPZv
wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : gb Kwi , AB cvnvowUi cv`we`yA _K 540 wK.wg. `~i O we`yZ cvnvowU7 KvY Drcb
Ki | Zvnj = = r AO evmva=540 wK.wg.
K`KvY
180 60
7
60
7
7

= =

0
AOB i wWqvb|
Pvc AB cvnvowUi DPZv s = wK.wg.

Avgi vRvwb,
180 60
7
540

= =

r S wK.wg.

20
1416 3 7
= wK.wg (cvq)
1 1 = wK.wg. (cvq)|
Di : cvnvowUi DPZv 1 1 wKwg. (cvq) ev1100 wgUvi (cvq)|

Abykxj bx81

Kvj Kzj Ui eenvi Ki wbgi mgmvj vi mgvavb wbYq Ki | mg Gi Avmbgvb Pvi `kwgK
vb cheenvi Ki ) ( 1416 3 = |
1| (K)| i wWqvb cKvk Ki :
) (i 0 3 75
0
) (ii 3 5 4 5 55
0
) (iii 1 1 2 2 33
0


1| (L)| wWwMZ cKvk Ki :
) (i
13
8x
i wWqvb ) (ii 3177 1 i wWqvb ) (iii 9759 0 i wWqvb

146
DPZi MwYZ
2| GKwUKvYK l vUg~j K I exq cwZZ h_vg
c
R D I
0
vi vcKvk Ki vnj , cgvY Ki h
.

R D
=
180

3| GKwUPvKvi evmva2 wgUvi 3 m.wg. nj , PvKvi cwi wai Avmbgvb Pvi `kwgK vb chwbYq Ki |
4| GKwUMvwoi PvKvi evm 84 0 wgUvi Ges PvKvwUcwZ mK 6 evi N~i | MvwowUi MwZeM
wbYq Ki |
5| Kvbvw f y Ri KvY wZbwUi AbycvZ 3 5 2 : : z`Zg I eng KvYi exq gvb KZ ?
6| GKwUw f yRi KvYj vmgvi kwYf y Ges eng KvYwUz`Zg KvYi wY| KvYj vi
i wWqvb cwi gvc KZ ?
7| cw_exi evmva6440 wK.wg.| XvKvI PMvg cw_exi K`
0
5 KvY DrcbKi | XvKvI PMvgi
`~i ZKZ ?
8| cw_exi evmva6440 wK.wg.| UKbvd I ZZzwj qvcw_exi K` 3 6 10
0
KvY DrcbKi |
UKbvd I ZZzwj qvi gaeZx`~i ZKZ ?
9| kvn` GKwUmvBKj Po evKvi c_ 11 mK GKwUePvc AwZg Ki | hw` PvcwUK`
0
30 KvY DrcbKi Ges ei evm201 wgUvi nq, Ze kvn`i MwZeMKZ ?
10| cw_exi evmva6440 wK.wg.| cw_exi Dci i h `yBwUvb K` 2 3 KvY DrcbKi Zv`i
`~i ZKZ ?
11| mKvj 30 9 Uvq Nwoi NUvi KuvUvI wgwbUi KuvUvi AMZ KvYK i wWqvb cKvk Ki |
[msKZ : GK Ni K`
0
0
6
60
360
= wWwMKvY DrcbKi | 30 9 Uvq Nvi KuvUvI wgwbUi
KuvUvi gaeeavb

+
2
1
2 15 ev
2
1
17 Ni ]

12| GK ew evKvi c_ NUvq 6 wK.wg. eM`o 36 mK h ePvc AwZg Ki ZvK`
0
60 KvY DrcbKi | ei evmwbYq Ki |
13| 750 wKj vwgUvi `~i GKwUwe`yZ Kvbvcvnvo 8 KvY DrcbKi | cvnvowUi DPZvwbYq Ki |
87 w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmgyn (Trigonometric Ratios)
w KvYwgwZi GB Ask c_g m~KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n (sine, cosine, tangent,
secant, cosecant, cotangent) mKAvj vPbvKi vne| m~ KvYi AbycvZmg~ni gvag hKvbv
KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n wbYqi Kkj Avj vPbvKi v ne| AbycvZ mg~ni cvi wi K mK
Ges wewf bPZzf vMG`i wP wK ne mmKevLvKi vne| w KvYwgwZK AbycvZ msvKwZcq
Af ` mKavi Yv`I qvne| GQvovI Av`kKvYmg~ni

2
,
3
,
4
,
6
, 0

w KvYwgwZK AbycvZ
Ges AYycvZmg~ni mevP evmewbggvb A_vr gvbi cwi wa mKAvj vPbvI GB Ask Af y _vKe|
147
DPZi MwYZ



(K) m~ KvYi w KvYwgwZK AYycvZmg~n ( ) Angles Acute of Ratios ric Trigonomet :
m~KvYi wGKvYwgwZK AYycvZ mg~n wbYq Ki vi Rb Avgi v
GKwUmgKvYxw f yR (wP 8.13) OPQ weePbvKwi |
OPQ G OQP mgKvY|
POQ Gi mvc : OP w f y Ri AwZf y R
(Hypotenuse), OQ f ywg (adjecent side), PQ j ^
(opposite side) Ges = POQ (m~ KvY)| OPQ
mgKvYxw f zR m~ KvY Gi RbQqwUw KvYwgwZK AbycvZ
(sine, cosine, tangent, secant, cosecant, cotangent) h_vg wbgv f ve msvwqZ Ki vnq :
OP
PQ
= sin =
PQ
OP
ec = cos =
OP
OQ
= cos =
OQ
OP
= sec =
OQ
PQ
= tan =
PQ
OQ
= cot =
D`vni Y 1| GKwUmgKvYxw f yRi & 3 tan = nj Abw KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : awi , ABC GKwUmgKvYxw f yR|
AwZf yR =AC , f ywg =AB
j ^= , BC Ges = BAC
`I qvAvQ 3 tan =
ev, tan = =
1
3

BC j ^=3 GKK Ges = AB f ywg =1 GKK|
cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`Abyhvqx
AwZf yR 10 3 1
2 2 2 2
= + = + = BC AB AC GKK
Abw KvYwgwZK AbycvZmgyn
sin = =
10
3
ine cos = =
3
10

cos = =
10
1
sec = = 10
1
10
=
Ges cot = =
3
1

j Yxq : hnZzAbycvZi KvbvGKK _vKbvGes sine, cosine, tangent, secant, cosecant,
cotangent GB QqwUw KvYwgwZK AYycvZ ZvB G`i KvbvGKK bvB|

KvR : ABC GKwUmgKvYxw f yR Ges
5
2
sin = | Abw KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n wbYq Ki |
j ^
AwZf yR
f y wg
AwZf yR
AwZf yR
j ^
j ^
f ywg
f ywg
j ^
j ^
f ywg
j ^
AwZf yR
f y wg
AwZf yR
AwZf yR
j ^
AwZf yR
f ywg
j ^
f ywg
AwZf yR
f ywg
DPZi MwYZ
148

`e: w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~nK msc wj Lvnq| hgb :
sine =sin ,

cosine =cos ,

tangent =tan ,

secant =sec ,

cosecant =cosec ,

cotangent =cot

(L) GB Ask Avgi vhKvbvKvYi Rb w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n wbYq Ki e| mRb Avgv`i
KvYwUi cwgZ evAv`kAevb (Standard position) Rvbv`i Kvi | KvZmxq mgZj g~j we`y_K
Wvbw`K A_vr abvZK w`K x -AK Avw` i wkai KvYwUAb Ki j B Gi Av`kAevb cvI qvhvq| GLvb
K Avgi vw KvYwgwZK KvY wnmve weePbvKi e A_vr KvYi cwi gvY wbw` mxgvi ga_vKe
bv|
gb Kwi , KvZmxq Zj OX X i Lvx -A OY Y i Lv y -A Ges O we`yg~j we`y| N~Yvqgvb i wk
OA abvZK x -A A_vr OX i wk_K i Ki Nwoi KuvUvi weci xZ w`K (anticlockwise) N~i OA
Aevb KvY DrcbKi Q(wP 8.14)|
OX K KvYi Avw`ev (initial side) Ges OA K cvwKev (terminal side) ej vnq| OA cvwK
evi Dci O we`ywf b ) , ( y x P GKwUwe`ywbB| Zvnj OX _K we`ywUi j ^`~i Z OY y , _K Gi j ^
`~i Zx Ges OQP mgKvY (wP 8.14)|
myZi vs cx_vMvi vmi m~ Abymvi AwZf yR =
2 2
y x r OP + = = | Zvnj h KvbvKvYi Gi Rb
w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n ne :
sin = =
r
y

cos = =
r
x

tan = =
x
y
] 0 [ x
sec = =
x
r
] 0 [ x
ec cos = =
y
r
] 0 [ y
cot = =
y
x
] 0 [ y
j Yxq 1| P Ges O we`ywf bnI qvq 0 > = OP r Ges sin I cos memgqB A_en| OA
cvwK ev x -Ai Dci _vKj 0 = y nq ej Gi c KvYi Rb ec cos I cot msvwqZ bq|
Abyi cf ve, OA cvwK ev y -Ai Dci _vKj 0 = x nq Ges Gi c KvYi Rb sec I tan
msvwqZ nq bv|
j ^
AwZf yR
f y wg
AwZf yR
j ^
f ywg
AwZf yR
j ^
AwZf yR
f ywg
f y wg
j ^
wP : 8.14
149
DPZi MwYZ
j bxq 2| cvwK ev OA Gi Dci ) , ( y x P we`ywf bAbKvbvwe`y ) , (
1 1 1
y x P wbB (wP 8.15(K) I
wP 8.15 (L))| ) , ( y x P I ) , (
1 1 1
y x P we`yq _K x Ai Dci PM I
1 1
M P j ^AuvwK| Zvnj
OPM I
1 1
M OP m`k|

wP 8.15(K) wP 8.15(L)
A_vr
1 1 1 1
r
r
OP
OP
y
y
x
x
= = =







GLvb,
1 1
, r OP r OP = = , x I
1
x Ges y I
1
y GKB wPhy |

1
x
x
=
1
y
y
=
1
r
r
A_vr,
r
x
=
r
y
Ges
1
1
r
x
=
1
1
r
y

myZi vs sin =
1
1
r
y
r
y
=
cos =
1
1
r
x
r
x
=
tan =
1
1
x
y
x
y
= BZvw`|
wmv: w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~ni gvb cvwK i wkOA Gi
Dci wbewPZ we`yP Gi Dci wbf i Ki bv|

j Yxq 3| m~ KvY nj cwgZ evAv`kAevb Gi cvwK
ev OA c_g PZzf vM_vK Ges XOA = nq (wP
8.16)| OA evZ hKvbvwe`y ) , ( y x P wbq Ges P
_K OX Gi Dci PM j ^ ^Ub `Lvhvq h, y PM x OM = = , Ges r OP = ai c~eeZx
Avj vPbvi (K) I (L) _K KvYi AbycvZj vi GKB gvb cvI qvhvq|
150
DPZi MwYZ
(M) w KvYwgwZK AbycvZj vi cvi wi K mK
w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~ni msv_K Avgi vj Kwi h,
sin = , ec cos = =
AwZf yR
j g^
1
=
sin
1

sin =
ec cos
1
Ges ec cos =
sin
1

Abyi cf ve, cos = , sec = =
AwZf yR
f y wg
1
=
cos
1

A_vr cos =
sec
1
Ges sec =
cos
1

GKBf ve, tan =
cot
1
Ges cot =
tan
1

88 w KvYwgwZK AbycvZ msvKwZcq mnR Af `vej x(Identifics)
) (i 1 cos sin
2 2
= +
cgvY : cvki wP _K Avgi v`wLq,
cos = =
r
x

sin = =
r
y

Ges
2 2 2
y x r + =
1 cos sin
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
= =
+
= + = +
r
r
r
y x
r
y
r
x

1 cos sin
2 2
= + (cgvwYZ)|
) (i bs dj vdj _K Avgi vcvB,
2 2
cos 1 sin = ev,
2 2
sin 1 cos =
Abyi cf ve cgvY Ki vhvq h, ..
) (ii
2 2
sec tan 1 = + ev,
2 2
tan 1 sec =
) (iii
2 2
cos cot 1 ec = + ev,
2 2
cot 1 cos = ec

KvR : cgvY Ki h, (wP i mvnvh) :
) (i 1 tan sec
2 2
=
) (ii 1 cot cos
2 2
= ec

j ^
AwZf yR
AwZf yR
j ^
f y wg
AwZf yR
AwZf yR
f y wg
j ^
AwZf yR
f y wg
AwZf yR
151
DPZi MwYZ
89 wewf bPZzf vMw KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~ni wP
bxPi wP (wP 8.18) KvZmxq Zj K OX X Ges OY Y Aq vi vPvi wUPZzf vM(Quadrant)
h_vg XOY (1g PZzf vM), X YO (2q PZzf vM) Y O X (3q PZzf vM) Ges OX Y (4_PZzf vM) wef
Ki vnqQ|

wP 8.18
Avw` Aevb OX _K GKwUi wkOA, Nwoi KuvUvi weci xZ w`K N~Ybi dj OA Gi cvwK Aevbi
Dci wbf i Ki wewf bKvY Drcbne| N~Yvqgvb i wkOA Gi Dci hKvbvwe`y ) , ( y x P wbB| Zvnj
r OP = | cvwK i wkOA Ges P we`yi wewf bPZzf vMAevbi mmx I y Gi wP cwi eZ b
ne wK r memgq abvZK _vKe|

OA i wkhLb c_g PZzf vM_vK, ZLb x I y Gi gvb abvZK| ZvB c_g PZzf vMmKj w gvYwgwZK
AbycvZ abvZK OA i wkhLb wZxq PZzf vM_vK ZLb P we`yi f yR x FYvZK Ges KvwUy abvZK|
GRb wZxq PZzf vM

=
r
y
sin sin Ges

=
y
r
ec ec cos cos AbycvZ `yBwU abvZK Abme
AbycvZ FYvZK| GKBf ve ZZxq PZzf vM P we`yi f yR x I

KvwU y Df qB FYvZK Ges

=
x
y
x
y
tan tan I

=
y
x
x
y
cot cot abvZK| AbAbycvZmg~n FYvZK| PZz_PZzf vM
OA i wki Dci P we`yi f yR x abvZK Ges KvwU y FYvZK ej

=
r
x
cos cos Ges

=
x
r
sec sec abvZK Ges Abme w KvYwgwZK AbycvZ FYvZK|
Avevi , x -Ai hKvbvAevb y Gi gvb k~bej

=
y
r
ec ec cos cos Ges

=
y
x
cot cot
AbycvZ `yBwUmsvwqZ bq|
152
DPZi MwYZ
Abyi cf ve, y -Ai hKvbvAevb x Gi gvb k~b| ZvB y -Ai Dci

=
x
r
sec sec Ges

=
x
y
tan tan msvwqZ bq|

=
r
y
sin sin Ges

=
r
x
cos cos AbycvZ `yBwU P we`yi
hKvbvAevbB msvwqZ Ges eve gvb AvQ|
Dci v Avj vPbvi mvi vsk wbgi wP (wP 8.19) `Lvbvnj vD wP i mvnvhhKvbvKvYi
cvw K i wki Ae vbi Dci wbf i Ki D KvYi mKj w KvYwgwZK Aby cvZi wP wbYq mnR ne|

810| Av`kKvYmg~ni w KvYwgwZK AbycvZ : GB Ask ej eeZ KvYmg~ni

2
,
3
,
4
,
6
, 0


w KvYwgZK AbycvZmg~ni gvb wbq Avgi vGKwUUwej Zwi Ki e, hvZ wkv_xMY mnRB KvYmg~ni
w KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbYq mg nq| gvawgK RvwgwZi v`k Aavq Dwj wLZ Av`kKvYmg~ni
w KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbYqi Kkj wevwi Zf ve Avj vPbvKi vnqQ| ZvB wevwi Z Avj vPbvq bvwMq
Avgi vcwZ AbycvZmg~ni gvb wbYq Ki ZvGKwUUwej evPvUAvKvi cKvk Ki e|
(K) ) 30 (
6
0

KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n


cvki wP a r 2 = nj
a y = Ges a x 3 = Ges
6

= POB

2
1
2 6
sin = = =
a
a
r
y

2
3
2
3
6
cos = = =
a
a
r
x

3
1
3 6
tan = = =
a
a
x
y

3
3
6
cot = = =
a
a
y
x

dgv- 20, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
153
3
2
3
2
6
sec = = =
a
a
x
r

2
2
6
cos = = =
a
a
y
r
ec


(L) ) 45 (
4

KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n


cvki wP a x a r = = , 2
a y = Ges
4

= POB

2
1
2
4
sin = = =
a
a
r
y

2
1
2 4
cos = = =
a
a
r
x

1
4
tan = = =
a
a
x
y

1
4
cot = = =
a
a
y
x

2
2
4
sec = = =
a
a
x
r

2
2
4
cos = = =
a
a
y
r
ec



(M) ) 60 (
3

KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n


cvki wP _K cvB, a x = , a y 3 = , a r 2 =
Ges
3

= POB

2
3
2
3
3
sin = = =
a
a
r
y

2
1
2 3
cos = = =
a
a
r
x

3
3
3
tan = = =
a
a
x
y

3
1
3
3
cot = = =
a
a
y
x

2
2
3
sec = = =
a
a
x
r

o
o
154
DPZi MwYZ
3
2
3
2
3
cos = = =
a
a
y
r
ec



) 90 (
2

Ges ) 0 ( KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~ni gvb wbYqi RbAvgi vw KvYwgwZK AbycvZi


msveenvi Ki e| GLvb Dj Lh, k~bvi vKvb wKQzKB f vMKi vhvq bvevk~bvi vf vMMnYhvM
bq (Divisin by zero is not allowed) A_evk~ bvi vf vMAmsvwqZ (undefined)|
(N) ) 90 (
2

KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n : G cvwK i wkOA Gi Ae vb abvZK y A


ei vei evOY Gi Dci _vK| dj OY Gi Dci h Kvbvwe`yP Gi vbvsK f yR 0 I KvwU y
ne|
awi , a y = Zvnj , a r = ne|
1
2
sin = = =
a
a
r
y

0
0
2
cos = = =
a r
x

= =
0 2
tan
a
x
y
AmsvwqZ A_vr
2
tan

AmsvwqZ|
0
0
2
cot = = =
a y
x

= =
0 2
sec
a
x
r
AmsvwqZ A_vr
2
sec

AmsvwqZ|
1
2
cos = = =
a
a
y
r
ec


(O) 0 i wWqvb ) 0 ( KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n
G cvwK i wkOA AuvwK| i wkOX Gi Dci _vKe| dj OA i wki Dci hKvbvP we`yi
vbvi f yR a x = KvwU 0 = y Ges a OP r = = ne|
0
0
0 sin = = =
a r
y

1 0 cos = = =
a
a
r
x

0
0
0 tan = = =
a x
y

= =
0
0 cot
a
y
x
AmsvwqZ A_vr 0 cot AmsvwqZ|
o o
o
o
155
DPZi MwYZ
1 0 sec = = =
a
a
x
r

= =
0
0 cos
a
y
r
ec AmsvwqZ A_vr 0 cos ec AmsvwqZ|
we.`. : aygv eySvbvi Rb

0
a
j LvnqQ| GwUj LvwVK bq| wkv_xi vmi vmwi AmsvwqZ
wj Le|

`kg kwYi mvavi Y RvwgwZi v`k Aavq w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~ni

2
,
3
,
4
,
6
, 0

Zvwj Kv`I qv
AvQ| wkv_x`i myweav_Zvwj KvwUGLvbI mshvwRZ nj v:

KvY 0
6


sin 0
2
1

2
1

2
3

1
cos 1
2
3

2
1

2
1

0
tan 0
3
1

1
3
AmsvwqZ

cot
AmsvwqZ

3
1
3
1

0
sec 1
3
2

2
2
AmsvwqZ

cosec
AmsvwqZ
2
2
3
2

1
811 w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~ni mewbgI mevP gvb evgvbi cwi wa
wP 8.20 j Kwi OA i wkNwoi KuvUvi weci xZ w`K AveZbi dj KvY DrcbnqQ| hKvbv
KvYi cwgZ evAv`kAevb OA i wki (OA i wkhKvbvPZzf vM_vKZ cvi ) Dci P we`yi
vbvsK ) , ( y x P nj Avgi vcvB,
2 2
y x r + = [POQmgKvYxw f yR Ges
wP : 8.20
r OP = AwZf yR]|
ev,
2 2 2
y x r + =

2 2
r x Ges
2 2
r y
ev, r x Ges r y
ev, r x r Ges r y r
ev, 1 1
r
x
Ges 1 1
r
y
....................(1)
Y
X
O
P(x,y)
x
y
Q
r
=
x
2 +
y
2

DPZi MwYZ
156
GLb POQ mgKvYxw f yRi
r
x
= sin ,
r
y
= cos ................................. (2)
x
r
ec = cos ,
y
r
= sec ................................. (3)
x
y
= tan ,
y
x
= cot ................................. (4)

Zvnj (1) I (2) bs mgxKi Y nZ cvI qvhvq 1 sin 1 Ges 1 cos 1
myZi vs sin I cos Gi gvb 1 AcvQvUGes 1 + Acveo bq|
Avevi , (1) I (3) bs mgxKi Y _K cvB, 1 cos ec ev, 1 cos ec
Ges 1 sec ev, 1 sec
myZi vs sec Ges ec cos Ges gvb 1 , Ges Ges 1 AcvQvUGes 1 + , 1 + Acveo|
hnZz
x
y
= tan Ges
y
x
= cot
f yR 0 = x nj tan AmsvwqZ Ges KvwU 0 = y nj cot AmsvwqZ| AmsvwqZ Gi
avi YvK Amxg ) ( wP vi vcKvk Ki j Avgi vej Z cvwi |
< < tan Ges + < < cot .
D`vni Y 1| m~ KvY

< <
2

O Ges
5
4
cos = nj , Abme w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~ni gvb
wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : Avgi vRvwb, = cos =
5
4
[`I qvAvQ]
cvki wP mgKvYxw f yR POQ _K cvB,
2 2 2 2
4 5 = = OQ OP PQ
= 3 9 16 25 = = GKK
sin = =
5
3
=
OP
pQ

tan = =
4
3
=
OQ
pQ

sec = =
4
5
=
OQ
Op

ec cos = =
3
5
=
PQ
Op

j ^
f ~wg
AwZf yR
j ^
AwZf yR
f ~ wg
f ~ wg
AwZf yR
j ^
AwZf yR
+
Y
P
Q
X
O 4
5
3
157
DPZi MwYZ
cot = =
3
4
=
PQ
OQ

weK : w KvYwgwZK Af ` (Identities) eenvi Ki |
Avgi vRvwb, 1 cos sin
2 2
= +
ev,
25
16
1
5
4
1 cos 1 sin
2
2 2
=

= =
=
25
9
25
16 25
=



5
3
25
9
sin = =
hnZz m~ KvY, ZvB c_g PZzf vMAewZ Ges mKj w KvYwgwZK AbycvZ abvZK|

5
3
sin =
GLb,
5
4
5
4
1
cos
1
sec = = =


3
5
5
4
1
sin
1
cos = = =

ec
GLb POQ mgKvYxw f yR _K cvB,
tan = = =
OP OQ
OP PQ
/
/

=
4
3
5 / 4
5 / 3
cos
sin
= =


cot = = =
OP PQ
OP OQ
/
/

=
3
4
5 / 4
5 / 4
sin
cos
= =


we.`: tan =

sin
cos
cot ,
cos
sin
=
w KvYwgwZK Af `i mvnvh,
Avevi ,
1 tan sec
2 2
2
=
ev,
16
9
1
16
25
1
4
5
1 sec tan
2 2
= =

= =

4
3
16
9
tan = =
= 1 cot cos
2 2
= ec
j ^
f ~ wg
j ^/AwZf yR
f ~wg/AwZf yR
f ~ wg
j ^
f ~wg/AwZf yR
j ^/AwZf yR
158
DPZi MwYZ
ev,
9
16
1
9
25
1
3
5
1 cos cot
2
2 2
= =

= = ec

3
4
9
16
cot = =
KvR : ~j KvY

< <

2
Ges
2
1
tan = nj , Aci w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n mgKvYx
w f yR Ges w KvYwgwZK Af ` Gi mvnvhwbYq Ki |
D`vni Y 2|
13
12
sin ,
5
4
cos = = B A Ges A I B Df qBm~ KvY nj
A B
A B
tan . tan 1
tan tan
+

Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ,
5
4
cos = A
Avgi vRvwb, 1 cos sin
2 2
= + A A
ev, A A
2 2
cos 1 sin =
=
25
9
15
16
1 =

5
3
24
9
sin = = A [A m~ KvY]
.
4
3
cos
sin
tan
5
4
5
3
= = =
A
A
A
Avevi ,
13
12
sin =
=
B

169
25
169
144
1
sin 1
cos
2 =

=
B
B


13
5
cos = B

5
12
13 / 5
13 / 12
cos
sin
tan = = =
B
B
B
GLb,
4
3
5
12
1
4
3
5
12
tan . tan 1
tan tan
+

=
+

A B
A B


=
56
33
20
36 20
20
33
20
36
1
20
15 48
=
+
=
+


.
56
33
tan . tan 1
tan tan
=
+

A B
A B

Y
P
Q
X
A
O 4
5
3
Y
P
Q
X
A
O 5
13
12
159
DPZi MwYZ
D`vni Y 3| gvb wbYq Ki :
2
cot
3
tan
4
cos
6
sin
2 2 2 2

+ + +
mgvavb : Avgi vRvwb, 3
4
tan ,
2
1
4
cos ,
2
1
6
sin
1 1 1
= = =

Ges 0
2
cot
1
=



2
cot
3
tan
4
cos
6
sin
2 2 2 2

+ + +
=
2 2
2 2
) 0 ( ) 3 (
2
1
2
1
+ +


= 3
2
1
4
1
+ + =
4
3
3
KvR : 1|
4
cos
3
cot
3
sec
6
tan
3
cos
4
sin
2 2 2 2 2 2

ec + + Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
2| mi j Ki :
3
cos
3
sin
3
cos
3
cos
3
sin
3
sin
3
cos
3
sin
3
cos
3
cos
3
sin
3
sin
2 2 2 2



+
+ +

D`vni Y 4 | 4 cos 3 sin 7
2 2
= nj cgvY Ki h,
3
1
tan =
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, 4 cos 3 sin 7
2 2
=
ev, ] 1 cos sin [ 4 ) sin 1 ( 3 sin 7
2 2 2 2
= + = +
ev, 4 sin 3 3 sin 7
2 2
= +
ev, 1 sin 4
2
=
ev,
4
1
sin
2
=
Avevi ,
2 2
sin 1 cos =
=
4
1
1
=
4
3

= =

cos
sin
tan
cos
sin
tan
2
2
2

ev,
4
3
4
1
tan
2
=

3
1
tan
2
=

3
1
tan

= (cgvwYZ)|
160
DPZi MwYZ
D`vni Y 5| 7 sin 2 cos 15
2
= + Ges
2 2

< < nj , cot Gi gvb wbYq Ki |


mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, 7 sin 2 cos 15
2
= +
ev, 7 sin 2 cos 15
2
= + ] 1 cos sin [
2 2
= +
ev, 7 sin 2 sin 15 15
2
= +
ev, 0 8 sin 2 sin 15
2
=
ev, 0 8 sin 10 sin 12 sin 15
2
= +
ev, 0 ) 4 sin 5 )( 2 sin 3 ( = +


3
2
sin = ev,
5
4
sin =
sin Gi Df q gvb MnYhvM| Kbbv
2 2

< <
3
2
sin = nj
3
5
9
4
1 sin 1 cos
2
= = =
5
4
sin = nj
5
3
25
16
1 sin 1 cos
2
= = =

2
5
3
2
3
5
sin
cos
cot =

= =

[hLb

=
3
2
sin
Ges
4
3
5
4
5
3
sin
cos
cot = = =

[hLb

=
5
4
sin
Ans :
2
5
ev,
4
3

D`vni Y 6|
3
A

= I
6
B

= nj cgvY Ki h,
) (i B Asi B A B A si n cos cos sin n + = + ) (
) (ii
B ta A ta
B ta A ta
B A ta
n n 1
n n
n
+

= ) (
cgvY : ) (i evgc = 1
2
n
6 3
sin n = =

+ = +

si B A si ) (
Wvbc =
6
sin
3
cos
6
cos
3
sin sin cos cos sin

+ = + B A B A
dgv- 21, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
161
= 1
4
1
4
3
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
= + = +
evgc =Wvbc (cgvwYZ)|

cgvY : ) (ii evgc =

=
6 3
n

n ta B A ta ) (
=
3
1
6
tan =


Wvbc =
6
n
3
n 1
6
n
3
n
n n 1
n n


ta ta
ta ta
B ta A ta
B ta A ta
+

=
+


=
3
1
3
3
2
1
3
3 2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3 1
3
3
3
= = =

=
+


evgc =Wvbc (cgvwYZ)|

KvR :
3
A

= I
6
B

= Af `mg~n cgvY Ki :
) (i B Asi B A B A si n cos cos sin n = ) (
) (ii B Asi si B Aco co B A co n n s s s = + ) (
) (iii B Asi si B A co B A co n n cos s s + = ) (
) (iv B Asi B A
ta
B ta n cos cos sin
B tan - 1
n 2
2 n
2
+ = ) (

Abykxj bx82

1| Kvj Kzj Ui eenvi bvKi gvb wbYq Ki :
) (i
3
n
6
s
4
s

si co
co
+
) (ii
3
n
6
n
4
n

ta ta ta +
2|
5
4
s = co Ges
2
3
< < nj n ta Ges n si Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
3|
5
2
n = A si Ges

< < A
2
Gi A cos Ges A tan Gi gvb KZ ?
Gi Rbwbgv
162
DPZi MwYZ
4| `I qvAvQ,
2
1
s = A co Ges A cos I A sin GKB wPwewk| A sin Ges A tan Gi gvb KZ ?

5| `I qvAvQ,
12
5
tan = A Ges A tan I A cos weci xZ wPwewk| A sin Ges A cos Gi gvb
wbYq Ki |
6| wbgwj wLZ Af `mg~n cgvY Ki :
) (i A A se A co A ta cosec c t n = +
) (ii
1 c
1 c
cot sec
s 1
s 1

+
= + =

se
se
co
co
co

) (iii A ta A
A si
A si
n sec
n 1
n 1
=
+


) (iv
2 4 2 4
n n c c ta ta se se + =
) (v 1 cot n n c s s c = + ) )( )( ( ta si e co co se
) (vi


c n
1 c n
1 c n
se ta
se ta
se ta
+ =
+
+

7| hw`
b
s
a
ecA co = nq, hLvb 0 > > b a , Ze cgvY Ki h,
2 2
n
b a
b
A ta

=
8| hw` n 2 n s si si co = nq,Ze `LvI h, s 2 n s co si co = +
9| ) ( tan y x
y
x
= nj ,


cos sin
cos sin
y x
y x

+
Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
10| n ta + x se = c nj , `LvI h,
1
1
sin
2
2
+

=
x
x

11| s aco c bsi = n nj , cgvY Ki h, n asi +
2 2 2
s c b a bco + =
12| gvb wbYq Ki :
) (i
6
t
3
n
4
s
6
n
2 2 2 2

co ta co si + + +
) (ii
4
c
3
1
6
t
2
1
3
n
4
n 3
2 2 2 2

se co si ta +
) (iii
4
s
3
n
6
n
3
n
4
n
2 2 2 2 2

co ta ta si ta
) (iv
6
n
3
n
6
s
3
s
6
n
3
n 1
6
n
3
n



si si co co
ta ta
ta ta
+ +
+


163
DPZi MwYZ
13| mi j Ki :

6
n
6
c
6
n
3
n
2
t
2
sec
6
s
3
s
4
n 1
6
n 1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2


ta se ta si
co co
co co
si
si

812 w KvYwgwZK Avj vPbvi wZxq Ask Avgi vm~ KvYi

< <
2
0

AbycvZmg~n wbYqi Kkj
Avj vPbvKi wQ| AbycvZmg~ni cvi wi K mKGes GZ`msvKqKwUmnR Af ` cgvY Ki v
nqQ| wewf bPZzf vMAbycvZmg~ni wP wbavi Y, Av`kKvYmg~ni w KvYwgwZK AbycvZ Ges
AbycvZmg~ni mewbgI mevP gvbi avi YvI `I qvnqQ| Avj vPbvi GB Ask c_g FYvZK KvY
) ( Gi AbycvZmg~n wbYq Ki vne| Gi Dci wf w Ki avi vevwnKf ve

+
2
,
2
+ ,
,

+
2
3
,
2
3
, + 2 , 2 Ges

+
2
n I


2
n [hLvb n abvZK
c~YmsLvGes

< <
2
0

KvYmg~ni w KvYwgwZK Avj vPbvAf y _vKe|

8.12 (K) ) ( KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n

< <
2
0

|
gb Kwi N~Yvqgvb i wkOA Gi Avw` Aevb OX _K Nwoi KuvUvi weci xZ w`K N~i c_g PZzf vM
= XOA Ges Nwoi KuvUvi w`K GKB `~i ZN~i PZz_PZzf vM = A XO KvY DrcbKi (wP :
8.21)| OA i wki Dci hKvbvwe`y ) , ( y x wbB| GLb ) , ( y x we`y_K OX Gi Dci PN j ^
AuvwK Ges PN K ewaZ Ki vq Zv A O K Q we`yZ Q` Ki | Zvnj QN i LvOX Gi Dci j ^|
hnZz ) , ( y x we`yi Aevb c_g PZzf vMmnZz 0 , 0 > > y x Ges y PN x ON = = , .

GLb OPN I OQN mgKvYxw f zRqi ONQ ONP QON PON = = , Ges ON Df q
w f zRi mvavi Y ev| myZi vs w f zRq memg|
wP 8.21

QN PN = Ges OQ OP = .
Q we`yi Aevb PZz_PZzf vMnI qvq Gi KvwUFYvZK| myZi vs Q we`yi vbv ) , ( y x Q | OQN
mgKvYxw f zRi ON =f zwg, QN =j ^Ges OQ =AwZf zR =r (awi )|
Zvnj c~eeZxAvj vPbv_K Avgi vcvB,
) sin( =
OQ
QN
=
r
y
= sin
j ^
AwZf yR
P P
P
DPZi MwYZ
164
) cos( =
OQ
ON
=
r
x
= cos
) tan( =
ON
QN
=
r
y
= tan
GKBf ve, . cot ) cot( , sec ) sec( , cos ) ( cos = = = ec ec
D`vni Y 8|
6
sin
6
sin

=

,
4
cos
4
cos

=

,
4
tan
4
tan

=

,

3
cos
3
cos

ec ec =

,
3
sec
3
sec

=

,
6
cot
6
cot

=

.
8.13 (K)|

2
KvY evc~i K KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n

< <
2
0

.
awi , KvbvN~Yvqgvb i wkOA Zvi Avw` Aevb OX _K Nwoi KuvUvi weci xZ w`K N~i c_g PZzf vM
= XOA KvY DrcbKi | Avevi Aci GKwUi wk A O Avw` Aevb OX _K GKBw`K N~i
2

= XOY KvY DrcbKi vi ci OY Aevb _K Nwoi KuvUvi w`K N~i = A YO KvY Drcb
Ki (wP : 8.22)|
Zvnj , ) (
2

+ = A XO =

2

OP Ges OQ mgvb `~i Zai P I Q we`yq _K OX Gi Dci PM I QN j ^q AuvwK|
awi , r OQ OP = = Ges P we`yi vbv ) , ( y x P .
GLb POM I QON mgKvYx w f zRqi OQN POM ONQ OMP = = , Ges
OQ OP = .
w f zRq memg|
y PM ON = = Ges Q we`yi vbv ) , ( x y Q .
Zvnj NOQ Gi Avgi vcvB,

2
sin =
OQ
QN
=
r
x

= cos

2
cos =
OQ
ON
=
r
y
= sin

2
tan =
ON
QN
=
y
x
= cot
j ^
f ~ wg

j ^
AwZf yR
165
DPZi MwYZ
GKBf ve,

sec
2
cos =

ec ,

ec cos
2
sec =


Ges

tan
2
cot =

.

D`ni Y 9|
6
cos
6 2
sin
3
sin

=


3
cot
3 2
tan
6
tan

=


4
cos
4 2
sec
4
sec

ec =


j Yxq : Ges

2
KvY `yBwUci i c~i K (Complement Angle)| G`i GKwUsine Aci wUi
ine cos , GKwUi gent tan Aci wUi angent cot Ges GKwUi ant sec Aci wUi ecant cos Gi mgvb|
wkv_ xi vwel qwUwekl f ve j i vLe|
8.13 (L)|

2
KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n

< <
2
0

|
awi , N~ Yvqgvb i wkOA Gi Avw` Aevb OX _K Nwoi KuvUvi weci xZ w`K N~i c_g PZzf vM
= XOA Ges GKB w`K Avi I N~i
2

= A AO KvY DrcbKi (wP 8.23)| Zvnj ,


= = A YO XOA Ges

+ =
2
A XO |
gb Kwi , OA i wki Dci ) , ( y x P hKvbvwe`y| A O Gi Dci Q we`ywUGgbf ve wbB hb
OQ OP = nq| P I Q we`y_K x -Ai Dci PM I QN j ^^Uvwb|
= = = YOQ NQO POM .
GLb mgKvYxw f zR POM I QON Gi ga NQO POM =
QNO PMO =
Ges r OQ OP = = (awi )|
POM I QON memg|
x OM QN = =
Ges y PM ON = =
A_vr, x QN y ON = = ,
Q we`yi vbv ) , ( x y Q
Avgi vcvB,
166
DPZi MwYZ

2
sin =
r
x
= cos

2
cos =
r
y
= sin

2
tan =
y
x

= cot
GKBf ve,

sec
2
cos =

+ ec ,

ec cos
2
sec =

+
Ges

tan
2
cot =

+ .

D`ni Y 10 |
2
3
6
cos
6 2
sin
3
2
sin = =

+ =




2
1
4
sin
4 2
cos
4
3
cos = =

+ =




3
1
3
cot
3 2
tan
6
5
tan = =

+ =




KvR :

6
5
cos ,
4
3
sec

ec Ges

3
2
cot

Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
8.14 (K)| ) ( + KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n

< <
2
0


awi N~ Yvqgvb i wkOA Avw` Aevb OX _K Nwoi KuvUvi weci xZ w`K N~i c_g PZzf vM = XOA
Ges GKB w`K Avi I N~i ZZxq PZzf vM = A AO KvY DrcbKi (wP : 8.24)|
Zvnj ) ( + = A XO .

GLb OA i wki Dci hKvbvwe`y ) , ( y x P wbB| A O Gi Dci Q we`ywUGgbf ve wbB hb,
r OQ OP = = nq|
P I Q nZ x -Ai Dci PM I QN j ^^Uvwb|
POM I QON mgKvYx w f zRqi ga
QON POM
ONQ OMP
=
= ,
Ges r OQ OP = = | myZi vs w f zRq memg|
QN PM = Ges ON OM =
hnZzP we`yi vbv ) , ( y x mnZzQ we`yi vbv ) , ( y x .
Avgi vcvB,
167
DPZi MwYZ
( ) + sin =
r
y
= sin
( ) + cos =
r
x
= cos
( ) + tan =
x
y

= tan
Abyi cf ve,
( ) ec ec cos cos = + , ( ) sec sec = + Ges ( ) cot cot = + .
D`vni Y 11|
2
3
3
sin
3
sin
3
4
sin = =

+ =



2
1
4
cos
4
cos
4
5
cos = =

+ =



3
1
6
tan
6
tan
6
7
tan = =

+ =



KvR :

4
5
cos ,
3
4
sec

ec Ges

6
7
cot

Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
8.14 (L)| ( ) KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n

< <
2
0

|
awi , N~ Yvqgvb i wkOA Avw` Aevb OX _K Nwoi KuvUvi weci xZ w`K N~i = XOA KvY Drcb
Ki | i wkwUGKB w`K Avi I N~i = X AO KvY DrcbKi vi ci X O _K Nwoi KuvUvi w`K
N~i = A O X KvY DrcbKi (wP : 8.25)|

Zvnj = + = ) ( A XO .
OA i wki Dci ) , ( y x P hKvbvwe`ywbB Ges awi r OP = |
A O i wki Dci hKvbvwe`ywbB hb r OQ OP = = nq|
GLb OMP I ONQ mgKvYxw f zRqi ga QON POM ONQ OMP = = ,
Ges OQ OP = =r
myZi vs w f zRq m`k|
x ON OM = = Ges y QN PM = =
Q we`yi vbv ) , ( y x Q .
Zvnj , Avgi vcvB,
( ) sin =
r
y
= sin
( ) cos =
r
x
= cos
168
DPZi MwYZ
( ) tan =
x
y

= tan
Abyi cf ve,
( ) ec ec cos cos = , ( ) sec sec = Ges ( ) cot cot = .
D`vni Y 12|
2
3
3
sin
3
sin
3
2
sin = =



2
1
4
cos
4
cos
4
3
cos = =



3
1
6
tan
6
tan
6
5
tan = =


KvR :

6
5
sec ,
4
3
cos

ec Ges

3
2
cot

Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
j Yxq : Ges ( ) KvY `yBwUci i m~i K| m~i K KvYi e sin I ecant cos mgvb I
GKB wPwewk| wK gent ant ine tan , sec , cos I angent cot mgvb I weci xZ wPwewk|

8.15 (K)|

2
3
KvYi w KvYwgwZ AbycvZmg~n

< <
2
0

.
c~eeZxAvj vPbvi 8.13 (K) I 8.14 (L) Gi gvag Avgi vcvB,

cos
2
sin
2
sin
2
3
sin =

+ =

sin
2
cos
2
cos
2
3
cos =

+ =

cot
2
tan
2
tan
2
3
tan =

+ =


Abyi cf ve,

sec
2
3
cos =

ec ,

ec cos
2
4
sec =


Ges

tan
2
3
cot =

.
8.15 (L)|

2
3
KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n

< <
2
0

|
c~eeZxAvj vPbvi 8.13 (L) I 8.14 (K) eenvi Ki cvI qvhvq

cos
2
sin
2
sin
2
3
sin =

+ =

+ + =

+
dgv- 22, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
169

sin ) sin (
2
cos
2
cos
2
3
cos = =

+ =

+ + =

cot
2
tan
2
tan
2
3
tan =

+ =

+ + =

+
Abyi cf ve,

sec
2
3
cos =

+ ec

ec cos
2
3
sec =

tan
2
3
cot =

+ .
8.16 (K)| ( ) 2 KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n

< <
2
0


cwgZ evAv`kAevb ) 2 ( KvYi Aevb PZz_PZz_f vM_vK Ges ( ) KvYi mv_ wgj
hvq| ZvB ( ) I ( ) 2 KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZ mgvb|
( ) sin ) sin( 2 sin = =
( ) cos ) cos( 2 cos = =
( ) tan ) tan( 2 tan = =
( ) ec ec ec cos ) ( cos 2 cos = =
( ) sec ) sec( 2 sec = =
Ges ( ) cot ) cot( 2 cot = =
8.16 (L)| ( ) + 2 KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n

< <
2

O
cwgZ evAv`kAevb ( ) + 2 KvYi Aevb c_g PZzf vM_vKvq KvYi I ( ) + 2 KvYi
AbycvZmg~n GKB ne|
myZi vs
( ) ( ) cos 2 cos , sin 2 sin = + = +
( ) ( ) ec ec cos 2 cos , tan 2 tan = + = +
( ) ( ) cot 2 cot , sec 2 sec = + = + .
8.17| hKvbvKvYi A_vr,

2
n KvYi w KvYwgwZK AbycvZmg~n wbYqi cwZ

< <
2
0

|
wbgv cwZZ hKvbvw KvYwgwZK KvYi AbycvZmg~n wbYq Ki vhvq|
170
DPZi MwYZ
avc 1 : (K) c_g c` KvYK `yBf vMf vMKi Z ne hvi GKwUAsk
2

ev
2

Gi n wYZK Ges
Aci wUm~ KvY| A_vr c` KvbK

2
n AvKvi cKvk Ki Z ne|

avc 2 : n Rvo msLvnj AbycvZi ai Y GKB _vKe A_vr e sin AbycvZ e sin _vKe, ine cos
AbycvZ ine cos _vKe BZvw`|

n weRvo nj gent e tan , sin I ant sec AbycvZj v ine cos , angent cot I ecant cos G
cwi ewZZ ne| GKBf ve, ine cos , angent cot I ecant cos h_vg e sin , gent tan I ant sec
G cwi ewZZ ne|

avc 3 :

2
n KvYi Aevb Kvb PZzf vMmUvRvbvi ci H PZzf vMc` AbycvZi h wP
mB wP avc-2 _K wbi wcZ AbycvZi c~eemvZ ne|

we.`.: 8.17 _K ewYZ cwZi mvnvhhKvbvw KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbYq me ej wkv_x`i GB
cwZZ w KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbYqi RbDc`k `I qvnj v|

D`vni Y 13|

2
9
sin KvYi 9 = n GKwUweRvo msLv| ZvB sin cwi ewZZ nq cos ne|
Avevi ,

2
9 `kg evwZxq PZzf vM_vK dj sinGi wP abvZK|

cos
2
9
sin =

+ .

2
9
sin Gi 9 = n weRvo Ges

2
9
beg evc_g PZzf vM_vKvq sin Gi wP
abvZK|

cos
2
9
sin =

2
9
tan Gi 9 = n weRvo ej tan ne cot Ges

2
9
`kg evwZxq PZzf vM
_vKvq tan Gi wP FYvZK|

cot
2
9
tan =

+ .
GKBf ve,

cot
2
9
tan =


171
DPZi MwYZ
KvR : ( ) ( ) ,
2
19
sec , 18 cot ,
2
17 tan , 11 cos ,
2
11
sin


Ges ( ) 8 cosec AbycvZmg~nK KvYi AbycvZ cKvk Ki |

8.18| KwZcq D`vni Y :
D`vni Y 14| ) (i ) 10 sin ( + , ) (ii

3
19
cos


) (iii

6
11
tan

, ) (iv


2
9
cot

I
) (v

2
17
sec

Gi gvb wbYq Ki |

mgvavb : ) (i ) 10 sin( + =

2
20 sin
GLvb, 20 = n Ges

2
20 sin
KvYwU21Zg evc_g PZzf vMAewZ|
) 10 sin( + = sin .
) (ii

3
19
cos

=

+
3
6 cos


=

+
3 2
12 cos


GLvb 12 = n Ges
3
19
c_g PZzf vMAewZ|

3
19
cos

=
2
1
3
cos =

.
) (iii

6
11
tan

=


6
2 tan


=


6 2
4 tan


=
6
tan

[ 4 = n I PZz_PZzf vM]
=
3
1
.

) (iv


2
9
cot

=

2
9
cot
DPZi MwYZ
172
=

2
9
cot
=

2
9 cot
= ( ) tan
= tan [ 9 = n ,

2
9
Gi Aevb 4_PZzf vM]
) (v

2
17
sec

=

2
17
sec

] sec ) sec( [ =
=

+ 0
2
17 sec


= 0 cosec
2
17
, 17 [

= n y A Dci ] (AmsvwqZ)
D`vni Y 15| gvb wbYq Ki :
) (i
3
5
cos
30
31
cos
90
101
sin
36
5
cos
90
11
sin + + + +
) (ii
30
47
cos
15
16
cos
30
13
cos
15
cos
2 2 2 2

+ + +
mgvavb : ) (i
3
5
cos
30
31
cos
90
101
sin
36
5
cos
90
11
sin + + + +
=

180
300
cos
180
186
cos
180
202
sin
180
25
cos
180
22
sin + + + +
=

+ + +
180
60
2 cos
180
25
cos
180
22
sin
180
25
cos
180
22
sin
=
180
60
cos
180
25
cos
180
22
sin
180
25
cos
180
22
sin + +
=
3
cos


=
2
1
.
) (ii
30
47
cos
15
16
cos
30
13
cos
15
cos
2 2 2 2

+ + +
=
30
47
cos
30
32
cos
30
13
cos
30
2
cos
2 2 2 2

+ + +

173
DPZi MwYZ
=
2 2
2 2
30
2
2
3 cos
30
13
2
3 cos
30
13
cos
30
2
cos

+ +

+ +


=
2 2
2 2
30
2
sin
30
13
sin
30
13
cos
30
2
cos

+ +


=
30
2
sin
30
13
sin
30
13
cos
30
2
cos
2 2 2 2

+ + +
= 2 1 1
30
13
sin
30
13
cos
30
2
sin
30
2
cos
2 2 2 2
= + =

+ +

+



D`vni Y 16|
12
5
tan = Ges cos FYvZK nj , cgvY Ki h,
26
51
tan ) sec(
) cos( sin
=
+
+



cgvY :
12
5
tan = Ges cos FYvZK nI qvq KvYi Aevb ZZxq PZzf vM|
A_vr,
x
y
=

= =
12
5
12
5
tan
5 , 12 = = y x
25 144 ) 5 ( ) 12 (
2 2 2 2
+ = + = + = y x r
= 169 =13

13
5
sin =

=
r
y


13
12
cos

=

=
r
x
Ges
12
13
cos
1
sec = =





tan ) sec(
) cos( sin
+
+
=


tan sec
cos sin
+
+
, cos ) Cos ( [ + sec sec( = ]
=
13
5
13
12
13
12
13
5


=
12
8
13
17

=
26
51
8
12
13
17
= [cgvwYZ]|
D`vni Y 17|
6

= nj wbgv Af `i (m~ i ) mZZvhvPvB Ki |


2
2
2 2 2 2
tan 1
tan 1
sin 2 1 1 cos 2 sin cos 2 cos
+

= = = =
cgvY : `I qvAvQ,
6

=

2
1
2
cos
6
. 2 cos 2 cos = =

=
2
1
3
cos


174
DPZi MwYZ

= =

= =
2
1
6
sin
2
3
6
cos
2
1
2
3
6
sin
6
cos sin cos
2
2
2 2 2 2


=
2
1
4
2
4
1
4
3
= = .

1
2
3
2 1
6
cos 2 1 cos 2
2
2 2

= =


=
2
1
2
2 3
1
2
3
1
4
3
2 =

= =

2
2 2
2
1
2 1
6
sin 2 1 sin 2

= 1 =


=
2
1
2
1
1
4
1
2 1 = =

2
2
tan 1
tan 1
+

=
6
tan 1
6
tan 1
2
2


=
2
2
3
1
1
3
1
1

=
3
1
6
tan


=
3
1
1
3
1
1
+

=
3
4
3
2

=
2
1
3
4
3
2
=


2
2
2 2 2 2
tan 1
tan 1
sin 2 1 1 cos 2 sin cos 2 cos
+

= = = = [hvPvBKZ]
[we.`: Dci v Af `mg~n Gi h KvYi gvbi RbmZ) ci eZxchvq Af `mg~n cgvY Ki vne]
D`vni Y 15| 3 tan = ,

2
2
< < nj Gi gvb KZ ?
mgvavb : tan Gi FYvZK nI qvq Gi Aevb wZxq evPZz_PZzf vM_vKe|
wZxq PZzf vM 3 tan = =


3
tan


=
3
2
tan


175
DPZi MwYZ

3
2
=
GwUMnYhvMgvb| Kvi Y

2
2
< < .
Avevi , PZz_PZzf vM 3 tan = =


3
2 tan


=
3
5
tan



3
5
= hv

2
2
< < kZcvj b Ki |
Gi wbYq gvb,
3
2
I
3
5
.
D`vni Y 16| mgvavb Ki

< <
2

O :
) (i 2 cos sin = +
) (ii 3 tan sec = +
mgvavb : ) (i 2 cos sin = +
ev, cos 2 sin =
ev,
2 2
cos cos 2 2 2 sin + =
ev,
2 2
cos cos 2 2 2 cos 1 + =
ev, 0 1 cos 2 2 cos 2
2
= +
ev, ( ) 0 1 cos 2
2
=
ev, 0 1 cos 2 =
ev,
4
cos
2
1
cos

= =

4

= .

wbYq mgvavb
4

= .
) (ii 3 tan sec = +
ev, 3
cos
sin
cos
1
= +


ev, 3
cos
sin 1
=
+


ev,
2 2
) cos 3 ( ) sin 1 ( = +
ev,
2 2
cos 3 sin sin 2 1 = + +
176
DPZi MwYZ
ev, ) sin 1 ( 3 sin 2 sin 2 1
2 2
= + +
ev, 3 sin 3 sin sin 2 1
2 2
= + + +
ev, 2 sin 2 sin 4
2
= +
ev, 0 1 sin sin 2
2
= +
ev, 0 1 sin sin 2 sin 2
2
= +
ev, 0 ) 1 )(sin 1 sin 2 ( = +
0 1 sin 2 = ev, 0 1 sin = +
A_vr,
2
1
sin = ev, 1 sin =
2
0

< < Gi Rb 1 sin = nZ cvi bvej GwUMnYhvMbq|

6
sin
2
1
sin

= =

6

= wbYq mgvavb|
Di :
6

=
we.`. : hw` 2 0 < < nZ, Zvnj
2
1
sin = Ges 1 sin = Df q gvb MnYhvM nZ| m
mgvavb nZ
6

= A_ev
2
3
= .
D`vni Y 17| 2 0 < < nj , wbgv mgxKi Ymg~ni mgvavb wbYq Ki :
) (i cos cos sin
2 2
=
) (ii sin 4 cos 3 ) 3 cos (sin 2 + = +
mgvavb : ) (i cos cos sin
2 2
=
ev, cos cos cos 1
2 2
=
ev, 0 cos cos 2 1
2
=
ev, 0 1 cos cos 2
2
= +
ev, 0 ) 1 )(cos 1 cos 2 ( = +
0 1 cos 2 = A_ev 0 1 cos = +
A_vr,
2
1
cos = A_ev 1 cos =
A_vr,
3
cos cos

= A_ev cos cos =

3

= , .
dgv- 23, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
177
hnZz 2 0 < < mnZzDf q gvb MnYhvM|
wbYq mgvavb :
3

= , .
) (ii sin 4 cos 3 ) 3 cos (sin 2 + = +
ev,
2 2 2 2
sin 16 sin cos 3 8 cos 3 ) 3 cos sin 3 2 cos (sin 4 + + = + +
ev,
2 2 2 2
sin 16 sin cos 3 8 cos 3 12 cos sin 3 8 cos sin 4 + + = + +
ev,
2 2 2 2
sin 16 cos 3 12 cos sin 4 + = +
ev,
2 2 2 2
sin 16 ) sin 1 ( 3 12 ) sin 1 ( sin 4 + = +
ev,
2 2 4 2
sin 16 sin 3 3 12 sin 4 sin 4 + = +
ev, 0 9 sin 9 sin 4
2 4
= +
ev, 0 9 sin 3 sin 12 sin 4
2 2 4
= +
ev, 0 ) 3 )(sin 3 sin 4 (
2 2
= +
0 3 sin 4
2
= ev, 0 3 sin
2
= +
A_vr, 3 sin 4
2
= ev 3 sin
2
=

4
3
sin
2
= [ 3 sin
2
= nZ cvi bvej MnYhvMbq, Kvi Y ] 1 sin 1
ev,
2
3
sin =

2
3
sin = Ges
2
3
sin =
A_vr,
3
sin sin

= Ges

+ =
3
sin sin



3

= Ges
3
4
=
wbYq mgvavb
3

= ,
3
4


Abykxj bx83
1| sinA =
2
1
nj sin2A Gi gvb KZ ?
K.
2
1
L.
2
1

M. 1 N. 2
178
DPZi MwYZ
2| - 300
0
KvYwUKvb&PZz_f vM_vKe ?
K. c_g L. wZxq
M. ZZxq N. PZz_
3| sin +cos =1 nj sin Gi gvb ne
i 0
0

ii 30
0

iii 90
0

wbPi KvbwUmwVK ?
K. i L. ii
M. i I ii N. i I ii
4. cvki wP Abymvi
(i) tan =
4
3

(ii) sin =
5
3

(iii) cos
2
=
9
25

wbPi KvbwUmwVK?
K) i I i i (L) i I i i i (M) i i I i i i (N) i , i i I i i i
wbPi wP i Avj vK 5 bs I 6 bs cki Di `vI :
5| sinB +cosC =KZ ?
K.
a
b 2
L.
b
a 2

M.
ab
b a
2 2
+
N.
2 2
b a
ab
+

6| tanB Gi gvb Kvb&wU?
K.
2 2
b a
a

L.
2 2
b a
b


M.
2 2
b a
a

N.
2 2
b a
b


7| gvb wbYq Ki :
) (i 7 sin ) (ii
2
11
cos

) (iii 11 cot ) (iv

6
23
tan


179
DPZi MwYZ
) (v
3
19
cos

ec ) (vi

2
25
sec

) (vii
6
31
sin

) (viii

6
25
cos


8| cgvY Ki h,
) (i 0
10
cos
10
9
cos
10
13
cos
10
17
cos = + + +


) (ii 1
12
11
tan
12
7
tan
12
5
tan
12
tan =


) (iii 2
14
9
sin
7
8
sin
14
5
sin
7
sin
2 2 2 2
= + + +


) (iv 1
6
11
sin
3
5
cos
6
13
cos
3
7
sin =


) (v 1
3
5
cos
6
11
sin
6
13
cos
3
13
sin =


) (vi
4
3
tan = Ges sin FYvZK nj `LvI h,
5
14
tan sec
cos sin
=
+
+


.
9| gvb wbYq Ki :
) (i
36
5
sin
36
31
sin
4
5
cos
4
9
cos

+ +
) (ii
20
9
cot
20
7
cot
20
5
cot
20
3
cot
15
cot


) (iii
4
7
sin
4
5
sin
4
3
sin
4
sin
2 2 2 2

+ + +
) (iv
8
7
cos
8
5
cos
8
3
cos
8
cos
2 2 2 2

+ + +
) (v
8
5
cos
18
37
cos
18
5
sin
18
17
sin
2 2 2 2

+ + +
10|
3

= nj wbgv Af `mg~n cgvY Ki :


) (i


2
tan 1
tan 2
cos sin 2 sin
+
= =
) (ii
3
sin 4 sin 3 3 sin =
) (iii cos 3 cos 4 3 cos
3
=
) (iv

2
tan 1
tan 2
2 tan

=
11| c` kZc~i Y Ki (Avj dv) Gi gvb wbYq Ki :
) (i

2
3
; 3 cot < < =
DPZi MwYZ
180
) (ii
2
3
2
;
2
1
cos

< < =
) (iii
2
3
2
;
2
3
sin

< < =
) (iv 2 ; 1 cot < < =
12| mgvavb Ki : (hLb

< <
2
0


) (i
2 2
sin 2 1 cos 2 + =

) (ii 0 cos 3 sin 2
2
=
) (iii 0 4 sin 11 sin 6
2
= +

) (iv
3
4
cot tan = +
) (v 3 cos 3 sin 2
2
= +
13| mgvavb Ki : (hLb ) 2 0 < <
) (i 0 cos 3 sin 2
2
= +

) (ii 5 ) sin (cos 4
2
= +
) (iii 3 cos cot
2 2
= + ec

) (iv 2 cot tan
2 2
= +
) (v
3
5
tan sec
2 2
= +

) (vi 0 2 cos cot 7 cos 5
2
= ec ec
) (vii ). 2 0 ( sin cos sin 2 = x x x x
14|
K. wP ABC GKwUevKvi PvKvGes PvKvwUi AB Pvci `N25 m.wg. nj =KZ ?
PvKvwU1 evi N~i KZ wgUvi `~i ZAwZg Ki e ?
L. ABC PvKvwUcwZ mK 5 evi AvewZZ nj PvKvwUi MwZeMNvq KZ ne ?
M. wP BOD nj sin Gi gvb eenvi Ki cgvY Ki h, tan +sec =x
15|
K. wP O, ei K`nj B Gi exqgvb Ges AC wbYq Ki |
L. cgvY Ki h, tanA +tanB +tanC +tanD =O
M. Sec+Cos =P nj P Gi gvb wbYq Ki Ges mgxKi YwUmgvavb Ki |
181
DPZi MwYZ
beg Aavq
m~PKxq I j Mvwi `gxq dvskb
(Exponential & Logarithmic Functions)

mgmvgwqK eveZvq m~PK I j Mvwi `gxq dvskbi AbK cqvMweavq Gi PPvAevnZ i qQ| hgb
RbmsLvew, PewgybvdvBZvw`Z Df q dvskbi cqvMwe`gvb|

Aavq kl wkv_xi v
g~j ` m~PK I Ag~j ` m~PK evLvKi Z cvi e|
g~j ` I Ag~j ` m~PKi Rbwewf bm~ cgvY I cqvMKi Z cvi e|
m~PK I j Mvwi gi cvi vwi K mKevLvKi Z cvi e|
j Mvwi `gi wewf bm~ cgvY I cqvMKi Z cvi e|
j Mvwi `gi wf w cwi eZb Ki Z cvi e|
m~PKxq, j Mvwi `gxq I ci ggvb dvskbi avi YvevLvKi Z cvi e Ges MvwYwZK mgmvmgvavb
Ki Z cvi e|
dvskbmg~ni j LwP AsKb AvMnxne|
m~PKxq, j Mvwi `gxq I ci ggvb dvskbmg~nK j LwP i mvnvhDcvcb Ki Z cvi e|
Kvj Kzj Ui i mvnvhj MI cwZj MwbYq Ki Z cvi e|

91 g~j ` I Ag~j ` m~PK : gvawgK exRMwYZ Avj vwPZ wKQzwel q hvG Aavqi Avj vPbvi ^v_Dj L
Ki vnj v:
R mKj eve msLvi mU
N mKj ^vf vweK msLvi mU
Z mKj c~YmsLvi mU
Q mKj g~j ` msLvi mUwb`k Ki |

awi a GKwUAL msLvevf Mvsk hvabvZK evFYvZK nZ cvi Ges n GKwUabvZK AL msLv|
Zvnj a K n evi Y Ki j Ydj wUK wj Lvnq .. .......... a a a a
n
= (n evi ) a
Ges
n
a K ej vnq a Gi n NvZ| Gi c a K ej vnq wbavb evwf w ) (base Ges n K ej vnq
a Gi NvZi m~PK ) (exponent A_eva Gi m~PK|
myZi vs
4
3 Gi wf w 3 Ges m~PK 4
Avevi ,
4
3
2

Gi wf w
3
2
Gi m~PK 4|
msv: mKj R a Gi Rb
182
DPZi MwYZ
(1) a a =
1

(2) a a a a a
n
.......... = (n msLK Drcv`K), hLvb, 1 , > n N n
Ag~j ` m~PK :
Ag~j ` m~PKi Rb ) 0 ( > a a
x
Gi gvb Ggbf ve wbw` Ki vnq h, x Gi g~j ` Avmbgvb p Gi Rb
p
a Gi gvb
x
a Gi gvbi Avmbnq| D`vni Y^ i c,
5
3 msLvwUweePbvKwi | Avgi vRvwb, 5 GKwU
Ag~j ` msLvGes ......... 236067977 2 5 = (GB gvb Kvj Kzj Ui eenvi Ki cvI qvwMqQGes
`kwgK wevi h AbZv 5 vi vwb`k Ki vnqQ)| 5 Gi Avmbgvb wnme
23606797 2 2360679 2 236067 2
2360 2 236 2 23 2
6 5 4
3 2 1
= = =
= = =
p p p
p p p



weePbvKi
5
3 Gi Avmbgvb wnme
....... .......... 5872505 11 3
23 2
1
= =

q
....... .......... 6638822 11 3
236 2
2
= =

q
....... .......... 6638822 11 3
2360 2
3
= =

q
....... .......... 6647407 11 3
236067 2
4
= =

q
....... .......... 6647523 11 3
2360679 2
5
= =

q
....... .......... 6647532 11 3
23606797 2
6
= =

q

cvI qvhvq (GB gvbj vI Kvj Kzj Ui eenvi Ki cvI qvwMqQ)
evweK c, .......... 533 664 11 3
5
7 =
92 m~PK mwKZ m~ :
m~ 1 : R a Ges N n nj , . ,
1 1
a a a a a
n n
= =
+

cgvY : msvbyhvqx a a =
1
Ges N n Gi Rb a a a a
n
n
a a a a
n n
=
+
=
+
msLK
msLK 1
......
1

`e: N mKj ^vf vweK msLvi mU
m~ 2 : R n Ges N n m , nj
n m n m
a a a
+
=
cgvY : hKvbv N m wbw` Ki Ges n K Pj K ai Lvj vevK ) 1 .......(
n m n m
a a a
+
= weePbv
Kwi |
) 1 ( G 1 = n ewmq cvB,
evgc
1 1 +
= =
m m m
a a a a a Wvbc [m~ 1]
183
DPZi MwYZ
1 = n Gi Rb ) 1 ( mZ|
GLb awi , k n = Gi Rb ) 1 ( mZ| A_vr,
k m k m
a a a
+
= .. .... (2)
Zvnj , ) (
1
a a a a a
k m k m
=
+
[m~ 1]
= a a a
k m
) ( [Yi mnhvRb]
= a a
k m

+
[Avi vn K bv]
=
1 + +k m
a [m~ 1]
A_vr, 1 + = k n , Gi Rb ) 1 ( mZ|
myZi vs MvwYwZK Avi vn cwZ AbyhvqxmKj N n Gi Rb ) 1 ( mZ|
h Kvbv N n m , Gi Rb
n m n m
a a a
+
=

n m n m
a a a
+
=
ewYZ m~ wUK m~PKi gwj K m~ ej vnq|
m~ 3| 0 , a R a Ges N n m , nj

<
>
=

n m
a
n m a
a
a
m n
n m
n
m
hLb
hLb
1

cgvY : (1) gb Kwi , n m > Zvnj N n m

m n n m n n m
a a a a = =
+ ) (
[m~ 2]

n m
n
m
a
a
a

= [f vMi msv]

(2) gb Kwi , n m < Zvnj N m n

n m m n m m n
a a a a = =
+ ) (
[m~ 2]

m n n
m
a a
a

=
1
[f vMi msv]

`e: m~ wUMvwYwZK Avi vn cwZZ cgvY Ki [m~ 2 Gi Abyi c]
m~ 4 : R a Ges N n m , nj , ( )
mn
n
m
a a =
m~ 5 : R b a , Ges N n nj , ( )
n n n
b a b a =
[m~ q Avi vn cwZZ cgvY Ki ]
k~bI FYvZK c~YmvswLK m~PK|

msv: 0 , a R a nj ,
(3) 1
0
= a
(4) ,
1
n
n
a
a =

hLvb N n
184
DPZi MwYZ
ge : m~PKi avi Yvmcmvi Yi mgq j i vLvnq, hb m~PKi gwj K m~
n m n m
a a a
+
= mKj
B ea _vK|
m~ wUhw` 0 = m Gi RbmZnq, Ze
n o n o
a a a
+
= A_vr, 1 = =
n
n
o
a
a
a nZ ne|
GKBf ve, m~ wUhw` ) ( N n n m = Gi RbmZnZ nq,
Ze 1 = = =
+ o n n n n
a a a a A_vr,
n
n
a
a
1
=

nZ ne| Gw`K j i LB Dci i msveYbvKi v


nqQ|

D`vni Y 1|
11 6 5 6 5
2 2 2 2 = =
+


2 3 5
3
5
3 3
3
3
= =



2 3 5 5
3
3
1
3
1
3
3
= =



3
3
3
4
5
4 4 4
5 5 5
4
5
4
5
4
5
4
5
=


= =


( )
14 7 2
7
2
4 4 4 = =


( ) ( ) ( )
15 10 5 3 5 2
5
3
5
2
5
3 2
b a b a b a b a = = =



D`vni Y 2| .
7
1
7 , 1 ) 6 ( , 1 6
1
= = =


o o

1 0
10
1
10 ,
49
1
7
1
7
1
2
2
= = = =



100
1
10
1
10
2
2
= =


D`vni Y 3| N n m , nj
mn n m
a a = ) ( m~ wUi mZZv^xKvi Ki wbq `LvI h,
mn n m
a a = ) (
hLvb 0 a Ges N m Ges Z n

mgvavb : (1) GLvb, ) 1 .( .......... ) (
mn n m
a a =
hLvb, 0 a Ges N m I Z n
c_g gb Kwi , 0 > n G ) 1 ( Gi mZZv^xKvi Ki bI qvnqQ|

(2) GLb gb Kwi , 0 = n G 1 ) ( ) ( = = =
o o m n m
a a a
) 1 ( mZ|

(3) mekl gb Kwi , 0 < n Ges , k n = hLvb N k
dgv- 24, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
185
G .
1
) (
1
) ( ) (
) ( mn k m mk
mk k m
k m n m
a a a
a a
a a = = = = = =


D`vni Y 4| `LvI h, mKj N n m , Gi Rb
n m
n
m
a
a
a

= hLvb 0 a
mgvavb : n m > nj ,
n m
n
m
a
a
a

= [m~ 3]
n m < nj ,
m n n
m
a a
a

=
1
[m~ 3]

) ( m n
n
m
a
a
a

= [m~ 4]

n m
a

=
n m = nj ,
o
n
n
n
m
a
a
a
a
a
= = = 1 [msv3]
=
n m m m
a a

=
`e : Dci ewYZ m~PKi msvj v_K hKvbv Z m Gi Rb
m
a Gi evLvcvI qvhvq,
hLvb , 0 a m~PK abvZK A_evk~b A_evFYvZK ai mvavi Yf ve mKj c~YmvswLK m~PKi Rb
wbgv m~ wUcgvY Ki vhvq|

m~ 6 : , 0 a 0 b Ges Z n m , nj ,
(K)
n m n m
a a a
+
= (L)
n m
n
m
a
a
a

=
(M)
mn n m
a a = ) ( (N)
n n n
b a ab = ) (
(O) .
n
n
n
b
a
b
a
=



KvR :
1| MvwYwZK Avi vn cwZZ `LvI h,
mn n m
a a = ) ( hLvb R a Ges N n
2| MvwYwZK Avi vn cwZZ `LvI h,
n n n
b a b a . ) ( = hLvb R b a , Ges N n
3| MvwYwZK Avi vn cwZZ `LvI h, ,
1 1
n
n
a a
=

hLvb 0 > a Ges N n |


AZtci
n n n
b a ab = ) ( m~ eenvi Ki `LvI h,
n
n
n
b
a
b
a
=

hLvb, R b a , , , 0 > b Ges


N n |
4| gb Ki , , 0 a Ges Z n m , abvZK c~YmvswLK m~PKi Rb
n m n m
a a a
+
= , m~ wUi mZZv
^ xKvi Ki `LvI h,
n m n m
a a a
+
= hLb 0 ) ( > m i Ges 0 < n , 0 ) ( < m ii Ges 0 < n |

186
DPZi MwYZ
93 g~j Gi evLv
msv: 1 , > n N n Ges R a nj , hw` Ggb R x _vK hb a x
n
= nq, Ze mB x K a Gi
GKwUn Zg g~j ej vnq| 2Zg g~j K eMg~j Ges 3Zg g~j K Nbg~j ej vnq|

D`vni Y 5| 2 ) ( i Ges 2 Df qB 16-Gi 4Zg g~j , Kvi Y 16 ) 2 (
4
= Ges 16 ) 2 (
4
=
27 ) ( ii Gi Nbg~j 3 , Kvi Y 27 ) 3 (
3
=
0 ) ( ii Gi n Zg g~j 0, Kvi Y mKj 0 0 =
n

9 ) ( ii Gi KvbveMg~j bB, Kvi Y hKvbveve msLvi eMg~j AFYvZK|
GLvb, Dj Lh,
(K) hw` 0 > a Ges 1 , > n N n
n
nq, Ze a -Gi GKwUAbbabvZK n Zg g~j AvQ| GB abvZK
g~j K
n
a vi vm~wPZ Ki vnq (
2
a Gi j a j Lvnq) Ges GK a Gi n Zg g~j ej vnq|
Rvo msLvnj Gi c a -Gi Aci GKwUn Zg g~j AvQGes Zvnj v
n
a |
(L) hw` 0 < a Ges 1 , > n N n weRvo msLvnq, Ze a -Gi GKwUgv n Zg g~j AvQhvFYZK|
GB g~j K
n
a vi vm~wPZ Ki vnq| n Rvo nj Ges a FYvZK nj a -Gi Kvb n Zg g~j bB|
(M) 0 Gi n Zg g~j 0 0 =
n

`e: (1) 0 > a nj 0 >
n
a
(2) 0 < a Ges n weRvo nj ,
0 < =
n
n
a a [hLvb a nQa Gi ci ggvb]|
D`vni Y 6| ( )

<
>
= = = = =
0 ,
0
, 8 2 8 , 2 4 , 2 4
2 3 3
a a
a a
a a
hLb
hLb ,

m~ 7 : 0 < a Ges n n N n , 1 , > weRvo nj `LvI h,
n
n
a a =
cgvY : gb Kwi , x a
n
=
Zvnj , a x
n
= [g~j i msv]
ev, a x
n
= [a Gi msv]
ev, a x
n
=
ev, a x
n
= ) ( [ n weRvo]
x a
n
= [g~j i msv]
m~Zi vs
n
n
a a = Kbbva Gi n Zg g~j Abb|
187
DPZi MwYZ
D`vni Y 7|
3
27
mgvavb : 3 ) 3 ( 27
3
3 3
= =
m~ 8 : Z m a > , 0 Ges 1 , > n N n nj , ( )
n m
m
n
a a =
cgvY : gb Kwi , x a
n
= Ges y a
n m
=
Zvnj , a x
n
= Ges
m n
a y =

n m m n m n
x x a y ) ( ) ( = = =
hnZz , 0 , 0 > >
m
x y myZi vs g~L n Zg
g~j weePbvKi cvB,
m
x y =
ev, ( )
m
n n m
a a =
A_vr, ( )
n m
m
n
a a =
m~ 9 : hw` 0 > a Ges
q
p
n
m
= nq, hLvb Z p m , Ges 1 , 1 , , > > q n N q n
Ze,
q
p n m
a a =
cgvY : GLvb . pn qm =
gb Kwi , x a
n m
= Znvj ,
m n
a x =

q m q n
a x ) ( ) ( =

pn mq nq
a a x = =
ev,
n p n q
a x ) ( ) ( =

p q
a x = [g~L n Zg g~j weePbvKi ]

q
p
a x =

q
p n m
a a =
Abywmv: hw` 0 > a Ges 1 , , > n N k n nq,
Ze,
nk k n
a a =
94 g~j ` f Mvsk m~PK :
msv: R a Ges 1 , > n N n nj , (5)
n
n
a a =
1
hLb 0 > a A_ev 0 < a Ges weRvo|
ge1 : m~PK wbqg
mn n m
a a = ) ( [m~ 6 `e]
hw` mKj mZnZ nq, Ze a a a a
n
n
n
n
= = =

1
1
nZ ne, A_vr,
n
a
1
Gi n Zg g~j nZ ne|
G RbGKvwaK g~j i _Zvcwi nvi i j Dci i msveYbvKi vnqQ|
DPZi MwYZ
188
ge2 : 0 < a Ges 1 , > n N n weRvo nj m~ 7 _K `Lvhvq
h, n
n
n
n
a a a a
1
1
= = =
Gi c GB m~ i mvnvhB
n
a
1
Gi gvb wbYq Ki vnq|
ge3 : a g~j ` msLvnj I AwaKvsk
n
a
1
Ag~j ` msLvnq| Gi c
n
a
1
Gi Avmbgvb
eenvi Ki vnq|
msv: Z m a > , 0 Ges 1 , > n N n nj , (6)
m
n
n
m
a a

=
1


`e1 : msv(5) I (6) Ges m~ 8 _K `Lvhvq h, ( )
n m
m
n n
m
a a a = =
hLvb, Z m a > , 0 Ges 1 , > n N n
myZi vs Z p Ges 1 , > n Z q hw` Ggb nq h,
q
p
n
m
= nq, Ze m~ 9 _K `Lvhvq h,
q
p
n
m
a a =
`e2 : c~YmvswLK m~PK g~j ` f Mvsk m~PKi msv_K
r
a Gi evLvcvI qvhvq, hLvb 0 > a
Ges Q r | Dci i Avj vPbv_K `Lvhvq h, 0 > a nj , r K wewf bmgZyj f Mvsk AvKvi cKvk
Ki vnj I
r
a Gi gvbi KvbvZvi Zgnq bv|
`e3 : m~ 6 G ewYZ m~PK wbqgj vmvavi Yf ve hKvbvm~PKi RbmZnq|
m~ 10| 0 , 0 > > b a Ges Q s r , nj
(K)
s r s r
a a a
+
= (L)
s r
s
r
a
a
a

=
(M) ( )
rs
s
r
a a = (N) ( )
r r r
b a ab =
(O)
r
r
r
b
a
b
a
=


(K) I (N) Gi cyb:cyb cqvMi gvag `Lvhvq h,
Abywmv: (1) 0 > a Ges Q r r r
k
.. .......... ,
2 1
nj ,
k k
r r r r r r r r
a a a a a
+ + + +
=
. ..........
3 2 1 3 2 1
.. ..........
(2) 0 ....., 0 , 0
2 1
> > >
n
a a a Ges Q r nj , ( ) . ........ ........
2 1 2 1
r
n
r r r
n
a a a a a a =

D`vni Y 7| `LvI h,
q
p
n
m
q
p
n
m
a a a
+
=
hLvb, 1 , 1 , , ; , ; 0 > > > q n N q n Z p m a .
189
DPZi MwYZ
mgvavb :
n
m
I
q
p
K mgni wewk f M vsk cwi YZ Ki `Lvhvq h,
np
nq
mq
nq nq
np
nq
mq
q
p
n
m
a a a a a a

= =
1 1
[msv6 eenvi Ki ]
=
np mq
nq
a
+

1
[m~ 6]
=
nq
np mq
a
+
[msv6]
=
nq
np
nq
mq
a
+

=
q
p
n
m
a
+

KqKwUcqvRbxq Z_:
) (i hw` 1 =
x
a nq, hLvb 0 > a Ges 1 a Zvnj 0 = x
) (ii hw` 1 =
x
a nq, hLvb 0 > a Ges 0 x Zvnj 1 = a
) (iii hw`
y x
a a = nq, hLvb 0 > a Ges 1 a Zvnj y x =
) (iv hw`
x x
b a = nq, hLvb 0 >
b
a
Ges Ges 0 x Zvnj b a =
D`vni Y 8| mi j Ki :
hw` c b b a
y x
= = , Ges a c
z
= nq, Ze `LvI h, 1 = xyz .

mgavb : ) (i c` kZnZ,
x
a b = ,
y
b c = Ges
z
c a =
GLb,
zx x z x
c c a b = = = ) ( =
zx y
b ) ( =
xyz
b
xyz xyz
b b b b = =
1

1 = xyz . (cgvwYZ)|
D`vni Y 9| hw`
a b
b a = nq, Ze `LvI h,
1
=

b
a
b
a
a
b
a
Ges G _K cgvY Ki h,
b a 2 = nj , 2 = b
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ
a b
b a =

a
b
a
b
a a b = =
1
) (
190
DPZi MwYZ
evgc =
b
a
a
b
b
a
a
b
b
a
a a
a
a
b
a


1

=
1
1

=
b
a
b
a
a a a

Wvbc (cgvwYZ)|
cybi vq, b a 2 = nj
1 2 2
1
2
2
) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2

= =

b b
b
b
b
b
b
b


b 2 4= 2 = b (cgvwYZ)|
D`vni Y 10| hw` ( )
x
x x
x x x = nq Ze x Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ ( )
x
x x
x x x =

x x
x x
x x x x

=
+
2
1
1
2
1
) (
= ( )
2
3
2
3
x
x
x x =


( ) ( )
2
3
x
x
x
x x =

2
3
= x
4
9
2
3
2
=

= x .
D`vni Y 11| hw`
z y x
c b a = = Ges ac b =
2
nq, Ze cgvY Ki h,
y z x
2 1 1
= +
mgvavb : hnZz
y x
b a =
ev,
x
y
b a =
Avevi ,
y z
b c =
z
y
b c =
GLb ac b =
2


z
y
x
y
z
y
x
y
b b b b
+
= =
2


y z x z
y
x
y 2 1 1
2 = + + = (cvgwYZ)|
D`vni Y 12| cgvY Ki h, 1 =

+ + + b a
b
a
a c
a
c
c b
c
b
x
x
x
x
x
x

mgvavb : evgc =
b a
b
a
a c
a
c
c b
c
b
x
x
x
x
x
x
+ + +


191
DPZi MwYZ
=
b a b a a c a c c b c b
x x x
+ + +
) ( ) ( ) (
=
2 2 2 2 2 2
b a a c c b
x x x


=
2 2 2 2 2 2
b a a c c b
x
+ +

=
0
x
=1 =Wvbc|
D`vni Y 13| hw`
z
y
x
c b a
1
1
1
= = Ges 1 = abc nq, Ze `LvI h, 0 = + + z y x
mgvavb : awi , .
1
1
1
k c b a
z
y
x
= = =
Zvnj cvB,
z y x
k c k b k a = = = , ,

z y x z y x
k k k k abc
+ +
= =
`I qvAvQ, 1 = abc

0
k k
z y x
=
+ +

0 = + + z y x
D`vni Y 14| mi j Ki :
z x y x y z x z x y z y
a a a z a a

+ +
+
+ +
+
+ + 1
1
1
1
1
1

GLvb,
x z y
y
x y z y y
y
x y z y
a a a
a
a a a
a
a a


+ +
=
+ +
=
+ + ) 1 ( 1
1

GKBf ve,
y x z
z
y z x z z
z
y z x z
a a a
a
a a a
a
a z


+ +
=
+ +
=
+ + ) 1 ( 1
1

Ges
z y x
x
z x y x
a a a
a
a a


+ +
=
+ + 1
1

myZi vs c` i vwk
z x y x y z x z x y z y
a a a z a a

+ +
+
+ +
+
+ + 1
1
1
1
1
1

=
z y x
x
y x z
z
x z y
y
a a a
a
a a a
a
a a a
a

+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +

= 1 =
+ +
+ +


z y x
z y x
a a a
a a a

D`vni Y 15| hw`
3
1
3
2
2 2 2 + + = a nq, Ze `LvI h, 0 2 6 6
2 3
= + a a a .
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ,
3
1
3
2
2 2 2 + + = a

3
1
3
2
2 2 2 + = a
ev,
3
3
1
3
2
3
2 2 ) 2 (

+ = a
192
DPZi MwYZ
=

+ + +
3
1
3
2
3
1
3
2
2
2 2 2 2 3 2 2
=

= + + 2 2 2 ) 2 ( 6 6
3
1
3
2
a a
ev, 12 6 6 2 2 3 2 3
3 2 2 3
+ = + a a a a
ev, 12 6 6 8 12 6
2 3
+ = + a a a a
ev, 0 2 6 6
2 3
= + a a a
D`vni Y 16| mgvavb Ki : 0 2 2 3 4
5 2
= +
+ x x


mgvavb : 0 2 2 3 4
5 2
= +
+ x x

0 2 2 2 3 ) 2 (
5 2 2
= +
x x

0 32 2 12 ) 2 (
2
= +
x x

0 32 12
2
= + y y [gb Kwi y
x
= 2 ]
0 32 8 4
2
= + y y y
0 ) 4 ( 8 ) 4 ( = y y y
0 ) 8 )( 4 ( = y y
0 4= y or 0 8= y
] y 2 [ 0 4 2 = =
x x
] 2 [ 0 8 2 y
x x
= =

2
2 4 2 = =
x

3
2 8 2 = =
x

2 = x 3 = x
wbYq mgvavb 3 , 2 = x

KvR :
1| gvb wbYq Ki :
) (i
n
n n
5 4
5 35 5
1 2

+
+
) (ii
14
8 4
3
3 3

2| `LvI h, 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
=

+ + + + + + a ca c
a
c
c bc b
c
b
b ab a
b
a
p
p
p
p
p
p

3| hw`
1 1
,

= =
q p
xy b xy a Ges
1
=
r
xy c nq, Ze `LvI h, 1 =
q p p r r q
c b a
4| mgvavb Ki : ) (i . 2 3 3 4
1 2
2
1
2
1

+
=
x
x x
x

) (ii
1 2
3 9
+
=
x x

) (iii 320 2 2
1 3
= +
+ + x x


dgv- 25, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
193
5| mi j Ki : ) (i
12 4 6 8
) ( ) ( a a a .
) (ii { } [ ]
1
1
1 3
) 1 ( 1 1 1

x .
6| hw`
z
y
x
c b a = = Ges 1 = abc nq, Ze cgvY Ki 0 = + + z y x .
7| hw`
n m n m
a a a ) ( = nq, Ze cgvY Ki h, 0 ) 2 ( ) 2 ( = + m n n m .
Abykxj bx91
1| cgvY Ki h,
n
mp
p
n
m
a a =

hLvb m, Z p Ges N n .
2| cgvY Ki h,
mn
n
m
a a
1
1
1
=

hLvb Z n m ,
3| cgvY Ki h, ( )
n
m
n
m
n
m
b a ab = , hLvb Z m , N n
4| `LvI h, (K) b a b b a a b a =

+ +

3
2
3
1
3
1
3
2
3
1
3
1

(L)

+ =
+ +
+ +

1
1
1
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
3 3
a a
a a
a a

5| mi j Ki :
(K)
b a
a
b a
b a
a
x
+

2 2
1
(L)
b a
a
b ab
ab a

+
3
2
3

(M)
b a
b
b a
b
b a
a
b a
a
a
b a
b
b a
a
b a
b
b a

+

(N)
n p m p m n p n p m n m
b c a c a b c b c a b a

+ +
+
+ +
+
+ + 1
1
1
1
1
1

(O) ab
a
b
b
a
ca
c
a
a
c
bc
b
c
c
b
x
x
x
x
x
x
(P)
b a b
a b a
a b a b
b a b a


+

) ( ) (
) ( ) (
1 2 2
1 2 2

194
DPZi MwYZ
6| `LvI h,
(K) hw`
r q p q p r p r q
b a z b y b a x
+ + +
= = = , , nq, Ze 1 =
q p p r r q
z y x .
(L) hw` c b b a
q p
= = , Ges a c
r
= nq, Ze 1 = pqr .
(M) hw` q a p a
y x
= = , Ges
z x y
q p a ) (
2
= nq, Ze 1 = xyz .
7| (K) hw` 0
3 3 3
= + + c z b y a x Ges bc a =
2
nq, Ze `LvI h, axyz cz by ax 3
3 3 3
= + + .
(L) hw`
3
1
3
1
) ( ) ( b a b a x + + = Ges
3 2 2
c b a = nq, Ze `LvI h, 0 2 3
3
= a cx x
(M) hw`
3
1
3
1
2 2

+ = a nq, Ze `LvI h, 5 6 2
3
= a a
(N) hw`
3
2
3
1
2
3 3 2

+ = + a Ges 0 a nq, Ze `LvI h, 8 9
3
= + a a
(O) hw`
3 2
b a = nq, Ze `LvI h,
3
1
2
1
3
2
2
3

+ =

b a
a
b
b
a

(P) hw`
3
1
3
2
3 3 1

+ + = b nq, Ze `LvI h, 0 4 6 3
2 3
= b b b
(Q) hw` 0 = + + c b a nq, Ze `LvI h,

1
1
1
1
1
1
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
b a a c c b
x x x x x x
=1.
8| (K) hw` c b b a
y x
= = , Ges 1 =
z
c nq, Ze xyz =KZ ?
(L) hw`
c b a
z y x = =
=
Ges 1 = xyz nq, Ze ca bc ab + + =KZ ?
(M) hw`
y x
) 27 ( 9 nq, Zvnj
y
x
Gi gvb KZ ?
9| mgvavb Ki :
(K) 36 27 3
1 2
= +
+ + x 2 x

(L) 8 3 5 = +
y x

2 3 5
1 1
= +
y x

(M)
y x y +
=16 4
2 3


1 2 2
9 3
+ +
=
x y x

(N) 8 2 2
1 3 1 2
=
+ + y x

16 2 2
2 2
=
+ + y x

96 j Mvwi `g ) (Logarithm
Logos Ges arithmas bvgK `ywUMxK k nZ j Mvwi g kwUi Drcw| Logos A_Avj vPbvGes
arithmas A_msLvA_vr, wekl msLvwbq Avj vPbv|
195
DPZi MwYZ
msv: hw` b a
x
= nq, hLvb 0 > a Ges 1 a , Ze x K ej vnq b Gi a wf wK j Mvwi `g, A_vr,
b x
a
log =
AZGe, b x b a
a
x
log = =
weci xZg, hw` b a b x
x
a
= = log ne|
G b msLvwUK wf w a Gi mvc x Gi cwZj M ) log ( arithm anti ej
Ges Avgi vwj wL x anti b
a
log =
hw` n a = log nq, Ze a K n Gi cwZj Mej vnq A_vr, n a = log nj . logn anti a =

D`vni Y 1| 674.1042668 82679 2 log = anti
671 0 10) 82672 9 log( = anti
Ges 000555 0 10) 74429 6 log( = anti

`e : evwbK Kvj Kzj Ui eenvi Ki a log Gi Avmbgvb wbYq Ki vhvq (G mKgvawgK
exRMwYZ wevwi Z eYbv`I qvAvQ)|
msvbymvi , Avgi vcvB,
6 64 log
2
= hnZz 64 2
6
= Ges 2 64 log
8
= hnZz 64 8
2
=
myZi vs, GKB msLvi j Mvwi `g wf bwf bwf wi cwZ wf bnZ cvi | abvZK wKGKKi mgvb bq
Ggb hKvbvmsLvK wf w ai GKB msLvi wf bwf bj Mvwi `g wbYq Ki vhvq| hKvbvabvZK
msLvK j Mvwi `gi wf w wnmve MYKi vnq| KvbvFYvZK msLvi j Mvwi `g wbYq Ki vhvq bv|

: Note 0 > a I 1 > a Ges 0 b nj b Gi Abb a wf wK j Mvwi `gK b
a
log vi vm~wPZ Ki vnq|
myZi vs (K) x b
a
= log hw` I Kej hw` b a
x
= nq| (K) _K `Lvhvq h,
(L) x
a
x
a
=
) (
log (M) b
b
a
a
=
log


D`vni Y 1| (1) 2 16 log 16 4
4
2
= =
(2) 2
25
1
log
25
1
5
1
5
5
2
2
=

= =


(3) 3 ) 1000 ( log 1000 10
10
3
= =
(4)
9
7
7
log
[ ]
log
b
b
a
a
=
(5) ] log [ 2 log 18
18
2
x a
x
a
= =

97 j Mvwi `gi m~ vej x: (gvawgK exRMwYZ cgvY `I qvnqQweavq GLvb aym~ j v`Lvbvnj v| )
1. 1 log = a
a
Ges 0 1 log =
a

DPZi MwYZ
196
2. N M N M
a a a
log log ) ( log + =
3. N M
N
M
a a a
log log log =


4. M N M
a
N
a
log ) ( log =
5. b M M
a b a
log log log =
D`vni Y 2| 105 log ) 3 . 7 . 5 ( log 3 log 7 log 5 log
2 2 2 2 2
= = + +
D`vni Y 3| 4 log
5
20
log 5 log 20 log
3 3 3 3
= =
D`vni Y 4| 2 log 6 2 log 64 log
5
6
5 5
= =
: Note ) (i hw` 0 , 0 > > y x Ges 1 a ZLb y x =
hw` Ges Kej hw` y x
a a
log log =
) (ii hw` 1 > a Ges 1 > x nq Ze 0 log > x
a

) (iii hw` 1 0 < < a Ges 1 0 < < x nq, Ze 0 log > x
a

) (iv hw` 1 > a Ges 1 0 < < x 0 log < x
a

D`vni Y 5| x Gi gvb wbYq Ki hLb
) (i
3
1
3 log
8
= x
) (ii hw` 2 ] 36 12 98 [ log
2
10
= + + x x
mgvavb : ) (i hnZz
3
10
3
1
3 log
8
= = x
( )
3
10
3
3
10
2 ) 8 ( = = x
32 2 2 2
5
3
10
2
3
3
10
2
3
= = =

=

x
32 = x
) (ii hnZz 2 ] 36 12 98 [ log
2
10
= + + x x
100 10 36 12 98
2 2
= = + + x x
2 36 12
2
= + x x
4 36 12
2
= + x x
nq, Ze
197
DPZi MwYZ
0 ) 8 )( 4 ( = x x
. 8 4 = = x x ev
D`vni Y 6| `LvI h, . 1
log log log log log log
=
b a a c c b
k k k k k k
c b a
mgvavb : awi ,
b a a c c b
k k k k k k
c b a P
log log log log log log
=
Zvnj , . log ) log (log log ) log (log log ) log (log log c b a b a c a c b p
k k k k k k k k k k
+ + =
0 log = p
k
[mi j Ki ]
1
0
= = k P
D`vni Y 7| `LvI h, x y y x a a
log log
=
cgvY : awi x q y p
a a
log , log = =
myZi vs x a y a
q p
= = ,

pq q q q p
a y y a = = ) (
Ges
pq p p p q
a x x a = = ) (
x ylob y x y x
a a
q p
= = log
D`vni Y 8| `LvI h, b b r q p
a r q p a
log log log log log =
evgc = b r q p
r q p a
log log log log
= ) log (log ) log (log r b p q
q r a p

= b b q
a q a
log log log = =Wvbc|
D`vni Y 9| `LvI h, 1
) ( log
1
) ( log
1
) ( log
1
= + +
abc abc abc
c b a

mgvavb : awi , z abc y abc x abc
c b a
= = = ) ( log , ) ( log , ) ( log

myZi vs, abc c abc b abc a
z y x
= = = , ,

z
y
x
abc c abc b abc a
1
1
1
) ( , ) ( , ) ( = = =
GLb,
z
y
x
abc abc abc abc abc
1
1
1
1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( = =
=
z y x
abc
1 1 1
) (
+ +

1
1 1 1
= + +
z y x

198
DPZi MwYZ
A_vr, 1
) ( log
1
) ( log
1
) ( log
1
= + +
abc abc abc
c b a


D`vni Y 10| hw` ) ( log ), ( log ), ( log ab r ca q bc P
c b a
= = = nq
Ze `LvI h, . 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+
+
+ r q p

mgvavb : ) ( log ) ( log log ) ( log 1 1 abc bc a bc P
a a a a
= + = + = +
GKBf ve, ) ( log 1 ), ( log 1 abc r abc q
c b
= + = +
D`vni Y (9) G Avgi vcgvY Ki wQ, 1
) ( log
1
) ( log
1
) ( log
1
= + +
abc abc abc
c b a

. 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+
+
+ r q p


D`vni Y 11| hw`
log log log
= =
=
=
y x
c
x z
b
z y
a
nq, Ze `LvI h, 1 =
z y x
c b a
mgvavb : awi , k
y x
c
x z
b
z y
a
=

log log log

Zvnj , ) ( log ), ( log ), ( log y x k c x z k b z y k a = = =
0 ) ( log log log = + + = + + yz zx xy yz zx xy k c z b y a x
ev, 0 log log log = + + z y x
a a a

ev, 0 ) log( =
z y x
c b a
ev, ] 0 1 [log 1 log ) log( = =
z y x
c b a
1 =
z y x
c b a



KvR :
1| hw`
b a
c
a c
b
c b
a

log log log


Zvnj
c b a
c b a . . Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
2| hw` c b a , , ci ci wZbwUabvZK AL msLvnq, Ze cgvY Ki h, b ac log 2 ) 1 log( = +
3| hw` ab b a 7
2 2
= + nq, Ze `LvI h, ) log (log
2
1
) log(
2
1
3
log b a ab
b a
+ = =

+

4| hw` ) log (log
2
1
3
log y x
y x
+ =

+
Ze `LvI h, 7 = +
x
y
y
x

5| hw` ca y bc x
b a
log 1 , log 1 + = + = Ges ab z
c
log 1+ = nq,
Ze cgvY Ki h, zx yz xy xyz + + =
199
DPZi MwYZ
6| (K) hw` q A p A = = 2 log 2 , log 2
2 8
Ges 4 = p q nq, Ze A Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
(L) hw` 6 log =
y
x Ges 3 14 log
8
=
y
x nq, Ze x Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
7| j Mmvi wY (gvawgK exRMwYZ cyK `e) eenvi Ki P Gi Avmbgvb wbYq Ki hLvb,
(K)
4
) 087721 . 0 ( = P
(L)
3
00618 30 = P
97 m~PKxq, j Mvwi `gxq I ci ggvb dvskb
c_g Aavq Avgi vdvskb mKwevwi Z RbwQ| GLvb m~PK, j Mvwi `g I ci ggvb dvskb mK
Avj vPbvKi vnj v:
wbPi wZbwUUwej ewYZ ) , ( y x gRvoi gvbj vj Kwi :

Uwej 1 :
x
2 1 0
1 2 3
y
4
2

0
2 4 6

Uwej 2 :
x 0
1 2 3
4 5
y
1
3 9 27 81 243

Uwej 3 :
x 0
1
2

3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
y
1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024

Uwej 1 G ewYZ x Gi wf bwf bgvbi Rb y Gi gvbj vi Ai mgvb hvmi j i Lvi dvskb ewYZ
nqQ|

Uwej 2 G ewYZ ) , ( y x gRvoi gvbj vwNvZ dvskb ewYZ nqQ|

Uwej 3 G ewY Z ) , ( y x gvRvoi gvbj v
x
y 2 = vi veYbvKi vhvq| GLvb 2 GKwUwbw` abvZK
eve msLvGes x Gi wf bwf bgvbi Rb y Gi ewYZ gvbj vcvI qvhvq hvwbgwj wLZf ve msvwqZ
Ki vhvq|

m~PK dvskb
x
a x f = ) ( mKj eve msLvx Gi RbmsvwqZ, hLvb 0 > a Ges 1 a
hgb
x x x
e y , , 10 , 2 = BZvw` m~PK dvskb|
KvR :
wbPi QK ewYZ m~PK dvskb j L :
1|
x
2 1 0
1 2
2|
x
1 0
1 2 3

y
4
1

2
1
1 2 4
y
3 0 3 6 9
200
DPZi MwYZ
3|
x
1 2 3
4 5
4|
x 3
2 1 0
1
y
4 16 64 256 1024
y
0
1 2 3
4
5|
x
2 1 0
1 2
6|
x
1 2 3
4 5

y
25
1

5
1
1 5 25
y
5 10 15 20 25


wbPi KvbwUm~PK dvskb wb`k Ki :
7|
x
y 3 = 8| x y 3 = 9| 3 2 = x y 10| x y = 5
11| 1
2
+ = x y 12|
2
3x y =
x
x f 2 ) ( = Gi j LwP Ab :
c` dvskbi j LwP Abi Rb x Ges y Gi

x 3
2 1 0
1 2
y
8
1

4
1

2
1
1 2
4

QK KvMR gvbj vvcb Ki j wbgi c j LwP cvI qvhvq-

GLvb Wvgb = ) , (
i = ) , 0 (
wP _K j Ki j `Lvhvq, hLb 0
0
= x ZLb 1 2 = = y KvRB i LvwU ) 1 , 0 ( we`yMvgx
Avevi , x Gi FYvZK hKvbvgvbi Rb y Gi gvb Kvbvmgq 0 ( bi ) LyeB KvQvKvwQcuQvq wK
k~b(0) nq bvA_vr, , y 0
+


GKBf ve, x Gi hKvbvabvZK gvbi Rb y Gi gvb gv^q Wvbw`K (Dci i ) ewcZ _vKe
A_vr, w`K avweZ nq|
myZi vs Wvgb ) (D = ) , (
Ges i ) (R = ) , 0 (
KvR : j LwP Ab Ki hLvb 3 3 x
1|
x
y

= 2 2|
x
y 4 = 3|
2
2
x
y = 4|
x
y

=
2
3


hnZzm~PK dvskb GKwUGK-GK dvskb|
myZi vs, Gi weci xZ dvskb AvQ|
x
a y x f = = ) ( m~PKxq i c
y
a x y f = =

) (
1
x Ges y cwi eZb Ki
A_vr, x nj vy Gi a wf wK j Mvwi `g|
x
A_vr,
, y x
Y
Y'
X'
O
X
1
_
1
_
2
_
3 2 3 4
gvbj vi Zvwj KvcZ Kwi |
dgv- 26, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
201
msv: j Mvwi `wgK dvskb x x f
a
log ) ( = vi vmsvwqZ hLvb 0 > a Ges 1 a

x Inx x x f
10 3
log , , log ) ( = BZvw` j Mvwi `wgK dvskb|

x y
2
log = j LwP Ab :
hnZz x y
2
log = nj v
x
y 2 = Gi weci xZ|
x y = i Lvmvc m~PK dvskbi cwZdj b j Mvwi `wgK
dvskb wbYq Ki vnqQhvnv y = x i Lvi mvc m`k|
GLb Wvgb R = ) , 0 (
i ) (D = ) , (
KvR :

j LwP Ab Ki Ges G`i weci xZ dvskb wbYq|
1| 2 3 + = x y 2| 3
2
+ = x y 3| 1
3
= x y 4|
x
y
4
=
5| x y 3 = 6|
1
1 2

+
=
x
x
y

7|
x
y

= 2 8|
x
y 4 =
D`vni Y 1|
x
x
x f = ) ( dvskbwUi Wvgb I i wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : GLvb
0
0
0
0
) 0 ( = =

f hvAmsvwqZ|
0 = x we`yZ c` dvskbwUwe`gvb bq|

k~beZxZ x Gi AbmKj eve gvbi Rbc` dvskbwUwe`gvb
dvskbi Wvgb } 0 { = R D
f

Avevi ,

<

>
= =
0
0
) (
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x f



hLb
hLb

=

<
>
0 1
0 1
x
x


hLb
hLb

c` dvskbi i } 1 , 1 { =
f
R

D`vni Y 2| 0 , ) ( >

+
= = a
x a
x a
In x f y dvskbwUi Wvgb I i wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : hnZzj Mvwi `g aygv abvZK eve msLvi RbmsvwqZ nq|
0 >

+
x a
x a
hw` 0 ) ( > + x a i Ges 0 > x a nq
A_ev 0 ) ( < + x a ii Ges 0 < x a nq |
Y
y = 2
x y = x
Y'
X'
O
X
1
_
1
_
2
_
2
_
3
_
4
2 3 4
x y
2
log =
202
DPZi MwYZ
a x i > ) ( Ges x a >
x a < Ges a x <
Wvgb = } : { } : { a x x x a x > <
= ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( a a a a =
a x ii < ) ( Ges x a <
a x < Ges a x >
Wvgb . } : { } : { = > < a x x a x x
c` dvskbi Wvgb
) (i D
f
= I ) (ii cv Wvgbi mshvM ) , ( ) , ( a a a a =
i :
x a
x a
e
x a
x a
In x f y
y

+
=

+
= = ) (

y y
xe ae x a = +
) 1 ( ) 1 ( = +
y y
xe a x ae

1
) 1 (
+

=
y
y
e
e a
x
y Gi mKj eve gvbi Rb x Gi gvb eve nq|
c` dvskbi i R R
f
=


KvR :
wbPi dvskbi Wvgb I i wbYq Ki :
1|
x
x
ln y

+
=
2
2
2|
x
x
ln y

+
=
3
3
3|
x
x
ln y

+
=
4
4
4|
x
x
ln y

+
=
5
5


ci ggvb
gvawgK exRMwYZ G mwKZ wevwi Z eYbvKi vnqQ| GLvb ayci ggvbi msv`I qvnj v:

hKvbveve msLvx Gi gvb k~b, abvZK evFYvZK| wKx Gi ci ggvb memgqB k~bevabvZK|
x Gi ci ggvbK x vi vcKvk Ki vnq Ges ci ggvb wbgwj wLZf ve msvwqZ Ki vnq|

<
>
=
0
0
x x
x x
x


hLb
hLb

hgb : 3 ) 3 ( 3 , 3 3 , 0 0 = = = =
ci ggvb dvskb
) ( Fuction Value Absosute

hw` R x nq, Ze

<

= = =
0
0
) (
x x
x x
x x f y


hLb
hLb

203
DPZi MwYZ
K ci ggvb dvskb ej vnq|
Wvgb R = Ges i ] , 0 [ = R
f


D`vni Y 3|
2
) (
x
e x f = hLb 0 1 < < x Gi Wvgb I i wbYq Ki :
mgvavb : 0 1 , ) (
2
< < =

x e x f
x

x Gi gvb hnZzwbw` 1 _K 0 Gi ga
myZi vs Wvgb ) 0 , 1 ( =
f
D
Avevi , 0 1 < < x eewaZ


1 , ) (
2
1
e x f
myZi vs i

=

1 ,
2
1
e f
98 dvskbi j LwP

KvbvmgZj KvbvdvskbK RvwgwZKf ve Dcvcb Ki vMj H dvskbK Pbvhvq| dvskbi
RvwgwZKf ve GB DcvcbK dvskbi j LwP Ab Ki vnqQej vnq| GLvb m~PK, j Mvwi `wgK I
ci ggvb dvskbi j LwP i Ab cwZ wbq Avj vPbvKi vnj v|
x
a x f y = = ) ( ) 1 ( Gi j LwP Ab Ki :
) (i hLb 1 > a Gesx hKvbveve msLvZLb dvskb
x
a x f = ) ( me`vabvZK|

avc 1 : x Gi abvZK gvbi Rb x Gi gvb ewi mv_ mv_ ) (x f Gi gvb ewcvq

avc 2 : hLb 0 = x ZLb , 1 = = a y
myZi vs, ) 1 , 0 ( i Lvi Dci GKwUwe`y|

avc 3 : x Gi FYvZK gvbi Rb x Gi gvb gvMZ ewi mv_ mv_ ) (x f
Gi gvb gvMZ nvmcve|
A_vr, x nj 0
0
0
0
y ne|

GLb wP 1 , > = a a y
x
dvskbi wP 1 G `Lvbvnj v: wP : 1
GLvb ) , ( =
f
D Ges ) , ( =
f
R
) (ii hLb x a o , 1 < < Gi gvb eve ZLb
x
a x f y = = ) ( me`vB abvZK|
avc 1 : j Kwi , g~j we`yi Wvbw`K x Gi gvb gvMZ ewcZ _vKj A_vr, x nj 0 = y
ne|
avc 2 : hLb 0 = x ZLb 1 = = a y
DPZi MwYZ
204
myZi vs ) 1 , 0 ( we`yi Lvi Dci co|
avc 3 : hLb 1 < a Ges
x
FYvZK gvbi RbA_vr x Gi gvb g~j we`yi evgw`K gvMZ ewi mv_
mv_ y Gi gvb gvMZ ewcve A_vr . y
[[awi
. ,......., 2 , 2
2
1
) ( , ,....... 3 , 2 , 1
2
1
3 2
2
n n
x
z y y
a x f y n x a
= = =

= = = = < =

ZLb
hw` n ZLb y ]
GLb 1 0 , ) ( < < = = a a x f y
x
Gi j LwP wP 2 `Lvbvnj v:
GLvb ) , ( =
f
D Ges ) 0, ( = R
f


KvR :
wbPi dvskbj vi j LwP Ab Ki Ges Wvgb I i wbYq Ki :
) (i
x
x f 2 ) ( = ) (ii
x
x f

=
2
1
) ( ) (iii . 3 2 , ) ( < < = e e x f
x

) (iv . 3 2 , ) ( < < =

e e x f
x
) (v
x
x f 3 ) ( =

. 2
x
a
x f ) ( = Gi j LwP Ab Ki
) (i awi , x x f y
a
) ( = = hLb 1 0 < < a dvskbwUK j Lvhvq
y
a x =
avc 1 : hLb y Gi abvZK gvb gvMZ ewcZ _vK A_vr, y
nq ZLb x Gi gvb k~bi w`K avweZ nq A_vr, 0 x
avc 2 : hnZz 1 =
o
o
a KvRB , 0 1 log = =
a
y
myZi vs i LvwU ) 0 , 1 ( we`yMvgx|
avc 3 : y Gi FYvZK gvb A_vr, y Gi gvb g~j we`yi wbPi w`K gvMZ ewcZ _vK A_vr,
y nq Zvnj x Gi gvb gvMZ ewcZ _vK A_vr, x
GLb wP 3 G 1 0 , log < < = a x y
a
`Lvbvnj v:
) 2 ( . 1 , log > = a x y
a

GLvb ) , 0 ( =
f
D Ges ) , ( =
f
R
hLb 1 , log > = a x y
a
, ZLb
avc 1 : hLb 1 > a , y Gi mKj gvbi Rb x Gi gvb abvZK Ges y
Gi gvbi gvMZ ewi mv_ mv_ x Gi gvb ewcv nq| A_vr, y nj x
avc 2 : hnZz 1 = a KvRB 0 = = y
myZi vs, i LvwU ) 0 , 1 ( we`yMvgx|
avc 3 : y Gi FYvZK gvbi Rb y Gi gvb gvMZ nvmcj A_vr, = y nj x Gi gvb
gvMZ k~bi w`K avweZ nq A_vr, 0 x
log
log 1
a
Gi
205
DPZi MwYZ
GLb 1 , log ) ( > = a a x f
x
Gi j LwP wP 4 G `Lvbvnj v:
GLvb Ges ) , ( = D
f

D`vni Y 3| x x f
10
log ) ( = Gi j LwP Ab Ki |
mgvavb : awi x x f y
10
log ) ( = =
hnZz 1 10 = KvRB 0 1 log
10
= = y myZi vs, i LvwU ) 0 , 1 ( we`yMvgx|
hLb 0 ZLb y |
x y
10
log = i LvwUewcv| wbP i LvwUi j LwP Ab Ki vnj v|
GLvb ) , 0 ( =
f
D Ges ) , ( =
f
R
D`vni Y 4| lnx x f = ) ( Gi j LwP Ab Ki |
mgvavb : awi , lnx x f y = = ) (
hnZz 1 =
o
o
e KvRB . 0 1= = ln y myZi vs, i LvwU ) 0 , 1 ( we`yMvgx|
hLb 0 x ZLb = = 0 ln y
lnx y = i LvwUewcv|
wbP i LvwUi j LwP Ab Ki vnj v:
GLvb GLvb ) , 0 ( =
f
D
) , ( =
f
R
lnx x f = ) ( Gi j LwP wP 6 G `Lvbvnj v:
KvR :
1| Uwej Dj wLZ x I y Gi gvb wbq x y
10
log = Gi j LwP Ab Ki |
x
.5 1 2 3 4 5 10 12
y
.3 0 0.3 0.5 .0 .7 1 1.0
2| x y
e
log = Gi j LwP Abi Rb1Gi bvq x I y Gi gvb wbq Uwej Zwi Ki
Ges j LwP AuvK|
Abykxj bx92
1|
b a
a
b a
b a
a
x

2 2
1
Gi mi j gvb KvbwU?
(K) 0 (L) 1 (M) a (N) x
2| hw` 0 , , > p b a Ges 1 , 1 b a nq, Ze
b P P i
a b a
log log log . =
c b a ii
c b a
log log log . Gi gvb 2

x y
a a
y x iii
log log
. =
x
) , 0 ( = R
f
206
DPZi MwYZ
Dci i Z_i Avj vK wbPi KvbwUmwVK ?
(K) ii i I (L) iii ii I (M) iii i I (N) iii ii i I ,
3-5 bs cki Di `vI hLb 0 , , z y x Ges
z y x
c b a = =
3| KvbwUmwVK ?
(K)
z
y
b a = (L)
y
z
c (M)
x
z
c a = (N)
c
b
a
2

4| wbPi KvbwUac Gi mgvb|
(K)
z
y
x
y
b b (L)
y
z
x
y
b b (M)
y
z
x
y
b
+
(N)
z
y
y
x
b
+

5| ac b =
2
nj wbPi KvbwUmwVK ?
(K)
y z x
2 1 1
= + (L)
z y x
2 1 1
= + (M)
x z y
2 1 1
= + (N)
2 y x
z 1 1
= +
6| `LvI h,
(K) 0 log log log =

n
n
k
n
n
k
n
n
k
a
c
c
b
b
a

(L) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 log log log log log log =

a
c
ca
c
b
bc
b
a
ab
k k k k k k

(M) 8 log log log = a c b
c b a

(N) b
b
a
a
a
a a a
=

log log log


7| (K) hw`
b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
k k k

log log log


nq, Ze `LvI h, 1 =
c b a
c b a
(L) hw`
y x
c
x z
b
z y
a
k k k

log log log


nq, Ze `LvI h,
(1) 1 =
+ + + y x x z z y
c b a
(2) . 1
2 2 2 2
2
2
=
+ +

+ +

+ + y xy x
c
x zx z
b
z yz y
a
(M) hw` 2
log
) 1 ( log
=
+
x
x
k
k
nq, Ze `LvI h,
2
5 1+
= x
(N) `LvI h, ( ) 1 log 2
1
1
log
2
2
2
=
+

= x x
x x
x x
k k

(O) hw`
x x x x
b a b a
3 5 5 3 +
= nq, Ze `LvI h, a
a
b
x
k k
log log =


(P) hw` r xy q xy P xy
c b a
= = =
1 1 1
, , nq,
207
DPZi MwYZ
Ze `LvI h, 0 log ) ( log ) ( log ) ( = + + r b a q a c p c b
k k k

(Q) hw`
a c
ca ca
c b
bc bc
b a
ab ab
k k k
+
=
+
=
+
) ( log ) ( log ) ( log
nq, Ze `LvI h,
c b a
c b a = =
(R) hw`
z
z y x z
y
y x z y
x
x z y x
k k k
log
) (
log
) (
log
) ( +
=
+
=
+
nq,
Ze `LvI h,
z x y z z y
x z z y y x = =
8| j Mmvi wY (gvawgK exRMwYZ `e) eenvi Ki P Gi Avmbgvb wbYq Ki hLvb,
(K)
g
l
P 2 = hLvb 981 , 1416 3 = g Ges 5 25 = l
(L)
t
e P
005
10000 = hLvb 718 1 = e Ges 86 13 = t
9| P log 3026 2 ln m~ eenvi Ki P ln Gi Avmbgvb wbYq Ki , hLb-
(K) 10000 = P (L)
2
001e P
P
= (M) e P =
100
10
10| j LwP Ab Ki :
(K)
x
y 3 = (L)
x
y 3 = (M)
1
3
+
=
x
y (N)
1
3
+
=
x
y (O)
1
3
+
=
x
y (P)
1
3

=
x
y
11| wbPi dvskbi weci xZ dvskb wj L Ges j LwP Ab Ki Wvgb I i wbYq Ki |
(K)
x
y

= 2 1
(L) x y
10
log =
(M)
2
x , x > 0 y =

12| ) 2 ( ) ( = x ln x f dvskbwUi
f
D I
f
R wbYq Ki :

13|
x
x
ln x f
+

=
1
1
) ( dvskbwUi Wvgb Ges i wbYq Ki |

14| Wvgb, i Dj Lmn j LwP Ab Ki |
(K) x x f = ) ( hLb 5 5 x


(L) x x x f + = ) ( hLb 2 2 x


(M)

=
0 0
0
) (
x
x
x
x
x f


hLb
hLb


(N)
x
x
x f = ) (

(O) 5 5 ,
5
5
log ) ( < <

+
= x
x
x
x f


208
DPZi MwYZ
15| `I qvAvQ:
2
2x
. 2
y-1
=64.............(i)
Ges 6x.
3
6
2 y
=72 ................(ii)
K. (i) I (ii) K x I y Pj Kwewk mi j mgxKi Y cwi YZ Ki |
L. mgxKi Yq mgvavb Ki ZvhvPvB Ki |
M. x I y gvb hw` KvbvPZzf yRi mwbwnZ evi `Nnq hLvb evqi Af y KvY 90
0
Ze
PZzf yRwUAvqZ bveMDj L Ki Ges Gi dj I KYi `NwbYq Ki |

16| `I qvAvQ,

x
x
log
) 1 log( +
=2
K. c` mgxKi YwUK x Pj Kmsewj Z GKwUwNvZ mgxKi Y cwi YZ Ki |
L. cv mgxKi YwUK mgvavb Ki Ges `LvI h, x Gi Kej GKwUexR mgxKi YwUK wmKi |
M. cgvY Ki h, g~j qi cwZwUi eMZvi ^xq gvb Acv1(GK) ewk Ges Zv`i j LwP ci i
mgvi vj |
17| `I qvAvQ,
y=2
x

K. c` dvskbwUi Wvgb Ges i wbYq Ki |
L. dvskbwUi j LwP Ab Ki Ges Gi ewkwj wj L|
M. dvskbwUi weci xZ dvskb wbYq Ki GwUGK-GK wKbvZvwbavi Y Ki Ges weci xZ dvskbwUi
j LwP AvuK|
dgv- 21, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
`kg Aavq
wc`xwewZ
exRMwYZxq i vwki (GKc`x, wc`x, ec`x) hvM, weqvM, Y, f vM, eMGes Nb msvAvj vPbvc~eeZx
kwYZ Ki vnqQ| wc`xi vwk evec`xi vwki NvZ evkw wZb Gi ewk nj mB mg gvb wbYq
h_ kgmva I mgqmvc nq co| GB Aavq wc`xi vwki NvZ evkw wZb Gi ewk nj Kx
cwqvq KvRwUmbKi vhvq, ZvDcvcb Ki vne| mvavi Yf ve NvZ evkw n Gi Rbm~ cwZcv`b
Ki vne| hvi gvag hKvbvAFbvZK c~YmvswLK NvZi wc`xi vwki gvb wbYq Ki vme ne| Ze GB
chvq n Gi gvb GKwUwbw` mxgv 8 n AwZg Ki e bv| wel qwUhvZ wkv_xi vmnR eySZ I
eenvi Ki Z cvi mRbGKwUw f yR eenvi Ki vne hwUcvmKj i w f yR(Pascales triangle)
ej cwi wPZ| wc`xi vwki NvZ abvZK evFYvZK c~YmsLvevf Mvsk nZ cvi | wKeZgvb Avj vPbvq
Avgi v aygv abvZK c~YmsLvi NvZi ga mxgve_vKe| ci eZxkwYZ mgAvj vPbvAf y
_vKe|
Aaq kl wkv_xi v
wc`xwewZ eYbvKi Z cvi e|
cvmKj w f zR eYbvKi Z cvi e|
mvavi Y NvZi Rbwc`xwewZ eYbvKi Z cvi e|
! n I
r
n
C Gi gvb wbYq Ki Z cvi e|
wc`xwewZ eenvi Ki MvwYwZK mgmvmgvavb Ki Z cvi e|
101 wc`x
n
y) 1 ( + Gi wewZ
`yBwUc`i mg^q MwVZ exRMwYZxq i vwkK wc`x ) (Binomials i vwk ej vnq|
2 2 2
, 1 , 1 , , b a x x y x b a + + BZvw` wc`xi vwk| Avgi vc_gB GKwUwc`xi vwk ) 1 ( y + wPv
Kwi | GLb ) 1 ( y + K hw` ) 1 ( y + &vi vgvMZ Y Ki Z _vwK Zvnj cve
. .......... ) 1 ( , ) 1 ( , ) 1 ( , ) 1 (
5 4 3 2
y y y y + + + + BZvw`|
Avgi vRvwb,
2 2
2 1 1 )( 1 ( ) 1 ( y y y y y + + = + + = + )
3 2 2 2 3
3 3 1 ) 2 1 )( 1 ( ) 1 )( 1 ( ) 1 ( y y y y y y y y y + + + = + + + = + + = +
Abyi cf ve `xNYb cKwqvi gvag ...... ) 1 ( , ) 1 (
5 4
y y + + BZvw` Ydj wbYq me| wK ) 1 ( y + Gi
NvZ evkw hZ evoZ _vKe Ydj ZZ `xNI mgqmvc ne| ZvB Ggb GKwUmnR cwZ ei Ki Z
ne, hvZ ) 1 ( y + Gi hKvbvNvZ (awi n ) evkw i Rb
n
y) 1 ( + Gi wewZ mnRB wbYq Ki vme
ne| n Gi gvb ........ , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 A_vr AFYvZK gvbi RbGB Ask Avj vPbvmxgve_vKe|
GLb cwqvwUAvgi vf vj f ve j Kwi |
210
DPZi MwYZ
n Gi gvb cvmKj w f yR c`msLv
5
4
3
2
1
0
=
=
=
=
=
=
n
n
n
n
n
n

= +
= +
= +
= +
= +
= +
5
4
3
2
1
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
y
y
y
y
y
y
0

5 4 3 2
4 3 2
3 2
2
5 10 10 5 1
4 6 4 1
3 3 1
2 1
1
1
y y y y y
y y y y
y y y
y y
y
+ + + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ +
+

6
5
4
3
2
1


Dci i wewZmg~nK wf w Ki Avgi v
n
y) 1 ( + Gi wewZ mKwbgv wmvAvmZ cvwi |

wmv:
n
y a ) 1 ( ) ( + Gi wewZZ ) 1 ( + n msLK c` AvQ| A_vr NvZ evkw i Pq c`msLvGKwUewk|
y b ) ( Gi NvZ 0 (k~b) _K i nq n ., ,......... 3 , 2 , 1 chewcqQ| A_vr y Gi NvZ gv^q
ewcq n chcuQQ| |

wc`xmnM: Dci i cZK wc`xwewZZ y Gi wewf bNvZi mnM ) ( t Coefficien K wc`xmnMej v
nq| 1 K y Gi mnMweePbvKi Z ne| Dci i wewZi mnMj vK mvRvj Avgi vcvB,

5
4
3
2
1
0
=
=
=
=
=
=
n
n
n
n
n
n

1 5 10 10 5 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 3 3 1
1 2 1
1 1
1







j Ki j `Le mnMj vGKwUw f yRi AvKvi avi Y Ki Q| wc`xwewZi mnMwbYqi GKwUKkj
' ' Pascal Blaise c_g eenvi Ki b| ZvB GB w f yRK cvmKj i w f yR ) ' ( Triangle s Pascal ej v
nq| cvmKj i w f yRi mvnvhAvgi vmnRB wc`xi vwki wewZZ mnMmg~n wbYq Ki Z cvwi |

cvmKj i w f yRi eenvi
cvmKj i w f yR _K Avgi v`LZ cvB Gi evg I Wvb w`K AvQ ' 1 ' | w f yRi gvSLvbi
msLvj vi cZKwUwVK Dci i `yBwUmsLvi hvMdj |
wbgi D`vni YwUj Ki j wel qwULye mnRB eySvhve|

5 = n Gi Rbwc`xmnMnj v: 1 5 0 1 0 1 5 1
211
DPZi MwYZ
6 = n Gi RbmnMj vne wbgi c :


6
1
15
5
20
10 10
15
6
5 1


6 5 4 3 2 6
5 4 3 2 5
6 15 20 15 6 1 ) 1 (
5 10 10 5 1 ) 1 (
y y y y y y y
y y y y y y


+ + + + + + = +
+ + + + + = +

7 6 5 4 3 2 7
7 21 35 35 21 7 1 ) 1 ( y y y y y y y y Ges + + + + + + + = +


KvR : wbgv wewZmg~n wbYq Ki : (Dci i wewZmg~ni mvnvhbvI ) :
= +
= +
= +
10
9
8
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
y
y
y


Avgi vhw` f vj f vi Lqvj Kwi Zvnj eySZ cvi e GB cwZi GKwUwekl `~ej ZvAvQ| hgb Avgi v
hw`
5
) 1 ( y + Gi wewZ RvbZ PvB Zvnj
4
) 1 ( y + Gi wewZ Rvbv`i Kvi | Avevi hKvbvwc`xmnM
Rvbvi Rb Zvi wVK Dci i c~eeZx`yBwUmnMRvbvcqvRb| GB Aev_K Di Yi Rb Avgi v
mi vmwi wc`xmnMwbYqi Kkj ei Ki Z PvB| cvmKj i w f yR _K Avgi v`LZ cvB wc`xwewZi
mnMj vi NvZ n Ges c`wUKvbvAevb AvQZvi Dci wbf i kxj | Avgi vGKwUbZzb mvsKwZK wP

r
n
weePbvKwi hLvb ' 'n NvZ Ges ' 'r c`i Aevbi mv_ mwKZ| D`vni Y^i c hw` 4 = n
Ze c`msLvne
nq,
5 wU| awi c` cuvPwUh_vg
5 4 3 2 1
T , T , T , T , T
Avgi vc`Mywj wbgv Dcvq j wL|
hLb 4 = n c`msLv5wU:
5 4 3 2 1
T , T , T , T , T |
Zv`i mnMwj nj v: 1 4 6 4 1
bZzb wP eenvi Ki mnM:

4
4
3
4
2
4
1
4
0
4

GLvb, 4
1
4
1
4
, 1
0
4
= =


1
4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4
4
4
4
3 2 1
2 3 4
3
4
, 6
2 1
3 4
2
4
Ges =


=

=


=


[ cvmKj i w f yR _K mnRB eySZ cvi e ]
Dwj wLZ bZzb wPi mvnvhcvmKj i w f yR ,........) 3 , 2 , 1 ( = n Gi Rbne :
n=5
n=6 1 1
{{{{{
DPZi MwYZ
212
1 = n

1
1
0
1

2 = n

2
2
1
2
0
2

3 = n

3
3
2
3
1
3
0
3

4 = n

4
4
3
4
2
4
1
4
0
4

5 = n

5
5
4
5
3
5
2
5
1
5
0
5


myZvi vs Dci i w f yR _K Avgi vLye mnRB ej Z cvwi
4
) 1 ( y + Gi wewZi ZZxq ) (
1 2+
T c`i mnM

2
4
Ges
5
) 1 ( y + Gi wewZi ZZxq ) (
1 2+
T I PZz_ ) (
1 3+
T c`i mnMh_vg

2
5
Gi s

3
5
|
mvavi Yf ve
n
y) 1 ( + Gi wewZi r Zg c`i mnM

=
+
r
n
T
r 1

GLb,

r
n
Gi gvb KZ ZvRvbvi RbAvevi vcvmKj i w f y R j Kwi | cvmKj i w f y Ri `yBwU
nj vbvcvk_K Avgi v`LZ cvB,

1 ., .......... , 1
3
3
, 1
2
2
, 1
1
1
1
0
., .......... , 1
0
3
, 1
0
2
, 1
0
1
=



n
n
n


Avgi v 5 = n ai cvB
10
2 1
4 5
2
5
, 5
1
5
, 1
0
5
=


5
4 3 2 1
2 3 4 5
4
5
, 10
3 2 1
3 4 5
3
5
=


=

=


=



Ges 1
5 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5
5
5
=


=


myZi vs

3
5
Gi gvbi ej vhvq



3 2 1
) 2 5 ( ) 1 5 ( 5
3
5


=


Ges


4 3 2 1
) 3 6 ( ) 2 6 ( ) 1 6 ( 6
4
6


=


mvavi Y f ve Avgi vwj LZ cvwi ,
dgv- 28, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
217
GLb D wewZZ = x ewmq cvB,
( ) ..... .......... ) 1 ( 7 ) 1 ( 10 ) 1 ( 7 2
2
1
1 1 2
3 2
8
+ + + + =


+
ev, ..... .......... ) 001 ( 7 ) 01 ( 10 7 2 ) 05 1 ( 9 1
8
+ + + + =

ev, ..... .......... 007 1 7 2 ) 05
0.1
1 ( 9 1
8
+ + + + =
= 807 2 ( wZb `kwgK vb ch)
Ans : 807 2 ) 05 1 ( 9 1
8
=
KvR : cvmKj i w f yRi gvag wewZwUhvPvB Ki |

Abykxj bx101

1| cvmKj i w f yR evwc`xwewZ eenvi Ki
5
) 1 ( y + Gi we wZ wbY q Ki | D we wZi
mvnvh
5 5
) 2 1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( x ii y i + I Gi wewZ wbYq Ki |

2| x Gi NvZi Eag Abymvi

7 6
) 3 1 ( ) ( , ) 4 1 ( ) ( x b x a + Gi c_g Pvi c` chwewZ Ki |
3|
8 2
) 1 ( x + Gi wewZi c_g Pvi c` wbYq Ki | D dj vdj eenvi Ki
8
) 01 1 ( Gi gvb
wbYq Ki |
4| x Gi Eag Abymvi wbgv wc`xmg~ni c_g wZb c` wbYq Ki |

9 5
) 3 1 ( ) ( , ) 2 1 ( ) ( x b x a +
Zvi ci ,
9 5
) 3 1 ( ) 2 1 ( ) ( x x c + K
2
x chweZ Ki |
5| wbgv wewZmg~ni c_g Pvi c` wbYq Ki | [wc`xwewZ evcvmKvj w f zR Gi hKvbv
GKwUeenvi Ki ]
) (a
7 2
) 2 1 ( x ) (b
4
2
1

+
x
) (c
7
2
1
1


x

6|
3
x ch
6
) 1 ( ) ( x a &Ges
6
) 2 1 ( ) ( x b + weZ Ki | Zvi ci
6 3
) 2 1 ( ) ( x x c + K
3
x ch

7| x Gi gvb h_ QvUnI qvq
3
x Ges Zvi EaNvZi gvb AcvKi vhvq| cgvY Ki h,
. 26 11 1 ) 4 1 ( ) 1 (
2 4 5
x x x x + = +
102 wc`x:
n
y x ) ( + Gi wewZ :
Avgi vG ch
n
y) 1 ( + Gi wewZ wbq Avj vPbvKi wQ| GB chvq Avgi vwc`xwewZi mvavi Y
AvKvi
n
y x ) ( + wbq Avj vPbvKi e hLvb n abvZK c~YmsLv|
n
y x ) ( + Gi wewZ mvavi Yf ve
wc`xDccv`bvg cwi wPZ|
weZ Ki |
218
DPZi MwYZ
Avgi vRvwb,

n r n
y
n
n
y
r
n
y
n
y
n
y
n
y

+ = + . ..........
3 2 1
1 ) 1 (
3 2

GLb,
n
n
x
y
x y x

+ = + 1 ) ( =
n
n
x
y
x

+ 1

+ = +
n
n n
x
y
n
n
x
y
n
x
y
n
x
y
n
x y x . ..........
3 2 1
1 ) (
3 2

+ = +
n
n
n n
x
y
x
y n
x
y n
x
y n
x y x . ..........
3 2 1
1 ) (
3
3
2
2

1
n
n
Q
n
n
n n n n n
x
y
x
x
y
x
n
x
y
x
n
x
y
x
n
x + +

+ = . ..........
3 2 1
3
3
2
2

( )
n n n n n
n
y y x
n
y x
n
y x
n
x y x + +

+ = +

. ..........
3 2 1
3 3 2 2 1


GwUB nQwc`xDccv`i mvavi Y AvKvi | j
n
y) 1 ( + Gi Abyi c| GLvb x Gi
NvZ n _K 0 chhvMKi vnqQ| Avi vj Yxq, cwZ c` y x I Gi NvZi hvMdj wc`xi
NvZi mgvb| c_g c` ' 'x Gi NvZ n _K i nq mekl c` k~b| wVK weci xZ f ve y Gi
NvZ c_g c` k~b_K i nq kl c` n nqQ|
D`vni Y 8|
5
) ( y x + K weZ Ki Ges DnvnBZ
5
) 2 3 ( x + Gi wewZ wbYq Ki |
mgvavb :
5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5 5
4
5
3
5
2
5
1
5
) ( y xy y x y x y x x y x +

+ = +

. 5 10 10 5
4 3 2 1
2 3 4 5
3 2 1
3 4 5
2 1
4 5
5
5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
y xy y x y x y x x
y xy y x y x y x x
+ + + + + =
+


+


+

+ + =

wbYq wewZ : . 5 10 10 5 ) (
5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5 5
y xy y x y x y x x y x + + + + + = +
GLb 3 = x Ges x y 2 = emvB
5 4 3 2
5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5 5
32 240 720 1080 810 243
. ) 2 ( ) 2 ( 3 5 ) 2 ( 3 10 ) 2 ( 3 10 2 3 5 3 ) 2 2 (
x x x x x
x x x x x x
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + = +



myZi vs,
5 4 3 2 5
32 240 720 1080 810 243 ) 2 3 ( x x x x x x + + + + + = +
D`vni Y 9|
6
2
1

+
x
x K x Gi NvZi Aatg Abymvi PZz_c` chweZ Ki Ges x gy
c`wUkbv Ki |
mgvavb : wc`xDccv`Abymvi cvB,
Yxq, GB wewZ
219
DPZi MwYZ
...... ..........
1
3
6
1
2
6
1
1
6
) (
1
3
2
3
2
2
4
2
5 6
6
2
+

+ =

+
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x

... .......... ..........
1
20 15 6
... .......... ..........
1
3 2 1
4 5 6 1
2 1
5 6
6
3
3 6
6
3
4
4 3 6
+ + + + =
+


+

+ + =
x
x x
x
x
x
x x x

Di : wbYq we wZ ... .......... ..........
20
15 6
3
3 6
+ + + +
x
x x
Ges x gy c` 15
D`vni Y 10| x Gi NvZi Ea g Abymvi
7
2
2


x
Gi wewZi c_g Pvi wUc` wbYq Ki | D
wewZi mvnvh
7
) 995 1 ( Gi gvb Pvi `kwgK vb ch wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : ...... ..........
2
2
3
7
2
2
2
7
2
2
1
7
2
2
2
3
4
2
5 6 7
7
+

+ =


x x x x

... ..........
2
16
3 2 1
5 6 7
4
32
2 1
6 7
2
64 7 128
3
2
+

+ =
x x x

... .......... .......... 70 168 224 128
2
2
3 2
7
+ + =

x x x
x

wbYq wevi ... .......... .......... 70 168 224 128
2
2
3 2
7
+ + =

x x x
x

GLb, 995 1
2
2 =
x

ev, 995 1 000 2
2
=
x

ev, 01 0 = x ewmq cvB
... .......... .......... ) 01 ( 70 ) 01 ( 168 ) 01 ( 224 128
2
01 0
2
3 2
7
+ + =



ev, 7767 125 ) 995 1 (
7
= (Pvi `kwgK vb ch)

103 ! n Ges
r
c
n Gi gvb wbYq :
wbPi D`vni Yj vj Kwi :



=
=
=
=
1 2 3 4 5 120
1 2 3 4 24
1 2 3 6
1 2 2

DPZi MwYZ
220
Wvbw`Ki Ydj mg~ nK Avgi vGLb msc GKwUmvsKwZK wPi gvag c Kvk Ki Z cvwi |


! = =
! = =
! = =
! = =




5 1 2 3 4 5 120
4 1 2 3 4 24
3 1 2 3 6
2 1 2 2

GLb j Kwi


=
= !
=
= !
) 4 5 ( ) 3 5 )( 2 5 ( ) 4 5 ( 5
1 2 3 4 5 5
) 3 4 ( ) 2 4 ( ) 1 4 ( 4
1 2 3 4 4



mvavi Yf ve wj LZ cvwi , 1 2 3 )......... 3 )( 2 )( 1 ( = ! n n n n n
Ges ! n K dvwi qvj n Factorial ) ( ej vnq|
Z`c, ! 3 K dvwi qvj wZb,
! 4 K dvwi qvj Pvi BZvw` covnq|
Avevi j Kwi :
) 1 2 ( ) 3 2 1 (
1 2 3 4 5
3 2 1
3 4 5
3
5


=


=


! !
!
=
! !
!
=





) 3 5 ( 3
5
2 3
5

!

=


=

4
4 5 6 7
4 3 2 1
4 5 6 7
4
7


! !
!
=
!

=




3 4
7
) 1 2 3 ( 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

! !
!
=



) 4 7 ( 4
7

mvavi Yf ve Avgi vej Z cvwi
! !
!
=



) ( r n r
n
r
n

Wvb cvki dvwi qvj mg~nK h cZxK vi vcKvk Ki vnq Zvnj v,

r
c
n
r n r
n
r
n
=
! !
!
=



) (


4
7
) 4 7 ( 4
7
4
7
c
=
! !
!
=




221
DPZi MwYZ
Ges
3
5
) 3 5 ( 3
5
3
5
c
=
! !
!
=




myZi vs,
r
c
n
r
n
=


A_vr,
r
c
n
r
n
I

Gi gvb mgvb|

n
c
n
n
n
c
n
n
c
n
n
c
n
n
=


,
.......
3
2 1
3
2 1

Avgi vRvwb
n
c
n
n
n
= =

1
GLb
!
=
! !
!
=
! !
!
=





0
1
) ( ) ( 0 n
n
n n n
n
n
c
n

!
=
0
1
1
A_vr, 1 0 = ! .
gb i vLZ ne

1 . 2 . 3 ....... )......... 3 )( )( 1 ( ! = n 2 n n n n
,
r
c
n
r
n
=

, 1 =
n
c
n
r
c
n
r
n
=

=
! !
!


) ( r n r
n
, 1
0
= =

c
n
o
n

. 1 ! 0 , 1 = = =

n
c
n
n
n

GLb wc`xDccv`K Avgi v

r
n
Gi j
r
c
n vi vcKvk Ki e|

n r n
y
n
c
n y
r
c
n y
c
n y
c
n y
c
n y . .......... ......... 1 ) 1 (
3
3
2
2 1
+ + + + + + = +
ev,
n n
y y
n n n n
y
n n n
y
n
ny y +
!

+
!

+
!

+ + = + ....... ..........
4
) 3 )( 2 )( 1 (
3
) 2 )( 1 (
2
) 1 (
1 ) 1 (
4 3 2


A_vr
n n
y y
n n n
y
n
ny y + +


+

+ + = + ....... ..........
3 2 1
) 2 )( 1 (
2 1
) 1 (
1 ) 1 (
3 2


Ges Abyi cf ve,
n r r n n n n n n
y
n
c
n y x
r
c
n y x
c
n y x
c
n y x
c
n x y x . .......... ......... ) (
3 3
3
2 2
2
1
1
+ + + + + + = +


222
DPZi MwYZ
ev
n n n n n n
y y x
n n n
y x
n
y nx x y x + +
!

+
!

+ + = +

....... ..........
3
) 2 )( 1 (
2
) 1 (
) (
3 3 2 2 1

n

j Yxq : abvZK c~ Y msLvn Gi Rb
1| wc`xwewZ
n
y) 1 ( + Gi mvavi Y c` evr Zg c`
r r
r
y
r
c
n y
r
n
T ev

=
+1

GLvb,
r
c
n
r
n
ev

wc`xmnM|
n n n n n n n
y y x
c
n y x
c
n y x
c
n y x
c
n x y x + + + + + + = +

. .......... ) (
4 4
4
3 3
3
2 2
2
1
1

n n n n n n
y y x
n n n n
y x
n n n
y x
n
y nx x +
!

+
!

+
!

+ + =

........
4
) 3 )( 2 )( 1 (
3
) 2 )( 1 (
2
) 1 (
4 4 3 3 2 2 1


mvavi Y c` evr Zg c`
r r n r r n
r
y x
r
c
n y x
r
n
T

+

= ev
1

hLvb
r
c
n
r
n
ev

wc`xmnM|
D`vni Y 11|
5
2
1


x
x K weZ Ki |
mgvavb : wc`xDccv`eenvi Ki
2
4
2
4 5
4
3
2
3 5
3
2
2
2 5
2
2
1 5
1
5
5
2
1 1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1

+ =



x x
x
c
x
x
c
x
x
c
x
x
c
x
x
x
10 8 6
2
4
3
2
4 5
1 1
4 3 2 1
2 3 4 5 1
3 2 1
3 4 5 1
2 1
4 5 1
5
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x

+ =
10 7 4
3 5
1 5 10 10
5
x x x x
x x + + =
D`vni Y 12|
8
2
2
1
2


x
2x
x Gi wewZi c_g Pvi wUc` wbYq Ki |
mgavb :
..........
2
1
) 2 ( 8
2
1
) 2 ( 8
2
1
) 2 ( 8 ) 2 (
1
2
4
5 2
3
2
6 2
2
7 2
1
8 2
8
2
+

+ =


x
x
c
x
x
c
x
x
c
x x
.. .......... 224 448 512 256
7 10 13 16
+ + = x x x x
223
DPZi MwYZ
Abykxj bx102
1| i 8
c
0
=
8
c
8


ii (
r
n
) =
r
r n n n n ) 1 )......( 2 )( 1 ( +

iii (1+x)
n
Gi wewZZ wZxq c`wU
=
2
2!
) 1 (
x
n n

wbPi KvbwUmwVK ?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii
M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
2| (a+x)
n
-Gi wewZZ (n+1) msLK c` i qQ| GLvb n GKwU
K. AFYvZK i vwk L. abvZK i vwk
M. FYvZK i vwk N. f M vsk
3| (x+y)
5
-Gi wewZZ wc`xmnMwj nj v:
K. 5, 10, 10, 5 L. 1, 5, 10, 10, 5, 1
M. 10, 5, 5, 10 N. 1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1
4| (1-x) (1+
2
x
)
8
-Gi wewZZ x Gi mnM
K. -1 L.
2
1
M. 3 N. -
2
1

5| (x
2
+ )
1
2
x
4
-Gi wewZZ x gy c` KZ?
K. 4 L. 6 M. 8 N. 0
6| (2-x) (1+ax)
5
K x
2
chweZ Ki j hw` 2+9x+cx
2
cvI qvhvq, Ze a I c Gi gvb
K. a =1, c =15 L. a =5, c =15
M. a =15 c =1 N. a =1, c =o
wbPi Z_i Avj vK 7 I 8 bs cki Di `vI :
n
c
r
=
! ) ( !
!
r n r
n

nj
7| n
c
0

= KZ?
K. 0 L. 1 M. n N. wbYq Ki vhvq bv
8| n =r =100 nj n
c
r
Gi gvb
K. 0 L. 1 M. 100 N. 200
9| (x+y)
4
wewZi mnMwj i mvRvj Avgi vcvB-
K. 4
1 4 1
1 5 5 1
1 6 10 6 1
L. 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
224
DPZi MwYZ
M. 2
2 3 2
1 5 5 2
2 7 10 7 2
N. 6
6 12 6
6 18 18 6
6 24 36 24 6
10| wbgv cwZwU weZ Ki :
) (a
5 2
) 2 ( x + ) (b
6
2
1
2


x


11| wbgv wewZmg~ni c_g Pvi wUc` wbYq Ki |
) (a
6
) 3 2 ( x + ) (b
5
2
1
4


x

12| ......... 5 96
2
1
2
6
+ + =

x x r x p nj , r p Ges Gi gvb wbYq Ki |


13|
8
2
1

+
x
Gi we wZi
3
x Gi mnMwbYq Ki |
14| x Gi NvZi Eag Abymvi
8
4
2

+
x
K
3
x chweZ Ki | Dnvi mvnvh
6
) 9975 1 (
Gi Avmbgvb Pvi `kwgK vb chwbYq Ki |

15| wc`x Dccv`eenvi Ki
5
) 99 1 ( Gi gvb Pvi `kwgK vb chwbYq Ki |
16|
n

+
4
1
1 Gi wewZi ZZxq c`i mnMPZz_c`i mnMi w`Y| n Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
wewZi c`msLvI gac` wbYq Ki |
17| ) (a
7
3


x
k Gi wewZZ
3
k Gi mnM560 nj x Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
) (b
6
2

+
x
k
x Gi wewZZ
3
x Gi mnM160 nj k Gi gvb wbYq Ki |

mRbkxj ck
18| `I qvAvQ,

P =(a+bx)
6
..... (i)

Q =(b+ax)
5
..... (ii)

R =(a+x)
n
..... (iii)
K. (iii) Gi wewZwUj L Ges m~ wUcqvMKi (i) Gi wewZ wbYq Ki |
L. hw` (i) Gi wewZi wZxq I ZZxq c` h_vg (ii) Gi wewZi wZxq I ZZxq c`i AbycvZi
mgvb nq Ze `LvI h, a:b = 5: 2| Dcwi D Dw i ^c GKwUD`vni Y `vI |
M. `LvI h, (ii) Gi wewZi Rvo vbxq ci g aeKwj i hvMdj weRvo vbxq ci g
aeKwj i hvMdj i mgvb| Zzwg Ggb GKwUwc`xi vwk Dj L Ki , hvi I Dcwi -
D wel qwUmZnq|
dgv- 29, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
GKv`k Aavq
vbvRvwgwZ

we`y, mi j i LvI ei Lvi exRMvwYwZK cKvkK RvwgwZi h Ask Aaqb Ki vnq, ZvB vbvRvwgwZ
bvg cwi wPZ| RvwgwZi GB Ask wekl Y RvwgwZ ( Geometry Analytic ) bvgI cwi wPZ| mgZj we`y
cvZbi gvag mi j evei LvA_evG`i vi vZwi RvwgwZK h_v, w f zR, PZzf yR, e BZvw` wP
cKvk Ki vnq| mgZj we`ycvZbi cwZi m~PbvKi b weLvZ di vmxMwYZwe` Rene Descartes
(WKvZbvg cwi wPZ)| WKvZi cewZZ RvwgwZi GB vbv( s Coordinate ) c_vZuvi B bvgvbymvi
KvZmxq vbv( s Coordinate Cartesian ) bvg cwi wPZ| vbvRvwgwZ I wekl Y RvwgwZ g~j Z
KvZmxq vbvwbf i | ZvB WKvZK wekl Y RvwgwZi ceZK ej vhvq|

GB Aavqi c_g Ask wkv_x`i mgZj KvZmxq vbvi avi Yvc`vbi gvag `yBwUwe`yi gaeZx
`~i ZwbYqi Kkj Avj vPbvKi vne| wZxq Ask mi j i Lvi gvag m hKvbvw f zR I PZzf yRi
dj wbYqi cwZ Avj vPbvKi vne Ges ZZxq Ask mi j i Lvi Xvj wbYq Ges `yBwUwe`yi mshvM
mi j i Lvi mi j xKi Y wbYqi Kkj evLvKi vne| ei Lvvi vm Kvb RvwgwZK wP evmgxKi Yi
Avj vPbvGLvb Ki vne bv| DPZi kwYZ G msvwel ` Avj vPbvKi vne|

Aavq kl wkv_xi v
mgZj KvZmxq vbvi avi YvevLvKi Z cvi e|
`yBwUwe`yi gaeZx`~i ZwbYq Ki Z cvi e|
mi j i Lvi Xvj i avi YvevLvKi Z cvi e|
mi j i Lvi mgxKi Y wbYq Ki Z cvi e|
evi `NwbYqi gvag w f zR I PZzf yRi dj wbYq Ki Z cvi e|
we`ycvZbi gvag w f zR I PZzf yR msvRvwgwZK wP Ab Ki Z cvi e|
mi j i Lvi mgxKi Y j LwP Dcvcb Ki Z cvi e|

111 AvqZvKvi KvZmxq vbv(Rectangular Cartesian Coordinates )
mgZj i avi Yvc~eeZxkwYZ `I qvnqQ| GKwUUwej i Dcwi f vM, Ni i gS, eB-Gi Dcwi f vM
Ggb wK h KvMRi Dci j Lvnq G`i cZKB mgZj | GKwUdzUej i Dcwi f vMevGKwUevZj i
Dcwi f vMnj veZj | GB Ask mgZj AewZ Kvbvwe`yi mwVK Aevb wbYqi Kkj Avj vPbvKi v
ne| mgZj AewZ Kvbvwbw` we`yi mwVK Aevb wbYqi RbH mgZj AwZ `yBwUci i Q`x
mi j i LvnZ wbw` we`yi `~i ZRvbvcqvRb| Gi Kvi Y wnme ej vhvq ci i Q`x`yBwUmi j i LvnZ
Kvbvwbw` `~i ZKej gv GKwUwe`yB _vKZ cvi |
226
DPZi MwYZ
KvbvmgZj ci i mgKvY Q` Ki Gi c `yBwUmi j i Lv Y YO X XO Ges AuvKj X XO K
x A Y YO axis x ), ( K y A ) ( axis
M
y Ges Q` we`y O K g~j we`y ) (Origin ej vnq|









wP 11.1

GLb ai wbB Aqi mgZj hKvbvwe`yP | D P we`y_K X XO A_vr, x A Ges Y YO
A_vr y Ai Dci j ^h_vg PM Ges PN | Zvnj y -A nZ P we`y`~i Z
x OM NP = = = K P we`yi f yR (abscissa ) evx vbv( coordinate x ) ej | Avevi x A
nZ P we`yi `~i Z y ON MP = = = K P we`yi KvwU (Ordinate ) ev y vbv
) ( coordinate y ej vnq| f yR I KvwUK GK mv_ vbvej vnq| myZi vs wP P we`yi vbvej Z
y A I x A nZ P we`yi j ^`~i ZevSvq Ges Zv`i K y x I vi vwb`k Ki P we`yi vbv
) , ( y x P cZxK vi vcKvk Ki vnq|

we`yi vbvm~PK ) , ( y x GKwUgRvo eySvq hvi c_gwUf yR I wZxqwUKvwUwb`k Ki | ZvB ) , ( y x
) , ( x y I vi v`yBwUwf bwe`yeySvq| myZi vs ci i mgKvY Q` Ki Gi c GKRvovAi mvc
Kvbvwe`yi vbvK AvqZvKvi KvZmxq vbvej vnq| we`ywU y Ai Wvb _vKj f yR abvZK I
evg _vKj f yR FYvZK ne| Avevi we`ywUx Ai Dci _vKj KvwUabvZK Ges bxP _vKj KvwU
FYvZK ne| x Ai Dci KvwUk~bGes y Ai Dci f yR k~bne|

myZi vs Kvbvwe`yi f yR I KvwUh_vg OY OX I ei vei evZv`i mgvi vj w`K _vKe| GKBf ve
FYvZK f yR evKvwU Y O X O I ei vei hvZv`i mgvi vj w`K _vKe|

KvZmxq vbvi Aq vi vmgZj OX Y Y O X X YO XOY , , , GB Pvi wUf vMwef nq| G`i
cZKwUK PZzf vM(Quadrant) ej vnq|

XOY PZzf vMK c_g ai vnq Ges Nwoi KuvUvi AveZbi weci xZ w`K chvqg wZxq, ZZxq I PZz_
PZzf vMai vnq| Kvbvwe`yi vbvi wP Abymvi we`yi Aevb wewf bPZzf vM_vK|
227
DPZi MwYZ









wP 11.2
112 `yBwUwe`yi gaeZx`~i Z(Distance between two Points)
gb Kwi , ) , ( ) , (
2 2 1 1
y x Q y x P Ges GKwUmgZj AewZ `yBwUwf bwe`y| Q P I we`y_K x -
Ai Dci j ^ QN PM I AuvwK| Avevi P we`y_K QN Gi Dci j ^PR AuvwK|

GLb P we`yf yR =
1
x OM =
Ges P we`yi KvwU=
1
y MP =
Q we`yi f yR =
2
x ON = I KvwU
2
y NQ =
wP nZ Avgi vcvB
1 2
1 2
y y MP NQ NR NQ QR
x x OM ON MN PR
= = =
= = =


Ab Abymvi , PQR GKwUmgKvYxw f yR Ges PQ w f y Ri
AwZf yR| ZvB cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`Abyhvqx

2 2 2
QR PR PQ + =
ev
2 2
QR PR PQ + =
2
1 2
2
1 2
) ( ) ( y y x x PQ + =
P we`ynZ Q we`yi `~i Z

2
1 2
2
1 2
) ( ) ( y y x x PQ + =
hnZz`~i Zmemgq AFYvZK nq mnZzFYvZK gvb cwi nvi Ki vnqQ|
Avevi Q we`ynZ P we`yi `~i ZGKB wbqg

2
2 1
2
2 1
) ( ) ( y y x x QP + =
DPZi MwYZ
228

2
1 2
2
2
2
) ( ) ( y y x x + =
. QP PQ =
P we`ynZ Q we`yevQ we`ynZ P we`yi `~i Zmgvb|
A_vr, . ) ( ) (
2
1 2
2
1 2
QP y y x x PQ = + =

Abywmv: g~j we`y( 0 0, ) nZ mgZj AewZ h Kvb we`y ) , ( y x P Gi `~i Z

2 2
) 0 ( ) 0 ( + = y x PQ

2 2
y x + =

D`vni Y 1| ) , ( , Ges 2 2 1 1 ) ( we`y`yBwUGKwUmgZj wPwZ Ki |
G`i gaeZx`~i ZwbYq Ki |
awi , ) 2 , 2 ( 1 , 1 ( Ges Q P ) c` we`yq|
wP , xy mgZj we`yqK wPwZ Ki vnj v|
we`yqi gaeZx`~i Z
2
1 2
2
1 2
) ( ) ( y y x x PQ + =

2 2
) 1 2 ( ) 1 2 ( + =
2 1 1 1 1
2 2
= + = + = GKK|
GKK|
GKK|
GKK|
GKK|
GKK|
GKK|
wP 11.4

D`vni Y 2| g~j we`y ) 0 0 , ( O Ges Aci `yBwUwe`y ) 3 , 0 ( 0 , 3 ( I Q P ) mgZj wPwZ Ki | cZKi
gaeZx`~i ZwbYq Ki | wZbwUwe`yhvMKi j h RvwgwZK wP AswKZ nq Zvi bvg KxGes Kb ?

mgvavb : ) 3 , 0 ( 0 , 3 ( ), 0 , 0 ( I Q P O ) we`ywZbwUi Aevb xy mgZj `Lvbvnj v:
`~i Z 0 3
2
+ = OP 3 3 0 3
2 2 2
= = =
=
+
`~i Z 3 3 3 0
2 2 2
= = + = OQ
`~i Z
2 2
) 3 ( )
)
3 (
(
+ = O O PQ
9 9
2 2
+ = + = y y
. 2 3 9 2 18 = = =
wP 11.5

RvwgwZK wP wUi bvg mgwev w f yR Kvi Y Gi `yB ev OQ OP Ges Gi `~i Zmgvb|
D`vni Y 3| GKwUw f y Ri wZbwUkxl we`yh_vg ) 4 , 3 ( 0 , 7 ( ), 0 , 2 ( I C B A ) | mgZj G`i Aevb
`LvI Ges w f yRwUAb Ki | w f yRwUcwi mxgvcuvP `kwgK vb chwbYq Ki |
0 0
2
) (
0 0
2
+
) ( 0 3
2
) (
229
DPZi MwYZ
mgvavb : xy mgZj ) 4 , 3 ( 0 , 7 ( ), 0 , 2 ( I C B A ) Gi Aevb `Lvbvnj v:








ABC w f y Ri
wP 11.6
AB evi `N 5 5 ) 0 0 ( ) 2 7 ) (
2 2 2
= = + = c GKK
BC evi `N 2 4 16 16 4 ) 4 ( ) 0 4 ( ) 7 3 ) (
2 2 2 2
= + = + = + = a GKK
AC evi `N 17 4 1 ) 0 4 ( ) 2 3 ) (
2 2 2 2
= + = + = b GKK
w f yRwUi cwi mxgv
(
(
(
AC BC AB + + = ev qi `Ni mgw
= ) ( c b a + +
(cvq) GKK
GKK

)
77996 14
17 2 4 5 (
=
+ + =

D`vni Y 4| `LvI h, ) , ( Ges , ( , , ( ), , ( 3 8 7 6 3 2 1 0 ) ) we`yj v GKwU AvqZ i Pvi wU
kxl we`y|
gb Kwi , ) 3 , 8 ( 7 , 6 ( , 3 , 2 ( ), 1 , 0 ( Ges D C B A ) ) c` we`ymg~n| xy mgZj G`i Aevb `Lvbv
nj v:










wP 11.7

AB evi `N= | GKK 5 2 20 16 4 ) 4 ( ) 2 ( )} 1 ( 3 { ) 0 2 (
2 2 2 2
= = + = + = +
CD evi `N= | GKK 5 2 20 16 4 ) 7 3 ( ) 6 8 (
2 2
= = + = +
230
DPZi MwYZ
AB evi `N=CD evi `N
Avevi ,
AD evi `N= | GKK 5 4 80 4 8 )) 1 ( 3 ( ) 0 8 (
2 2 2 2
= = + = +
BC evi `N= | GKK 5 4 80 4 8 ) 3 7 ( )} 2 ( 6 {
2 2 2 2
= = + = +
AD evi `N=BC evi `N
weci xZ evj vi `Nmgvb|
myZi vs ej vhvq, ABCD GKwUmvgv wi K evAvqZ |
BD KYi `N= | GKK 10 100
2
) 0 (
2
) 10 ( ) 3 3 ( )) 2 ( 8 (
2 2
= = + = +
GLb, ( ) ( ) , , 80 5 4 20 5 2 100
2
2
2
2 2
= = = = = AD AB BD
100 80 20
2 2 2
= + = + = AD AB BD

2 2 2
AD AB BD + =
cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`AbyhvqxABC GKwUmgKvYxw f yR Ges BAD mgKvY|
myZi vs G vi vcgvwYZ nj vh, ABCD GKwUAvqZ |
D`vni Y 5| `LvI h, ) , ( I , ( ), , ( 3 3 0 0 3 3 ) we`ywZbwUvi vKvb w f yR Zwi Ki vhvq bv|
mgvavb :
awi , ) , ( I , ( ), , ( 3 3 0 0 3 3 C B A ) c` we`ymg~n| xy mgZj Zv`i Aevb `Lvbvnj v:

Avgi vRvwb, hKvbvw f yRi `yB evi mgw ZZxq ev Acveo| ai wbB ABC GKwUw f yR I
AC BC AB I , Gi wZbwUev|
GLb, AB evi `N= 2 3 18 3 3 )} 3 ( 0 { )} 3 ( 0 {
2 2 2 2
= = + = + GKK
BC evi `N= 2 3 18 ) 0 3 ( ) 0 3 (
2 2
= = + GKK
AC evi `N= 2 6 72 ) 3 3 ( ) 3 3 (
2 2
= = + + + GKK
`LvhvQ, AC BC AB = = + = + 2 6 2 3 2 3
A_vr `yB evi mgw ZZxq evi mgvb|
wP 11.8
we`ywZbwUGKB mi j i Lvq Aevb Ki Ges G`i vi vKvbvw f yR MVb me bq|
231
DPZi MwYZ
Abykxj bx111

1| cwZ c` we`ymg~ni gaeZx`~i ZwbYq Ki |
) (i ) , ( I ) , ( 6 4 3 2 ) (ii ) , ( I ) , ( 3 7 7 3 ) (iii ) , ( I ) , ( a b b a
) (iv ) cos , sin ( ) 0 , 0 ( I ) (v

2 ,
2
1
1 ,
2
3
I

2| GKwUw f yRi kxl q h_vg ) , ( I , ( ), , ( 3 3 4 4 4 2 C B A ) | w f yRwUAb Ki Ges `LvI
h, GwUGKwUmgwev w f yR|

3| ) , ( I , ( ), , ( 1 2 1 1 5 2 C B A ) GKwUw f yRi kxl q| w f yRwUAuvK I `LvI h GwUGKwU
mgKvYxw f yR|
4| ) 1 , 5 ( 5 , 3 ( ), 2 , 1 ( I C B A ) we`y q vi vw f yR MVb Ki vhvq wKbvhvPvB Ki |

5| g~j we`y_K ) , ( I , ( k 5 5 5 ) we`yq mg`~i eZxnj k Gi gvb wbYq Ki |

6| `LvI h, ) 3 2 , 3 2 ( 2 , 2 ( ), 2 , 2 ( Ges C B A ) GKwU mgev w f yRi kxl we`y| Gi
cwi mxgvwZb `kwgK vb chwbYq Ki |

7| `LvI h, ) 5 , 5 ( 5 , 5 ( , 0 , 5 ( ), 0 , 5 ( I D C B A ) ) GKwUeM i Pvi wUkxl we`y|

8| ) 2 , 1 ( 7 , 6 ( , 4 , 5 ( ), 1 , 2 ( Ges D C B A ) ) vi vMwVZ PZzf yRwUmvgvwi K bvAvqZ Zv
wbYq Ki |

9| ) ) 5 , 3 ( , 6 , 7 ( ), 5 , 10 ( C B A we`yj vi gaKvbwU ) , ( 2 3 P Gi mePq wbKUeZxI KvbwU
mePq `~i eZx|

10| ) , ( y x P we`y_K y -Ai `~i ZGes ) , ( 2 3 Q we`yi `~i Zmgvb| cgvY Ki h,
. 0 13 6 4
2
= + x y y

113 w f yR i dj ) ( Triangles of Area
Avgi vRvwb wZbwUwf bwe`yGKB mi j i Lvq Aevb bvKi j H wZbwUwe`yK mi j i Lvvi vhvMKi j
GKwUw f yR cvI qvhvq| D w f yR wUevf ` Ges KvYf ` wf bwf bnZ cvi | GB Ask
Avgi vGKwUgv m~ i mvnvhhKvbvw f yRi evi `NwbYqi gvag w f yRwUi dj wbYq Ki Z
mg ne| GKB m~ i mvnvhhKvbvPZzf yRK `y BwUw f yR wef Ki PZzf yR i dj
wbYq Ki vI me ne| G Avgi vw f yR wUi cwi mxgv(evj vi `Ni mgw) Ges evi `Ni
232
DPZi MwYZ
gvag dj wbYq Ki e| hKvbv w f yR AvKwZ evKvYvKw i Rwgi dj wbYqi GB cwZ A_vr
evi `Ni gvag dj wbYq AZi Zc~Y| A_vr Rwgi dj wbYq GwULyeB KvhKi | Kvi Y
wnme ej vhvq w KvYvKvi hvPKvbvKvi Rwgi kxl we`yj vi vbvsK RvbvbvB evme bq wKhw`
vbvsK Rvbv_vK Zvnj Avgi vAvi I mnR dj wbYq mg ne| GB Ask Avgi v`yBwUcwZi
gvag w f yR evef yRi dj wbYq Ki e|

cwZ 1 :
dj wbYqi m~ : cvki wP ABC GKwUw f ~R `LvbvnqQ| ) , ( I , ( ), , (
3 3 2 2 1 1
y x C y x B y x A )
wZbwUwf bwe`yGes CA BC AB I , w f ~Ri wZbwUev| `~i ZwbYqi m~ i mvnvhmnRB
CA BC AB I , evi `NwbYq me| hgb :
AB evi `N ' 'c ai = c
2
2 1
2
2 1
) ( ) ( y y x x + GKK
BC evi `N ' 'a ai = a
2
3 2
2
3 2
) ( ) ( y y x x + GKK
AC evi `N ' 'b ai = b
2
3 1
2
3 1
) ( ) ( y y x x + GKK

GLb w f ~RwUi cwi mxgv ' 2 ' s ai f
c b a s + + = 2 [cwi mxgv=ev wZbwU`Ni mgw]
A_vr ) c b a s + + = (
2
1
GKK
GLvb s nj vw f z Ri cwi mxgvi Aa K|
wP 11.9
Avgi v ' 's Ges c b a , , Gi mvnvhmnRB hKvbvw f yRi dj wbYq Ki Z cvwi |

w f zR i dj wbYqi m~ :
w f ~R ABC Gi AB evi `N BC c , ' ' evi `N ' 'a Ges CA evi `N ' 'b Ges cwi mxgv ' 2 ' s
nj ABC Gi dj ) )( )( ( c s b s a s s eMGKK| [gvawgK i MwYZ RvwgwZ Gi cwi wgwZ
Ask cgvY `I qvAvQ| wkv_xi vcgvYwU`L wbe| ]

wbgv D`vni Ymg~ni gvag m~ wUi eenvi mnRB eySvhve|

j Yxq : wewf bw f y Ri dj wbYqi wewf bm~ i qQ, wKGKwUgv m~ i mvnvhAvgi vGLvb
hKvbvw f yRi dj wbYq mg ne|

D`vni Y 1| ) 1 , 2 ( ) 1 , 1 ( ), 5 , 2 ( Ges C B A GKwUw f y Ri wZbwUkxl we`y | w f yRwUi GKwUgvUvgywUwP
AuvK Ges cwi mxgvI evi `Ni gvag dj wbYq Ki | w f yRwUKvb ai bi w f yR wP `L Av`vR
Ki Ges Zvi ^ c hy w `vI |

mgvavb : cvki wP w f yRwU`Lvbvnj v:
dgv- 30, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
233
AB evi `N, = c GKK ) ( ) ( 5 16 9 2 1
2 2
5 1 = + = +
BC evi `N, = a GKK 3 0 9 ) 1 1 ( ) 1 2 (
2 2
= + = + +
AC evi `N, = b GKK 4 16 0 ) 5 1 ( ) 2 2 (
2 2
= + = +
GKK 6
2
12
) 4 3 5 (
2
1
) (
2
1
= = + + = + + = c b a s
& dj = ) )( )( ( c s b s a s s


) )( )( (
6
2 3 1 6
4 6 3 6 5 6 6
=
=
=

wP 11.10
wP `L Avgi veySZ cvwi GwUGKwUmgKvYxw f yR|
cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`i mvnvhGwUmnRB cgvY Ki vhvq

9 3
25 5
2 2 2
2 2 2
= = =
= = =
a BC
c AB

16 4
2 2 2
= = = b CA
25 16 9 25
2 2 2
= + = + = = CA BC AB
ABC GKwUmgKvYxw f zR| AB AwZf yR I ACB mgKvY|

D`vni Y 2| ) , ( ) , ( , Ges ) , ( 3 3 4 4 4 2 C B A GKwUw f yRi wZbwUkxl | w f yRwUAuvK Ges evi
`N wbYqi gvag Gi dj wbYq Ki | wP `L w f yRwUi GKwUbvg `vI Ges Gi ^c hyw
`LvI |

mgvavb : ABC w f yRwUi wP AuvKvnj v:
GKK
GKK
GKK



2 5 50 49 1 ) 3 4 ( ) 3 2 (
2 5 50 1 49 ) 4 3 ( )) 4 ( 3 (
10 100 64 36 )} 4 ( 4 { ) 2 4 (
2 2
2 2
2 2
= = + = + = =
= = + = + = =
= = + = + = =
b CA
a BC
c AB









wP 11.11
eMGKK
eMGKK
eMGKK
234
DPZi MwYZ
GLb, GKK 2 5 5 2 10 10 (
2
1
) 2 5 2 5 10 (
2
1
) (
2
1
+ = + = + + = + + = c b a s
dj = ) )( )( ( c s b s a s s
) 2 5 2 5 5 ( ) 2 5 ) 2 5 5 )( 10 2 5 5 )( 2 5 5 ( + + + + = eMGKK
5 5 ) 5 2 5 ( ) 2 5 5 ( + = eMGKK
) 5 2 5 )( 5 2 5 ( 5 + = eMGKK
25 5 25 50 5 5 ) 2 5 ( 5
2 2
= = = eMGKK
25 5 5 = = eMGKK

c` w f yRwUGKwUmgwev w f yR| Kbbv 2 5 = = CA BC GKK| A_vr, w f yRwUi `yBUev mgvb|
Avevi , 100 10
2 2
= = AB

100 50 50 ) 2 5 ( ) 2 5 (
2 2 2 2
= + = + = + CA BC

2 2 2
CA BC AB + =
GwUGKwUmgKvYxw f yR|
A_vr ABC GKwUmgKvYxI mgwev w f zR|

D`vni Y 3| GKwUw f yRi kxl q h_vg ) , ( ) , ( , Ges ) , ( 4 1 0 5 0 2 C B A cZKwUevi `NwbYq
Ki Ges w f yRwUi dj wbYq Ki | w f yRwUKxai Yi Abygvb Ki Ges ^c hyw `vI |














235
DPZi MwYZ
mgvavb : w f yRwUi (wP : 11.12) wP `Lvbvnj v:
GKK
GKK
GKK



5 16 9 ) 4 0 ( ) 1 2 (
2 4 16 16 ) 0 4 ( ) 5 1 (
7 49 )) 0 0 ( )) 2 ( 5 (
2
2
2
2
2
2
= + = + = =
= + = + = =
= = + = =
b CA
a BC
c AB

GKK 2 2 6 ) 2 4 12 (
2
1
) 5 2 4 7 (
2
1
) (
2
1
+ = + = + + = + + = c b a S
dj = ) )( )( ( c s b s a s s
) 5 2 2 6 )( ) 2 4 ) 2 2 6 )( 7 2 2 6 )( 2 2 6 ( + + + + = eMGKK
) 1 2 2 )( 2 2 6 )( 1 2 2 ( ) 2 2 6 ( + + = eMGKK
) 1 2 2 )( 1 2 2 )( 2 2 6 )( 2 2 6 ( + + = eMGKK
14 7 28 ) 1 ) 2 2 )(( ) 2 2 ( ) 6 (
2
2 2
2
= = = eMGKK

c` w f yRwUGKwUwel gev w f yR| Kvi Y Gi KvbvevB Aci Kvb evi mgvb bq|

j Yxq : h wZbwUw f yR i dj wbYq Ki vnj vZvi 1gwUmgKvYx, 2qwUmgwev I ZZxqwU
wel gev w f yR| GKwUgv m~ i mvnvhcZKwUw f yRi dj wbYq me nqQ| AbhKvbv
w f yRi I wVK GKBf ve dj wbYq Ki vme ne| Abykxj bxZ G i Kg Avi I KqKwUw f yRi
dj msvmgmv_vKe|
G chvq Avgi vPZzf yR i dj GKB m~ eenvi Ki wbYqi Kkj Avj vPbvKi e|

D`vni Y 1| GKwUPZzf yRi 4wUkxl h_vg ) , ( ) , ( ), , ( , Ges ) , ( 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 D C B A | PZzf yRwUi
wP AuvK Ges hKvbv`yB ev I KYi `NwbYqi gvag Gi dj wbYq Ki |

mgvavb : cvki wP we`ycvZbi gvag ABCD PZzf yRwU`Lvbvnj v| DA CD BC AB Ges , ,
PZzf yRwUi Pvi wUev Ges BD AC I PZzf yRwUi `yBwUKY|
GKK ev 2 ) 1 0 ( ) 0 1 (
2
2
= + = = c AB










DPZi MwYZ
236
GKK ev 2 1 1 )) 0 1 ( ) 1 0 (
2 2
2
2
= + = + + = = a BC
KY GKK 2 2 ) 0 0 ( ) 1 1 (
2
2
2
= = + + = = b AC
4
2
= AC
GKK ev 2 ) 1 0 ( ) 0 1 (
2
2
= + = = CD c
GKK ev 2 ) 0 1 ( ) 1 0 (
2
2
= + = DA
`LvhvQ, 2 = = = = DA CD BC AB GKK
PZzf yRwUGKwUeMevi ^m|
GLb, 4 2 2 ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 2 2 2 2
= + = + = + = BC AB AC
PZzf yRwUGKwUeM |
PZzf yR ABCD Gi dj = 2 w f yR ABC Gi dj |
GLb w f yR ABC Gi cwi mxgv, 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 + = + + = + + = BC AB AB s KK
2 1 ) 2 2 2 (
2
1
+ = + = s GKK|
w f yR ABCGi dj = ) )( )( ( c s b s a s s
) 2 2 1 )( 2 2 1 )( 2 2 1 )( 2 1 ( + + + + = eMGKK
1 ) 1 2 ( 1 ) 1 2 ( + = eMGKK
2 2
1 ) 2 ( = eMGKK
1 2 = eMGKK
1 = eMGKK
PZzf yR ABCDGi dj 1 2 = eMGKK
=2 eMGKK|
ge: eMi evi `NK eMKi I dj cvI qvhvq| AvqZ Gi `NI cY Ki I dj cvI qv
hvq| wKhKvbvPZzf yRi dj wbYq Ki vhvq bv|

D`vni Y 2| ) , ( ) , ( ), , ( , Ges ) , ( 6 1 3 3 1 2 1 1 D C B A vi vMwVZ PZyf yRwUAb Ki Gi cwZwUev
I GKwUKYi `NwbYq Ki Ges PZzf yRwUi dj wbYq Ki |
237
DPZi MwYZ
mgvavb : we`ycvZbi gvag xy -mgZj ABCD PZzf yRwU`Lvbvnj v:
ABCD PZzf yRwUi
ev, 13 2 3
2 2
= + = = a AB GKK
ev, 17 4 1
2 2
= + = = b BC GKK
ev, 13 3 2
2 2
= + = = d CD GKK
ev, 29 5 2
2 2
= + = = e DA GKK
KY,
2 2
) 1 3 ( ) 1 3 ( + + = = c AC GKK
20 2 4
2 2
= + = GKK
w f yR ABC G 20 17 13 2 + + = + + = c b a s GKK
472 4 1231 4 6056 3 2008 12 + + = = GKK
1004 6 = s GKK
w f yR ABC Gi dj = ) )( )( ( c s b s a s s eMGKK
6283 1 9773 1 4948 2 1004 6 = eMGKK
000 49 = eMGKK
7 = eMGKK
ACD G 29 13 20 2 + + = + + = e d c s GKK
3852 5 6056 3 4721 4 + + = GKK
4429 13 = GKK
7312 6 = s GKK|
ACD Gi dj = ) )( )( ( c s d s e s s
3460 1 1256 3 2591 2 7312 6 = eMGKK
9744 63 = eMGKK
9983 7 = eMGKK
ABCD PZyf yR i dj ) 998 7 000 7 ( + = eMGKK
= 998 14 eMGKK
=15 eMGKK (cvq)|
ge: ABCD PZzf yRwUeMevAvqZ evmvgvwi K evi ^mKvbvwUB bq| G ai bi wel g AvKvi i Rwgi
dj wbYq G cwZ AZKvhKi |

D`vni Y 3| Pvi wUwe`yi vbvh_vg ) 2 , 1 ( ) 1 , 0 ( ), 0 , 3 ( ), 3 , 2 ( Ges D C B A
) (a `LvI h, ABCD GKwUi ^m|
) (b BD AC I Gi `NwbYq Ki Ges ABCD GKwUeMwKbvhvPvB Ki
) (c w f yR i gvag PZzf yRwUi dj wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : ABCDPZzf yRwUwe`ycvZbi gvag wP : 11.1.5 G `Lvbvnj v:
238
DPZi MwYZ
wP : 11.15
) (a awi d c b a , , , h_vg DA CD BC AB Ges , , evi `NGes KY e AC = I KY . f BD =
GKK 10 3 1 ) 3 0 ( ) 2 3 (
2 2 2 2
= + = + + = a
GKK 10 1 3 ) 0 1 ( ) 3 0 (
2 2 2 2
= + = + = b
GKK 10 3 1 ) 1 2 ( ) 0 1 (
2 2 2 2
= + = + = c
GKK 10 1 3 ) 2 3 ( ) 1 2 (
2 2 2 2
= + = + + + = d
hnZz 10 = = = = d c b a GKK
ABCDGKwUi ^m|
KY 20 16 4 ) 3 1 ( ) 2 0 (
2 2
= + = + + = = e AC GKK
Ges KY 20 2 4 ) 0 2 ( ) 3 1 (
2 2 2 2
= + = + = = f BD GKK
`LvhvQ BD AC = A_vr, KYq mgvb
( ) 20 20
2
2
= = AC
( ) ( ) 20 10 10 10 10
2 2
2 2
= + = + = + BC AB
.
2 2 2
BD AB AC + =
cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`Abyhvqx ABC mgKvY|
PZzf yRwUGKwUeM|
PZzf yR

ABCDGKwUeM|
ABCD Gi dj 2 w f yR ABC Gi dj
GLvb ABC Gi

2
20 10 10
2
+ +
=
=
+ +
=
c b a
s
5 10
2
5 2 10 2
+ =
+
= GKK|
ABC Gi dj = ) )( )( ( f s b s a s s
) 20 5 10 )( 10 5 10 )( 10 5 10 )( 5 10 ( + + + + = eMGKK
) 5 10 ( 5 5 ) 5 10 ( + = eMGKK
) 5 10 ( 5 } ) 5 ( ) 10 ( 5
2 2
= { = eMGKK
5 5 5 = = eMGKK
ABCD eMi dj = 5 2 eMGKK =10 eMGKK|
Zvnj ,
3
2 D
3 2 A
239
DPZi MwYZ
ge: mnR cwZ : ABCD eMwUi dj 10 ) 10 (
2
= eMGKK|

w f yR i dj wbYq
cwZ 2 : kxl we`yi vbvsKi mvnvh dj wbYq :
GB cwZZ GKwUw f y Ri wZbwUkxl we`yi vbvsKi mvnvhLye mnRB w f yR i dj wbYq Ki v
hvq| GKBf ve hKvbvef yRi kxl we`yi vbvsK Rvbv_vKj I ef yRi dj wbYq me| eve
GB cwZ eenvi Ki vme nq bv| Gi Kvi Y nj vAvgi vhw` GKwURwgi dj wbYq Ki Z PvB
Ges RwgwUhw` w KvYvKvi evPKvYvKvi nq Zvnj GB cwZZ dj wbYq Ki vhve bv| hnZz
KwYK we`ymg~ni vbvAvgv`i RvbvbvB evRvbvme bq| wKRwgwUi evi `NAvgi v mnRB
gc wbZ cvwi Ges 1 bs cwZZ dj wbYq Ki Z cvwi | ZvB Df q cwZ mKwkv_x`i avi Yv
_vKvcqvRb| 2 bs cwZi mvnvhw f yR I ef yRi dj wbYqi Kkj D`vni Yi mvnvhevLv
Ki vnj v:

w f yR i dj wbYqi mvavi Y m~ :
awi , ) , (
1 1
y x A , ) , (
2 2
y x B Ges ) , (
3 3
y x C w f yR ABC Gi wZbwUkxl we`y| wP 11.15 Gi Abyi c
B A , I C we`yNwoi KuvUvi weci xZ w`K mvRvbv|







wP : 11.16

wP _K Avgi vcvB,
ef yR ABCDF Gi dj =w f yR ABC Gi dj +UvwcwRqvg ACDF Gi dj
=UvwcwRqvg ABEF
F
Gi dj +UvwcwRqvg BCDE Gi dj
myZi vs Avgi vcvB,
w f yR ABC Gi dj =UvwcwRqvg ABEF Gi dj +UvwcwRqvg BCDE Gi
dj UvwcwRqvg ACDF Gi dj |
w f yR ABC Gi dj
= DF AF CD DE BE CD EF AF BE + + + + ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
) (
2
1

= ) )( (
2
1
) )( (
2
1
) )( (
2
1
3 1 1 3 3 2 2 3 2 1 1 2
x x y y x x y y x x y y + + + +
240
DPZi MwYZ
= ) (
2
1
3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 2 1
y x y x y x y x y x y x y x + +
=


1 3 2 1
1 3 2 1
2
1
y y y y
x x x x
eMGKK
hLvb,



1 3 2 1
1 3 2 1
y y y y
x x x x

= ) (
3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 2 1
y x y x y x y x y x y x y x + +

hLvb Ydj i w`K abvZK wP wnme wbq cvI qvMQ
1 3 3 2 2 1
y x y x y x + + Ges Ydj i w`K
FYvZK wP wnme wbq cvI qvMQ
3 1 2 3 1 2
y x y x y x
myZi vs,
ABC Gi & dj =
2
1



1 3 2 1
1 3 2 1
y y y y
x x x x


ge: gb i vLvAZi Zc~Yh G cwZZ dj wbYqi we`ymg~ni vbvsK



1 3 2 1
1 3 2 1
y y y y
x x x x
AekB Nwoi KuvUvi weci xZ w`K wbZ ne|

D`vni Y 1| ) 3 , 2 ( A , ) 6 , 5 ( B Ges ) 4 , 1 ( C kxl wewk ABC w f y Ri dj wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : ) 3 , 2 ( A , ) 6 , 5 ( B Ges ) 4 , 1 ( C kxl wZbwUK Nwoi KuvUvi weci xZ w`K bI qvnj v|
ABC Gi dj =


3 4 6 3
2 1 5 2
2
1

eMGKK
= ) 8 6 15 3 20 12 (
2
1
+ + eMGKK
= ) 12 (
2
1
eMGKK
=6 eMGKK


D`vni Y 2| GKwUw f y Ri wZbwUkxl ) 3 , 1 ( A , ) 1 , 5 ( B Ges ) , 3 ( r C | ABC Gi dj 4 eMGKK
nj r Gi mvegvbmg~n wbYq Ki |

mgvavb : ) 3 , 1 ( A , ) 1 , 5 ( B Ges ) , 3 ( r C kxl wZbwUNwoi KuvUvi weci xZ w`K weePbvKi ABC Gi
dj
=


3 1 3
1 3 5 1
2
1
r
eMGKK
wP : 11.17
dgv- 31, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
241
= ) r 3 15 9 5 1 (
2
1
+ + r eMGKK
= ) 4 2 ( ) 8 4 (
2
1
= r r eMGKK
ckgZ, 4 ) 4 2 ( = r
A_vr, 0 2 = r ev, 8
0 = r ev, 4
Di : 0 = r , 4

PZzf yR i dj
wP 11.17 G ABCD GKwUPZzf yR| PZzf yRwUi Pvi wUkxl h_vg ) , (
1 1
y x A , ) , (
2 2
y x B , ) , (
3 3
y x C
Ges ) , (
4 4
y x D Ges D C B A , , , K Nwoi KuvUvi weci xZ w`K Abymvi nqQ|












GLb PZzf yR ABCD Gi dj
=w f yR ABC Gi dj +w f yR ACDGi dj
=
2
1



1 3 2 1
1 3 2 1
y y y y
x x x x

2
1
+


1 4 3 1
1 4 3 1
y y y y
x x x x

= ) (
2
1
3 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 3 2 2 1
x x y x y x y x y x y x + +
) (
2
1
4 1 3 4 1 3 1 4 4 3 3 1
y x y x y x y x y x y x + + +
= )
2
1
4 1 3 4 2 3 1 2 1 4 4 4 3 2 2 1
y x y x y x y x y x y x y x y x + + +
=
2
1



1 4 3 2 1
1 4 3 2 1
y y y y y
x x x x x

242
DPZi MwYZ
myZi vs PZzf yR ABCD Gi dj =
2
1



1 4 3 2 1
1 4 3 2 1
y y y y y
x x x x x


Abyi cf ve GKwU cf yR ABCDE (wP : 11.18)Gi kxl we`yj v hw` ) , (
1 1
y x A , ) , (
2 2
y x B ,
) , (
3 3
y x C , ) , (
4 4
y x D I ) , (
5 5
y x E nq Ges wP i gZ kxl j vhw` Nwoi KuvUvi weci xZ w`K nq, Ze
cf yR ABCDE Gi dj wZbwUw f yR ABC , ACD I ADE Gi dj i mgwi mgvb|
w f yR I PZzf yR i wVK Abyi cf ve cf yR ABCDE Gi dj
=
2
1



1 5 4 3 2 1
1 5 4 3 2 1
y y y y y y
x x x x x x

GKBf ve hKvbvef yRi kxl we`ymg~ni vbvsK Rvbv_vKj mnRB Dci v cwZZ dj wbYq
Ki vhvq|













KvR : PZyf yR i dj wbYqi cwZi mvnvhcf yR I l of yR i dj wbYqi m~
cwZcv`b Ki |

D`vni Y 3| ) 4 , 1 ( A , ) 3 , 4 ( B , ) 2 , 1 ( C Ges ) 0 , 4 ( D kxl wewk PZzf yR ABCD Gi dj
wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : we`ymg~nK Nwoi KuvUvi weci xZ w`K wbq PZzf yR ABCD Gi dj
=


4 0 2 3 4
1 4 1 4 1
2
1

eMGKK
= ) 0 8 3 16 16 0 8 3 (
2
1
+ + + + + eMGKK
= 24 ) 48 (
2
1
= eMGKK
E
5 5
243
DPZi MwYZ
Abykxj bx112

1| 4 1 01 5 0 2 , ( ), , ( , ) , ( C B A h_vg ABC Gi kxl we`y|
) (i CA BC AB Ges , evi `NGes ABC Gi cwi mxgvwbYq Ki |

) (ii w f yRwUi dj wbYq Ki ;

2| wbgv cwZ ABC w f yRi dj wbYq Ki :

) (i ) , ( ) , ( , Ges ) , ( 4 1 6 5 3 2 C B A ;

) (ii ) , ( ) , ( , Ges ) , ( 3 2 6 1 2 5 C B A ;
3| `LvI h, ) , ( ) , ( ), , ( , Ges ) , ( 5 1 8 4 4 4 1 1 D C B A we`yj v GKwU mvgvwi Ki kxl we`y|
BD AC I evi `NwbYq Ki | mvgvwi KwUi dj w f yRi gvag wZb `kwgK vb ch
wbYq Ki |
4| ) , ( ) , ( ), , ( , Ges ) , ( a D a C a B a A 0 0 0 0 kxl wewk ABCD PZzf yRwUi dj KZ ?

5| `LvI h, ) , ( ) , ( ), , ( , Ges ) , ( 3 8 7 6 3 2 1 0 we`yj v GKwU AvqZ i Pvi wU kxl |
KYqi `NGes AvqZwUi dj wbYq Ki |


6| wZbwUwe`yi vbvh_vg ) 6 , ( ) 6 , 10 ( ), 1 , 2 ( Ges a C B A | BC AB = nj a Gi mve
gvbmg~n wbYq Ki | ' 'a Gi gvbi mvnvhh w f yR MwVZ nq Gi dj wbYq Ki |


7| C B A , , wZbwUwe`yi vbvh_vg ) 1 , 5 ( ) 3 , 6 ( ), 1 , ( + Ges C B a a A |

AB Gi `N AC Gi `Ni wY nj ' 'a Gi mvegvb Ges w f yRwUi ewk wbYq Ki |


8| wbgv PZzf yRmg~ni dj wbYq Ki [cwZ 2 eenvi Ki ] :

) (i ) 1 , 4 ( ), 4 , 6 ( ), 4 , 2 ( ), 0 , 0 ( ;
) (ii ) 0 , 4 ( ), 2 , 1 ( ), 3 , 4 ( ), 4 , 1 ( ;

) (iii ) 1 , 5 ( ), 3 , 4 ( ), 3 , 3 ( ), 0 , 1 ( ;
DPZi MwYZ
244
9| `LvI h, ) 1 , 1 ( ), 0 , 2 ( ), 1 , 3 ( ), 3 , 2 ( D C B A Ges ) 1 , 2 ( E kxl wewk ef zRi dj
11 eMGKK|

10| GKwUPZzf yRi Pvi wUkxl ) 1 , 6 ( ), 2 , 4 ( ), 4 , 3 ( C B A Ges ) 3 , ( p D Ges kxl mg~n Nwoi KuvUvi
weci xZ w`K AvewZZ| ABCDPZzf yRi dj w f zR ABC Gi dj i wY nj P Gi
gvb wbYq Ki |

114 mi j i Lvi Xvj (Gradient or slope of a line)

vbvRvwgwZi ( Geometry Coordinate ) GB Aski c_g Avgi vmi j i Lvi Xvj (Gradient or
slope) ej Z KxeySvq Ges mi j i Lvi Xvj wbYqi Kkj Avj vPbvKi e| Xvj i avi Yveenvi Ki GKwU
mi j i Lvi exRMvwYwZK i c Kxnq ZvAvj vPbvKi vne| Kvbvmi j i Lv`yBwUwe`yw`q AwZg Ki j
mB mi j i Lvi Xvj i cKwZ I D mi j i Lvi mgxKi Y wbYq Ki vB g~j Z GB Aski g~j Avj vPbvi wel q|
`yBwUmi j i LvKvbvwe`yZ wgwj Z nj evQ` Ki j mB Q` we`yi vbvwbYqi gvag wZbwUmgxKi Y
vi vwb` wkZ i Lvi gvag MwVZ w f yR wbqI Avj vPbvKi vne|
GLvb Avgi v`Lve exRMwYZ `yB Pj Ki GKNvZ mgxKi Y mi j i Lvwb`k Ki Ges Zv`i mgvavb nj v
mB Q` we`y|

Xvj (Gradient or slope)
wP 11.19 G
wP 11.19
AB mi j i LvwUweePbvKwi | i LvwU ) 7 , 6 ( ) 3 , 2 ( B A I `ywUwe`yw`q AwZg Ki Q|
wP vbymvi i LvwUx Ai abvZK w`Ki mv_ KvY DrcbKi Q| GB KvY nj vAbyf ~wgK x -
Ai mv_ AB mi j i LvwUKxcwi gvY AvbZ nqQZvi cwi gvc| vbvRvwgwZZ Avgi vAB i Lvi
Xvj ) (Gradient m K wbgv f ve cwi gvc Ki _vwK-
m = =
4
4
2 6
3 7
=

=1
AB i Lvi Xvj . 1 ) ( = m









y vbvsKi cwi eZb
x vbvsKi cwi eZb
245
DPZi MwYZ
mvavi YZ, GKwUmi j i Lv AB hLb ) , ( ) , (
2 2 1 1
y x B y x A I we`yw`q AwZg Ki ZLb Gi Xvj
) (m K Avgi v

=
run
rise
x x
y y
m
1 1
1 2
= vi vcKvk Ki _vwK|










ev weKc, Kvbvmi j i Lvvi vx Ai abvZK w`Ki mv_ DrcbKvY I Xvj m Gi gamK
nj v, tan = m
wP 11.19 G ABi Lvi mi j i Lvi Xvj 1 = m A_vr, 1 tan =
ev, 45 = (GKwUm~ KvY)|
D`vni Y 1| wbgi cwZ wb`wkZ we`yq vi vAwZvmi j i Lvi Xvj wbYq Ki |
) (a ) , ( Ges ) , ( 6 3 3 2 B A
) (b ) , ( Ges ) , ( 4 1 1 2 B A
mgvavb :
) (a AB i Lvi Xvj
run
rise
= =
= 3
1
3
2 3
3 6
= =


) (b B A i Lvi Xvj = 1
3
3
2 1
1 4
=

=


=

j Yxq : wP 11.20 _K `LvhvQ, AB i Lvi Xvj ) (Gradient abvZK Ges DrcbKvY GKwU
m~ KvY| Avevi , GKB wP _K GwUcwi vi h B A i Lvi Xvj FYvZK Ges DrcbKvY GKwU
~j KvY|

myZi vs Dci v Avj vPbv_K Avgi vGB wmvAvmZ cvwi h, Xvj abvZK nj i Lvvi vx -Ai
abvZK w`Ki mv_ DrcbKvb m~ KvY Ges Xvj FYvZK nj i Lvvi vx -Ai abvZK w`Ki mv_
DrcbKvY GKwU~j KvY|

DrcbKvY k~bA_evmgKvY nj Xvj wK ne Zvwbgv D`vni Yi mvnvhevLvKi vnj v:
I Vv
nuvUv
I Vv
nuvUv
I Vv
nuvUv
0


246
DPZi MwYZ
D`vni Y 2| C B A Ges , wZbwUwe`yi vbvh_vg ) , ( ) , ( , Ges ) , ( 7 2 2 5 2 2 | KvZmxq Zj
AC AB I i LvAb Ki | me nj AC AB I i Lvi Xvj wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : KvZmxq Zj AC AB I i LvAb Ki vnj v:
wP _K `Lvhvq h, AB i Lvx -Ai mgvi vj Ges
AC i Lvy -Ai mgvi vj | ABi Lvi Xvj ,
m = = 0
3
0
2 5
2 2
= =


AC i Lvi Xvj
1 2
1 2
x x
y y
m

= m~ vi vwbYq Ki vhve bv, Kvi Y



hw`
2 1
x x = nq Ze i Lvi Xvj wbYq Ki vhvq bvwKi LvwUy -Ai mgvi vj nq|
mvavi YZ Kvbvmi j i Lv ) , ( ) , (
2 2 1 1
y x B y x A I we`yw`q AwZg Ki j
Xvj ,
1 2
1 2
x x
y y
m

=
ev,
2 1
2 1
x x
y y
m

= hw`
2 1
x x nq|

j Kwi : hw`
2 1
x x = nq, Zvnj i LvwUy -Ai mgvi vj A_vr x -Ai Dci j ^nq| GB i Kg j ^
i Lvei vei evLvovi Lvei vei nuvUvm e bq| ZvB Xvj wbYq Ki vI m e bq|

ge: wP 11.21 G AB i Lvi hKvbvwe`yZ KvwUA_vr, AC y Ges 2 = i Lvi hKvbvwe`y Z
f yR A_vr, 2 = x ZvB AB mi j i Lvi mgxKi Y AC y Ges 2 = mi j i Lvi mgxKi Y 2 = x |

D`vni Y 3| ) , ( Ges ) , ( 2 3 2 3 B A we`yw`q AwZgKvi xi Lvi Xvj wbYq Ki |

mgvavb : AB i Lvi Xvj m nj ,
1 2
1 2
x x
y y
m

= = = .
3
2
6
4
3 3
) 2 ( 2
=

=



Xvj FYvZK nI qvq i LvwUx -Ai abvZK
w`Ki mv_ ~j KvY DrcbKi Q|


D`vni Y 4| ) , 4 ( ) 2 , 2 ( ), 1 , 1 ( t C B A Ges we`ywZbwU
mgi L nj t Gi gvb KZ ?
I Vv
nuvUv
I Vv
nuvUv
0 2
1 2 2 1
= = = x x x x Ges
247
DPZi MwYZ
mgvavb : C B A I , mgi L nI qvq BC AB I i Lvi Xvj GKB ne| myZi vs,Avgi vcvB-

2 4
2
1 2
1 2

+ t

ev,
2
2
1
3
=
t

ev, 6 2= t
ev, . 8 = t
myZi vs t Gi gvb 8 |



D`vni Y 5| ) 1 , 1 ( ) , 2 ( ), 2 , ( ), 3 , (
2
Ges D t t C t t B t t A Pvi wUwf bwe`y| CD AB Ges
i Lvmgv i vj nj t Gi mvegvb wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : AB i Lvi Xvj .
1
1
) 1 (
3 2
2
1
t t t
t
t t
t t
m

=
CD i Lvi Xvj .
t
t
t
t
m

=
+

=
3
1
2 1
1
2

CD AB I i Lvmgvi vj ej , CD AB I i Lvi Xvj mgvb A_vr,
1
m =
2
m
ev, .
3
1
1
1
t
t
t


ev, ) 3 ( ) 1 (
2
t t =
ev, t t t + = + 3 2 1
2

ev, 0 4 3
2
= + t t
ev, 1 = t Ges 2
myZi vs t Gi mvegvbmg~n 2 1 ,

Abykxj bx112


1| wbgv cwZwU B A I we`yMvgxmi j i Lvq Xvj wbYq Ki |
(K) ) , ( Ges ) , ( 1 2 2 5 B A
(L) ) , ( Ges ) , ( 1 1 5 3 B A
(M) ) , ( Ges ) , (
2
t t B t t A
(N) ) , ( Ges ) , ( 1 5 3 1 + + t t B t t A
248
DPZi MwYZ
2| wZbwUwf bwe`y ) , ( Ges ) , ( ), , ( t C B t A 1 4 2 1 mgi L nj t Gi gvb wbYq Ki |

3| `LvI h, ) , ( Ges ) , ( ), , ( 1 16 2 4 3 0 C B A we`ywZbwUmgi L|

4| ) 3 , ( ) 2 , ( ), 1 , 1 (
2
+ t t C t B A Ges mgi L nj t Gi mvegvb wbYq Ki |

5| ) , ( Ges ) , ( 1 4 3 3
2
+ p B p A we`yMvgxi Lvi Xvj 1 nj P Gi gvb wbYq Ki |

6| cgvY Ki h, ) 1 , 1 ( ) , 0 ( ), 0 , ( Ges C b B a A mgi L ne, hw` 1
1 1
= +
b a
nq|

7|

b a
C a b B b a A
1 1
, Ges ) , ( ), , ( mgi L nj cgvY Ki h, . 0 = + b a
115 mi j i Lvi mgxKi Y :
awi , GKwUwbw` mi j i Lv ' 'L `yBwUwbw` we`y ) , ( Ges ) , ( 7 5 4 3 B A w`q AwZg Ki | wP 11.24 G
i LvwU`Lvbvnj v|
Zvnj AB mi j i Lvi Xvj
2
3
3 5
4 7
1
=

= m ) 1 .....( ..........
gb Kwi , ) , ( y x P mi j i LvL Gi Dci GKwUwe`y| Zvnj AP i Lvi Xvj
) 2 .....( ..........
3
4
2

=
x
y
m
wK AB AP I GKB mi j i LvnI qvq Df qi Xvj mgvb| A_vr,
2 1
m m =
3
4
2
3

=
x
y
ev, [ ) 1 ( I ) 2 ( _K cvB]
8 2 9 3 = y x ev,
1 3 2
9 3 8 2
=
=
x y
x y


ev,
ev,

) 3 ......( ..........
2
1
2
3
= x y ev,
Avevi , PB i Lvi Xvj
3
m ai
) .....( .......... 4
5
7
3
x
y
m

=
PB AB Ges i Lvi Xvj mgvb ej [ ) 1 ( I ) 4 ( _K cvB]
3 1
m m =
x
y

=
5
7
2
3
ev, [ ) 1 ( I ) 4 ( _K cvB]
dgv- 32, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
249
y x 2 14 3 15 = ev,
) 5 ......( ..........
2
1
2
3
1 3 2
14 3 15 2
=
=
+ = +
x y
x y
x y



ev,
ev,
ev,

mgxKi Y ) 5 ) 3 ( ( I GKB mgxKi Y| myZi vs mgxKi Y ) 5 ( ) 3 ( ev nQmi j i Lv L Gi KvZmxq
mgxKi Y| j Ki j `Lvhve mgxKi Y ) 5 ( ) 3 ( ev y x Ges Gi GKNvZ mgxKi Y Ges GwUGKwU
mi j i Lvwb`k Ki | ZvB wbtm`n ej vhvq y x Ges Gi GKNvZ mgxKi Y me mgq GKwUmi j i Lv
wb`k Ki | mgxKi Y ) 5 ( ) 3 ( ev K wbgi c cKvk Ki vhvq-
1
2
3
= x y .......... ) 5 ) 3 ( ( ev
2
3
3
4
=

x
y
A_ev
2
3
5
7
=

x
y

A_vr,
3 5
4 7
3
4

x
y
A_ev
3 5
4 7
5
7

x
y

A_vr, m
x
y
=

3
4
A_ev m
x
y
=

5
7

myZi vs mvavi Yf ve ej vhvq, hw` `yBwUwbw` we`y ) , ( ) , (
2 2 1 1
y x B y x A Ges Kvb mi j i Lvi Dci
AewZ nq, Zvnj Xvj

=
run
rise
x x
y y
m
1 2
1 2
ev

nuvUv
I Vv

Ges D mi j i Lvi KvZmxq mgxKi Y ne
) 7 ( .......... ..........
) 6 ( .......... ..........
2
2
1
1
m
x x
y y
m
x x
y y
=

ev,


mgxKi Y ) (6 nZ cvB-
) 8 .( .......... )......... (
1 1
x x m y y =
mgxKi Y ) (7 nZ cvB,
) 9 .( .......... )......... (
2 2
x x m y y =
) (8 Ges ) (9 nZ Avgi v ej Z cvwi GKwU mi j i Lvi Xvj m nj Ges i LvwU wbw` we`y
) , ( ) , (
2 2 1 1
y x y x hv w`q AwZg Ki j i LvwUi KvZmxq mgxKi Y ) (8 A_ev ) (9 vi vwbYq Ki v
hve|
Aci mgxKi Y ) (6 Ges ) (7 nZ Avgi vcvB-
) ........( .......... 10
2
2
1
1
x x
y y
x x
y y
m

=
250
DPZi MwYZ
mgxKi Y ) (10 nZ f ve ej vhvq, GKwUmi j i Lv`yBwUwbw` we`y ) , ( ) , ( Ges
2 2 1 1
y x B y x A w`q
AwZg Ki j Gi KvZmxq mgxKi Y ne
2 1
2 1
1
1
x x
y y
x x
y y

ev ) ....( .......... 11
1 2
1 2
2
2
x x
y y
x x
y y


hnZz,
1 2
1 2
2 1
2 1
x x
y y
x x
y y
m

=
Dci v Avj vPbvwbgv D`vni Ymg~ni mvnvh evLvKi vnj vhvZ wkv_xi vmi j i Lvi Xvj I
mgxKi Y mnRB eySZ cvi |
D`vni Y 1| ) , ( I ) , ( 7 6 4 3 B A we`yqi mshvMKvi xi Lvi mgxKi Y wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : AB i Lvi Xvj 1
3
3
3 6
4 7
= =

= =
nuvUv
I Vv
m
mgxKi Y ) (8 eenvi Ki AB i Lvi mgxKi Y
1
3 4
3 1 4
1 1
+ =
= =
=
x y
x x m y y x y
x y

) (
) (
ev,
ev,

........ (8)
mgxKi Y ) (9 eenvi Ki AB i Lvi mgxKi Y
) 9 .........( ) ( 1
) 6 ( 1 7
2 2


ev,

x x m y y x y
x y
= + =
=

mgxKi Y ) (11 eenvi Ki AB i Lvi mgxKi Y
6 3
7 4
3
4

x
y

1
3 4
1
3
3
3
4
+ =
=
=

x y
x y
x
y



ev,
ev,
ev,

j Yxq : m~ ) (8 ev ) (9 ev ) (11 hKvbvwUeenvi Ki `yBwUwbw` we`yMvgxi Lvi mgxKi Y wbYq Ki v
hvq| wkv_xMY myweavgZ hKvbvwUeenvi Ki Z cvi e|
D`vni Y 2| GKwUwbw` mi j i Lvi Xvj 3 Ges i LvwU ) , ( 3 2 we`yMvgx| i LvwUi mgxKi Y wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : `I qvAvQ, Xvj 3 = m
wbw` we`y ) . ( ) , ( 3 2
1 1
= y x
i LvwUi mgxKi Y,
) ( ) (
1 1
x x m y y =
3 3
2 3 3
-2 3
+ =
+ = +
=
x y
x y
x 3 y

) (
)} ( { ) (
ev,
ev,
ev,

251
DPZi MwYZ
D`vni Y 3| mi j i Lv 3 3 + = x y wbw` we`y ) , ( 4 t P we`yw`q AwZg Ki | P we`yi vbvwbYq
Ki | i LvwU y x Ges AK h_vg B A I we`yZ Q` Ki | B A I we`yi vbvwbYq Ki |
mgvavb : ) , ( 4 t P we`ywU 3 3 + = x y i Lvi Dci Aew Z nI qvq P we`y i vbvi Lvi mgxKi YK wm
(satisfy) Ki e|
3
1
3 4 3
3 3 4
=
=
+ =
t
t
t


.
ev,
ev,
P we`yi vbv . , ) , (

= 4
3
1
4 P t P
3 3 + = x y i LvwU x AK A we`yZ Q` Ki | KvRB A we`yi KvwUev y vbv0 [hnZzx
Ai mKj we`yZ y Gi gvb k~b| ]
3 3 + = x 0
ev, . 1 = x
A we`yi vbv ). , ( 0 1

Avevi , 3 3 + = x y i LvwUi y AK B we`yZ Q` Ki vq
x Gi gvb k~b]

y Ai mKj we`yZ
3 0 3 + = y
ev, 3 = y
B we`yi vbv ) 3 , 0 (
GLb KvZmxq Zj AB i LvwUAb Kwi |


AB i LvwUx AK ) 0 , 1 ( we`yZ Ges y AK ) 3 , 0 ( we`yZ Q` Ki Q| A_vr, x Gi gvb hLb
1 ZLb 3 3 + = x y i LvwUx AK Q` Ki Q| Avevi y Gi gvb hLb 3 ZLb i LvwUy AK Q`
Ki Q| my Zi vs i LvwUi x Q`K 1 Ges y Q`K 3|
Dj w^K bq ) ( Vertical Non Ggb mi j i Lvi mvavi Y mgxKi YK wbgv i c cKvk Ki vnq|

c mx y + =
GLvb m i LvwUi Xvj Ges c, y Ai Q`Kvsk| 0 0 > > c m Ges Gi Rbi LvwU11.26 wP
`Lvbvnj v|
Avevi y Ai mgvi vj A_vr, x Ai Dci j ^i Lvi mvavi Y mgxKi Y a x = | wP 11.26
GKBf ve x Ai mgvi vj A_vr, y Ai Dci j ^i Lvi mvavi Y mgxKi Y b y = wP 11.26

j Yxq ' 'c Gi gvb abvZK nI qvq c mx y + = i LvwU y Ai abvZK w`K c GKK `~i Q`
Ki Q| m Gi gvb abvZK ) 0 tan ( > = m nI qvq c mx y + = i Lvvi vDrcbKvYwUm~ KvY|
' ' ' ' b a I Gi gvb abvZK nI qvq a x = i LvwU y Ai Wvb w`K Ges b y = i LvwUx Ai Dci
`LvbvnqQ|
B we`yi f yR ev x vbv0| [hnZz
A_vr
DPZi MwYZ
252
' ' ' ' , ' ' c b a I Gi FYvZK gvbi ej vq i Lvj vi Aevb 11.27 wP `Lvbvnj v|

wP 11.26 I 11.27 Ges Dci v Avj vPbv_K Avgi v Ki B ej Z cvwi 0 = c nj mx y =
i LvwUg~j we`y ) 0 , 0 ( w`q hve, 0 = a nj i LvwUy A Ges 0 = b nj i LvwUx A| wP 11.28
myZi vs x Ai mgxKi Y 0 = y
Ges y Ai mgxKi Y 0 = x

D`vni Y 4| 0 3 2 = + x y i Lvi Xvj I y Ai Q`Kvsk wbYq Ki | KvZmxq Zj i LvwUGuK `LvI |

mgvavb : 0 3 2 = + x y
ev. 3 2 = x y [ c mx y + = AvKvi ]
Xvj 2 = m
y Ai Q`Kvsk 3 = c

GLb i LvwU y x I AK B A I we`yZ Q` Ki j cvB,
A we`yi vbv

0 ,
2
3
[x A 0 = y ewmq

=
2
3
x
B we`yi vbv ) 3 , 0 ( [y A 0 = x ewmq ) 3 ( = y ]
KvZmxq Zj i LvwUGuK `Lvbvnj v|


D`nvi Y 5| ) 15 , 5 ( ) 3 , 1 ( Ges B A we`yqi mshvMi Lv
x -A I y AK Q P I we`yZ Q` Ki | PQ i Lvi
mgxKi Y wbYq Ki Ges PQ Gi `NwbYq Ki |

mgvavb : AB i Lvi mgxKi Y 2
6
12
5 1
15 3
1
3
=

=


=
+

x
y

ev, 2 2 3 + = x y
ev, ) 1 ...( .......... 5 2 + = x y
y
253
DPZi MwYZ

ge: PQ AB Ges GKB mi j i Lv|
PQ Gi `N=
2
2
) 5 0 ( 0
2
5

) 0 5/2, p(
+



4
125
25
4
25
= + =
GKK
2
5 5
=
) 1 ( nZ P we`yi vbv

0 ,
2
5
Ges Q we`yi vbv ) 5 , 0 (
PQ i Lvi mgxKi Y

0
2
5
5 0
2
5
0


=
+

x
y


5 2
10 4 2
8
10
5 2
2
+ =
+ +
=
+
x y
x y
x
y



ev,
ev,
ev,

Abykxj bx114
1| wbPi Z_j vj Ki :
i `yBwUwe`yi `~i ZwbYq cx_vMvi vmi Dccv`i mvnvhbI qvnq|
ii y 2x +5 =0 i Lvi Xvj - 2
iii 3x +5y =0 i LvwUg~j we`yMvgx
wbPi KvbwUmwVK ?
K. i L. ii I iii
M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
2| {s(s-a) (s-b) (s-c)}
2
1
-G s vi veySvq-
K. w f yRi dj L. ei dj
M. w f y Ri Aacwi mxgv N. e i Aa cwi wa
3|



-w f yRwUi dj
K. 12 eMGKK L. 15 eMGKK
M. 6 eMGKK N. 60 eMGKK
254
DPZi MwYZ
4|


K. 2 L. 2
M. 0 N. 6
5| x 2y 10 =0 Ges
i Lvi Xvj
2x +y 3 =0 i Lvqi Xvj qi Ydj
K. 2 L. 2
M. 2 N. 1
6| y =
2
x
+2 Ges 2x 10y +20 =0 mgxKi Yq
K. `ywUwf bi Lvwb`k Ki L. GKB i Lvwb`k Ki
M. i Lvq mgvi vj N. i Lvq ci i Q`x
7| y =x 3 Ges y = x +3 Gi Q`we`y
K. (0, 0) L. (0, 3)
M. (3, 0) N. (-3, 3)

wbPi Z_i Avj vK 8 I 9 bs cki Di `vI :
x =1, y =1
8| i Lvq x AK h we`yQ` Ki Zvi vbv
K. (0, 1) L. (1, 0)
M. (0, 0) N. (1, 1)
9| i Lvq Aqi mv_ h wUZwi Ki Zvi dj
K.
2
1
eMGKK L. 1 eMGKK
M. 2 eMGKK N. 4 eMGKK
10| GKwUmi j i Lvi mgxKi Y wbYq Ki hv ) 1 , 2 ( we`yw`q hvq Ges hvi Xvj 2.

11| AwZvmi j i Lvi mgxKi Y wbYq Ki |
) (a ) 4 , 2 ( ), 5 , 1 ( B A
) (b ) 3 , 0 ( ), 0 , 3 ( B A
) (c a a B o a A ) 3 , 2 ( ), , (

12| cwZ mi j i Lvi mgxKi Y wbYq Ki |
) (a Xvj 3 Ges y Q`K 5
) (b Xvj 3 Ges y Q`K 5
) (c Xvj 3 Ges y Q`K 5
) (d Xvj 3 Ges y Q`K 5

Dci v Pvi i LvGKB mgZj GuK `LvI |
[GB i Lvmg~ni gvag Xvj evSvhve Ges y - Ai Q`Kvski wPi Rbi LvKvb PZzf vMAevb Ki e]

wbgv we`yq w`q


wbgv
255
DPZi MwYZ
13| wbgv i Lvmg~n x AK I y AK Kvb we`yQ` Ki wbYq Ki | Zvi ci i Lvmg~n GuK `LvI |
) (a 3 3 = x y
) (b 6 5 2 + = x y
) (c 0 4 2 3 = y x
14| ) 0 , ( k we`yMvgxI k Xvj wewk mi j i Lvi mgxKi Y k Gi gvag wbYq Ki | hw` i LvwU ) 6 , 5 (
we`yMvgxnq Ze k Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
15| ) 2 , (
2
k k we`yMvgxGes
k
1
Xvj wewk i Lvi mgxKi Y wbYq Ki | hw` i LvwU ) 1 , 2 ( we`yw`q
AwZg Ki Ze k Gi mvegvb wbYq Ki |
16| GKwUi Lv ) 3 , 2 ( A we`yw`q hvq hvi Xvj
2
1
| Avevi i LvwUhw` ) , 3 ( k we`yw`q hvq Ze
k Gi gvb KZ ?

17| 3 Xvj wewk GKwUi Lv ) 6 , 1 ( A we`yw`q hvq Ges x AK B we`yK Q` Ki | A we`yMvgx
AbGKwUi Lvx AK ) 0 , 2 ( C we`yZ Q` Ki |
) (a AC AB I i Lvi mgxKi Y wbYq Ki |
) (a ABC Gi dj wbYq Ki |
18| `LvI h, 0 4 2 = + x y Ges 10 6 3 + = x y i Lvq ci i Q` Ki bv| i Lvqi wP GuK
evLvKi Kb mgxKi Y `yBwUi mgvavb bvB|
19| 5 , 5 + = + = x y x y Ges 2 = y mgxKi Y wZbwU GKwU w f zRi wZbwU ev wb`k Ki |
w f zRwUi wP AvuK Ges dj wbYq Ki |
20| 4 3 + = x y Ges 10 3 = + y x i Lvqi Q`we`yi vbvwbYq Ki | i Lvqi wP AvuK Ges
x A mg^q MwVZ w f zRi dj wbYq Ki |
21| cgvY Ki h, 7 , 2 2 = + = x y x y Ges 5 2 = x y i LvwZbwUmgwe`y(Concurrent) A_vr
GKB we`yw`q AwZg Ki |
22| 3 , 3 , 3 + = = + = x y x y x y Ges 3

= x y GKwU PZzf yRi Pvi wU ev wb`k Ki |
PZzf yRwUAvuK Ges dj wZbwUwf bcwZZ wbYq Ki |
23| `I qvAvQ,
3x +2y =6
K. c` i LvwUAqK h h we`yZ Q` Ki ZvwbYq Ki |
L. Aqi LwZ Aski cwi gvY wbYq Ki Ges i LvwUAqi mv_ h w f yR DrcbKi Zvi
dj wbYq Ki |
M. Aq Ges i LvwUK avi weePbvKi Gi Dci GKwU5 GKK DPZvwewk NbeZwi Ki v
nj vhvi kxl g~j we`yi Dci | NbewUi mgMZj i dj Ges AvqZb wbYq Ki |
24| `I qvAvQ, A (1, 4a) Ges B (5, a
2
1) we`yMvgxi Lvi Xvj = 1
K. `LvI h, a Gi `ywUgvb i qQ|
L. a Gi gvbqi Rbh Pvi wUwe`ycvI qvhvq, ai Zvi vP, Q, R I S , PQRS-Gi dj
wbYq Ki |
M. PZzf yRwUmvgvwi K bvAvqZ? G evcvi Zvgvi gZvgZ hyw mn evLvKi |
dgv- 32, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
v`k Aavq
mgZj xq f i

Avgi vj vi i vwk Ges Zvi Dci wewf bcKvi MvwYwZK cwqvi cqvMwkLwQ| wK ayj vi i vwk mKavi bv
_vKj B `bw`b Rxebi AbK Kvhg evLvKi vhvq bv| G Avgv`i f i i vwki avi YvcqvRb nq|
GB Aavq Avgi vf i i vwk mKAvj vPbvKi ev|

Aavq kl wkv_xi v
j vi i vwk I f i i vwk eYbvKi Z cvi e|
j vi i vwk I f i i vwk cZxKi mvnvhevLvKi Z cvi e|
mgvb f i , weci xZ f i I Aevb f i evLvKi Z cvi e|
f i i hvMI hvMwewa evLvKi Z cvi e|
f i i weqvMevLvKi Z cvi e|
f i i j vi wYZK I GKK f i evLvKi Z cvi e|
f i i j vi wYZK I ebwewa evLvKi Z cvi e|
f i i mvnvhwewf bRvwgwZK mgmvi mgvavb Ki Z cvi e|

12.1| j vi i vwk I f i i vwk
`bw`b Rxeb cvq me B ei cwi gvci cqvRb nq| 5 m.wg., 3 wgwbU, 12 UvKv, 5 wj Uvi , 6 C
BZvw` vi vh_vg ei `N, mgqi cwi gvY, UvKvi cwi gvY, AvqZbi cwi gvY I Zvcgv vi cwi gvY
evSvbvnq| Gme cwi gvci Rb Kej gv GKKmn cwi gvY Dj L Ki j B Pj | Avevi hw` ej vnq
GKwUj vK GKwe`y_K hv vKi c_g 4 wg. I ci 5 wg. Mj , Zvnj hv vwe`y_K Zvi `~i ZwbYq
Ki Z Mj c_g Rvbv`i Kvi j vKwUi MwZi w`K Kx? MwZi mwVK w`K bvRvbvchhv vwe`y_K
j vKwUKZ`~i wMqQZvmwVKf ve wbYq me bq|
h i vwk Kej gv GKKmn cwi gvY vi vm~Yi c evSvbvhvq, ZvK j vi evAw`K evwbw`K i vwk ej v
nq| `N, f i , AvqZb, `wZ, Zvcgv vBZvw` cZKB j vi i vwk|
h i vwkK m~Yi c cKvk Ki vi RbZvi cwi gvY I w`K Df qi cqvRb nq, ZvK f i evmw`K i vwk
ej vnq| mi Y, eM, Zi Y, I Rb, ej BZvw` cZKB f i i vwk|
12.2| f i i vwki RvwgwZK cwZi c: w`K wb`kK i Lvsk
Kvbvi Lvski GK cvK Avw`we`y(initial point) Ges Aci cvK Awe`y(terminal point)
wnme wPwZ Ki j H i LvskK GKwUw`K wb`kK i Lv(directed line segment) ej vnq| Kvbv
w`K wb`kK i Lvski Avw` we`yA Ges Awe`yB nj H w`K wb`kK i LvskK AB vi vm~wPZ Ki v
dgv- 33, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
257
nq| cZK w`K wb`kK i Lvsk GKwUf i i vwk, hvi cwi gvY H i Lvski `N ( | | AB evmsc AB
vi vm~wPZ) Ges hvi w`K A we`ynZ AB i Lvei vei B we`ywb`kKvi xw`K|
weci xZg hKvbvf i i vwkK GKwUw`K wb`kK i Lvsk vi vcKvk Ki vhvq, hLvb i LvskwUi `N
i vwkwUi cwi gvY Ges i LvskwUi Avw`we`ynZ A we`ywb` kKvi xw`K c` f i i vwki w`K|
ZvB, f i i vwk I w`K wb`kK i Lvsk mgv_K avi Yv| w`K wb`kKK RvwgwZK f i ej I Dj L Ki v
nq| Avgv`i Avj vPbvGKB mgZj AewZ f i i gamxgve_vKe|
avi K i Lvt Kvb f i (w`K wb` kK i Lvsk) h Amxg mi j i Lvi Ask wekl , ZvK H f i i avi K
i Lvev ayavi K (support) ej vnq|
mPi vPi GKwUf i K GKwUAi w`q m~wPZ Ki vnq;
hgb u AB= wK AB wj Lj hgb evSvhvq h, f i wUi Avw`we`yA I Awe`y u , B wj Lj
Zgb KvbvZ_cvI qvhvq bv|
KvR: 1| Zvgvi evwo nZ zj mvRv`wY 3 wK. wg. `~i AewZ| evwo nZ nuUzj hZ GK NUvmgq
j vMj Zvgvi MwZeMKZ?
2| zj QzwUi ci mvBKj 20 wgwbUevwo Gj G Zvgvi MwZeMKZ?
12.3| f i i mgZv, weci xZ f i
mgvb f i t GKwUf i u-K Aci GKwUf i v-Gi mgvb ej vnq hw`
( ) u ( v u i = Gi `Nmgvb v Gi `N)
( )u ii -Gi avi K, v-Gi avi Ki mAwf bA_evmgvi vj nq,
( ) u iii -Gi w`K v-Gi w`Ki mGKgyLxnq| mgZvi GB msvh wbPi wbqgj vgb Pj , Zv
mnRB evSvhvq :
(1) u =v
(2) u =v nj v =u
(3) u =v Ges u =w nj u =w
u-Gi avi K Ges v-Gi avi K i Lvq Awf bevmgvi vj nj , Avgi vmsc ej e h u Ges v
mgv i vj f i |
`et h Kvb we`y_K c` h Kvb f i i mgvb Ki GKwUf i Uvbvhvq|
Kbbv, we`yP Ges f i u `I qv_vKj , Avgi vP we`yw`q u Gi avi Ki mgvi vj Ki GKwU
mi j i LvUvwb, Zvi ci P we`y_K u Gi w`K ei vei (u) Gi mgvb Ki PQ i Lvsk KUwbB|
Zvnj Ab AbyhvqxPQ=u nq|
weci xZ f i : v K u-Gi weci xZ f i ej vnq, hw`
( ) u v i =
u
A B

v
C D

258
DPZi MwYZ
( )v ii -Gi avi K, u-Gi avi Ki mAwf bevmgvi vj nq|
( )v iii -Gi w`K u-Gi w`Ki weci xZ nq|
v hw` u Gi weci xZ f i nq, Ze u ne vGi weci xZ f i | mgZvi msv_K evSvhvq h, v
Ges w cZK u Gi weci xZ f i evSvZ u nq|
AB u= nj BA u=
12.4| f i i hvMI weqvM
1| (K) f i hvMi w f yR wewa
f i hvMi msvt Kvb u f i i cvwe`y_K Aci GKwUf i v AvuKvnj v u+ vi vGi c
f i evSvq hvi Avw`we`yu Gi Avw`we`yGes hvi cvwe`yvGi cvwe`y|

gb Kwi , v BC , u AB = = Gi c `yBwUf i h, u Gi cvwe`yv Gi Avw`we`y| Zvnj u Gi
Avw`we`yGes v Gi cvwe`ymshvRK AC f i u I v f i qi mgw ej vnq Ges u+v vi v
m~wPZ nq|
u I v mgvi vj bvnj u, v Ges u+v f i q vi vw f yR Drcbnq ej Dci v hvRb
cwZK w f yR wewa ej vnq|
(L) f i hvMi mvgvwi K wewa
f i hvMi w f yR wewai Abywmvwnme f i hvMi mvgv wi K wewa wbi ct Kvb mvgvwi Ki `yBwU
mwbwnZ ev vi v`yBwUf i u I v Gi gvb I w`K m~wPZ nj , H mvgvwi Ki h KYu I v
f i qi m~PK i Lvi Q`we`yMvgxZvvi vu +v f i i gvb I w`K m~wPZ nq|
cgvY t gb Kwi , hKvbvwe`y_K AwZ u
Ges v f i qOA Ges OB vi vm~wPZ nqQ|
OACB mvgvwi K I Zvi OC

KYAb Kwi |
Zvnj H mvgvwi Ki OC KYvi vu Ges v
Gi hvMdj m~wPZ ne|

A_vr v u OC + = (f i vbvi i gvag)
OACB mvgvwi Ki OB I AC mgvb I mgvi vj |
v OB AC = = (f i vbvi i gvag)
259
DPZi MwYZ
OC AC OA OB OA v u = + = + = + [w f yR wewa Abymvi ]
`et (1) `yB evZZvwaK f i i hvMdj K Zv`i j wI ej vnq| ej eveMi j w wbYqi
f i hvMi cwZ Abymi Y Ki Z nq|
(2) `yBwUf i mgvi vj nj Zv`i hvMi mvgvwi K wewa chvRbq, wKw f yR wewa mKj
chvR|
2| f i i weqvMt
u Ges v f i qi weqvMdj uv ej Z
u Ges (- v) (v Gi weci xZ f i ) f i qi
hvMdj u+(v) evSvq|

f i weqvMi w f yR wewa
AC v , AB u = = nj ; CB v u = A_vr CB AC AB =
K_vq t u Ges v Gi Avw`we`yGKB nj uv mB f i , hvi Avw`we`ynQv Gi Awe`yGes hvi
Awe`ynQu Gi Awe`y|
msc t GKB Avw`we`ywewk `yBwUf i i weqvMdj nQAwe`yq vi vweci xZg MwVZ f i |
cgvY t CA i LvskK Ggbf ve ewaZ Kwi hb CA AE = nq| AEFB mvgvwi K MVb Kwi | f i
hvMi mvgvwi K wewa Abyhvqx, AF AB AE = +
Avevi AFBC GKwUmvgvwi K, Kbbv CA AE BF = =
Ges AE || BF ej . CA || BF
CB AF= f i vbvi ,
wK v AE = Ges u AB=
myZi vs CB ) v ( u = + cgvwYZ nj |
3| k~bf i : h f i i ci ggvb k~bGes hvi w`K wbYq Ki vhvq bvZvK k~bf i ej |
u h Kvb f i nj u+(u) Kxne?
awi , u=AB ZLb u=BA dj
u+(u) =AB+BA
=AA (w f yR wewa Abyhvqx)
wK AA Kxai bi f i ? GwUGKwUwe`yf i , A_vr Gi
Avw`we`yI Awe`yGKB we`y; myZi vs `Nk~b|


DPZi MwYZ
260
A_vr AA vi vA we`yKB eySZ ne| Gi c f i (hvi `Nk~b) K k~bf i ej vnq Ges 0
cZxK vi vm~wPZ Ki vnq| GB GKgv f i hvi Kvb wbw` w`K evavi K i LvbB|
k~bf i i AeZvi Yvi dj Avgi vej Z cvwi h, ( ) 0 = + u u
Ges u u u = + = + 0 0
eZ k~bf i i mkl v Af ` wbwnZ i qQ|
12.5| f i hvMi wewamg~n
1| f i hvMi wewbgq wewa (Commutative Law)
h Kvb u, v f i i Rb u v v u + = +
cgvY t gb Kwi , u OA = Ges B OAC , v OB = mvgvwi K I Zvi KYOC Ab Kwi | OA I
BC mgvb I mgvi vj Ges OB I AC mgvb I mgvi vj |
v u AC OA OC + = + =
Avevi , u v OA OB BC OB OC + = + = + =
u v v u + = +
f i hvRb wewbgq wewa wmKi |
f i hvRbi mshvMwewa (Associative Law)
h Kvb w , v , u Gi Rb( ) ( ) w v u w v u + + = + +
cgvY t gb Kwi , w BC , v AB , u OA = = =
A_vr u Gi cvwe`y_K v Ges v Gi cvwe`y_K wAb Ki vnqQ| C , O Ges C , A
hvMKwi |
Zvnj ( ) ( ) BC AB OA w v u + + = + +
= OC BC OB = +
Avevi , ( ) ( ) BC AB OA w v u + + = + +
( ) ( ) w v u w v u
OC AC OA
+ + = + +
= + =

myZi vs f i hvRb mshvMwewa wmKi |


Abywmvt Kvbvw f yRi wZbwUevi GKB g vi vm~wPZ f i qi hvMdj k~b|
Dci i wP , ( ) AO OA BA OB = = +
0 = + = + = + + AO AO AO OA AO BA OB
261
DPZi MwYZ
3| f i hvMi eRb wewa (Cancellation Law)
hKvbv w , v , u f i i Rb w u v u + = + nj , w v= ne|
cgvY t GLvb w u v u + = +
( ) ( ) u w u u v u + + = + +

(Df qc u
C
A
v
w
O
hvMKi )
ev, w u u v u u + = +
w v=
12.6| f i i msLvwYZK evj vi wYZK (Scalar multiple of a vector)
u hKvbvf i Ges m h Kvb eve msLvnj u m vi vKvbvf i evSvq, wbP ZvevLvKi v
nj |
(1) 0 m= nj , 0 u m = ,
(2) 0 m nj , u m Gi avi K uGi avi Ki mv_ Awf b;
u m Gi `N uGi `Ni ( ) m Y Ges
(K) 0 m> nj u m Gi w`K u Gi w`Ki msMGKgyLx
(L) 0 m< nj u m Gi w`K u Gi w`Ki weci xZ|
`et (1) 0 m= A_ev 0 u= nj
0 u m =
(2) ( ) u u 1 , u u 1 = =
Dcwi D msvnZ `Lvhvq, ( ) ( ) ( ) u mn u m n u n m = =
mn Df q >0, Df q <0, GKwU>0 Aci wU<0, GKwUevDf q 0, G mKj I c_K c_K f ve
weePbvKi mnRB m~ wUi eveZvmKwbwZ nI qvhvq| wbP Gi GKwUD`vni Y `qvnj t
gb Kwi u BC AB = =
ACK G chGi c ewaZ Kwi hb
AB FG EF DE CD = = = = nq|
ZLb FG EF DE CD BC AB AG + + + + + =
u 6 u u u u u u = + + + + + =
Abw`K EG CE AC AG + + =

( ) u 2 3
u 2 u 2 u 2
=
+ + =

Ges DG AD AG + = = ( ) u 3 2 u 3 u 3 = +
( ) ( ) u 6 u 2 3 u 3 2 = =


u
262
DPZi MwYZ
`et `yBwUf i i avi K i LvAwf bevmgvi vj nj , G`i GKwUK Aci wUi mvsLwYZK AvKvi
cKvk Ki vhvq|
eve CD || AB nj ,
, CD m AB= hLvb,
CD
AB
CD
AB
m = =
0 m> nj , AB I CD mggyLxnq,
0 m< nj , AB I CD weci xZgyLxnq|
12.7| f i i mvsLwYZK msveb m~
(Distributive laws concerning scalar multiples of vectors)
m, n `yBwUj vi Ges u, v `yBwUf i nj ,
(1) (m +n) u =m u+nu
(2) m(u +v) =m u +mv

cgvY t (1) m evn k~bnj m~ wUAekB LvU|
gb Kwi , n , m Df q abvZK Ges u m AB=
| u | m | AB | =
AB K C chewaZ Kwi hb u n BC = nq|
u n BC= Ges
( )u n m u n u m BC AB AC + = + = + =
( )u n m AC + =
wK BC AB AC + =
( ) u n m u n u m + = +
n m, Df q FYvZK nj ( )u n m+ Gi `Nne
u n m+ Ges w`K ne u Gi w`Ki weci xZ w`K, ZLb u n u m + f i wUi `N ne
u ) n m ( u n u m + = + [ u n , u m Q f i q GKB w`K KvR Ki ] Ges w`K ne u Gi weci xZ
w`K| wKy 0 m< Ges 0 n< nI qvq n m n m + = + , mnZzG ( ) u n u m u n m + = +
cvI qvMj |
mekl m Ges n Gi gac_gwU>0, Aci wU<0 nj ( )u n m+ Gi `Nne u n m+ Ges
w`K ne

263
DPZi MwYZ
(K) u Gi w`Ki mv_ GKgyLxhLb n m>
(L) u Gi weci xZ w`K hLb n m<
ZLb u n u m + f i wUI `NI w`K ( )u n m+ Gi mv_ GKgyLxne|
`et wZbwUwe`y C , B , A mgi L ne hw` Ges Kej hw` AB , AC Gi mvsLwYZK nq|
get (1) `yBwUf i i avi K i LvAwf bA_evmgvi vj nj Ges Zv`i w`K GKB nj , Zv`i m` k
(similar) f i ej vnq|
(2) h f i i `N1 GKK, ZvK (w`K wb`kK) GKK f i ej vnq|

wP -1 wP -2
gb Kwi , v AB , u OA = =
Zvnj v u AB OA OB + = + =
OA K C chewaZ Kwi hb OA . m OC= nq| C we`yw`q AwZ AB Gi mgvi vj CD
i LvOB Gi ewaZvskK D we`yZ Q` Ki | hnZzOAB Ges OCD w f yRq m`k,
mnZz m
OB
OD
AB
CD
OA
OC
= = =
v m AB m CD = =
wP 1 G m abvZK, wP -2 G m FYvZK
OB m. OD AB, m. CD OA, m. OC = = =
GY OD CD OC = + ev, ( ) ( ) ( ) OB m AB m OA m = +
( ) v u m v m u m + = +
`et m Gi mKj gvbi RbDci v m~ mZ|
KvR: m I n Gi wewf bcKvi mvswLK gvb wbq u f i i Rb( ) u n u m u n m + = + m~ wUhvPvB Ki |
+
264
DPZi MwYZ
12.8| Aevb f i (Position Vector)
mgZj Kvbvwbw` O we`yi mvc H mgZj i hKvbvP we`yi Aevb OP vi vwbw` Ki vhvq|
OP K O we`yi mvc P we`yi Aevb f i ej vnq Ges O we`yK f i i g~j we`y(origin)
ej vnq|
gb Kwi , KvbvmgZj OGKwUwbw` we`yGes
GKB mgZj A Aci GKwUwe`y| A , O hvM
Ki j DrcbOA f i O we`yi cwi cwZ
Awe`yi Aevb f i ej v nq| Abyi cf ve,
GKB O we`yi cwZ GKB mgZj Aci B
we`yi Aevb f i . OB B A, hvMKwi |

gb Kwi , b OB , a OA = =
Zvnj OB AB OA = + A_vr b AB a = +
a b AB =
myZi vs, `yBwUwe`yi Aevb f i Rvbv_vKj Zv`i mshvRK i Lvvi vm~wPZ f i H f i i cvwe`yi
Aevb f i _K Avw`we`yi Aevb f i weqvMKi cvI qvhve|
`e : g~j we`ywf bwf bAevb _vKj GKB we`yi Aevb f i wf bwf bnZ cvi | Kvb wbw`
cwZcv`wel qi mgvavb G wel qi weePbvaxb mKj we`yi Aevb f i GKB g~j we`yi mvc ai vnq|
KvR : Zvgvi LvZvq GKwUwe`yK g~j we`yO ai wewf bAevb Avi I cvuPwUwe`ywbq O we`yi mvc
Gj vi Aevb f i wPwZ Ki |
12.9| KwZcq D`vni Y
D`vni Y 1| `LvI h, (K) ( ) a a =
(L) ( ) ( ) m , a m
a
m
a
m = = GKwUj vi |
(M)
a
a
GKwUGKK f i , hLb 0 a
mgvavb t (K) weci xZ f i i agAbyhvqx ( ) 0 a a = +
Avevi ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 a a = +
( ) ( ) ( ) a a a a + = +
( ) a a = [f i hvMi eRbwewa]
(L) ( ) ( ) { } 0 a 0 a m m a m a m = = + = +
( ) ( ) 1 a m a m =
dgv- 34, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
265
Avevi ( ) ( ) [ ] 0 0 m a a m a m a m = = + = +
( ) ( ) 2 a m a m =
(1) Ges (2) _K ( ) ( ) a m a m a m = =
(M) gb Kwi a Ak~b a nq| f i i w`K ei vei a GKwUGKK f i Ges a f i i `N a A_vr
a a =
Zvnj a a a (a) a = = ; GLvb a a = GKwUj vi hvAk~bKvi Y 0 a
a
a
a
a
= = GKwUGKK f i |
D`vni Y 2| ABCD GKwUmvgvwi K hvi KYq AC I BD|
(K) BD AC, f i qK AB Ges AD f i qi gvag cKvk Ki |
(L) AB Ges AD f i qK AC I BD f i qi gvag cKvk Ki |

mgvavb t (K) AB AD DC AD AC + = + =
Avevi , AD BD AB = + ev AB AD BD =
(L) hnZzmvgvwi Ki KYq ci i mgwLwZ nq|
. BD
2
1
AC
2
1
OD AO AD
BD
2
1
AC
2
1
DB
2
1
AC
2
1
OB AO AB
+ = + =
= + = + =

D`vni Y 3| f i i mvnvhcgvY Ki h, w f yRi hKvbv`yB evi gawe`yqi mshvRK i Lvsk H
w f yRi ZZxq evi mgvi vj I Zvi AaK|
mgvavb t gb Kwi , ABC w f y Ri AB I AC evqi gawe`yh_vg D I E. D, E hvMKwi |
cgvY Ki Z ne h, BC || DE Ges BC
2
1
DE =
f i weqvMi w f yRwewa Abymvi ,
( ) 1 ...... .......... DE AD AE =
Ges BC AB AC =
wK AD 2 AB , AE 2 AC = =
D [Q I E h_vg AB I AC evi gawe`y]
BC AB AC = _K cvB
BC AD 2 AE 2 = A_vr ( ) BC AD AE 2 =

a
a
266
DPZi MwYZ
, BC DE 2 = [(1) nZ]
BC
2
1
DE =
Avevi BC
2
1
DE = ev BC
2
1
DE = myZi vs DE I BC f i qi avi K i LvGKB evmgv
i vj | wKGLvb avi K i LvGK bq| myZi vs DE I BC f i qi avi K i Lvq A_ vr DE Ges
BC mgvi vj |
D`vni Y 4| f i cwZZ cgvY Ki h, mvgvwi Ki KYq ci i K mgwLwZ Ki |

mgvavb t gb Kwi , ABCD mvgvwi Ki AC I BD KYq ci i K O we`yZ Q` Ki Q|
gb Kwi , d OD , c OC , b BO , a AO = = = =
cgvY Ki Z ne h, d b , c a = =
cgvY t AD OD AO = + Ges BC OC BO = +
mvgvwi Ki weci xZ evq ci i mgvb I mgvi vj | BC AD=
A_vr OC BO OD AO + = +
ev, c b d a + = +
A_vr d b c a = [Df q c d c hvMKi ]
GLvb a I c Gi avi K c a , AC Gi avi K . AC
b I d Gi avi K , BD d b Gi avi K . BD
c a I d b `yBwUmgvb mgvb Ak~bf i nj Zv`i avi K i LvGKB A_evmgvi vj ne| wK
AC I BD `yBwUci i Q`xAmgvi vj mi j i Lv| myZi vs c a I d b f i q Ak~bnZ
cvi bvweavq G`i gvb k~bne|
0 c a = ev c a= Ges 0 d b = ev d b=
c a = Ges d b =
A_vr mvgvwi Ki KYq ci i K mgwLwZ Ki |
D`vni Y 5| f i cwZZ cgvY Ki h, KvbvPZzf yRi mwbwnZ evnj vi gawe`yi mshvRK i Lvmg~n
GKwUmvgvwi K DrcbKi |
ev,
267
DPZi MwYZ
mgvavb t gb Kwi , ABCD PZzf yRi
evj vi gawe`y S , R , Q , P | P I Q , Q
I R , R I S Ges S I P hvMKwi | cgvY
Ki Z ne h, PQRS GKwUmvgvwi K|
cgvY t gb Kwi , d DA , c CD , b BC , a AB = = = =
Zvnj , ( ) b a
2
1
C B
2
1
AB
2
1
BQ PB PQ + = + = + =
Abi cf ve, ( ), c b
2
1
QR + = ( ) d c
2
1
RS + = Ges ( ) a d
2
1
SP + =
wK( ) ( ) 0 AC C A CA AC d c b a = = + = + + +
A_vr ( ) d c b a + = +
( ) ( ) SR RS d c
2
1
b a
2
1
PQ = = + = + =
PQ

Ges SR mgvb I mgvi vj |


Abyi cf ve, QR Ges PS mgvb I mgvi vj |
PQRS GKwUmvgvwi K|

Abykxj bx12
1| AB | | DC nj
i AB =m. DC , hLvb m GKwUj vi i vwk
ii AB =DC
iii AB =CD
I ci i evKj vi gaKvbwUmwVK?
K. i L. ii
M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii
2| `ywUf i mgvi vj nj -
i G`i hvMi mvgvwi K wewa chvR
ii G`i hvMi w f yR wewa chvR
iii G`i `Nme`vmgvb
I ci i evKj vi gaKvb&wUmwVK?
K. i L. ii
M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii
3| AB =CD Ges AB| | CD nj KvbwUmwVK?
K. AB =CD L. AB =m.CD hLvb m>1
M. AB +DC <O N. AB +m.CD =O hLvb m>1
DPZi MwYZ
268
wbPi Z_i Avj vK 4 I 5 b^i cki Di `vI :
AB i Lvski Dci hKvbvwe`yC Ges Kvbvf i g~j we`yi mvc A, B I C we`yi Aevb
f i h_vg a , b , I c |
4| C we`ywUAB i LvskK 2:3 AbycvZ Awef Ki j wbPi KvbwUmwVK?
K. c =
5
2b a +
L. c =
5
2 b a +

M. c =
5
2 3 b a +
N. c =
5
3 2 b a +

5| f i g~j we`ywUO nj wbPi KvbwUmwVK?
K. OA =a - b L. OA +OC =AC
M. AB =b - a N. OC =c - b
6| ABC w f y Ri AB , CA , BC ev qi gawe`yh_vg F , E , D nj ,
(K) CF , BE , AD , BC f i j vK ABGes AC f i i gvag cKvk Ki |
(L) AD , CA , BC f i j vK BE Ges CF f i i gvag cKvk Ki |

7| ABCD mvgvwi Ki KYq AC I BD nj AB I AC f i qK AD I BD
f i qi gvag cKvk Ki Ges `LvI h, AC+BD= BC 2 Ges AB 2 BD AC =
8| `LvI h, (K) ( ) b a b a = +
(L) c b a = + nj b c a =
9| `LvI h (K) a 2 a a = + (L) ( ) a n a m a n m =
(M) ( ) b m a m b a m =
10| (K) b , a cZK Ak~bf i nj `LvI h, b m a= nZ cvi Kej gv hw` b , a
Gi mgv i vj nq|
(L) b , a Ak~bAmgvi vj f i Ges 0 b n a m = + nj `LvI h, 0 n m = =
11| D , C , B , A we`yj vi Aevb f i h_vg d , c , b , a nj `LvI h, ABCD mvgvwi K ne
hw` Ges Kej gv hw` d c a b = nq|
12| f i i mvnvhcgvY Ki h, w f yRi GK evi gawe`y_K AwZ Aci evi mgvi vj i LvZZxq
evi gawe`yMvgx|
13| cgvY Ki h, KvbvPZzf yRi KYq ci i K mgwLwZ Ki j ZvGKwUmvgv wi K nq|
14| f i i mvnvhcgvY Ki h, UvwcwRqvgi Amgvi vj evqi gawe`yi mshvRK mi j i Lv
mgvi vj evqi mgvi vj I Zv`i hvMdj i AaK|
269
DPZi MwYZ
15| f i i mvnvhcgvY Ki h, UvwcwRqvgi KYqi gawe`yi mshvRK mi j i Lvmgvi vj evqi
mgvi vj Ges Zv`i weqvMdj i AaK|
16|

ABC Gi AB I AC evi gawe`yh_vg D I E
K. AD ( + ) DE K AC f i i gvag cKvk Ki |
L. f i i mvnvhcgvY Ki h, AB| |DC Ges DE =
2
1
BC
M. ABCD UvwcwRqvgi KYqi gawe`yh_vg M I N nj f i i mvnvhcgvY Ki h,
MN| |DE| |BC Ges MN =
2
1
(BC-DC)
17| ABC Gi BC, CA I AB evi gawe`yh_vg D, E I F
K. AB f i K BE I CF f i i gvag cKvk Ki |
L. cgvY Ki h, AD+BE+CF =O
M. f i i mvnvhcgvY Ki h, F we`yw`q AwZ BC Gi
mgvi vj i LvAekB E we`yMvgxne|
qv`k Aavq
Nb RvwgwZ
Avgv`i eve Rxeb wewf bAvKvi i Nbei cqvRb I Zvi eenvi me`vB nq ZvK| Gi gamyl g I
wel g AvKvi i Nbe AvQ| my l g AvKvi i Nbe Ges `yBwUmyl g Nbei mg^q MwVZ hwMK
Nbei AvqZb I cZj i dj wbYq cwZ GB Aavq Avj vPbvKi vne|

Aavq kl wkv_xi v
Nbei cZxKxq wP Ab Ki Z cvi e|
wcRg, wci vwgWAvKwZi e, Mvj K I mgef ~wgK KvYKi AvqZb Ges cZj i dj wbYq Ki Z
cvi e|
Nb RvwgwZi avi YvcqvMKi mgmvmgvavb Ki Z cvi e|
hwMK Nbei AvqZb I cZj i dj cwi gvc Ki Z cvi e|
Nb RvwgwZi avi Yveenvwi K cqvMKi Z cvi e|
13.1 gwj K avi Yv
gvawgK RvwgwZZ we`y, i LvI Zj i gwj K avi YvAvj vwPZ nqQ| Nb RvwgwZZI we`y, i LvI
Zj gwj K avi Yvwnme MnY Ki vnq|

1| ei `N, cI DPZvcZKwUK H ei gv v(dimension) ej vnq|
2| we`yi `N, cI DPZvbB| GwUGKwUavi Yv| eve evSvi RbAvgi vGKwUWU(.) eenvi
Kwi | GK Aevbi cwZi c ej vhZ cvi | myZi vs we`yi Kvb gv vbB| ZvB we`yk~bgvw K|
3| i Lvi Kej gv `NAvQ, cI DPZvbB| ZvB i LvGKgvw K|
4| Zj i `NI cAvQ, DPZvbB| ZvB Zj wgvw K|
5| h ei `N, cI DPZvAvQ, ZvK Nbeej vnq| myZi vs Nbew gvw K|

13.2 KwZcq cv_wgK msv
1| mgZj (Plane surface) t KvbvZj i Dci h Kvbv`yBwUwe`yi mshvRK mi j i Lvm~Yi c
H Zj i Dci AewZ nj , H Zj K mgZj ej vnq| cyKzi i cvwb wi _vKj H cvwbi Dcwi f vM
GKwUmgZj | wmgUw`q wbwgZ evgvRvBK Z Ni i gSK Avgi vmgZj ej _vwK| wK
RvwgwZKf ve ZvmgZj bq, Kvi Y Ni i gSZ wKQyDuPz-wbPz_vKB|

`et AbwKQyDj L bv_vKj Nb RvwgwZZ i Lvev`NGes Zj i wevi Amxg (infinite) ev
Awbw` gb Ki vnq| myZi vs Zj i msv_K Abygvb Ki vhvq h, Kvbvmi j i Lvi GKwUAsk Kvbv
Zj i Dci _vKj Aci KvbvAsk H Zj i evBi _vK Z cvi bv|
2| eZj (Curved surface) t KvbvZj i Dci AewZ hKvbv`yBwUwe`yi mshvRK mi j i Lv
m~Yi c H Zj i Dci AewZ bvnj , H Zj K eZj ej vnq| Mvj Ki cZj GKwUeZj |
271
DPZi MwYZ
3| Nb RvwgwZ (Solid geometry) t MwYZ kvi h kvLvi mvnvhNbeGes Zj , i LvI we`yi
agRvbvhvq, ZvK Nb RvwgwZ ej vnq| KLbI KLbI GK RvMwZK RvwgwZ (Geometry of
space) evw gvw K RvwgwZI (Geometry of three dimensions) ej vnq|

4| GKZj xq i Lv(Coplanar straight lines) t GKvwaK mi j i LvGKB mgZj AewZ nj , ev
Zv`i mKj i gaw`q GKwUmgZj Ab me nj H mi j i Lvi vK GKZj xq ej vnq|

5| bKZj xq i Lv(Skew or non coplanar lines) t GKvwaK mi j i LvGKB mgZj AewZ bv
nj evZv`i gaw`q GKwUmgZj Ab Ki vme bvnj Gj vK bKZj xq mi j i Lvej vnq|
`yBwUcwj K GKwUi Dci Avi GKwUw`q hvMevYwP AvKwZi GKwUeZwi Ki j B `yBwU
bKZj xq mi j i LvDrcbne|

6| mgvi vj mi j i Lv(Parallel line) t `yBwU
GKZj xq mi j i Lvhw` ci i Q` bvKi
A_vr hw` Zv`i Kvbvmvavi Y we`ybv_vK,
Ze Zv`i mgvi vj mi j i Lvej vnq|

7| mgvi vj Zj (Parllel planes) t `yBwUmgZj
hw` ci i Q` bvKi A_ vr hw` Zv`i Kvbv
mvavi Y i Lvbv_vK Ze H Zj qK mgvi vj
Zj ej vnq|

8| mgZj i mgvi vj i Lvt GKwUmi j i LvI
GKwUmgZj K Awbw`f ve ewaZ Ki j I hw`
Zvi vci i Q` bvKi , Ze H mi j i LvK
D Zj i mgvi vj i Lvej vnq|
`e t mvavi Y w gvw K ei Qwe wgvw K KvMR evevWAb wKQyUvRwUj | ZvB
kwYK cvV`vbKvj cZKwUmsvi evLvi mZvi GKwUwP Ab Ki `wLq w`j
wel qwUwkv_x`i c evSvI gb i vLvmnRZi ne|

9| Zj i j ^i Lv(Normal or perpendicular
to a plane) t Kvbvmi j i LvGKwUmgZj i
Dci Kvbvwe`y_K H mgZj i Dci AwZ
Kvbvwe`y_K H mgZj i Dci AwZ h
Kvbvi Lvi Dci j ^nj , D mi j i LvK H
mgZj i Dci j ^ej vnq|

272
DPZi MwYZ
10| wZhK (Oblique) i Lvt Kvb mi j i LvGKwU
mgZj i mv_ mgvi vj evj ^bvnj , H
mi j i LvK mgZj i wZhK i Lvej vnq|

11| Dj ^(Vertical) i LvevZj t wi Aevq
Szj I j bi myZvi mmgvi vj Kbvi Lvev
Zj K LvovevDj ^Zj ej |

12| Abyf ~wZK (Horizontal) Zj I i Lvt Kbv
mgZj GKwULvovmi j i Lvi mv_ j ^nj ,
ZvK kqvb evAbyf ~wgK Zj ej vnq| Avevi
KbvAbyf ~wgK Zj AewZ h Kvb
mi j i LvK Abyf ~wgK mi j i Lvej vnq|
13| mgZj I bKZj xq PZzf yR t KbvPZzf yRi evj vmKj GB Zj AewZ nj , ZvK mgZj
PZzf yR ej vnq| Avevi KbvPZzf yRi evj vmKj GKB Zj AewZ bvnj , H PZzf yRK
bKZj xq PZzf yR ej vnq| bKZj xq PZzf yRi `yBwUmwbwnZ ev GKZj Ges Aci `yBwUAbZj
AewZ| myZi vs KbvbKZj xq PZzf yRi weci xZ evq bKZj xq|

14| bKZj xq i Lvi AMZ KvY t `yBwUKZj xq i Lvi AMZ KvY Zv`i hKvbvGKwUI Zvi
Dci hKvbvwe`y_K AwZ Aci wUi mgvi vj i Lvi AMZ KvYi mgvb| Avevi `yBwUbKZj xq
i Lvi cZKi mgvi vj `yBwUi LvKbvwe`yZ Ab Ki j H we`yZ DrcbKvYi cwi gvYI
bKZj xq i Lvqi AMZ KvYi mgvb|

gb Kwi , AB I CD `yBwUbKZj xq i Lv| h
KvbvO we`yZ AB I CD Gi mgvi vj
h_vg OP Ges OQ i Lvq Ab Ki j
POQ B AB I CD Gi AMZ KvY wb`k
Ki e|


15| wZj KvY (Dihedral angle) t `yBwU mgZj
mi j i Lvq Q` Ki j Zv`i Q` i Lv h Kvbv
we`y_K H mgZj qi cZKi Dci H Q`
i Lvi mv_ j ^Gi c GKwUKi i LvAb Ki j
DrcbKvYB H mgZj qi AMZ wZj KvY|
dgv- 35, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g
DPZi MwYZ
273
AB I CD mgZj q AC i Lvq ci i Q` Ki Q| AC i Lv O we`y Z AB
mgZj OM Ges CD mgZj ON Gi c `yBwUmi j i LvAb Ki vnj vhb Zvi v
Df qB AC Gi mO we`yZ j ^nq| Zvnj MON B AB I CD mgZj qi
AMZ wZj KvY m~wPZ Ki | `yBwUci Q`xmgZj i AMZ wZj KvYi cwi gvY GK
mgKvY nj , H mgZj q ci i j ^|
16| Awf c t Kvbv we`y_K GKwU wbw`
mi j Lvi Dci ev Kvbv mgZj i Dci AwZ
j ^i Lvi cv`we`yK H i LvevmgZj i Dci D
we`yi cvZb evAwf c (Projection) ej vnq|
Kvbvmi j i Lvevei Lvi mKj we`y_K Kvbv
wbw` mgZj i Dci AwZ j ^j vi cv`we`ymg~ni
mUK H mgZj i Dci D mi j i Lvevei Lvi
Awf c ej vnq| GB Awf cK j ^Awf cI
(Orthogonal Projection) ej vnq|


wP XY mgZj i Dci GKwUei LvI GKwUmi j i Lvi Awf c `LvbvnqQ|
13.3 `yBwUmi j i Lvi gamK
(K) `yBwUmi j i LvGKZj xq nZ cvi , m Zvi vAekB mgvi vj ne evKvbvGK we`yZ
ci i Q` Ki e|
(L) `yBwUmi j i LvbKZj xh nZ cvi , m Zvi vmgvi vj I ne bvwKsevKvbvwe`yZ Q`I
Ki e bv|
13.4 ^Ztwm
(K) KvbvmgZj i Dci `yBwUwe`yi mshvRK mi j i LvK Awbw`f ve ewaZ Ki j I Zvm~Yf ve
H mgZj AewZ _vKe| myZi vs GKwUmi j i LvI GKwUmgZj i ga`yBwUmvavi Y we`y_vKj ,
H mi j i Lvei vei Zv`i gaAmsLmvavi Y we`y_vKe|
(L) `yBwUwbw` we`yevGKwUmi j i Lvi gaw`q AmsLmgZj Ab Ki vhvq|
13.5 mi j i LvI mgZj i gamK
(K) GKwUmi j i LvGKwUmgZj i mmgvi vj nj Zv`i gaKvbvmvavi Y we`y_vKe bv|
(L) GKwUmi j i LvKvbvmgZj K Q` Ki j Zv`i gagv GKwUmvavi Y we`y_vKe|
(M) hw` Kvbvmi j i LvI mgZj i `yBwUmvavi Y we`y_vK, Zvnj m~Ymi j i LvwUH mgZj
AewZ ne|
13.6 `yBwUmgZj i gamK
(K) `yBwUmgZj ci i mgvi vj nj Zv`i gaKvbvmvavi Y we`y_vKe bv|
(L) `yBwUmgZj ci i Q`xnj Zvi vGKwUmi j i Lvq Q` Ki e Ges Zv`i AmsLmvavi Y we`y
_vKe|
274
DPZi MwYZ
13.7 Nbe
Avgi vRvwb, GKLvbveB evGKLvbvBUevGKwUev evGKwUMvj vKvi ej meB Nbe Ges Zvi v
cZKB wKQycwi gvb vb (Space) `Lj Ki _vK| Avevi GKL cv_i evKvV, BUi GKwUL,
Kqj vi UzKi v, GuUj gvwUi KbvL BZvw`I Nbei D`vni Y| Ze Gj vwel g Nbe|
mgZj A_eveZj vi vewZ k~bi wKQyUvvb `Lj Ki _vK Gi ~c eK Nbe(Solid) ej vnq|
mgZj KvbvvbK eb Ki Z nj hgb,Kgc wZbwUmi j i Lv`i Kvi Zgwb RvMwZK Kvbv
vbK eb Ki Z nj AZ Pvi wUmgZj `i Kvi | GB Zj j vNbei Zj evcZj (Surface) Ges
G`i `ywUmgZj h i Lvq Q` Ki , ZvK H Nbei avi (Edge) ej vnq|
GKwUev i evGKLvbvBUi QqwUcZj AvQGes evi wUavi AvQ| GKwUwKUej gv GKwU
eZj vi vAve|
KvR: 1| Zvgi vcZK GKwUKi myl g NbeI wel g Nbei bvg wj L|
2| Zvgvi Dj wLZ Nbej vi KqKwUeenvi wj L|

13.8 myl g Nbei AvqZb I Zj i dj
1| AvqwZK Nb evAvqZvKvi Nbe(Rectangular Parallelopiped)






wP
wZbRvovmgvi vj mgZj vi vAveNbeK mvgvwi K Nbeej vnq| GB QqwUmgZj i cZKwU
GKwUmvgvwi K Ges weci xZ cj vmeZvf ve mgvb| mvgvwi K Nbei wZbwU`j wef evi wUavi
AvQ|

h mvgvwi K Nbei cZj j vAvqZ , ZvK AvqZvKvi Nbe ej vnq| h AvqZvKvi Nbei
cZj j veM , ZvK NbK (Cube) ej vnq| Dci v wP AvqZvKvi Nbei Ges NbKi cj v
ABCD, ABCD, BCCB, ADDA, ABBA, DCCD Ges avi j vAB, AB, CD,
CD, BC, BC, AD, AD, AA, BB, CC, DD Ges GKwUKYBD.

gb Kwi , AvqZvKvi Nbei `N, cI DPZvh_vg AB =a GKK AD =b GKK Ges AA =c
GKK|

(K) AvqZvKvi Nbei mgMZj i dj (Area of the whole surface)
=QqwUci dj i mgw
275
DPZi MwYZ
=2(ABCD Zj i dj +ABBA Zj i dj +ADDA Zj i dj )
=2(ab +ac +bc) eMGKK
=2(ab +bc +ca) eMGKK

(L) AvqZb (Volume) =AB AD AA NbGKK =abc NbGKK
(M) KY
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
c b a D D AD AB D D BD D B + + = + + = + = GKK

2| NbKi , a =b =c. AZGe
(K) mgMZj i dj =2(a
2
+a
2
+a
2
) =6a
2
eMGKK
(L) AvqZb =a. a. a =a
3
NbGKK
(M) KY= a a a a 3
2 2 2
= + + GKK|

D`vni Y 1| GKwUAvqZvKvi Nbei `N, cI DPZvi AbycvZ 4: 3: 2 Ges Zvi mgMZj i dj
468 eMwgUvi nj , Zvi KYI AvqZb wbYq Ki |

mgvavb : gb Kwi , `N, cI DPZvh_vg x x x 2 , 3 , 4 wgUvi |
Zvnj , ( ) 468 4 . 2 2 . 3 3 . 4 2 = + + x x x x x x
ev, 468 52
2
= x ev, 3 9
2
= = x x
Nbei `N12 wg., c9 wg. Ges DPZv6 wg.
Bnvi KYi `N= 261 36 81 144 6 9 12
2 2 2
= + + = + + wgUvi =16.16 wgUvi (cvq)
Ges AvqZb =1296 =648 NbwgUvi |

KvR : 1| wcRevWi GKwUQvUev (KvUyb A_evJ l ai evZj i cvKU) Gi `N, c, I DPZvgc Zvi
AvqZb, QqwUZj i dj I KYi `NwbYq Ki |

3| wcRg (Prism)
h Nbei `yB cvmemg I mgvi vj ef yR vi vAveGes AbvbZj j vmvgvwi K ZvK wcRg
ej | wcRgi `yB cvK Bnvi f ~wg Ges AbvbZj j vK cvkZj ej | mej vcvkZj AvqZvKvi nj
wcRgwUK LvovwcRg Ges Ab wcRgwUK ZxhK wcRg ej vnq| eve LvovwcRgB AwaK
eenZ nq| f ~wg Zj i bvgi Dci wbf i Ki wcRgi bvgKi Y Ki vnq| hgb, w f yRvKvi wcRg,
PZzf yRvKvi wcRg, cf yRvKvi wcRg BZvw`|
f ~wg myl g ef yR nj wcRgK myl g wcRg (Regular prism) ej | f ~wg myl g bvnj BnvK wel g wcRg
(Irregular prism) ej vnq| msvbymvi AvqZvKvi NbeI NbK Df qKB wcRg ej vnq| KvuPi Zwi
Lvovw f yRvKvi wcRg Avj vKi wki weQzi Yi RbeenZ nq|
DPZi MwYZ
276
`yB ai bi wcRg
K) wcRgi mgMZj i dj
=2 (f ~wgi dj ) +cvkZj j vi dj
=2 (f ~wgi dj ) +f ~wgi cwi mxgvDPZv
L) AvqZb =f ~ wgi dj DPZv

D`vni Y 2| GKwUw f yRvKvi wcRgi f ywgi evj vi `Nh_vg 3, 4 I 5 m. wg. Ges DPZv
8 m. wg.| Bnvi mgMZj i dj I AvqZb wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : wcRgi f ~wgi evj vi `Nh_vg 3, 4 I 5 m. wg.|
hnZz 3
2
+4
2
=5
2
, Bnvi f ~wg GKwUmgKvYxw f yR hvi dj = 6 3 4
2
1
= eMm. wg.
wcRgwUi mgMZj i dj = 2 6 +
2
1
(3 +4 +5) 8 = 12 +48 = 60 eMm. wg.
Ges Bnvi AvqZb = 6 8 =48 Nb m. wg.
AZGe wcRgwUi mgMZj i dj 60 eMm. wg. Ges AvqZb 48 Nb m. wg.|

4. wci vwgW(Pyramid)
ef yRi Dci AewZ h Nbei GKwUkxl we`y_vK Ges hvi cvkZj j vi cZKwUw f yRvKvi ZvK
wci vwgWej |
wci vwgWi f ~ wg hKvbvAvKvi i ef y R Ges Zvi cvkZj j vI hKvbvai bi w f yR nZ cvi | Ze
f ~wg myl g ef yR Ges cvkZj j vmemg w f yR nj ZvK myl g wci vwgWej vnq| myl g wci vwgWj vLyeB
`wb`b| kxl we`yI f ~wgi hKvbvKwYK we`yi mshvRK i LvK wci vwgWi avi ej | kxl nZ f ~ wgi
Dci AswKZ j ^`NK wci vwgWi DPZvej vnq|
Ze Avgi vwci vwgWej Z mPi vPi eMvKvi f ~wgi Dci AewZ Pvi wUmemg w f yR vi vewZ NbeKB
eywS| GB ai bi wci vwgWi ej eenvi AvQ|
DPZv
f ~ wg
277
DPZi MwYZ
Pvi wUmgev w f yR vi vewZ NbeK myl g PZzj K (Regular tetrahedron) ej hvGKwUwci vwgW|
GB wci vwgWi 3 +3 =6 wUavi I 4 wUKwYK we`yAvQ| Bnvi kxl nZ f ~wgi Dci AwZ j ^f ~wgi
f i K`cwZZ nq|




wewf bai bi wci vwgWi f ~wgi bKkv

wci vwgW

K) wci vwgWi mgMZj i dj
=f ~wgi dj +cvkZj j vi dj
wKcvkZj j vmemg w f yR nj ,
wci vwgWi mgM Zj i dj =f ~ wgi dj +
2
1
( f ~ wgi cwi wa nj vbvDPZv)
wci vwgWi DPZv h, f ~wg i Aei evmva r Ges nj vbvDPZv l nj ,
2 2
r h l + =
L) AvqZb =
3
1
f ~ wgi dj DPZv
D`vni Y 3| 10 m. wg. evwewk eMvKvi f ~wgi Dci AewZ GKwUwci vwgWi DPZv 12 m. wg.| Bnvi
mgMZj i dj I AvqZb wbYq Ki |
mgvavb: wci vwgWi f ~wgi K`we`ynZ hKvbvevi j ^`~i Z r =
2
10
m. wg. =5 m. wg. ,
f ~ wg
kxl
278
DPZi MwYZ
wci vwgWi DPZv 12 m. wg.| AZGe
Bnvi hKvbvcvkZj i nj vbvDPZv
2 2 2 2
5 12 + = + = r h 13 169 25 144 = = + = m. wg.
wci vwgWi mgMZj i dj ( ) 360 260 100 13 10 4
2
1
10 10 = + = + = eMm. wg.
Ges Bnvi AvqZb ( ) 400 4 10 10 12 10 10
3
1
= = = Nb m. wg.
AZGe wci vwgWwUi mgMZj i dj 360 eMm. wg. Ges AvqZb 400 Nb m. wg.|


KvR : 1| Zvgi vcZK GKwUKi myl g I GKwUKi wel g (K) wcRg I (L) wci vwgWAvuK|
2| h me, Zvgvi AwZ NbewUi mgMZj i dj Ges AvqZb wbYq Ki |


4| mgef ~wgK KvYK (Right circular cone)
Kvbv mgKvYx w f yRi mgKvY msj MGKwU
evK A (axis) ai Zvi PZz w`K w f y RwUK
GKevi Nywi q Avbj h Nbe Drcbnq, ZvK
mgef ~wgK KvYK ej vnq|


wP , OAC mgKvYxw f yRK OA Gi PZzw`K
Nvi vbvi dj ABC mgef ~wgK KvYK Drcb
nqQ| G w f yRi kxl KvY nj , K
KvYKi Aakxl KvY (Semi- vertical angle)
ej vnq|


KvYKi DPZv , h OA = f ~wgi evmva r OC = Ges nj vbvDPZv l AC = nj
(K) eZj i dj
2
1
= f ~ wgi cwi wa nj vbvDPZv
rl l r = = 2
2
1
eMGKK
(L) mgMZj i dj =eZj i dj +f ~wgZj i dj
( ) l r r r rl + = + =
2
eMGKK
279
DPZi MwYZ
(M) AvqZb =
3
1
f ~ wgi dj DPZv= h r
2
3
1
NbGKK|
[ AvqZbi GB m~ wUwbYq cwZ DPZi kwYZ wkLvbvne| ]

D`vni Y 4| GKwUmgef ~wgK KvYKi DPZv12 m. wg. Ges f ~wgi evm10 m. wg. nj Zvi nj vbv
DPZv, eZj i I mgMZj i dj Ges AvqZb wbYq Ki |
mgvavb : f ~wgi evmva
2
10
= r m. wg.=5m. wg.
nj vbvDPZv 13 5 12
2 2 2 2
= + = + = r h l m. wg.
eZj i dj = 2035 . 204 13 5 = = rl e. m. wg.
mgMZj i dj = ( ) ( ) 7433 . 282 5 13 5 = + = + r l r e. m. wg.
AvqZb = 1593 . 314 12 5
3
1
3
1
2 2
= = h r N. m. wg.|
KvR: Rbw`b evAbvbAvb` Drme eenZ KvYK AvKwZi GKwUKvc msMn Ki Zvi eZj i dj I
AvqZb wbYq Ki |

5| Mvj K (Sphere)
KvbvAae i evmK A ai H evmi PZz w`K Aae K GKevi Nywi q Avbj h Nbe
Drcbnq ZvK Mvj K ej | AaewUi K`B Mvj Ki K`| GB N~Ybi dj Aae h Zj DrcbKi
ZvB nj Mvj Ki Zj | Mvj Ki K`ej Z g~j ei K`KB eySvq|
CQAR Mvj Ki K` , O evmva
OC OB OA = = Ges K`_K h `~ i Z P
we`yi gaw`q OA i Lvi mv_ j ^nq Gi c GKwU
mgZj Mvj KwUK Q` Ki QBR ewU Drcb
Ki Q| GB ei K` P Ges evmvaPB|
Zvnj PB Ges OP ci i mgvb|




2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
h r OP OB PB
PB OP OB
= =
+ =

Mvj Ki evmvar nj ,

(K) Mvj Ki cZj i dj =
2
4 r eMGKK|
(L) AvqZb =
3
3
4
r NbGKK|
(M) h DPZvq Zj PQ` Drcbei evmva=
2 2
h r GKK|
280
DPZi MwYZ

KvR: GKwULj bvej evdzUej wbq Zvi evmvawbYq Ki | AZtci Gi AvqZbI ei Ki |

D`vni Y 5| 4 m. wg. evmi GKwUj n Mvj KK wcwUq
2
3
m. wg. cyi GKwUevKvi j ncvZ cZ
Ki vnj | H cvZi evmvaKZ?
mgvavb : j n Mvj Ki evmva= 2
2
4
= m. wg.| Zvi AvqZb =
3
32
2 .
3
4
3
= Nb m. wg.
gb Kwi , cvZi evmva=r m. wg.| cvZwU
3
2
m. wg. cyi |
cvZi AvqZb =
3
2
2
r N. m. wg. =
2
3
2
r N. m. wg.|
kZvbymvi ,
3
32
3
2
2
= r ev, 16
2
= r ev, 4 = r
cvZi evmva=4 m. wg.

D`vni Y 6| mgvb DPZvwewk GKwUmgef ~wgK KvYK, GKwUAaMvj K I GKwUwmwj vi mgvb mgvb
f ~ wgi Dci Aew Z| `LvI h, Zv`i AvqZbi Aby cvZ 1: 2: 3
mgvavb : gb Kwi , mvavi Y DPZvI f ~wgi evmvah_vg h Ges r GKK| hnZzAaMvj Ki DPZv
I evmvamgvb| r h =
Zvnj KvYKi AvqZb =
3 2
3
1
3
1
r h r = NbGKK
AaMvj Ki AvqZb =
3 3
3
2
3
4
2
1
r r =

NbGKK Ges wmwj vi i AvqZb =


3 2
r h r =
wbYq AbycvZ
3 3 3
:
3
2
:
3
1
r r r = 3 : 2 : 1 1 :
3
2
:
3
1
= =
D`vni Y 7| GKwUAvqZvKvi j n dj Ki `N, c I DPZvh_vg 10, 8 I
2
1
5 m. wg.| GB
dj KwUK Mwj q
2
1
m. wg. evmvawewk KZj vMvj vKvi wj cZ Ki vhve?
mgvavb : j n dj Ki AvqZb =
2
1
5 8 10 N. m. wg. =440 N. m. wg.
gb Kwi , wj i msLv=n
n msLK wj i AvqZb =
6 2
1
3
4
3

n
n =

N. m. wg.
ckvbymvi ,
6
n
= 440 n = =840
.
3

440 6

dgv- 36, DPZi MwYZ- 9g- 10g


DPZi MwYZ
281
wbYq wj i msLv840 wU|
D`vni Y 8| GKwUmgef ~wgK KvYKi AvqZb , V eZj i dj , S f ~wgi evmva, r DPZvh
Ges Aakxl KvY nj `LvI h,
( )


sin cos
tan
2 2
r h
S i = = eMGKK
( )


tan 3
tan
3
1
3
2 3
r
h V ii = = NbGKK
mgvavb : cvki wP , KvYKi DPZv h OA = , nj vbvDPZv l AC = , f ~ wgi evmva r OC = Ges
Aakxl KvY = OAC .
nj vbvDPZv
2 2
r h l + = .
wP nZ `Lvhvq h,
h
r
= tan tan h r = ev,

cot
tan
r
r
h = =
GLb ( )
2 2 2 2 2
sec tan 1 tan rh rh h h r rl S i = + = + = =


sin sin
cos
.
cos
cot .
cos
sec
2 2
r r
r
r
rh = = = = eMGKK
( ) ( )
2 3 2 2
tan
3
1
tan
3
1
3
1
h h h h r V ii = = =

tan 3
tan
tan 3
1
3
2
3
r
r
r
=

= NbGKK|

5| hwMK Nbe(Compound solid)
`yBwUNbei mg^q MwVZ NbeK hwMK Nbeej |
hwMK Nbei KqKwUD`vni Y t
(1) GKwUAvqZvKvi Nbei Dci i Zj hw` GKwULvovwcRgi KvbI GKwUZj i mgvb nq Ze
Nbei Dci wgwj q wcRwUemvj GKwUhwMK Nbenq|
(2) GKwUwcRgi f ~wg I GKwUPZzj Ki f ~wg memg nj Ges PZzj KwUK wcRgi Dci emvj GKwU
hwMK Nbenq|
(3) GKwUMvj Ki evmvaI GKwUmgef ~wgK KvYKi f ~wgi evmvamgvb nj Ges KvYKwUK
Mvj Ki Dci emvj GKwUbZzb Nbemw nq|
(4) `y&BwUAaMvj K I GKwUmgef ~wgK wmwj vi i mg^q MwVZ hwMK NbeK Kvcmyj ej vhZ
cvi |
282
DPZi MwYZ


wewf bAvKvi i hwMK Nbe
Gf ve `yB ev`yBqi AwaK Nbei mg^q wewf bcKvi i hwMK NbeZwi Ki vhvq| AbK `wb`b
vcbvI hwMK Nbe| evqvg Ki vi AbK DcKi YI GKvwaK Nbei mg^q Zwi Ki vnq|

KvR: Zvgi vcZK GKwUKi hwMK NbeAb Ki I Bnvi eYbv`vI | me nj Bnvi Zj mg~ni dj I
AvqZb wbYqi m~ j L|

D`vni Y 9| GKwUKvcmyj i `N15 m. wg.| Bnvi wmwj vi AvKwZi Aski evmva3 m. wg. nj ,
mgMZj i dj I AvqZb wbYq Ki |
mgvavb: Kvcmyj i m~Y`N15 m. wg.| hnZzKvcmyj i `yB cvAaMvj KvKwZi , mnZzBnvi
wmwj vi AvKwZi Aski `Nl =15 (3 +3) =9 m. wg.|
myZi vs Kvcmyj i mgMZj i dj
=`yB cvi AaMvj vKwZ Aski cZj i dj +wmwj vi AvKwZi Aski cZj i dj
= rl r 2 4
2
1
2
2
+ = ( ) 9 3 2 3 4
2
+ [Q r =3 m. wg. ]
74 . 282 90 = = eMm. wg.
Ges Kvcmyj wUi AvqZb = ( ) ( ) 57 . 367 117 9 3 3
3
4
3
4
2
1
2
2 3 2 3
= = + = + l r r Nb m. wg.|

Abykxj bx13
1| GKwUAvqZvKvi Nbei `N8 m.wg., c4 m.wg Ges DPZv3 m.wg. nj Gi KYKZ?
K. 2 5 m.wg. L. 25 m.wg
M. 2 25 m.wg N. 50 m.wg
2| KvbvmgKvYxw f yRi AwZf yR wf bAci evqi `N4 m.wg. Ges 3 m.wg| w f yRwUK eni
evi PZzw`K Nvi vj -
i DrcbNbewUGKwUmgef ~wgK KvYK ne
ii NbewUGKwUmgef ~wgK wmwmj vi ne
iii DrcbNbewUi f ~wgi dj ne 9 eMm.wg.
283
DPZi MwYZ
I ci i evKj vi gaKvb&wUmwVK?
K. i L. ii
M. i I iii N. ii I iii
wbgi Z_i Avj vK 3 I 4 b^i cki Di `vI |
2 m.wg. evmwewk GKwUMvj K AvKwZi ej GKwUwmwj vi AvKwZi ev wVKf ve GUhvq|

3| wmwj vi i AvqZb KZ?
K. 2 Nb m.wg. L. 4 Nb m.wg.
M. 6 Nb m.wg. N. 8 Nb m.wg.
4| wmwj vi wUi AbwaKZ Aski AvqZb KZ?
K.
3

Nb m.wg. L.
3
2
Nb m.wg.
M.
3
4
Nb m.wg. N.
3
3
Nb m.wg.
wbgi Z_i wf wZ 5 I 6 b^i cki Di `vI :
6 m.wg. evmwewk GKwUavZe KwVb Mvj KK Mwj q 3 m.wg. evmvawewk GKwUmgef ~wgK
wmwj vi Zwi Ki vnj v|
5| Drcbwmwj vwUi DPZvKZ?
K. 4 m. wg. L. 6 m. wg.
M. 8 m. wg. N. 12 m. wg.
6| wmwj vi wUi eZj i dj KZ eMm.wg.?
K. 24 L. 42
M. 72 N. 96

7| GKwUAvqZvKvi Nbei `N, cI DPZvh_vg 16 wg., 12 wg. I 4.5 wg.| Gi cZj i
dj , KYi `NGes AvqZb wbYq Ki |
8| f ~ wgi Dci Aew Z 2.5 wg. `N I 1.0 wg. c wewk (Af i xY cwi gvc) GKwUAvqZvKvi
Rj vavi i DPZv0.4 wgUvi nj , Gi AvqZb Ges Af i xY Zj i dj wbYq Ki |
9| GKwUAvqZvKvi Nbei gv vj v5 m. wg., 4 m. wg. I 3 m. wg. nj , Gi KYi mgvb avi wewk
NbKi mgMZj i dj wbYq Ki |
10| 70 Rb Qv i RbGi c GKwUnvj wbgvY Ki Z ne hvZ cZK Qv i Rb4.25 eMwgUvi
gS I 13.6 NbwgUvi k~bvb _vK| Ni wU3.4 wgUvi j ^vnj , Gi cI DPZvKZ ne?
11| GKwUmgef ~wgK KvYKi DPZv8 m. wg. Ges f ~wgi evmva6 m. wg. nj , mgMZj i dj I
AvqZb wbYq Ki |
12| GKwUmgef ~wgK KvYKi DPZv24 m. wg. Ges AvqZb 1232 Nb m. wg.| Gi nj vbvDPZvKZ?
13| KvbvmgKvYxw f yRi `yBwUevi `N5 m. wg. Ges 3.5 m. wg.| GK eni evi PZzw`K
Nvi vj h NbeDrcbnq, Zvi AvqZb wbYq Ki |
14| 6 m. wg. evmvawewk GKwUMvj Ki cZj I AvqZb wbYq Ki |
DPZi MwYZ
284
15| 6, 8, r m. wg. evmvawewk wZbwUKwVb KuvPi ej Mwj q 9 m. wg. evmvawewk GKwUKwVb
Mvj K cwi YZ Ki vnj | r Gi gvb wbYq Ki |
16| GKwUduvcvj vnvi Mvj Ki evBi i evm13 m. wg. Ges j vnvi ea 2 m. wg.| H Mvj K eeZ
j vnvw`q GKwUwbi UMvj K Zwi Ki vnj v| Zvi evmKZ ne?
17| 4 m. wg. evmvai GKwUwbi UMvj KK Mwj q 5 m. wg ewnevmvawewk I mgf ve cyi GKwU
duvcvMvj K cZ Ki vnj v| wZxq Mvj KwUKZ cyi ?
18| GKwUj vnvi wbi UMvj Ki evmva6 m. wg| Gi j vnv_K 8 m. wg. `NI 6 m. wg. evmi
KqwUwbi Uwmwj vi cZ Ki vhve?
19|

22
m. wg. evmvawewk GKwUMvj K AvKwZi ej GKwUNbK AvKwZi ev wVKf ve GUhvq|
ev wUi AbwaKZ Aski AvqZb wbYq Ki |
20| 13 m. wg. evmvawewk GKwUMvj Ki K`_K 12 m. wg. `~i eZxKvbvwe`yi gaw`q evmi
Dci j ^mgZj Mvj KwUK Q` Ki | DrcbZj wUi dj wbYq Ki |
21| GKwUXvKbvhy KvVi ev i evBi i `NI ch_vg 1.6 wg. I 1.2 wg., DPZv0.8 wg. Ges
Gi KvV3 m. wg. cyi | ev wUi wf Zi i Zj i dj KZ? cwZ eMwgUvi 14.44 UvKvwnmve
ev i wf Zi i s Ki Z KZ Li P ne?
22| 120 wg. `NI 90 wg. cwewk (ewngvc) AvqZvKvi evMvbi PZzw`K 2 wg. DP I 25 m. wg. cyi
cvPxi wbgvY Ki Z 25 m. wg. `N12.5 m. wg. cGes 8 m. wg. eawewk KZj vBUj vMe?
23| GKwUAvqZvKvi Nbei `N I ci AbycvZ 3 : 4 Ges Gi AvqZb 2304 Nb m. wg| cwZ
eMmwUwgUvi 10 UvKvwnme H ei Zj vq mxmvi cj c w`Z 1920 UvKvLi P nj , H ei
gv vj vwbYq Ki |
24| KvYK AvKvi i GKwUZuveyi DPZv7.5 wgUvi | GB Zuveyvi v2000 eMwgUvi Rwg wNi Z PvBj wK
cwi gvY Kvbf vmj vMe?
25| GKwUcf yRvKvi wcRgi `yBwUevi `Nh_vg 6 m. wg. I 8 m. wg. Ges Aci wZbwUevi
cZKwUi `N12.5 m. wg.| wcRgwUi mgMZj i dj I AvqZb wbYq Ki |
26| 4 m. wg. evwewk GKwUmyl g l of yRvKvi wcRgi DPZv5 m. wg.| Bnvi mgMZj i dj I
AvqZb ei Ki |
27| 6 m. wg. evwewk my l g l of y Ri Dci AewZ GKwUwci vwgWi DPZv 10 m. wg.| Bnvi
mgMZj i dj I AvqZb wbYq Ki |
28| GKwUmyl g PZzj Ki hKvbvavi i `N8 m. wg. nj , Bnvi mgMZj i dj I AvqZb wbYq Ki |
29| GKwU vcbvi wbPi Ask 3 wg. `NAvqZvKvi NbeI Dci i Ask myl g wci vwgW| wci vwgWi
f ~wgi evi `N2 wg. Ges DPZv3 wg. nj vcbvwUi mgMZj i dj I AvqZb wbYq Ki |
30| 25 wg. `NI 18 wg. cwewk f ~wgi Dci AewZ `vPvj v`vg Ni i `qvj i DPZv5 wg.|
cwZwUPvj vi c14 wg. nj `vg Ni wUi AvqZb wbYq Ki |
285
DPZi MwYZ
31|

K. wP i NbewUi mgMZj i dj wbYq Ki |
L. Nbe wUi KY i mgvb avi wewk GKwUavZe NbKK Mwj q 18 m.wg. evmwewk KZj vwbi U
Mvj K DrcbKi vhve ZvwbKUZg c~YmsLvq wbYq Ki |
M. NbewUi ABCD Zj i mgvb GKwUAvqZ K eni evi PZzw`K Nvi vj h NbeDrcb
nq, Zvi mgMZj i dj Ges AvqZb wbYq Ki |
32| GKwUmgef ~wgK Zvueyi DPZv8 wgUvi Ges Gi f ~wgi evm50 wgUvi
K. ZuveywUi nj vbvDPZvwbYq Ki |
L. ZuveywUvcb Ki Z KZ eMwgUvi Rwgi cqvRb ne? ZuveywUi wf Zi i k~bvbi cwi gvY wbYq Ki |
M. ZuveywUi cwZ eMwgUvi Kvbf vmi g~j 125 UvKvnj Kvbf vmeve` KZ Li P ne?
PZz`k Aavq
mvebv
Avgi vcwZwbqZ mvebvkwUeenvi Ki _vwK| hgb Gevi Gm.Gm.wm. ci xvq hv`i cvk Ki vi
mvebvLye Kg, GwkqvKvc wKUevsj v`ki Rqi mvebvewk, AvMvgxKvj Zvcgv vewcvI qvi
mvebvewk, AvR ew nI qvi mvebvKg BZvw`| A_vr KvbvNUbvNUvi AwbqZv_vKj B Kej
Avgi vmvebvi K_vewj | Avi AwbqZvi gv vi Dci B NUbvUvNUvi mvebvKg evewk ne Zvwbf i
Ki | wKKvbvmvswLK gvb w`Z cvi bv| GB Aavq Avgi vKvbvNUbvNUvi mvbvi mvswLK gvb
wbYqi wewf bm~ Ges wbYq cYvj xmKRvbevGes wbwZ NUbv, Ame NUbvI mveNUbveYbv
Ki Z cvi ev|

Aavq kl wkv_xi v
mvebvi avi YvevLvKi Z cvi e|
`bw`b wewf bD`vni Yi mvnvhwbwZ NUbv, Ame NUbvI mveNUbveYbvKi Z cvi e|
GKB NUbvi cybi vew NUj mvedj vdj eYbvKi Z cvi e|
GKB NUbvi cybi vew NUj mvebvwbYq Ki Z cvi e|
mvebvi mnR I evewf wK mgmvi mgvavb Ki Z cvi e|

141 mvebvi mv_ RwoZ wKQzki avi Yv
`e ci xv(Random Experiment)
hLb Kvbvci xvi mvemKj dj vdj AvM_K Rvbv_vK wKci xvwUZ KvbvGKUvwbw` Pvq
Kxdj vdj Avme ZvwbwZ Ki ej vhvq bv, GK `e ci xvej | hgb GKUvgy`vwbc ci xvi
mvedj vdj (H, T) ne, ZvAvgi vAvM_KB Rvwb wKgy`vwUwbci c~eKvb dj vdj wUNUe
ZvAvgi vwbwZ Ki ej Z cvwi bv| myZi vs gy`vwbc ci xvGKUv`e ci xv|

NUbv(Event) : Kvbvci xvi dj vdj evdj vdj i mgvekK NUbvej | D`vni Y^i c GKUvQv
wbc ci xvq 3cvI qvGKUvNUbv| Avevi Rvo msLvcvI qvI GKwUNUbv|

mgmveNUbvej x(Equally Likely Events)
Kvbvci xvi NUbvj vNUvi mvebvmgvb nq A_vr hw` GKwUAci wUi Pq ewk evKg mvebvnq,
Ze NUbvj vK mgmveej | hgb GKUvwbi c gy`vwbc nWevUj Avmvi mvebvmgvb|
myZi vs nWAvmvI Uj AvmvNUbv`yBwUmgmveNUbv|

ci i wewQbNUbvej x(Mutually Exclusive Events)
Kvbvci xvq hw` GKUvNUbvNUj AbUvA_evAbNUbvj vbvNUZ cvi Ze D NUbvj vK
ci i wewQbNUbvej | hgb, GKUvwbi c gy`vwbc Ki j nWAvmvevUj Avmv`yBwUwewQb
287
DPZi MwYZ
NUbv| KbbvnWAvmj Uj AvmZ cvi bv| Avevi Uj Avmj nWAvmZ cvi bv| A_vr nWI Uj
GKmv_ AvmZ cvi bv|

AbyK~j dj vdj (Favourable Outcomes)
Kvbvci xvq GKUvNUbvi ^ci dj vdj K D NUbvi AbyK~j dj vdj ej | hgb, GKwUQvwbc
Ki j weRvo msLvnI qvi AbyK~j dj vdj 3wU|

bgybv (Sample Space) I bgybvwe`y(Sample Point)
Kvbv`e ci xvi mvemKj dj vdj wbq MwVZ mUK bgybv ej | GKUvgy `vwbc Ki j `yBwU
mvedj vdj cvI qvhvq| h_vnW(H) I Uj (T) , GLb S vi vG ci xYi dj vdj i mUK m~wPZ
Ki j Avgi vwj LZ cvwi S ={H, T}| myZi vs D ci xvi bgybv S ={H, T}. gb Ki vhvK `yBwU
gy`vGKmv_ wbc Ki vnj v| Zvnj bgybv wUne S ={HH, HT, TH, TT}.

bgybv i cwZwUDcv`vbK dj vdj i bgybvwe`yej | GKUvgy`vGKevi wbc ci xvq bgybv S =
{H, T} Ges GLvb H, T cZKB GK GKUvbgybvwe`y|

142 hyw wf wK mvebvwbYq
D`vni Y 1| gb Kwi GKUvwbi c Qvwbc Ki vnj v| 5 Avmvi mvebvKZ ?

mgvavb : GKUvQvwbc Ki j mve dj vdj j vnQ: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6| QvwUwbi c nj
dj vdj j vmgmve ne| A_vr hKvbvdj vdj Avmvi mvebvmgvb| AZGe hKvbvGKUv
dj vdj Avmvi mvebvQqf vMi GKf vM| myZi vs 5 Avmvi mvebv
6
1
| Avgi vGUvK
6
1
) 5 ( = P GBf ve
j wL|

D`vni Y 2| GKUvwbi c Qvwbc Rvo msLvAvmvi mvebvKZ ?
mgvavb : Qvwbc mvedj vdj j vnQ: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. G`i ga2, 4, 6 GB 3wURvo
msLv| GB wZbwUi hKvbvGKUvAvmj Rvo msLvne A_vr Rvo msLvi AbyK~j dj vdj 3 Uv|
hnZzdj vdj j vmgmve, ZvB Rvo msLvAvmvi mvebvne
6
3
| P(RvomsLv) =
6
3
.
Zvnj mvebvK Gf ve msvwqZ Ki vhvq :
KvbvNUbvi mvebv=

Kvbvci xY KvbvNUbvNUvi AbyK~j dj vdj mewbk~bGes mevP n(mgMmveNUbvej x) nZ
cvi |

hLb KvbvNUbvi AbyK~j dj vdj i gvb k~bnq ZLb mvebvi gvb k~bnq| Avi hLb AbyK~j dj vdj i
gvb n nq| GLb mvebvi gvb 1 nq| G Kvi Y mvebvi gvb 0 nZ 1 Gi ga_vK|
D NUbvi AbyK~j dj vdj
mgMmvedj vdj
288
DPZi MwYZ
143 `ywUwekl ai Yi NUbv:
wbwZ NUbv: Kvbvci xvq h NUbvAekB NUe GK wbwZ NUbvej | wbwZ NUbvi mvebvi
gvb 1 nq| hgb, AvMvgxKvj m~hc~ew`K _K DVvi mvebv1. AvR m~hcwg w`K Ahve Gi
mvebvI 1. i vZi ej vq m~h`Lvhve bvGi mvebv1.

GKUvgy`vwbc ci xvq H A_evT Avmvi mvebvI 1. GKUvQvwbc ci xvq Rvo A_evweRvo
msLvAvmvi mvebvI 1. Bnvi vcZKB wbwZ NUbv|

Ame NUbv: Kvbvci xvq h NUbvKLbvNUe bvA_vr NUZ cvi bvGK Ame NUbvej | Ame
NUbvi mvebvme mgq k~bnq|

hgb AvMvgxKvj m~hcwg w`K _K DVe A_evm~hc~ew`K Ahve Gi mvebvk~b| Zgwb i v m~h
`Lvhve Gi mvebvI k~b| ZgbwUf ve GKUvQvwbc 7 Avmvi mvebvI k~b| GLvb cZKwU
NUbvB Ame NUbv|

mvebvwbYqi Avi vD`vni Y :
D`vni Y 3| GKUv_j Z 4Uvj vj , 5Uvmv`vI 6UvKvj vej AvQ| `ef ve GKUvej bqvnj v| ej wU
(i) j vj (ii) mv`vI (iii) Kvj vnI qvi mvebvKZ ?

mgvavb : _j Z gvUej i msLv4 +5 +6 =15wU
`ef ve GKUvej bqvnj 15wUej i hKvbvGKwUAvmZ cvi | myZi vs mgMmvedj vdj =15.

(i) awi j vj ej nI qvi NUbvR| _j Z gvU4Uvj vj ej AvQ| G`i hKvbvGKwUAvmj B j vj ej
ne| myZi vs j vj ej i AbyK~j dj vdj =4.
) (R P = =
15
4


(ii) ej wUmv`vnI qvi mvebvW awi | hnZz_j Z 5Uvmv`vej AvQGes G`i _K GKUvej
Avmj mv`vej ne, myZi vs mv`vej i AbyK~j dj vdj 5.

3
1
15
5
) ( = = W P .

(iii) ej wUKvj vnI qvi NUbvB awi | _j Z gvU6UvKvj vej AvQGes G`i _K GKUvej
Avmj B Kvj vej ne| myZi vs Kvj vej i AbyK~j dj vdj 6.

5
2
15
6
) ( = = B P .
j vj ej i AbyK~j dj vdj
mgMmvedj vdj

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