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l
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8

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7
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8

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0
5
5
6
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6
7
,

v
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8

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1

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-
0
0
5
5
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8

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-
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5
5
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6
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v
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8

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0
1
1
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-
0
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5
5
6
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6
7
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v
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8

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-
0
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5
5
6
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,

v
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1

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1
8

J
a
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2
0
1
1

2
16
= 65536
2
32
= 4294967296
X = a.b
n
a b n
+0.314159 10
+1
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
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s
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1

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1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
b = 2 a n
t = 23 d
1
, d
2
, ..., d
t
d
1
= 1
X
X =
d
1
2
+
d
2
2
2
+
d
3
2
3
+... +
d
t
2
23
2
129
1.47 10
39
(1 2
23
) 2
127
1.7 10
38
2
23
1.19 10
7
2
23
2
10
1.22 10
4

c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
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s
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1

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1
8

J
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2
0
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1
eme
eme
eme
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-
0
0
5
5
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9
6
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,

v
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1

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1
8

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2
0
1
1

c
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l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
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,

v
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1

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1
8

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2
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1

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l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
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1

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1
8

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2
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1
1
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-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
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v
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1

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8

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2
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1
1
c
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-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
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,

v
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1
8

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2
0
1
1

c
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-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
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n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
u(x, y, z, t)
u
x
= lim
x0
u(x +x, y, z, t) u(x, y, z, t)
x
x u(x +x, y, z, t) x
u(x +x, y, z, t) = u(x, y, z, t) +x
u
x
(x, y, z, t) +
x
2
2

2
u
x
2
(x, y, z, t) +
x
3
6

3
u
x
3
(x, y, z, t) +....
x
u(x +x, y, z, t) u(x, y, z, t)
x
=
u
x
(x, y, z, t) + O(x)
u
x
(x)
O(x) x
x
u(x)
u
N + 1
x
i
i = 0, ..., N x x
i
= ix
N
u
i
u(x) x
i
u
i
= u(x
i
)
u(x) x
i
_
u
x
_
x=x
i
=
_
u
x
_
i
= u

i
u
_
u
x
_
i
=
u
i+1
u
i
x
+ O(x)
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
_
u
x
_
i
=
u
i
u
i1
x
+ O(x)
x
i
u
i+1
= u(x
i
+x) = u
i
+x
_
u
x
_
i
+
x
2
2
_

2
u
x
2
_
i
+ O(x
3
)
u
i1
= u(x
i
x) = u
i
x
_
u
x
_
i
+
x
2
2
_

2
u
x
2
_
i
+ O(x
3
)
u
i+1
u
i1
= 2x
_
u
x
_
i
+ O(x
3
)
u _
u
x
_
i
=
u
i+1
u
i1
2x
+ O(x
2
)
x
i
_
u
x
_
i
=
u
i+2
+ 6u
i+1
3u
i
2u
i1
6x
+ O(x
3
)
x
i
u
u
i+1
= u
i
+x
_
u
x
_
i
+
x
2
2
_

2
u
x
2
_
i
+
x
3
6
_

3
u
x
3
_
i
+ O(x
4
)
u
i1
= u
i
x
_
u
x
_
i
+
x
2
2
_

2
u
x
2
_
i

x
3
6
_

3
u
x
3
_
i
+ O(x
4
)
u
i+1
+u
i1
2u
i
= x
2
_

2
u
x
2
_
i
+O(x
4
)
u
_

2
u
x
2
_
i
=
u
i+1
2u
i
+u
i1
x
2
+ O(x
2
)
_

2
u
x
2
_
i
=
u
i+2
2u
i+1
+u
i1
x
2
+ O(x)
_

2
u
x
2
_
i
=
u
i
2u
i1
+u
i2
x
2
+ O(x)
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
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2
0
1
1
u(x, t)
u N x
i
x
t u
n
i
u(x, t) x
i
nt
u(x, y)
N P (x
i
, y
j
) x
x y u
ij
u(x, y)
(x
i
, y
j
)
u
n
ij
u(x, y, t) x
i
, y
j
nt u
n
ijk
u(x, y, z, t) (x
i
, y
j
, z
k
) nt
u
i
u
i+1
u
i+2
u
i+3
u
i+4
xu

i
x
2
u

i
x
3
u

i
x
4
u
(4)
i
u
i4
u
i3
u
i2
u
i1
u
i
xu

i
x
2
u

i
x
3
u

i
x
4
u
(4)
i
u
i2
u
i1
u
i
u
i+1
u
i+2
2xu

i
x
2
u

i
2x
3
u

i
x
4
u
(4)
i
u
i3
u
i2
u
i1
u
i
u
i+1
u
i+2
u
i+3
12xu

i
12x
2
u

i
8x
3
u

i
6x
4
u
(4)
i

2
f
xy
f(x, y)
x y x y
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
f(x
i+l
, y
j+m
) = f(x
i
, y
j
) + lx
_
f
x
_
i
+ my
_
f
y
_
j
+
(lx)
2
2
_

2
f
x
2
_
i
+
(my)
2
2
_

2
f
y
2
_
j
+
2mlxy
2
_

2
f
xy
_
i,j
+ ...
(i, j)
f
i+1,j+1
= f
i,j
+ x
_
f
x
_
i
+ y
_
f
y
_
j
+ xy
_

2
f
xy
_
i,j
+
x
2
2
_

2
f
x
2
_
i
+
y
2
2
_

2
f
y
2
_
i
f
i1,j1
= f
i,j
x
_
f
x
_
i
y
_
f
y
_
j
+ xy
_

2
f
xy
_
i,j
+
x
2
2
_

2
f
x
2
_
i
+
y
2
2
_

2
f
y
2
_
i
f
i+1,j1
= f
i,j
+ x
_
f
x
_
i
y
_
f
y
_
j
xy
_

2
f
xy
_
i,j
+
x
2
2
_

2
f
x
2
_
i
+
y
2
2
_

2
f
y
2
_
i
f
i1,j+1
= f
i,j
x
_
f
x
_
i
+ y
_
f
y
_
j
xy
_

2
f
xy
_
i,j
+
x
2
2
_

2
f
x
2
_
i
+
y
2
2
_

2
f
y
2
_
i
_

2
f
xy
_
i,j
=
f
i+1,j+1
f
i+1,j1
f
i1,j+1
+f
i1,j1
4xy
_
u

(x) = f(x) , x ]0, 1[

u(0) = u(1) =
f
N + 1 x
i
i = 0, 1, .., N
x u
i
u(x) x
i
x
i

_
d
2
u
dx
2
_
i
= f(x
i
) = f
i
u
_
d
2
u
dx
2
_
i
=
u
i+1
2u
i
+u
i1
x
2
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
2u
i
u
i+1
u
i1
x
2
= f
i
; i
1
x
2
_

_
2 1 0 0
1 2 1 0
0 0 1 2 1
0 0 0 1 2
_

_
_

_
u
1
u
2
u
N2
u
N1
_

_
=
_

_
f
1
+ /x
2
f
2
f
N2
f
N1
+ /x
2
_

_
_
u

(x) = f(x) , x ]0, 1[

u(0) = u

(1) =
x = 1
x = 1
N u
i
i N
u

(1) =
u

(1) =
u
N
u
N1
x
1
x
2
_

_
2 1 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0
0 0 1 2 1 0
0 0 0 1 2 0
0 0 0 0 1 1
_

_
_

_
u
1
u
2
u
N2
u
N1
u
N
_

_
=
_

_
f
1
+ /x
2
f
2
f
N2
f
N1
/x
_

_
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
T(x, t)
T
t
=

2
T
x
2

T(0, t) = T
g
T(1, t) = T
d
T(x, 0) = T
0
N +1 x
i
N
x
t T
n
i
x
i
= ix t = nt
x
i
n
_
T
t
_
n
i
=
_

2
T
x
2
_
n
i
x
i
n + 1
_
T
t
_
n+1
i
=
_

2
T
x
2
_
n+1
i
_
T
t
_
n
i
=
T
n+1
i
T
n
i
t
_

2
T
x
2
_
n
i
=
T
n
i+1
2T
n
i
+T
n
i1
x
2
=
t
x
2
n + 1
T
n+1
i
= T
n
i1
+ (1 2)T
n
i
+ T
n
i+1
i
_

_
T
1
T
2
T
N2
T
N1
_

_
n+1
=
_

_
1 2 0 0
1 2 0
0 0 1 2
0 0 0 1 2
_

_
_

_
T
1
T
2
T
N2
T
N1
_

_
n
+
_

_
T
g
0
0
T
d
_

_
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
_
T
t
_
n+1
i
=
T
n+1
i
T
n
i
t
_

2
T
x
2
_
n+1
i
=
T
n+1
i+1
2T
n+1
i
+T
n+1
i1
x
2
=
t
x
2
n + 1
(1 + 2)T
n+1
i
(T
n+1
i+1
+T
n+1
i1
) = T
n
i
i
n+1
_

_
1 + 2 0 0
1 + 2 0
0 0 1 + 2
0 0 0 1 + 2
_

_
_

_
T
1
T
2
T
N2
T
N1
_

_
n+1
=
_

_
T
1
T
2
T
N2
T
N1
_

_
n
+
_

_
T
g
0
0
T
d
_

_
N X
i
b
1
X
1
+ c
1
X
2
= d
1
i = 1
a
i
X
i1
+ b
i
X
i
+ c
i
X
i+1
= d
i
i
a
N
X
N1
+ b
N
X
N
= d
N
i = N

i

i

i
=
a
i
b
i
+c
i

i+1

i
=
d
i
c
i

i+1
b
i
+c
i

i+1
X
1
=
1
X
i
=
i
X
i1
+
i
i N
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
L
x
L
y
T(x, y)
_

_
T =

2
T
x
2
+

2
T
y
2
= 0 , (x, y) [0, L
x
] [0, L
y
]
T(0, y) = T
g
T(L
x
, y) = T
d
0 < y < L
y
T(x, 0) = T
b
T(x, L
y
) = T
h
0 < x < L
x
(x
i
, y
j
) i j
x y
(x
i
, y
j
) T
ij
= T(x
i
, y
j
)
_

2
T
x
2
_
ij
=
T
i+1,j
2T
i,j
+T
i1,j
x
2
_

2
T
y
2
_
ij
=
T
i,j+1
2T
i,j
+T
i,j1
y
2
i N 1 j P 1
y
2
(T
i+1,j
+ T
i1,j
) + x
2
(T
i,j+1
+ T
i,j1
) 2(x
2
+y
2
)T
i,j
= 0
N P A = x
2
+y
2
_

_
2A y
2
0 x
2
0 0 0 0 0
y
2
2A y
2
0 x
2
0 0 0 0
0 y
2
2A 0 0 x
2
0 0 0
x
2
0 0 2A y
2
0 x
2
0 0
0 x
2
0 y
2
2A y
2
0 x
2
0
0 0 x
2
0 y
2
2A 0 0 x
2
0 0 0 x
2
0 0 2A y
2
0
0 0 0 0 x
2
0 y
2
2A y
2
0 0 0 0 0 x
2
0 y
2
2A
_

_
_

_
T
11
T
21
T
31
T
12
T
22
T
32
T
13
T
23
T
33
_

_
=
_

_
x
2
T
b
+y
2
T
g
x
2
T
b
x
2
T
b
+y
2
T
d
y
2
T
g
0
y
2
T
d
x
2
T
h
+y
2
T
g
x
2
T
h
x
2
T
h
+y
2
T
d
_

_
x = y i
N 1 j P 1
T
i+1,j
+ T
i,j1
+ T
i1,j
+ T
i,j+1
4T
i,j
= 0
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
N P
_

_
4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 4 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 4 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 4 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 4 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 4 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 4
_

_
_

_
T
11
T
21
T
31
T
12
T
22
T
32
T
13
T
23
T
33
_

_
=
_

_
T
b
+T
g
T
b
T
b
+T
d
T
g
0
T
d
T
h
+T
g
T
h
T
h
+T
d
_

_
I D
D =
_

_
4 1 0
1 4 1
0 1 4
_

_
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
1
=
_

_
T
11
T
21
T
31
_

_
T
2
=
_

_
T
12
T
22
T
32
_

_
T
3
=
_

_
T
13
T
23
T
33
_

_
_

_
D I 0
I D I
0 I D
_

_
_

_
T
1
T
2
T
3
_

_
=
_

_
B
1
B
2
B
3
_

_
N
X
i
B
1
X
1
+ C
1
X
2
= D
1
i = 1
A
i
X
i1
+ B
i
X
i
+ C
i
X
i+1
= D
i
i
A
N
X
N1
+ B
N
X
N
= D
N
i = N
A
i
B
i
C
i
D
i
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1

i

i

i
= (B
i
+C
i

i+1
)
1
A
i

i
= (B
i
+C
i

i+1
)
1
(D
i
C
i

i+1
)
X
1
=
1
X
i
=
i
X
i1
+
i
i N
y = 0

b
N 1
j = 0 i N 1

_
T
y
_
i,0
=
T
i,1
T
i,0
y
=
b
x = y N P
_

_
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 4 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 4 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 4
_

_
_

_
T
10
T
20
T
30
T
11
T
21
T
31
T
12
T
22
T
32
T
13
T
23
T
33
_

_
=
_

x
/

x
/

x
/
T
g
0
T
d
T
g
0
T
d
T
h
+T
g
T
h
T
h
+T
d
_

_
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
w
F(w) S(w)

t
_

wd +
_

F(w) d =
_

S(w) d
n

t
_

wd +
_

F.nd =
_

S d
_

F.nd
_

F.nd =

faces de la maille
F
face
.n
face

face
F
face
= F(w
face
) F
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
w
t
w
w

t
_

wd =
_
dw
dt
_
maille
=
w
t

w
t
+

faces
F
face
.n
face

face
= S

t
_
udx +
_
f(u)
x
dx = 0
u x t
f(u) u
N x
i
h
i
=
x
i+1/2
x
i1/2
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
x
i-1/2
x
x
i
x
i+1
x
i+1/2
x
i-1
t u
u
n
i
x
i
t = nt
x [x
i1/2
, x
i+1/2
] t = nt, u(x, t) = u
n
i
u x
i
u
n
i
= u(x
i
, t)

t
_
maille
udx +
_
maille
f(u)
x
dx = 0
x
i
t = nt

t
_
x
i+1/2
x
i1/2
udx +
_
x
i+1/2
x
i1/2
f
x
dx = 0
h
i
u
n
i
t
+

f
n
i+1/2

f
n
i1/2
= 0

f
n
i+1/2
f(u) x
i+1/2
nt
x
i+1/2
u
h
i
u
n+1
i
u
n
i
t
+

f
n
i+1/2

f
n
i1/2
= 0
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
u(x, y, t) x y
u
n
A D
B C
_

F.nd
ABCD
F AB BC CD AD
_

F.nd =
_
ABCD
F.ndl =

AB,BC,CD,AD
F
arete
.n
arete
Longueur
arete
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
_
u

(x) = f(x) , x ]0, 1[

u(0) = u(1) =
f
N x
i
h
i
= x
i+1/2
x
i1/2
u(x)
u
i
x
i
x [x
i1/2
, x
i+1/2
] u(x) = u
i
x
i-1/2
x
i
x
i+1
x
i+1/2
x
i-1
x
x = 0
1/2
x
1
x
2
x
3/2
_
x
i+1/2
x
i1/2
u

(x) dx =
_
x
i+1/2
x
i1/2
f(x) dx
u

(x
i1/2
) u

(x
i+1/2
) = h
i

f
i
i

f
i
f

f
i
=
1
h
i
_
x
i+1/2
x
i1/2
f(x) dx
u

(x
i1/2
) u
i
u

(x) [x
i1
, x
i
]
u

(x
i1/2
) =
1
h
i1
+h
i
2
_
x
i
x
i1
u

(x) dx =
u(x
i
) u(x
i1
)
h
i1/2
=
u
i
u
i1
h
i1/2
h
i1/2
=
h
i1
+h
i
2
i = 1 x
1/2
= 0
x
0
u
u

(x
1/2
) [x
0
, x
1
]
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
[x
1/2
, x
1
]
u

(x
1/2
) =
2
h
1
_
x
1
x
1/2
u

(x) dx =
2(u
1
u(0))
h
1
=
2(u
1
)
h
1
u

(x
i+1/2
) u

(x
i+1/2
) =
u
i+1
u
i
h
i+1/2
i = N x
N+1/2
= 1 u

(x
N+1/2
)
[x
N
, x
N+1
] [x
N
, x
N+1/2
]
u

(x
N+1/2
) =
2
h
N
_
x
N+1/2
x
N
u

(x) dx =
2(u(1) u
N
)
h
N
=
2( u
N
)
h
N
u
i
u
i1
h
i1/2

u
i+1
u
i
h
i+1/2
= h
i

f
i
i
2(u
1
)
h
1

u
2
u
1
h
3/2
= h
1

f
1
u
N
u
N1
h
N1/2

2( u
N
)
h
N
= h
N

f
N
h
2u
i
u
i1
u
i+1
h
2
=

f
i
i
3u
1
u
2
h
2
=

f
1
+
2
h
2
3u
N
u
N1
h
2
=

f
N
+
2
h
2
1
h
2
_

_
3 1 0 0
1 2 1 0
0 0 1 2 1
0 0 0 1 3
_

_
_

_
u
1
u
2
u
N1
u
N
_

_
=
_

f
1
+ 2/h
2

f
2

f
N1

f
N
+ 2/h
2
_

_
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
x
i
u
i
u x
i
u
i
u u
i
u x
i
x
i

_
d
2
u
dx
2
_
i
= f(x
i
) = f
i
u
u
i+1
u
i1
x
i
u
i+1
= u(x
i
+h
i+1/2
) = u
i
+h
i+1/2
_
du
dx
_
i
+
h
2
i+1/2
2
_
d
2
u
dx
2
_
i
+ O(h
3
i+1/2
)
u
i1
= u(x
i
h
i1/2
) = u
i
h
i1/2
_
du
dx
_
i
+
h
2
i1/2
2
_
d
2
u
dx
2
_
i
+ O(h
3
i1/2
)
u
i+1
u
i
h
i+1/2
=
_
du
dx
_
i
+
h
i+1/2
2
_
d
2
u
dx
2
_
i
+ O(h
2
i+1/2
)
u
i1
u
i
h
i1/2
=
_
du
dx
_
i
+
h
i1/2
2
_
d
2
u
dx
2
_
i
+ O(h
2
i1/2
)
u
2
h
i+1/2
+h
i1/2
_
u
i
u
i1
h
i1/2

u
i+1
u
i
h
i+1/2
_
= f
i
i
h
2u
i
u
i+1
u
i1
h
2
= f
i
i
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
_
u

(x) = f(x) , x ]0, 1[

u(0) = u

(1) =
x = 1
u

(x
i1/2
) u

(x
i+1/2
) = h
i

f
i
i
x
N+1/2
= 1 u

(1) =
u

(x
N+1/2
) =
u
i
u
i1
h
i1/2

u
i+1
u
i
h
i+1/2
= h
i

f
i
i
2(u
1
)
h
1

u
2
u
1
h
3/2
= h
1

f
1
u
N
u
N1
h
N1/2
= h
N

f
N
h
2u
i
u
i1
u
i+1
h
2
=

f
i
i
3u
1
u
2
h
2
=

f
1
+
2
h
2
u
N
u
N1
h
2
=

f
N
+

h
1
h
2
_

_
3 1 0 0
1 2 1 0
0 0 1 2 1
0 0 0 1 1
_

_
_

_
u
1
u
2
u
N1
u
N
_

_
=
_

f
1
+ 2/h
2

f
2

f
N1

f
N
+ /h
_

_
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
T(x, t)
T
t
=

2
T
x
2

T(0, t) = T
g
T(1, t) = T
d
T(x, 0) = T
0
N x
i
N x =
x
i+1/2
x
i1/2
t
T(x, t)
T
n
i
x
i
t = nt
_
x
i+1/2
x
i1/2
T
t
dx =
_
x
i+1/2
x
i1/2

2
T
x
2
dx
x
T
n+1
i
T
n
i
t
=
_
_
T
x
_
n
x
i+1/2

_
T
x
_
n
x
i1/2
_
x
i+1/2
T
x
[x
i
, x
i+1
]
_
T
x
_
n
x
i+1/2
=
1
x
_
x
i+1
x
i
T
x
dx =
T
n
i+1
T
n
i
x
N
[x
N
, 1]
_
T
x
_
n
x
N+1/2
=
2
x
_
1
x
N
T
x
dx = 2
T
n
d
T
n
N
x
x
i1/2
T
x
[x
i1
, x
i
]
_
T
x
_
n
x
i1/2
=
1
x
_
x
i
x
i1
T
x
dx =
T
n
i
T
n
i1
x
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
[0, x
1
]
_
T
x
_
n
x
1/2
=
2
x
_
x
1
0
T
x
dx = 2
T
n
1
T
n
g
x
=
t
x
2
n + 1
T
n+1
i
= T
n
i1
+ (1 2)T
n
i
+ T
n
i+1
i
T
n+1
1
= 2T
g
+ (1 3)T
n
1
+ T
n
2
T
n+1
N
= T
n
N1
+ (1 3)T
n
N
+ 2T
n
d
_

_
T
1
T
2
T
N1
T
N
_

_
n+1
=
_

_
1 3 0 0
1 2 0
0 0 1 2
0 0 0 1 3
_

_
_

_
T
1
T
2
T
N1
T
N
_

_
n
+2
_

_
T
g
0
0
T
d
_

_
L
x
L
y
T(x, y)
_

_
T =

2
T
x
2
+

2
T
y
2
= 0 , (x, y) [0, L
x
] [0, L
y
]
T(0, y) = T
g
T(L
x
, y) = T
d
0 < y < L
y
T(x, 0) = T
b
T(x, L
y
) = T
h
0 < x < L
x
(x
i
, y
j
) i j
x = x
i+1/2
x
i1/2
y = y
j+1/2
y
j1/2
T(x, y)
T
ij
(i, j)
(i, j) (x
i
, y
j
)
_
x
i+1/2
x
i1/2
_
y
j+1/2
y
j1/2
_

2
T
x
2
+

2
T
y
2
_
dxdy = 0
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
_
y
j+1/2
y
j1/2
_
_
T
x
_
x
i+1/2

_
T
x
_
x
i1/2
_
dy +
_
x
i+1/2
x
i1/2
_
_
T
y
_
y
j+1/2

_
T
y
_
y
j1/2
_
dx = 0
_
T
x
_
x
i+1/2
x
i+1/2
x
i
x
i+1
_
T
x
_
x
i+1/2
=
1
x
_
x
i+1
x
i
T
x
dx =
T
i+1,j
T
ij
x
_
T
x
_
x
i1/2
x
i1/2
x
i1
x
i
_
y
j+1/2
y
j1/2
_
_
T
x
_
x
i+1/2

_
T
x
_
x
i1/2
_
dy =
_
y
j+1/2
y
j1/2
_
T
i+1,j
T
ij
x

T
i,j
T
i1,j
x
_
dy
= y
T
i+1,j
+T
i1,j
2T
ij
x
T
y
y
j+1/2
y
j1/2
i N 1 j P 1
y
2
(T
i+1,j
+T
i1,j
) + x
2
(T
i,j+1
+T
i,j1
) 2(x
2
+y
2
)T
ij
= 0
_
T
x
_
x
1/2
x
1
T
g
_
T
x
_
x
1/2
=
2
x
_
x
1
0
T
x
dx = 2
T
1j
T
g
x
i = 1 j P
y
2
(T
2,j
+ 2T
g
) + x
2
(T
1,j+1
+T
1,j1
) (2x
2
+ 3y
2
)T
1j
= 0 ;
y
2
(T
21
+ 2T
g
) + x
2
(T
12
+ 2T
b
) 3(x
2
+y
2
)T
11
= 0 ;
y
2
(T
2P
+ 2T
g
) + x
2
(2T
h
+T
1,P1
) 3(x
2
+y
2
)T
1P
= 0 ;
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
N P A = x
2
+ y
2
B = 3x
2
+ 2y
2
C = 2x
2
+ 3y
2
_

_
3A y
2
0 x
2
0 0 0 0 0
y
2
B y
2
0 x
2
0 0 0 0
0 y
2
3A 0 0 x
2
0 0 0
x
2
0 0 C y
2
0 x
2
0 0
0 x
2
0 y
2
2A y
2
0 x
2
0
0 0 x
2
0 y
2
C 0 0 x
2
0 0 0 x
2
0 0 3A y
2
0
0 0 0 0 x
2
0 y
2
B y
2
0 0 0 0 0 x
2
0 y
2
3A
_

_
_

_
T
11
T
21
T
31
T
12
T
22
T
32
T
13
T
23
T
33
_

_
= 2
_

_
x
2
T
b
+y
2
T
g
x
2
T
b
x
2
T
b
+y
2
T
d
y
2
T
g
0
y
2
T
d
x
2
T
h
+y
2
T
g
x
2
T
h
x
2
T
h
+y
2
T
d
_

_
x = y N P
_

_
6 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 5 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 6 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 5 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 4 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 5 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 6 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 5 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 6
_

_
_

_
T
11
T
21
T
31
T
12
T
22
T
32
T
13
T
23
T
33
_

_
= 2
_

_
T
b
+T
g
T
b
T
b
+T
d
T
g
0
T
d
T
h
+T
g
T
h
T
h
+T
d
_

_
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
_
u

(x) = f(x) , x ]0, 1[

u(0) = u(1) = 0
v(x) C
1
([0, 1])

_
1
0
u

(x) v(x) dx =
_
1
0
f(x) v(x) dx
_
1
0
u

(x) v

(x) dx =
_
1
0
f(x) v(x) dx v V
V =
_
v C
0
([0, 1]); v(0) = v(1) = 0 ,
_
C
1
([0, 1])
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1

V V N
1
,
2
, ...,
N
N
V

V
u

V
u(x) =
N

j=1
u
j

j
(x)
u

V
_
1
0
u

(x) v

(x) dx =
_
1
0
f(x) v(x) dx v

V
N u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
N
N

j=1
u
j
_
1
0

j
(x) v

(x) dx =
_
1
0
f(x) v(x)dx v

V
N

j=1
u
j
_
1
0

j
(x)

i
(x) dx =
_
1
0
f(x)
i
(x) dx
i


V
A N N a
ij
B N b
i
a
ij
=
_
1
0

j
(x)

i
(x) dx b
i
=
_
1
0
f(x)
i
(x) dx
A U N u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
N
A.U = B
N
i

i
N x
i

i
(x)

i
(x) =
_

_
x x
i1
x
i
x
i1
x
i1
x x
i
x x
i+1
x
i
x
i+1
x
i
x x
i+1
0
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
A
A

i
(x)

i
(x) =
_

_
1
x
i
x
i1
x
i1
x x
i
1
x
i
x
i+1
x
i
x x
i+1
0
A
a
ii
=
_
1
0

i
(x)

i
(x) dx =
1
x
i
x
i1
+
1
x
i+1
x
i
a
i,i+1
=
_
1
0

i+1
(x)

i
(x) dx =
1
x
i+1
x
i
a
i1,i
=
_
1
0

i
(x)

i1
(x) dx =
1
x
i
x
i1
B
b
i
=
_
1
0
f(x)
i
(x) dx = f
i
_
x
i+1
x
i1
2
_
u
i
u
i1
x
i
x
i1

u
i+1
u
i
x
i+1
x
i
=
x
i+1
x
i1
2
f
i
i
u
i
u
i1
x
i
x
i1

u
i+1
u
i
x
i+1
x
i
=
x
i+1
x
i1
2
f
i
i
B
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
N h
2u
i
u
i+1
u
i1
h
2
= f
i
i
1
h
2
_

_
2 1 0 0
1 2 1 0
0 0 1 2 1
0 0 0 1 2
_

_
_

_
u
1
u
2
u
N1
u
N
_

_
=
_

_
f
1
f
2
f
N1
f
N
_

_
N
i
A
B
A.U = B U
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
f(x) = (x)
_
u

(x) = (x) , x ]0, 1[

u(0) = u(1) = 0
u(x) =
(x)

2
h = 0.1
N = 9
N = 10
x
i
u
i
(u
i
)
a
9.6 10
3
8.4 10
3
7.3 10
3
8.3 10
3
1 10
2
8.3 10
3
7.3 10
3
8.4 10
3
9.6 10
3
f(x)

f
i
= f
i
_

2
h

2
h
_
( u
i
)
a
( u
i
)
a
=
1
h
_
x
i+1/2
x
i1/2
u(x) dx = u
i
_

2
h

2
h
_
x
i
u
i
( u
i
)
a
2.5 10
3
2.6 10
3
2.8 10
3
2.4 10
3
2 10
3
2 10
3
2.4 10
3
2.8 10
3
2.6 10
3
2.5 10
3
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1

t
x

c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
t 0 x 0

t
x
2
< 0.5
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
a

2
u
x
2
+ b

2
u
xy
+ c

2
u
y
2
+ d
u
x
+ e
u
y
+ fu = g
u x y
b
2
4ac > 0
b
2
4ac = 0
b
2
4ac > 0
ax
2
+bxy +cy
2
+dx +ey +f = 0
b
2
4ac
a b g x y
(x
0
, y
0
) b(x
0
, y
0
)
2
4a(x
0
, y
0
)c(x
0
, y
0
) >
0
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1

_
_
_
u = f
u = u
0


_

_
T
t
=

2
T
x
2

T = T
0

T(x, 0) = f(x)
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
w(x, t)

2
w
t
2
c
2

2
w
x
2
= 0

A n n
w
t
+ A(w)
w
x
= 0
A w
n = 1
w
t
+ c
w
x
= 0
a

2
u
x
2
+ b

2
u
xy
+ c

2
u
y
2
= 0 b
2
4ac > 0
(X, Y )
A

2
u
X
2
+ B

2
u
XY
+ C

2
u
Y
2
+ D
u
X
+ E
u
Y
= 0
A B C D E a b c X Y x y
(X, Y ) A = 0 C = 0
a
_
dy
dx
_
2
b
_
dy
dx
_
+ c = 0
dy
dx
=
b +

b
2
4ac
2a
dy
dx
=
b

b
2
4ac
2a
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
(X(x, y), Y (x, y))

2
u
XY
+ K
u
X
+ K

u
Y
= 0
a b c
y
2

2
u
x
2
x
2

2
u
y
2
= 0
dy
dx
=
_
4x
2
y
2
2y
2
=
x
y
dy
dx
=

_
4x
2
y
2
2y
2
=
x
y
y
2
x
2
2
=
y
2
+x
2
2
=
X(x, y) =
y
2
x
2
2
Y (x, y) =
y
2
+x
2
2

2
u
XY
=
Y
2(X
2
Y
2
)
u
X

X
2(X
2
Y
2
)
u
Y
w(x, t)
w
t
+ c
w
x
= 0
c
w
C (x, t) x = X(t)
w
C
w(x, t) C
x = X(t)
_
dw
dt
_
C
=
dw
dt
(X(t), t) =
w
t
+
w
x
_
dx
dt
_
C
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
C
_
dx
dt
_
C
= c
w
_
dw
dt
_
C
=
w
t
+ c
w
x
= 0
C x = X(t) w
C
_

_
_
dx
dt
_
C
= c
_
dw
dt
_
C
= 0
w
t
+ c
0
w
x
= 0
w(x, 0) = w
0
(x) c
0
_
x = c
0
w = 0
[x(0), w(0)] = [a, w
0
(a)]
x = X(t) = a +c
0
t w
C
= w
0
(a) = w
0
(x c
0
t)
1/c
0
(x, t)
w w(x, t) = w
0
(x c
0
t)
w
n
w
t
+ A(w)
w
x
= 0
A
k
(w)
(x, t)
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
L
k
A L
k
A =
k
L
k
L
k
_
w
t
+ A(w)
w
x
_
= L
k
_
w
t
+
k
(w)
w
x
_
= 0
k C
k
dx
dt
=
k
(w)
L
k
_
w
t
+
w
x
_
dx
dt
_
C
k
_
= L
k
_
dw
dt
_
C
k
= 0
L
k
dw
dt
= 0 C
k
C
k
w
(x, t)
n n
n
n

k
(w) w
w
t
+ A(w)
w
x
= w

c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
(x, t) M D
M
M M
M
(x, t) P D
P
P P
P
t
P
domaine dinfluence
x
t
x
M
domaine de
dependance
n w(x, t)
w
t
+
f(w)
x
= 0 w(x, 0) = w
0
(x)
f
u
t
+

x
_
u
2
2
_
= 0 u(x, 0) = u
0
(x)
w(, x, t)
f w
w
t
+ A(w)
w
x
= 0 w(x, 0) = w
0
(x)
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
A(w) = f

(w) f A
ij
=
f
i
(w)
w
j
A w
u
t
+ u
u
x
= 0 u(x, 0) = u
0
(x)
f
C
1
w
(x, t)
1

2
w
1
w
2
w
1

2
n

1
(n
x
, n
t
) w

(w
1
w
2
)n
t
+ (f(w
1
) f(w
2
)) n
x
= 0
!
1
n
!
2
t
x
0
"
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
y(x) R C
p
p p
F(x, y, y

, y

, ..., y
(p)
) = 0
y
(p)
= f(x, y, y

, y

, ..., y
(p1)
)
p 1
_

_
y
1
= y
y
2
= y

y
p
= y
(p1)
_

_
y

1
= y
2
y

2
= y
3

y

p
= f(x, y, y
1
, y
2
, ..., y
p
)
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
t x(t)
x = ax +b x(t) = Ce
at

b
a
x = a(t)x +b(t) x(t) = e
A(t)
(B(t) +C)
A(t) =
_
a(t) dt B(t) =
_
exp(A(t))b(t) dt
t x x = f( x) x(t) = Ct +g(C)
x(t) = z(t)
1
1
x +a(t)x +b(t)x

= 0 z = ( 1) (a(t)z +b(t))
z(t) = x(t) x
p
x
p
x +a(t)x +b(t)x
2
+c(t) = 0 = 2
r
1
r
2
r
2
+ar +b = 0
x +a x +bx = c x(t) = C
1
e
r
1
t
+C
2
e
r
2
t
+c/b
r = s +ip x(t) = e
st
(D
1
cos(pt) +D
2
sin(pt)) +c/b
t = e
u
x(t) = z(u)
t
2
x +at x +bx = c(t) z

+ (a 1)z

+bz = c(e
u
)
r
1
r
2
r
3
r
3
+ar
2
+br +c = 0
x +a x +b x +cx = 0 x(t) = C
1
e
r
1
t
+C
2
e
r
2
t
+C
3
e
r
3
t
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
y(x) [a, b]
_
y

(x) = f (x, y(x)) ; x [a, b]

y(a) = y
0
f
y(x) [a, b]
x
i
i = 0, 1, ..., n
x
i
y
i
= y(x
i
)
h
h
i
= x
i
x
i1

x
i
h
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
y
y
n

n
=| y(x
n
) y
n
|= O(h
p
)
p
l lim
n
max
i
|
i
| = O(h
l
)

y
n+1
x
n+1
y
n

y
n+1
x
n+1
y
n
, y
n1
, y
n2
, ...
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
_
y
0
y
n+1
= y
n
+ (x
n
, y
n
, h)

_
y
0
y
n+1
= y
n
+ (x
n
, y
n
, y
n+1
, h)

x [a, b], (x, y, 0) = f(x, y)

_
y
0
y
n+1
= y
n
+ hf(x
n
, y
n
)
x
n
x
n
y x
n
_
y
0
y
n+1
= y
n
+ hf(x
n+1
, y
n+1
)
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
_

_
y
0
y

n+1
= y
n
+
h
2
f(x
n
, y
n
)
y
n+1
= y
n
+ hf(x
n
+
h
2
, y

n+1
)
(x
n
, y
n
) [x
n
, x
n+1
]
_

_
y
0
y

n+1
= y
n
+ hf(x
n
, y
n
)
y
n+1
= y
n
+
h
2
_
f(x
n
, y
n
) + f(x
n+1
, y

n+1
)

(x
n
, y
n
) x
n+1
_
_
_
y
0
y
n+1
= y
n
+
h
2
[f(x
n
, y
n
) + f(x
n+1
, y
n+1
)]
_

_
y
0
y

n+1
= y
n
+ hf(x
n
, y
n
)
y
n+1
= y
n
+
h
2
_
f(x
n
, y
n
) + f(x
n+1
, y

n+1
)

c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
_

_
y
0
k
1
= hf(x
n
, y
n
)
k
2
= hf
_
x
n
+
h
2
, y
n
+
k
1
2
_
k
3
= hf
_
x
n
+
h
2
, y
n
+
k
2
2
_
k
4
= hf(x
n
+h , y
n
+k
3
)
y
n+1
= y
n
+
1
6
(k
1
+ 2k
2
+ 2k
3
+ k
4
)
_
y

(x) = f (x, y(x)) ; x [0, 1]

y(0) = y
0
q [x
n
, x
n+1
] x
n,1
, x
n,2
, ..., x
n,q
c
1
, c
2
, ..., c
q
[0, 1] x
n,i
= x
n
+c
i
h i = 1 q
y
x
n,i
y
x
n,i
= y(x
n
) +
_
x
n,i
x
n
f(t, x(t)) dt
= y(x
n
) + h
_
c
i
0
f (x
n
+ h, y(x
n
+ h)) d
y
x
n+1
= y(x
n
) + h
_
1
0
f (x
n
+ h, y(x
n
+ h)) d
q +1 q
q(q + 1) (a
ij
)
1i,jq
(b
i
)
1iq
_
c
i
0
f (x
n
+ h, y(x
n
+ h)) d
q

j=1
a
ij
f (x
n
+c
j
h, y(x
n
+c
j
h))
_
1
0
f (x
n
+ h, y(x
n
+ h)) d
q

i=1
b
i
f (x
n
+c
i
h, y(x
n
+c
i
h))
_

_
y
0
y
n,i
= y
n
+ h
q

j=1
a
ij
f(x
n,j
, y
n,j
)
y
n+1
= y
n
+ h
q

i=1
b
i
f(x
n,i
, y
n,i
)
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
(a
ij
) (b
i
) (c
i
)
c
1
a
11
a
12
a
1q
c
1
a
21
a
22
a
2q
c
q
a
q1
a
q2
a
qq
b
1
b
2
b
q

q
i=1
b
i
= 1
_

_
y
0
k
1
= hf
_
x
n
+
h
3
, y
n
+
h
12
(5k
1
k
2
)
_
k
2
= hf
_
x
n
+h , y
n
+
h
4
(3k
1
+k
2
)
_
y
n+1
= y
n
+
1
4
(3k
1
+ k
2
)
k
1
k
2
(a
ij
) (b
i
) (c
i
)
4

6
10
88 7

6
360
296 169

6
1800
2 + 3

6
225
4

6
10
296 + 169

6
1800
88 + 7

6
360
2 3

6
225
16

6
36
16 +

6
36
1
9
16

6
36
16 +

6
36
1
9
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
_

_
y

(x) = f (x, y(x), z(x)) ; x, z [a, b]

z

(x) = g (x, y(x), z(x))

y(a) = y
0
z(a) = z
0
_

_
y
0
, z
0
y

n+1
= y
n
+ hf(x
n
, y
n
, z
n
)
z

n+1
= z
n
+ hg(x
n
, y
n
, z
n
)
y
n+1
= y
n
+
h
2
_
f(x
n
, y
n
, z
n
) + f(x
n
, y

n+1
, z

n+1
)
_
z
n+1
= z
n
+
h
2
_
g(x
n
, y
n
, z
n
) + g(x
n
, y

n+1
, z

n+1
)
_
_

_
y
0
, z
0
k
1
= hf(x
n
, y
n
, z
n
) l
1
= hg(x
n
, y
n
, z
n
)
k
2
= hf
_
x
n
+
h
2
, y
n
+
k
1
2
, z
n
+
l
1
2
_
l
2
= hg
_
x
n
+
h
2
, y
n
+
k
1
2
, z
n
+
l
1
2
_
k
3
= hf
_
x
n
+
h
2
, y
n
+
k
2
2
, z
n
+
l
2
2
_
l
3
= hg
_
x
n
+
h
2
, y
n
+
k
2
2
, z
n
+
l
2
2
_
k
4
= hf(x
n
+h , y
n
+k
3
, z
n
+l
3
) l
4
= hg(x
n
+h , y
n
+k
3
, z
n
+l
3
)
y
n+1
= y
n
+
1
6
(k
1
+ 2k
2
+ 2k
3
+ k
4
) z
n+1
= z
n
+
1
6
(l
1
+ 2l
2
+ 2l
3
+ l
4
)
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
_

_
y
0
y
1
y
n+1
= y
n1
+ 2hf(x
n
, y
n
)
f(x
n
, y
n
) (x
n1
, y
n1
)
(x
n
, y
n
) y
n+1
x
n+1
y
n+1
= y
n
+ h
p

j=1

j
f(x
nj
, y
nj
)
_

_
y
0
y
1
y
n+1
= y
n
+
h
2
(3f(x
n
, y
n
) f(x
n1
, y
n1
))
_

_
y
0
y
1
, y
2
y
n+1
= y
n
+
h
12
(23f(x
n
, y
n
) 16f(x
n1
, y
n1
) + 5f(x
n2
, y
n2
))
_

_
y
0
y
1
, y
2
, y
3
y
n+1
= y
n
+
h
24
(55f(x
n
, y
n
) 59f(x
n1
, y
n1
) + 37f(x
n2
, y
n2
) 9f(x
n3
, y
n3
))
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
_

_
y
0
y
n+1
= y
n
+
h
2
(f(x
n
, y
n
) +f(x
n+1
, y
n+1
))
_

_
y
0
y
1
y
n+1
= y
n
+
h
12
(5f(x
n+1
, y
n+1
) + 8f(x
n
, y
n
) f(x
n1
, y
n1
))
_

_
y
0
y
1
, y
2
y
n+1
= y
n
+
h
24
(9f(x
n+1
, y
n+1
) + 19f(x
n
, y
n
) 5f(x
n1
, y
n1
) + f(x
n2
, y
n2
))
y
n+1
_

_
y
0
y
1
y

n+1
= y
n
+
h
24
(3f(x
n
, y
n
) f(x
n1
, y
n1
))
y
n+1
= y
n
+
h
2
_
f(x
n
, y
n
) + f(x
n+1
, y

n+1
)
_
_

_
y
0
y
1
, y
2
y

n+1
= y
n
+
h
24
(55f(x
n
, y
n
) 59f(x
n1
, y
n1
) + 37f(x
n2
, y
n2
) 9f(x
n3
, y
n3
))
y
n+1
= y
n
+
h
24
_
9f(x
n+1
, y

n+1
) + 19f(x
n
, y
n
) 5f(x
n1
, y
n1
) + f(x
n2
, y
n2
)
_
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
p (x
i+1
, y
i+1
) (x
i
, y
i
)
(x
ip+1
, y
i+1
)
_

_
y
0
y
1
y
n+1
=
4
3
y
n

1
3
y
n1
+
2h
3
f(x
n+1
, y
n+1
)
_

_
y
0
y
1
, y
2
y
n+1
=
18
11
y
n

9
11
y
n1
+
2
11
y
n2
+
2h
11
f(x
n+1
, y
n+1
)
_

_
y
0
y
1
, y
2
, y
3
y
n+1
=
48
25
y
n

36
25
y
n1
+
16
25
y
n2

3
25
y
n3
+
12h
25
f(x
n+1
, y
n+1
)
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
_
y

(x) = f (x, y(x)) ; x [0, T]

y(0) = y
0
f
y
< 0 h
max
h < h
max
=
2
max |
f
y
|
f
y
< 0 h
f
y
p + 1
a
p
y
n+p
+a
p1
y
n+p1
+... +a
0
y
n
= b
n
r
1
r
2
r
p
a
p
r
p
+a
p1
r
p1
+... +a
1
r +a
0
= 0
i, | r
i
|< 1
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
AX = B A
n n B X
_

_
a
11
a
12
a
1n
a
21
a
22
a
2n

a
n1
a
n2
a
nn
_

_
_

_
x
1
x
2
x
n
_

_
=
_

_
b
1
b
2
b
n
_

A
n

c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
UX = B

U B

A
(1)
= A B
(1)
= B l
1
i
=
a
(1)
i1
a
(1)
11
x
1
i = 2, ..., n l
1
i
a
(2)
ij
= a
(1)
ij
l
1
i
a
(1)
1j
i, j = 2, ..., n
b
(2)
i
= b
(1)
i
l
1
i
b
(1)
1
A
(2)
X = B
(2)
_

_
a
(1)
11
a
(1)
12
a
(1)
1n
0 a
(2)
22
a
(2)
2n

0 a
(2)
n2
a
(2)
nn
_

_
_

_
x
1
x
2
x
n
_

_
=
_

_
b
(1)
1
b
(2)
2
b
(2)
n
_

_
x
2
3, ..., n
A
(k)
X = B
(k)
k = n
A
(n)
X = B
(n)
_

_
a
(1)
11
a
(1)
12
a
(1)
1n1
a
(1)
1n
0 a
(2)
22
a
(2)
2n1
a
(2)
2n
0 0 a
(3)
33
a
(3)
3n
0 0 0 a
(n)
nn
_

_
_

_
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
n
_

_
=
_

_
b
(1)
1
b
(2)
2
b
(3)
3
b
(n)
n
_

_
U A
(n)
a
(1)
kk
k k + 1
l
k
i
=
a
(k)
ik
a
(k)
kk
i = k + 1, ..., n
a
(k+1)
ij
= a
(k)
ij
l
k
i
a
(k)
kj
i, j = k + 1, ..., n
b
(k+1)
i
= b
(k)
i
l
k
i
b
(k)
k
i = k + 1, ..., n
UX = B

x
n
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
2(n 1)n(n + 1)/3 + n(n 1)
n
2
n 2n
3
/3
a
(k)
kk
k = 1, ..., n 1 a
(k)
kk
k l
k
i
a
kk
l
k
i
LU A
L U A = L U
n A
U L
l
k
i
L =
_

_
1 0 0 0
l
1
2
1 0 0

l
1
n1
l
2
n1
1 0
l
1
n
l
2
n
l
n1
n
1
_

_
LU A
B
L U
LY = B UX = Y
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
A
R
A = R
t
R R i = 1 n
_

_
r
ii
=

_
a
ii

i1

k=1
r
2
ik
r
ji
=
1
r
ii
_
a
ij

i1

k=1
r
ik
r
jk
_
;
AX = B
RY = B
t
RX = Y
n n
3
/3
v v
i
u u
i
u
1
= v
1
+ || v || u
i
= v
i
i = 2, ..., n
H = I
n
2
u
t
u
t
u.u
H v v
Hv = v 2
u
t
u
t
u.u
v =
_

_
|| v ||
0
0
_

_
A
(1)
= A B
(1)
= B
A
(1)
H
(1)
A
(2)
= H
(1)
A
(1)
B
(2)
= H
(1)
B
(1)
A
(2)
X = B
(2)
A
(2)
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
A
(2)
=
_

_
a
(2)
11
a
(2)
12
a
(2)
1n
0 a
(2)
22
a
(2)
2n

0 a
(2)
n2
a
(2)
nn
_

_
a
(2)
i2
i = 2, ..., n

H
(2)
n 1
H
(2)
n
H
(2)
=
_

_
1 0 0
0

H
(2)
0
_

_
A
(3)
= H
(2)
A
(2)
B
(3)
= H
(2)
B
(2)
A
(3)
X = B
(3)
A
(3)
A
(3)
=
_

_
a
(2)
11
a
(2)
12
a
(2)
13
a
(2)
1n
0 a
(3)
22
a
(3)
23
a
(3)
2n
0 0 a
(3)
33
a
(3)
3n
0 0 a
(3)
3n
a
(3)
nn
_

_
k 1 A
(k)
B
(k)
k a
(k)
ik
i = k, ..., n

H
(k)
nk +1
H
(k)
n
H
(k)
=
_

_
I
k1
0
0

H
(k)
_

_
A
(k+1)
= H
(k)
A
(k)
B
(k+1)
= H
(k)
B
(k)
A
(k+1)
X = B
(k)
k
n 1 A
(n)
X = B
(n)
A
(n)
x
n
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
A
A = QR R
Q
R Q n1 H
(1)
, H
(2)
, ..., H
(n1)
A
(n)
R = A
(n)
Q = H
(1)
H
(2)
... H
(n1)
AX = B RX =
t
QB
k + 1 X
(k+1)
X
(k)
MX
(k+1)
= NX
(k)
+ B
M N M N = A
X
(0)

R
(k)
= B AX
(k)
X
(0)
k + 1 X
(k+1)
_

_
x
(k+1)
1
=
1
a
11
_
_
b
1

n

j=2
a
1j
x
(k)
j
_
_
x
(k+1)
i
=
1
a
ii
_
_
b
i

n

j=1,j=i
a
ij
x
(k)
j
_
_
x
(k+1)
n
=
1
a
nn
_
_
b
n

n1

j=1
a
nj
x
(k)
j
_
_
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
A D E F
X
(k+1)
= D
1
(E +F)X
(k)
+ D
1
B
X
(0)
k + 1 X
(k+1)
_

_
x
(k+1)
1
=
1
a
11
_
_
b
1

n

j=2
a
1j
x
(k)
j
_
_
x
(k+1)
i
=
1
a
ii
_
_
b
i

i1

j=1
a
ij
x
(k+1)
j

n

j=i+1
a
ij
x
(k)
j
_
_
x
(k+1)
n
=
1
a
nn
_
_
b
n

n1

j=1
a
nj
x
(k+1)
j
_
_
X
(k+1)
= (D E)
1
FX
(k)
+ (D E)
1
B

x
(k+1)
i,GS
x
i
k +1
k + 1
x
(k+1)
i
= (1 )x
(k)
i
+ x
(k+1)
i,GS
= 1
> 1
< 1
X
(k+1)
=
_
D

E
_
1
_
1

D +F
_
X
(k)
+
_
D

E
_
1
B
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
L = M
1
N M N
(L) < 1
L
A
n

i=1,i=j
| a
ij
| < a
jj

n

j=1,j=i
| a
ij
| < a
ii

A
A
A A
A
n
AX = B
J(X) J(X) =< AX, X > 2 < B, X >
J
X
(k+1)
= X
(k)
+
k
P
(k)
P
(k)

k
R
(k)
= B AX
(k)
k
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
X
(0)
R
(0)
= B AX
(0)
P
(0)
= R
(0)
k n 1 R
(k+1)
_

k
=
|| R
(k)
||
2
< AP
(k)
, P
(k)
>
X
(k+1)
= X
(k)
+
k
P
(k)
R
(k+1)
= R
(k)

k
AP
(k)

k+1
=
|| R
(k+1)
||
2
|| R
(k)
||
2
P
(k+1)
= R
(k+1)
+
k+1
P
(k)
n 2n
3
A
n
AX = B C
1
AX = C
1
B
C
1
X
(0)
R
(0)
= B AX
(0)
P
(0)
CP
(0)
= R
(0)
Z
(0)
= R
(0)
k n 1
_

k
=
< R
(k)
, Z
(k)
>
< AP
(k)
, P
(k)
>
X
(k+1)
= X
(k)
+
k
P
(k)
R
(k+1)
= R
(k)

k
AP
(k)
CZ
(k+1)
= R
(k+1)

k+1
=
< R
(k+1)
, Z
(k+1)
>
< R
(k)
, Z
(k)
>
P
(k+1)
= Z
(k+1)
+
k+1
P
(k)
CZ = R
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
C = T
t
T
n m/n
2
8.05 10
3
1.26 10
4
3.96 10
4
3.03 10
4
2.01 10
5
8.86 10
4
6.39 10
5
1.95 10
5
1.74 10
6
3.39 10
5
3.78 10
6
5.49 10
5
8.31 10
6
8.61 10
5
1.19 10
7
1.11 10
6
n n m
n n
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
F(x) = 0
G(x) = F(x) +x
x
0
x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, ...
x
0
x
0

c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
(x
n
) X
]0, 1[
lim
n
|| x
n+1
X ||
|| x
n
X ||
=
= 0
p > 0
lim
n
|| x
n+1
X ||
|| x
n
X ||
p
=
p = 2
p = 3
p
p
G(x) = x
x
0
x
n+1
= G(x
n
)
r G(x)
x
0
[a, b] | G

(r) |< 1 r
r r
r x
0
| G

(r) |< 1
| G

(r) |> 1
| G

(r) |< 1
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
F(x) = 0
x
0
x
n+1
= x
n

F(x
n
)
F

(x
n
)
X F(x) x
0
X
X
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
F

(x
i
)
F

(x
i
)
x
i+1
x
i
x
0
F(x) = 0
x
0

x
n+1
= x
n
F(x
n
)
1/F

(x
0
)
x
0
X
F(x) = 0
x
0
x
1
x
n+1
= x
n
F(x
n
)
x
n
x
n1
F(x
n
) F(x
n1
)
x
0
X
G(x) = x
x
0
x
n+1
=
G(G(x
n
)) x
n
G(x
n
)
2
G(G(x
n
)) 2G(x
n
) + x
n
x
0
X
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
P
n
(x)
n x
1
P
n
(x) = (x x
1
)P
n1
(x)
P
n1
(x) n 1
n
P(x) n P(x) = a
0
x
n
+a
1
x
n1
+... +a
n1
x +a
n
n n = 2p P(x) = a
0
p

j=1
_
x
2
+p
j
x +q
j
_
n n = 2p + 1 P(x) = a
0
(x )
p

j=1
_
x
2
+p
j
x +q
j
_
Q(x) n2 R(p, q), S(p, q)
P(x) x
2
+px +q
P(x) = Q(x)
_
x
2
+px +q
_
+ xR(p, q) + S(p, q)
Q(x) = b
0
x
n2
+b
1
x
n3
+... +b
n3
x +b
n2
x
2
+px +q P(x)
_
_
_
R(p, q) = 0
P(p, q) = 0
p q
_

_
p
(i+1)
q
(i+1)
_

_
=
_

_
p
(i)
q
(i)
_

_
R
p
R
q
S
p
S
q
_

_
1
(p
(i)
,q
(i)
)

_
R
_
p
(i)
, q
(i)
_
S
_
p
(i)
, q
(i)
_
_

_
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
R(p, q) = b
n1
; S(p, q) = b
n
+pb
n1
R
p
(p, q) = c
n2
;
S
p
(p, q) = b
n1
c
n1
pc
n2
R
p
(p, q) = c
n3
;
S
p
(p, q) = c
n2
pc
n3
b
1
= 0 b
0
= a
0
c
1
= 0 c
0
= b
0
b
k
= a
k
pb
k1
qb
k2
k = 1, ..., n
c
k
= b
k
pc
k1
qc
k2
k = 1, ..., n 1
n
_

_
f
1
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) = 0
f
2
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) = 0
f
n
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) = 0
X = (x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) F(X) = 0
X
(0)
X
(k+1)
= X
(k)

_
J(X
(k)
)
_
1
F(X
(k)
)
J(X
(k)
) X
(k)
_

_
x
(k+1)
1
x
(k+1)
2
x
(k+1)
n
_

_
=
_

_
x
(k)
1
x
(k)
2
x
(k)
n
_

_
f
1
x
1
f
1
x
2

f
1
x
n
f
2
x
1
f
2
x
2

f
2
x
n

f
n
x
1
f
n
x
2

f
n
x
n
_

_
1
(x
(k)
1
,x
(k)
2
,...,x
n
(k))

_
f
1
(x
(k)
1
, x
(k)
2
, ..., x
(k)
n
)
f
2
(x
(k)
1
, x
(k)
2
, ..., x
(k)
n
)
f
n
(x
(k)
1
, x
(k)
2
, ..., x
(k)
n
)
_

_
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
X
(k)
= X
(k+1)
X
(k)
k
J(X
(k)
) X
(k)
= F(X
(k)
)
X

k
=| x
k+1
x
k
| < 10
5
|| X
(k+1)
X
(k)
||
L
1
|| X ||
1
=
n

i=1
| x
i
|
L
2
|| X ||
2
=
_
x
2
1
+x
2
2
+... +x
2
n
|| X ||

= max
i
| x
i
|
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
f
g
f

f g
f n

n x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
g

n
i=1
|| f(x
i
) g(x
i
) ||
2

c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
R
n
2
C
f n + 1 x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
n
n n + 1
P
n
(x) f(x) n+1 P
n
(x
i
) =
f(x
i
)
P
n
(x) =
n

i=0
f(x
i
) L
i
(x) L
i
(x) =
n

j=0,j=i
x x
j
x
i
x
j
L
i
(x) P
n
(x)
f x
i
n 3n
2
P
n
(x)
P
i,i
(x) = f(x
i
) i = 0 n
P
i,i
(x) =
(x x
i
)P
i+1,j
(x) (x x
j
)P
i,j1
(x)
x
j
x
i
i = 0 n j > i
P
n
(x) = P
0,n
(x)
Q
i
(x) Q
i
(x) =

j<i
(x x
j
) Q
0
(x) = 1
k f x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
k
f[x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
k
]
_

_
f[x
i
] = f(x
i
)
f[x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
k
] =
f[x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
k
] f[x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
k1
]
x
k
x
0
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
P
k
(x) f x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
k1
P
k
(x) P
k1
(x) = f[x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
k
]Q
k
(x)
P
n
(x) f x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
n
P
n
(x) = f(x
0
) +
n

k=1
f[x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
k
]Q
k
(x)
n n
3
f P
n
x
i
f P
n

i
x
i
N = n +
0
+
1
+... +
n
f
i
x
i
P
N
Ai = 0, 1, ..., n Al = 0, 1, ...,
i
P
(l)
N
(x
i
) = f
(l)
(x
i
)
P
N
f x
i

i

i
= 0
[x
i1
, x
i
]
P
k
(x)
x
i
S(x)
[x
i1
, x
i
] S(x) P
i
(x)
_

_
P
i
(x
i1
) = f(x
i1
) P
i
(x
i
) = f(x
i
) = f
i
P

i
(x
i
) = P

i+1
(x
i
) = f

(x
i
)
P

i
(x
i
) = P

i+1
(x
i
) = f

(x
i
)
P
i
(x)
P
i
(x) =
i1
(x
i
x)
_
(x
i
x)
2
h
2
i
_
6h
i
+
i
(x x
i1
)
_
(x x
i1
)
2
h
2
i
_
6h
i
+
f
i1
(x
i
x)
h
i
+
f
i
(x x
i1
)
h
i
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
h
i
= x
i
x
i1

i
h
i
6

i1
+
h
i
+h
i+1
3

i
+
h
i+1
6

i+1
=
f
i+1
f
i
h
i+1

f
i
f
i1
h
i

0
= f

(x
0
)
n
= f

(x
n
)

f F(x) = P
n
(x)/Q
m
(x)
P
n
(x) Q
m
(x) n m
f(x)Q
m
(x) P
n
(x) (x )
(x

)
2
(x )
n+m
n +m+ 1
f n
P(x) = a
0
+a
1
x
n y
1
, y
2
, ..., y
n
f n x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
P(x)
y
i
x
i
y
i
P(x
i
)
S(a
0
, a
1
) =
n

i=1
[y
i
(a
0
+a
1
x
i
)]
2
S(a
0
, a
1
) (y
i
a
0
a
1
x
i
)
n Y = (y
i
) X = (x
i
) U
G Y
U X
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
|| Y G ||
2
Y G U
X
_

_
< Y G, U > = 0 =
n

i=1
(y
i
a
0
a
1
x
i
)
< Y G, X > = 0 =
n

i=1
(y
i
a
0
a
1
x
i
) x
i
_
n

n
i=1
x
i

n
i=1
x
i

n
i=1
x
2
i
__
a
0
a
1
_
=
_

n
i=1
y
i

n
i=1
x
i
y
i
_
f [a, b] P(x) = a
0
+a
1
x
a
0
a
1
< g
1
, g
2
>=
_
b
a
g
1
(x)g
2
(x) dx
_
_
b
a
dx
_
b
a
xdx
_
b
a
xdx
_
b
a
x
2
dx
__
a
0
a
1
_
=
_
_
b
a
f(x) dx
_
b
a
xf(x) dx
_
f n
m < n P(x) = a
0
+a
1
x +a
2
x
2
+... +a
m
x
m
n y
1
, y
2
, ..., y
n
f n x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
P(x)
y
i
x
i
y
i
P(x
i
)
S(a
0
, a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
m
) =
n

i=1
[y
i
(a
0
+a
1
x
i
+... +a
m
x
m
i
)]
2
S(a
0
, a
1
, ..., a
m
) (y
i

a
0
a
1
x
i
... a
m
x
m
i
) n Y = (y
i
) X = (x
i
)
X
2
= (x
2
i
) X
m
= (x
m
i
) U
G Y
m+1 U X X
2
X
m
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
|| Y G ||
2
Y G
U X X
2
X
m
_

_
< Y G, U > = 0 =
n

i=1
(y
i
a
0
a
1
x
i
... a
m
x
m
i
)
< Y G, X > = 0 =
n

i=1
(y
i
a
0
a
1
x
i
... a
m
x
m
i
) x
i
< Y G, X
2
> = 0 =
n

i=1
(y
i
a
0
a
1
x
i
... a
m
x
m
i
) x
2
i
< Y G, X
m
> = 0 =
n

i=1
(y
i
a
0
a
1
x
i
... a
m
x
m
i
) x
m
i
_

_
n

n
i=1
x
i


n
i=1
x
m
i

n
i=1
x
i

n
i=1
x
2
i


n
i=1
x
m+1
i

n
i=1
x
m1
i

n
i=1
x
m
i


n
i=1
x
2m1
i

n
i=1
x
m
i

n
i=1
x
m+1
i


n
i=1
x
2m
i
_

_
_

_
a
0
a
1
a
m1
a
m
_

_
=
_

n
i=1
y
i

n
i=1
x
i
y
i

n
i=1
x
m1
i
y
i

n
i=1
x
m
i
y
i
_

_
U
q
=
n

i=1
x
q
i
V
q
=
n

i=1
x
q
i
y
i
_

_
U
0
U
1
U
m
U
1
U
2
U
m+1

U
m
U
m+1
U
2m
_

_
_

_
a
0
a
1
a
m
_

_
=
_

_
V
0
V
1
V
m
_

_
m
P
m
(x) =
a
0
2
+
m

k=1
(a
k
kx +b
k
kx)
U/2 X X 2X 2X
mX mX
< g
1
, g
2
>=
_
2
0
g
1
(x)g
2
(x) dx
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
f [a, b]
x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
n
P
n
(x)
f
(x
0
, x
1
, ...x
n
) = max
x[a,b]
| f(x) P
n
(x) |
f
C
n+1
([a, b])
f n
P
n
(x) f x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
n
max
x[a,b]
|
n

i=0
(x x
i
) |
x
i
T
n+1
x
i
=
a +b
2
+
b a
2
_
(2i + 1)
2n + 2
_
; i = 0, 1, ..., n
n T
n
(x) [1, 1]
T
n
(x) = (narccos x) T
n+1
(x) +T
n1
(x) = 2xT
n
(x)
T
0
(x) = 1 T
1
(x) = x
f
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
A n n
n P
n
() = (AI
n
)

c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
A
(p, q) p q A
P
pq
A
(k)
D A
A
(1)
= A k A
(k+1)
A
(k+1)
=
t
P
(k)
pq
A
(k)
P
(k)
pq
A
(k+1)
_

_
a
(k+1)
ij
= a
(k)
ij
i = p, q j = p, q
a
(k+1)
ip
= a
(k)
ip
a
(k)
iq
i = p, q
a
(k+1)
iq
= a
(k)
ip
+ a
(k)
iq
i = p, q
a
(k+1)
pp
= a
(k)
pp
2
+ a
(k)
qq
2
2a
(k)
pq

a
(k+1)
qq
= a
(k)
pp
2
+ a
(k)
qq
2
+ 2a
(k)
pq

]

4
, 0[]0,

4
[ tan2 =
2a
(k)
pq
a
(k)
qq
a
(k)
pp
p q
p = 1, q = 2 (p = 1, q = 3)
| a
(k)
pq
|
A
A
(k)
A
A
(1)
= A k Q
(k)
R
(k)
A
(k)
A
(k+1)
A
(k+1)
= R
(k)
Q
(k)
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
A
X = T.Y T A.X = X
(T
1
AT).Y = Y A T
1
AT
T T
1
AT
T T
1
AT H
h
ij
= 0 i > j + 1
T
1
AT = H =
_

A
A
U
k

i+1
U
k
= A.U
k1

k
U
k1

k
U
k2
k = 2, ..., n 1
_

k
=
t
U
k1
.A.U
k1

k+1
=
_
t
U
k1
.A
2
.U
k1

2
k

k
U
0
, U
1
, ..., U
n1
A A
A

=
_

1

2
0 0 0

2

2

3
0 0
0
3

3

4
0
0 0
n1

n1

n
0 0
n

n
_

_
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
U
0

1
=
t
U
0
.A.U
0

2
=
_
t
U
0
.A
2
.U
0

2
1
U
1

2
U
1
= A.U
0

1
U
0
A
a
i
, b
i
c
i
A
P
n
() =
(AI
n
)
P
n
() = (a
n
)P
n1
() c
n1
b
n1
P
n2
()
P
n
() P
n
()
A (A)
X
0
X
k+1
=
AX
k
|| AX
k
||
|| X
k+1
X
k
||<
(X
k
)
|| AX
k
|| (A)
X
0
n1
A
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
A
A
1
= (A) X
1

1
A A
(1)
A
1
A
(1)

1
X
1
W < W, X
1
>= 1
A
(1)
= A
1
X
1
t
W A
1
A
(1)

2
Y
2
A
(1)
A
X
2
= Y
2
+

1

1
< W, Y
2
> X
1
A
(1)
A
(2)
A
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1
c
e
l
-
0
0
5
5
6
9
6
7
,

v
e
r
s
i
o
n

1

-

1
8

J
a
n

2
0
1
1