CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The marcet boiler is the unit of demonstration of the basic
principle in thermodynamics studies which is the boiling
phenomenon. Initially, the discovering of this phenomenon is
founded by Rudolf Clausius, a German physicist that was a
thermodynamics power icon.
Marcet boiler is also a device that is used for the understanding
of the basic properties of the saturated steam of superheated
steam. It consists of cylinders surrounded with isolated
substance in its electrically heated boiler which is used to heat
up water and to measure both the temperature and the
pressure. Marcet boiler also contains thermometer, barometer
and safety valve. The saturation curves can be determined at
the pressure within 10 bars.
Thermodynamics deals with the interchange of energies such as
heat and work between system and the surroundings which
occurs when the system undergoes a process (heating or
cooling). The loss or gain of energy in a system has a direct
impact on its thermodynamic properties. Two of the most
important thermodynamic properties of fluids (being
investigated in this experiment) are pressure and temperature
that both vary in response to changes in the energy of a system
i.e. when energy is lost or gained by the system. The theoretical
values obtained from published steam tables are to be
compared to the readings obtained while conducting the
marcet boiler experiment, while giving further analysis for the
divergence of the two values. Thus, conclusions about the
change in thermodynamic properties of water undergoing
different processes where drawn. Marcet boiler units are
usually used in classroom demonstrations and lab experiments
to understand the relationship between the changes of
temperature and pressure and their effects on the boiling point
of water (equilibrium state). However industry applications vary
widely as such an arrangement can be used in power plants,
different cooking utilities, gasifies as well as utilizing the marcet
boiler as a water boiler








1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
The aim of this project is to show the relationship between the
pressure and temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium.
Besides that, this project was done to demonstrate the vapour
pressure curve. This was accomplished by collecting the reading
of temperature when pressure increases. The respective values
of pressure and temperature are able on the digital indicator as
the unit comes with the pressure and temperature transducers.
Drawing the graph of pressure against temperature allows the
experiment to draw conclusion of the relationship between
pressure and temperature








1.2 THEORY
Thermodynamics study about the interchange of heat and work
between a system and the surroundings which occurs when the
system undergoes a process. Thermodynamic also is concerned
about the changes in the properties of fluid. Most
thermodynamics substances such as gases and vapour are
often referred as P-V-T substances. An ideal gas obeys the
equation of state that relates the pressure, specific volume or
density, and absolute temperature with mass of molecule and
the gas constant R. PV = mRTM Where, P = Absolute pressure V
= Volume n = Amount of substance (moles) R = Ideal gas
constant T = Absolute temperature (K). However, real gas does
not absolutely obey the equation of state. A few modifications
on the ideal gas equation of state allow its application in the
properties of real gas. When energy is added within water, the
increasing of activities among the molecules causes the
increase in the number of molecule escape from the surface
until an equilibrium state is reached. The state of equilibrium
depends on the pressure between the water surface and the
steam. The lower the pressure, the easier the molecules leaving
the water surface and thus less energy is required to achieve
the state of equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature where
equilibrium occurs at a given pressure level is called saturated
temperature. The pressure where equilibrium occurs at a given
temperature is called saturated pressure. Marcet Boiler is used
to investigate the relationship between the pressure and
temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium with water at all
temperature levels between the atmospheric pressure and 15
bars. The measured value of the slope of the graph (dT/dP)
obtained from the experiment results can be compared to the
theoretical value determined through calculation from the
steam table.




1.3 PROCEDURE
Connect the unit to the power supply to provide a heating rate
of 2KW to the electrical heater. Open the level valve and switch
on the power supply. Connect the temperature transducer to
the unit.
Wait for the steam output through the level valve to ensure
that there is no air trapped in the boiler. It is necessary to
remove air form the boiler as this could affect the accuracy of
the experimental results
Close the level valve and continue heating the unit until the
maximum gauge pressure reaches 15. (Warning: dont remove
filler plug or open level valve when the device is pressurized).
Record all temperature readings at different pressure reading
of the boiler when it is heated and cooled.


1.4 HOW BOILERS WORK
A basic boiler is a machine with the simplest arrangement of
the internal parts. The main job of a boiler is to make high
pressure steam. The feed water supplied to the boiler drum
utilizes the heat of the energy released from the electrical
heater. When the liquid absorbs enough heat energy, it will
change to vapour form. This energy released from the electric
heater is stored in the form of steam with high temperature
and pressure. The heater is placed inside the boiler, the heat
generated by the electric heater is transferred to the water
directly which enables the highest rate of energy transfer as the
steam is not allowed to exit, it will cause an increase in pressure
and thus causing the temperature to increase.
The steam produced in the boiler is known as wet or saturated
steam. This steam cannot be used directly as it contains high
amount of moisture (depending on what the steam is used for).
To make this steam usable, it is first dried and heated with the
help of a super heater. Once all the moisture content is
removed from the steam, the superheated steam can be
supplied to other systems



1.5 USES OF BOILERS
Boilers have many functions depending on the where it is used.
Some of these functions include:
i. Generation of steam to drive turbines to generate
electricity.
ii. Generation of steam used in air conditioning system.
iii. Its used for boiling water.
iv. For driving steam engines
v. To generate steam to run ships using super-heated steam.
vi. For warming the ship during cold weather
vii. For creating portable heat/hot water for buildings
viii. Generation of steam for process application e.g textile
company


1.6 LIMITATIONS OF A MARCET BOILER