Simulationistheimitationoftheoperationofarealworldprocessorsystemovertime.

[1]
The
actofsimulatingsomethingfirstrequiresthatamodelbedevelopedthismodelrepresentsthe
keycharacteristicsorbehaviors/functionsoftheselectedphysicalorabstractsystemor
process.Themodelrepresentsthesystemitself,whereasthesimulationrepresentsthe
operationofthesystemovertime.
Simulationisusedinmanycontexts,suchassimulationoftechnologyforperformance
optimization,safetyengineering,testing,training,education,andvideogames.Often,computer
experimentsareusedtostudysimulationmodels.Simulationisalsousedwithscientific
modellingofnaturalsystemsorhumansystemstogaininsightintotheirfunctioning.
[2]

Simulationcanbeusedtoshowtheeventualrealeffectsofalternativeconditionsandcoursesof
action.Simulationisalsousedwhentherealsystemcannotbeengaged,becauseitmaynotbe
accessible,oritmaybedangerousorunacceptabletoengage,oritisbeingdesignedbutnotyet
built,oritmaysimplynotexist.
[3]
Keyissuesinsimulationincludeacquisitionofvalidsourceinformationabouttherelevant
selectionofkeycharacteristicsandbehaviours,theuseofsimplifyingapproximationsand
assumptionswithinthesimulation,andfidelityandvalidityofthesimulationoutcomes.
Contents
[hide]
1Classificationandterminology
2Computersimulation
2.1Computerscience
3Simulationineducationandtraining
4Commonuserinteractionsystemsforvirtualsimulations
4.1Virtualsimulationinputhardware
4.2Virtualsimulationoutputhardware
5Clinicalhealthcaresimulators
5.1Improvingpatientsafety
5.2Historyofsimulationinhealthcare
5.3Typeofmodels
6Simulationinentertainment
6.1History
6.1.1Earlyhistory(1940sand1950s)
6.1.2Modernsimulation(1980spresent)
6.2Examplesofentertainmentsimulation
6.2.1Computerandvideogames
6.2.2Film
6.2.3Themeparkrides
7Simulationandmanufacturing
8Moreexamplesofsimulation
8.1Automobiles
8.2Biomechanics
8.3Cityandurban
8.4Classroomofthefuture
8.5Communicationsatellites
8.6DigitalLifecycle
8.7Disasterpreparedness
8.8Economics
8.9Engineering,technology,andprocesses
8.10Equipment
8.11Ergonomics
8.12Finance
8.13Flight
8.14Marine
8.15Military
8.16Paymentandsecuritiessettlementsystem
8.17Projectmanagement
8.18Robotics
8.19Production
8.20Salesprocess
8.21Sports
8.22Spaceshuttlecountdown
8.23Satellitenavigation
8.24Weather
9Simulationgames
10Historicalusage
11Seealso
12References
13Externallinks
Classification and terminology[edit]

Humanintheloopsimulationofouterspace.

Visualizationofadirectnumericalsimulationmodel.
Historically,simulationsusedindifferentfieldsdevelopedlargelyindependently,but20thcentury
studiesofsystemstheoryandcyberneticscombinedwithspreadinguseofcomputersacross
allthosefieldshaveledtosomeunificationandamoresystematicviewoftheconcept.
Physicalsimulationreferstosimulationinwhichphysicalobjectsaresubstitutedforthereal
thing(somecircles
[4]
usethetermforcomputersimulationsmodellingselectedlawsofphysics,
butthisarticledoesn't).Thesephysicalobjectsareoftenchosenbecausetheyaresmalleror
cheaperthantheactualobjectorsystem.
Interactivesimulationisaspecialkindofphysicalsimulation,oftenreferredtoasahumaninthe
loopsimulation,inwhichphysicalsimulationsincludehumanoperators,suchasinaflight
simulatororadrivingsimulator.
Humanintheloopsimulationscanincludeacomputersimulationasasocalledsynthetic
environment.
[5]
Simulationinfailureanalysisreferstosimulationinwhichwecreateenvironment/conditionsto
identifythecauseofequipmentfailure.Thiswasthebestandfastestmethodtoidentifythe
failurecause.
Computer simulation[edit]
Mainarticle:Computersimulation
Acomputersimulation(or"sim")isanattempttomodelareallifeorhypotheticalsituationona
computersothatitcanbestudiedtoseehowthesystemworks.Bychangingvariablesinthe
simulation,predictionsmaybemadeaboutthebehaviourofthesystem.Itisatooltovirtually
investigatethebehaviourofthesystemunderstudy.
[1]
Computersimulationhasbecomeausefulpartofmodelingmanynaturalsystemsinphysics,
chemistryandbiology,
[6]
andhumansystemsineconomicsandsocialscience(the
computationalsociology)aswellasinengineeringtogaininsightintotheoperationofthose
systems.Agoodexampleoftheusefulnessofusingcomputerstosimulatecanbefoundinthe
fieldofnetworktrafficsimulation.Insuchsimulations,themodelbehaviourwillchangeeach
simulationaccordingtothesetofinitialparametersassumedfortheenvironment.
Traditionally,theformalmodelingofsystemshasbeenviaamathematicalmodel,which
attemptstofindanalyticalsolutionsenablingthepredictionofthebehaviourofthesystemfroma
setofparametersandinitialconditions.Computersimulationisoftenusedasanadjunctto,or
substitutionfor,modelingsystemsforwhichsimpleclosedformanalyticsolutionsarenot
possible.Therearemanydifferenttypesofcomputersimulation,thecommonfeaturetheyall
shareistheattempttogenerateasampleofrepresentativescenariosforamodelinwhicha
completeenumerationofallpossiblestateswouldbeprohibitiveorimpossible.
Severalsoftwarepackagesexistforrunningcomputerbasedsimulationmodeling(e.g.Monte
Carlosimulation,stochasticmodeling,multimethodmodeling)thatmakesallthemodeling
almosteffortless.
Modernusageoftheterm"computersimulation"mayencompassvirtuallyanycomputerbased
representation.
Computerscience[edit]
Incomputerscience,simulationhassomespecializedmeanings:AlanTuringusedtheterm
"simulation"torefertowhathappenswhenauniversalmachineexecutesastatetransitiontable
(inmodernterminology,acomputerrunsaprogram)thatdescribesthestatetransitions,inputs
andoutputsofasubjectdiscretestatemachine
[citationneeded]
.Thecomputersimulatesthe
subjectmachine.Accordingly,intheoreticalcomputersciencethetermsimulationisarelation
betweenstatetransitionsystems,usefulinthestudyofoperationalsemantics.
Lesstheoretically,aninterestingapplicationofcomputersimulationistosimulatecomputers
usingcomputers.Incomputerarchitecture,atypeofsimulator,typicallycalledanemulator,is
oftenusedtoexecuteaprogramthathastorunonsomeinconvenienttypeofcomputer(for
example,anewlydesignedcomputerthathasnotyetbeenbuiltoranobsoletecomputerthatis
nolongeravailable),orinatightlycontrolledtestingenvironment(seeComputerarchitecture
simulatorandPlatformvirtualization).Forexample,simulatorshavebeenusedtodebuga
microprogramorsometimescommercialapplicationprograms,beforetheprogramis
downloadedtothetargetmachine.Sincetheoperationofthecomputerissimulated,allofthe
informationaboutthecomputer'soperationisdirectlyavailabletotheprogrammer,andthe
speedandexecutionofthesimulationcanbevariedatwill.
Simulatorsmayalsobeusedtointerpretfaulttrees,ortestVLSIlogicdesignsbeforetheyare
constructed.Symbolicsimulationusesvariablestostandforunknownvalues.
Inthefieldofoptimization,simulationsofphysicalprocessesareoftenusedinconjunctionwith
evolutionarycomputationtooptimizecontrolstrategies.
Simulation in education and training[edit]
Mainarticle:Adaptiveeducationalhypermedia
Simulationisextensivelyusedforeducationalpurposes.Itisfrequentlyusedbywayofadaptive
hypermedia.
Simulationisoftenusedinthetrainingofcivilianandmilitarypersonnel.
[7]
Thisusuallyoccurs
whenitisprohibitivelyexpensiveorsimplytoodangeroustoallowtraineestousethereal
equipmentintherealworld.Insuchsituationstheywillspendtimelearningvaluablelessonsina
"safe"virtualenvironmentyetlivingalifelikeexperience(oratleastitisthegoal).Oftenthe
convenienceistopermitmistakesduringtrainingforasafetycriticalsystem.Thereisa
distinction,though,betweensimulationsusedfortrainingandInstructionalsimulation.
Trainingsimulationstypicallycomeinoneofthreecategories:
[8]
"live"simulation(whereactualplayersusegenuinesystemsinarealenvironment)
"virtual"simulation(whereactualplayersusesimulatedsystemsinasynthetic
environment
[5]
),or
"constructive"simulation(wheresimulatedplayersusesimulatedsystemsina
syntheticenvironment).Constructivesimulationisoftenreferredtoas"wargaming"
sinceitbearssomeresemblancetotabletopwargamesinwhichplayerscommand
armiesofsoldiersandequipmentthatmovearoundaboard.
Instandardizedtests,"live"simulationsaresometimescalled"highfidelity",producing"samples
oflikelyperformance",asopposedto"lowfidelity","pencilandpaper"simulationsproducingonly
"signsofpossibleperformance",
[9]
butthedistinctionbetweenhigh,moderateandlowfidelity
remainsrelative,dependingonthecontextofaparticularcomparison.
Simulationsineducationaresomewhatliketrainingsimulations.Theyfocusonspecifictasks.
Theterm'microworld'isusedtorefertoeducationalsimulationswhichmodelsomeabstract
conceptratherthansimulatingarealisticobjectorenvironment,orinsomecasesmodelareal
worldenvironmentinasimplisticwaysoastohelpalearnerdevelopanunderstandingofthe
keyconcepts.Normally,ausercancreatesomesortofconstructionwithinthemicroworldthat
willbehaveinawayconsistentwiththeconceptsbeingmodeled.SeymourPapertwasoneof
thefirsttoadvocatethevalueofmicroworlds,andtheLogoprogrammingenvironment
developedbyPapertisoneofthemostfamousmicroworlds.Asanotherexample,theGlobal
ChallengeAwardonlineSTEMlearningwebsiteusesmicroworldsimulationstoteachscience
conceptsrelatedtoglobalwarmingandthefutureofenergy.Otherprojectsforsimulationsin
educationsareOpenSourcePhysics,NetSimetc.
ProjectManagementSimulationisincreasinglyusedtotrainstudentsandprofessionalsinthe
artandscienceofprojectmanagement.Usingsimulationforprojectmanagementtraining
improveslearningretentionandenhancesthelearningprocess.
[10][11]
Socialsimulationsmaybeusedinsocialscienceclassroomstoillustratesocialandpolitical
processesinanthropology,economics,history,politicalscience,orsociologycourses,typically
atthehighschooloruniversitylevel.Thesemay,forexample,taketheformofcivics
simulations,inwhichparticipantsassumerolesinasimulatedsociety,orinternationalrelations
simulationsinwhichparticipantsengageinnegotiations,allianceformation,trade,diplomacy,
andtheuseofforce.Suchsimulationsmightbebasedonfictitiouspoliticalsystems,orbe
basedoncurrentorhistoricalevents.AnexampleofthelatterwouldbeBarnardCollege's
ReactingtothePastseriesofhistoricaleducationalgames.
[12]
TheNationalScienceFoundation
hasalsosupportedthecreationofreactinggamesthataddressscienceandmatheducation.
[13]
Inrecentyears,therehasbeenincreasinguseofsocialsimulationsforstafftraininginaidand
developmentagencies.TheCaranasimulation,forexample,wasfirstdevelopedbytheUnited
NationsDevelopmentProgramme,andisnowusedinaveryrevisedformbytheWorldBankfor
trainingstafftodealwithfragileandconflictaffectedcountries.
[14]
Common user interaction systems for virtual simulations[edit]
Virtualsimulationsrepresentaspecificcategoryofsimulationthatutilizessimulationequipment
tocreateasimulatedworldfortheuser.Virtualsimulationsallowuserstointeractwithavirtual
world.Virtualworldsoperateonplatformsofintegratedsoftwareandhardwarecomponents.In
thismanner,thesystemcanacceptinputfromtheuser(e.g.,bodytracking,voice/sound
recognition,physicalcontrollers)andproduceoutputtotheuser(e.g.,visualdisplay,aural
display,hapticdisplay).
[15]
VirtualSimulationsusetheaforementionedmodesofinteractionto
produceasenseofimmersionfortheuser.
Virtualsimulationinputhardware[edit]

MotorcyclesimulatorofBienaldoAutomvelexhibition,inBeloHorizonte,Brazil.
Thereisawidevarietyofinputhardwareavailabletoacceptuserinputforvirtualsimulations.
Thefollowinglistbrieflydescribesseveralofthem:
BodytrackingThemotioncapturemethodisoftenusedtorecordtheusersmovementsand
translatethecaptureddataintoinputsforthevirtualsimulation.Forexample,ifauserphysically
turnstheirhead,themotionwouldbecapturedbythesimulationhardwareinsomewayand
translatedtoacorrespondingshiftinviewwithinthesimulation.
Capturesuitsand/orglovesmaybeusedtocapturemovementsofusersbodyparts.
Thesystemsmayhavesensorsincorporatedinsidethemtosensemovementsof
differentbodyparts(e.g.,fingers).Alternatively,thesesystemsmayhaveexterior
trackingdevicesormarksthatcanbedetectedbyexternalultrasound,optical
receiversorelectromagneticsensors.Internalinertialsensorsarealsoavailableon
somesystems.Theunitsmaytransmitdataeitherwirelesslyorthroughcables.
Eyetrackerscanalsobeusedtodetecteyemovementssothatthesystemcan
determinepreciselywhereauserislookingatanygiveninstant.
PhysicalcontrollersPhysicalcontrollersprovideinputtothesimulationonlythroughdirect
manipulationbytheuser.Invirtualsimulations,tactilefeedbackfromphysicalcontrollersis
highlydesirableinanumberofsimulationenvironments.
Omnidirectionaltreadmillscanbeusedtocapturetheuserslocomotionastheywalk
orrun.
Highfidelityinstrumentationsuchasinstrumentpanelsinvirtualaircraftcockpits
providesuserswithactualcontrolstoraisethelevelofimmersion.Forexample,
pilotscanusetheactualglobalpositioningsystemcontrolsfromtherealdeviceina
simulatedcockpittohelpthempracticeprocedureswiththeactualdeviceinthe
contextoftheintegratedcockpitsystem.
Voice/soundrecognitionThisformofinteractionmaybeusedeithertointeractwithagents
withinthesimulation(e.g.,virtualpeople)ortomanipulateobjectsinthesimulation(e.g.,
information).Voiceinteractionpresumablyincreasesthelevelofimmersionfortheuser.
Usersmayuseheadsetswithboommicrophones,lapelmicrophonesortheroom
maybeequippedwithstrategicallylocatedmicrophones.
CurrentresearchintouserinputsystemsResearchinfutureinputsystemsholdagreatdeal
ofpromiseforvirtualsimulations.Systemssuchasbraincomputerinterfaces
(BCIs)Braincomputerinterfaceoffertheabilitytofurtherincreasethelevelofimmersionfor
virtualsimulationusers.Lee,Keinrath,Scherer,Bischof,Pfurtscheller
[16]
provedthatnave
subjectscouldbetrainedtouseaBCItonavigateavirtualapartmentwithrelativeease.Using
theBCI,theauthorsfoundthatsubjectswereabletofreelynavigatethevirtualenvironmentwith
relativelyminimaleffort.Itispossiblethatthesetypesofsystemswillbecomestandardinput
modalitiesinfuturevirtualsimulationsystems.Simulationisaoneofthepartofanengineering
studentsandalsoimpformainelectricalstudentsitscomeinformofeducationpurpose.
Virtualsimulationoutputhardware[edit]
Thereisawidevarietyofoutputhardwareavailabletodeliverstimulustousersinvirtual
simulations.Thefollowinglistbrieflydescribesseveralofthem:
VisualdisplayVisualdisplaysprovidethevisualstimulustotheuser.
Stationarydisplayscanvaryfromaconventionaldesktopdisplayto360degreewrap
aroundscreenstostereothreedimensionalscreens.Conventionaldesktopdisplays
canvaryinsizefrom15to60+inches.Wraparoundscreensaretypicallyutilizedin
whatisknownasaCaveAutomaticVirtualEnvironment(CAVE)CaveAutomatic
VirtualEnvironment.Stereothreedimensionalscreensproducethreedimensional
imageseitherwithorwithoutspecialglassesdependingonthedesign.
Headmounteddisplays(HMDs)havesmalldisplaysthataremountedonheadgear
wornbytheuser.Thesesystemsareconnecteddirectlyintothevirtualsimulationto
providetheuserwithamoreimmersiveexperience.Weight,updateratesandfieldof
viewaresomeofthekeyvariablesthatdifferentiateHMDs.Naturally,heavierHMDs
areundesirableastheycausefatigueovertime.Iftheupdaterateistooslow,the
systemisunabletoupdatethedisplaysfastenoughtocorrespondwithaquickhead
turnbytheuser.Slowerupdateratestendtocausesimulationsicknessanddisrupt
thesenseofimmersion.Fieldofviewortheangularextentoftheworldthatisseenat
agivenmomentFieldofviewcanvaryfromsystemtosystemandhasbeenfoundto
affecttheuserssenseofimmersion.
AuraldisplaySeveraldifferenttypesofaudiosystemsexisttohelptheuserhearandlocalize
soundsspatially.Specialsoftwarecanbeusedtoproduce3Daudioeffects3Daudiotocreate
theillusionthatsoundsourcesareplacedwithinadefinedthreedimensionalspacearoundthe
user.
Stationaryconventionalspeakersystemsmaybeusedprovidedualormultichannel
surroundsound.However,externalspeakersarenotaseffectiveasheadphonesin
producing3Daudioeffects.
[15]
Conventionalheadphonesofferaportablealternativetostationaryspeakers.They
alsohavetheaddedadvantagesofmaskingrealworldnoiseandfacilitatemore
effective3Daudiosoundeffects.
[15]
HapticdisplayThesedisplaysprovidesenseoftouchtotheuserHaptictechnology.Thistype
ofoutputissometimesreferredtoasforcefeedback.
Tactiletiledisplaysusedifferenttypesofactuatorssuchasinflatablebladders,
vibrators,lowfrequencysubwoofers,pinactuatorsand/orthermoactuatorsto
producesensationsfortheuser.
Endeffectordisplayscanrespondtousersinputswithresistanceandforce.
[15]

Thesesystemsareoftenusedinmedicalapplicationsforremotesurgeriesthat
employroboticinstruments.
[17]
VestibulardisplayThesedisplaysprovideasenseofmotiontotheuserMotionsimulator.They
oftenmanifestasmotionbasesforvirtualvehiclesimulationsuchasdrivingsimulatorsorflight
simulators.Motionbasesarefixedinplacebutuseactuatorstomovethesimulatorinwaysthat
canproducethesensationspitching,yawingorrolling.Thesimulatorscanalsomoveinsucha
wayastoproduceasenseofaccelerationonallaxes(e.g.,themotionbasecanproducethe
sensationoffalling).
Clinical healthcare simulators[edit]
Mainarticle:Medicalsimulation
Medicalsimulatorsareincreasinglybeingdevelopedanddeployedtoteachtherapeuticand
diagnosticproceduresaswellasmedicalconceptsanddecisionmakingtopersonnelinthe
healthprofessions.Simulatorshavebeendevelopedfortrainingproceduresrangingfromthe
basicssuchasblooddraw,tolaparoscopicsurgery
[18]
andtraumacare.Theyarealso
importanttohelponprototypingnewdevices
[19]
forbiomedicalengineeringproblems.Currently,
simulatorsareappliedtoresearchanddeveloptoolsfornewtherapies,
[20]
treatments
[21]
and
earlydiagnosis
[22]
inmedicine.
Manymedicalsimulatorsinvolveacomputerconnectedtoaplasticsimulationoftherelevant
anatomy.
[citationneeded]
Sophisticatedsimulatorsofthistypeemployalifesizemannequinthat
respondstoinjecteddrugsandcanbeprogrammedtocreatesimulationsoflifethreatening
emergencies.Inothersimulations,visualcomponentsoftheprocedurearereproducedby
computergraphicstechniques,whiletouchbasedcomponentsarereproducedbyhaptic
feedbackdevicescombinedwithphysicalsimulationroutinescomputedinresponsetothe
user'sactions.Medicalsimulationsofthissortwilloftenuse3DCTorMRIscansofpatientdata
toenhancerealism.Somemedicalsimulationsaredevelopedtobewidelydistributed(suchas
webenabledsimulationsandproceduralsimulationsthatcanbeviewedviastandardweb
browsers)andcanbeinteractedwithusingstandardcomputerinterfaces,suchasthekeyboard
andmouse.
Anotherimportantmedicalapplicationofasimulatoralthough,perhaps,denotingaslightly
differentmeaningofsimulatoristheuseofaplacebodrug,aformulationthatsimulatesthe
activedrugintrialsofdrugefficacy(seePlacebo(originsoftechnicalterm)).
Improvingpatientsafety[edit]
Patientsafetyisaconcerninthemedicalindustry.Patientshavebeenknowntosufferinjuries
andevendeathduetomanagementerror,andlackofusingbeststandardsofcareandtraining.
AccordingtoBuildingaNationalAgendaforSimulationBasedMedicalEducation(EderVan
Hook,Jackie,2004),Ahealthcareprovidersabilitytoreactprudentlyinanunexpectedsituation
isoneofthemostcriticalfactorsincreatingapositiveoutcomeinmedicalemergency,
regardlessofwhetheritoccursonthebattlefield,freeway,orhospitalemergencyroom.
simulation.EderVanHook(2004)alsonotedthatmedicalerrorskillupto98,000withan
estimatedcostbetween$37and$50millionand$17to$29billionforpreventableadverse
eventsdollarsperyear.Deathsduetopreventableadverseeventsexceeddeathsattributableto
motorvehicleaccidents,breastcancer,orAIDSEderVanHook(2004).Withthesetypesof
statisticsitisnowonderthatimprovingpatientsafetyisaprevalentconcernintheindustry.
Innovativesimulationtrainingsolutionsarenowbeingusedtotrainmedicalprofessionalsinan
attempttoreducethenumberofsafetyconcernsthathaveadverseeffectsonthepatients.
However,accordingtothearticleDoesSimulationImprovePatientSafety?Selfefficacy,
Competence,OperationalPerformance,andPatientSafety(NishisakiA.,KerenR.,and
Nadkarni,V.,2007),thejuryisstillout.NishisakistatesthatThereisgoodevidencethat
simulationtrainingimprovesproviderandteamselfefficacyandcompetenceonmanikins.
Thereisalsogoodevidencethatproceduralsimulationimprovesactualoperationalperformance
inclinicalsettings.
[23]
However,noevidenceyetshowsthatcrewresourcemanagementtraining
throughsimulation,despiteitspromise,improvesteamoperationalperformanceatthebedside.
Also,noevidencetodateprovesthatsimulationtrainingactuallyimprovespatientoutcome.
Evenso,confidenceisgrowinginthevalidityofmedicalsimulationasthetrainingtoolofthe
future.Thiscouldbebecausetherearenotenoughresearchstudiesyetconductedto
effectivelydeterminethesuccessofsimulationinitiativestoimprovepatientsafety.Examplesof
[recentlyimplemented]researchsimulationsusedtoimprovepatientcare[anditsfunding]can
befoundatImprovingPatientSafetythroughSimulationResearch(USDepartmentofHuman
HealthServices)http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/simulproj.htm.
Onesuchattempttoimprovepatientsafetythroughtheuseofsimulationstrainingispediatric
caretodeliverjustintimeserviceor/andjustinplace.Thistrainingconsistsof20minutesof
simulatedtrainingjustbeforeworkersreporttoshift.Itishopedthattherecentnessofthe
trainingwillincreasethepositiveandreducethenegativeresultsthathavegenerallybeen
associatedwiththeprocedure.Thepurposeofthisstudyistodetermineifjustintimetraining
improvespatientsafetyandoperationalperformanceoforotrachealintubationanddecrease
occurrencesofundesiredassociatedeventsandtotestthehypothesisthathighfidelity
simulationmayenhancethetrainingefficacyandpatientsafetyinsimulationsettings.The
conclusionasreportedinAbstractP38:JustInTimeSimulationTrainingImprovesICU
PhysicianTraineeAirwayResuscitationParticipationwithoutCompromisingProcedural
SuccessorSafety(NishisakiA.,2008),werethatsimulationtrainingimprovedresident
participationinrealcasesbutdidnotsacrificethequalityofservice.Itcouldbetherefore
hypothesizedthatbyincreasingthenumberofhighlytrainedresidentsthroughtheuseof
simulationtraining,thatthesimulationtrainingdoesinfactincreasepatientsafety.This
hypothesiswouldhavetoberesearchedforvalidationandtheresultsmayormaynotgeneralize
toothersituations.
Historyofsimulationinhealthcare[edit]
Thefirstmedicalsimulatorsweresimplemodelsofhumanpatients.
[24]
Sinceantiquity,theserepresentationsinclayandstonewereusedtodemonstrateclinical
featuresofdiseasestatesandtheireffectsonhumans.Modelshavebeenfoundfrommany
culturesandcontinents.Thesemodelshavebeenusedinsomecultures(e.g.,Chineseculture)
asa"diagnostic"instrument,allowingwomentoconsultmalephysicianswhilemaintaining
sociallawsofmodesty.Modelsareusedtodaytohelpstudentslearntheanatomyofthe
musculoskeletalsystemandorgansystems.
[24]
Typeofmodels[edit]
Activemodels
Activemodelsthatattempttoreproducelivinganatomyorphysiologyarerecent
developments.ThefamousHarveymannequinwasdevelopedattheUniversityofMiami
andisabletorecreatemanyofthephysicalfindingsofthecardiologyexamination,
includingpalpation,auscultation,andelectrocardiography.
[25]
Interactivemodels
Morerecently,interactivemodelshavebeendevelopedthatrespondtoactionstakenbya
studentorphysician.
[25]
Untilrecently,thesesimulationsweretwodimensionalcomputer
programsthatactedmorelikeatextbookthanapatient.Computersimulationshavethe
advantageofallowingastudenttomakejudgments,andalsotomakeerrors.Theprocessof
iterativelearningthroughassessment,evaluation,decisionmaking,anderrorcorrection
createsamuchstrongerlearningenvironmentthanpassiveinstruction.
Computersimulators

3DiTeamslearnerispercussingthepatient'schestinvirtualfieldhospital
Simulatorshavebeenproposedasanidealtoolforassessmentofstudentsforclinical
skills.
[26]
Forpatients,"cybertherapy"canbeusedforsessionssimulatingtraumatic
expericences,fromfearofheightstosocialanxiety.
[27]
Programmedpatientsandsimulatedclinicalsituations,includingmockdisasterdrills,have
beenusedextensivelyforeducationandevaluation.Theselifelikesimulationsare
expensive,andlackreproducibility.Afullyfunctional"3Di"simulatorwouldbethemost
specifictoolavailableforteachingandmeasurementofclinicalskills.Gamingplatformshave
beenappliedtocreatethesevirtualmedicalenvironmentstocreateaninteractivemethodfor
learningandapplicationofinformationinaclinicalcontext.
[28][29]
ImmersivediseasestatesimulationsallowadoctororHCPtoexperiencewhatadisease
actuallyfeelslike.Usingsensorsandtransducerssymptomaticeffectscanbedeliveredtoa
participantallowingthemtoexperiencethepatientsdiseasestate.
Suchasimulatormeetsthegoalsofanobjectiveandstandardizedexaminationforclinical
competence.
[30]
Thissystemissuperiortoexaminationsthatuse"standardpatients"
becauseitpermitsthequantitativemeasurementofcompetence,aswellasreproducingthe
sameobjectivefindings.
[31]
Simulation in entertainment[edit]
Simulationinentertainmentencompassesmanylargeandpopularindustriessuchasfilm,
television,videogames(includingseriousgames)andridesinthemeparks.Althoughmodern
simulationisthoughttohaveitsrootsintrainingandthemilitary,inthe20thcenturyitalso
becameaconduitforenterpriseswhichweremorehedonisticinnature.Advancesintechnology
inthe1980sand1990scausedsimulationtobecomemorewidelyusedanditbegantoappear
inmoviessuchasJurassicPark(1993)andincomputerbasedgamessuchasAtaris
Battlezone(1980).
History[edit]
Earlyhistory(1940sand1950s)[edit]
Thefirstsimulationgamemayhavebeencreatedasearlyas1947byThomasT.GoldsmithJr.
andEstleRayMann.Thiswasastraightforwardgamethatsimulatedamissilebeingfiredata
target.Thecurveofthemissileanditsspeedcouldbeadjustedusingseveralknobs.In1958a
computergamecalledTennisforTwowascreatedbyWillyHigginbothamwhichsimulateda
tennisgamebetweentwoplayerswhocouldbothplayatthesametimeusinghandcontrolsand
wasdisplayedonanoscilloscope.
[32]
Thiswasoneofthefirstelectronicvideogamestousea
graphicaldisplay.
Modernsimulation(1980spresent)[edit]
Advancesintechnologyinthe1980smadethecomputermoreaffordableandmorecapable
thantheywereinpreviousdecades
[33]
whichfacilitatedtheriseofcomputersuchastheXbox
gaming.Thefirstvideogameconsolesreleasedinthe1970sandearly1980sfellpreytothe
industrycrashin1983,butin1985,NintendoreleasedtheNintendoEntertainmentSystem
(NES)whichbecameoneofthebestsellingconsolesinvideogamehistory.
[34]
Inthe1990s,
computergamesbecamewidelypopularwiththereleaseofsuchgameasTheSimsand
Command&Conquerandthestillincreasingpowerofdesktopcomputers.Today,computer
simulationgamessuchasWorldofWarcraftareplayedbymillionsofpeoplearoundtheworld.
Computergeneratedimagerywasusedinfilmtosimulateobjectsasearlyas1976,thoughin
1982,thefilmTronwasthefirstfilmtousecomputergeneratedimageryformorethanacouple
ofminutes.However,thecommercialfailureofthemoviemayhavecausedtheindustrytostep
awayfromthetechnology.
[35]
In1993,thefilmJurassicParkbecamethefirstpopularfilmtouse
computergeneratedgraphicsextensively,integratingthesimulateddinosaursalmost
seamlesslyintoliveactionscenes.Thiseventtransformedthefilmindustryin1995,thefilmToy
Storywasthefirstfilmtouseonlycomputergeneratedimagesandbythenewmillennium
computergeneratedgraphicsweretheleadingchoiceforspecialeffectsinfilms.
[36]
SimulatorshavebeenusedforentertainmentsincetheLinkTrainerinthe1930s.
[37]
Thefirst
modernsimulatorridetoopenatathemeparkwasDisneysStarToursin1987soonfollowed
byUniversalsTheFuntasticWorldofHannaBarberain1990whichwasthefirstridetobedone
entirelywithcomputergraphics.
[38]
Examplesofentertainmentsimulation[edit]
Computerandvideogames[edit]
Simulationgames,asopposedtoothergenresofvideoandcomputergames,representor
simulateanenvironmentaccurately.Moreover,theyrepresenttheinteractionsbetweenthe
playablecharactersandtheenvironmentrealistically.Thesekindsofgamesareusuallymore
complexintermsofgameplay.
[39]
Simulationgameshavebecomeincrediblypopularamong
peopleofallages.
[40]
PopularsimulationgamesincludeSimCity,TigerWoodsPGATourand
Virtonomics.TherearealsoFlightSimulationandDrivingSimulationgames.
Film[edit]
Computergeneratedimageryistheapplicationofthefieldof3Dcomputergraphicstospecial
effects.Thistechnologyisusedforvisualeffectsbecausetheyarehighinquality,controllable,
andcancreateeffectsthatwouldnotbefeasibleusinganyothertechnologyeitherbecauseof
cost,resourcesorsafety.
[41]
Computergeneratedgraphicscanbeseeninmanyliveaction
moviestoday,especiallythoseoftheactiongenre.Further,computergeneratedimageryhas
almostcompletelysupplantedhanddrawnanimationinchildren'smovieswhichareincreasingly
computergeneratedonly.Examplesofmoviesthatusecomputergeneratedimageryinclude
FindingNemo,300andIronMan.
Themeparkrides[edit]
Simulatorridesaretheprogenyofmilitarytrainingsimulatorsandcommercialsimulators,but
theyaredifferentinafundamentalway.Whilemilitarytrainingsimulatorsreactrealisticallytothe
inputofthetraineeinrealtime,ridesimulatorsonlyfeelliketheymoverealisticallyandmove
accordingtoprerecordedmotionscripts.
[38]
Oneofthefirstsimulatorrides,StarTours,which
cost$32millon,usedahydraulicmotionbasedcabin.Themovementwasprogrammedbya
joystick.Todayssimulatorrides,suchasTheAmazingAdventuresofSpiderManinclude
elementstoincreasetheamountofimmersionexperiencedbytheriderssuchas:3Dimagery,
physicaleffects(sprayingwaterorproducingscents),andmovementthroughan
environment.
[42]
ExamplesofsimulationridesincludeMissionSpaceandTheSimpsonsRide.
TherearemanysimulationridesatthemeparkslikeDisney,Universaletc.,ExamplesareFlint
Stones,EarthQuake,TimeMachine,KingKong.
Simulation and manufacturing[edit]
ManufacturingrepresentsoneofthemostimportantapplicationsofSimulation.Thistechnique
representsavaluabletoolusedbyengineerswhenevaluatingtheeffectofcapitalinvestmentin
equipmentsandphysicalfacilitieslikefactoryplants,warehouses,anddistributioncenters.
Simulationcanbeusedtopredicttheperformanceofanexistingorplannedsystemandto
comparealternativesolutionsforaparticulardesignproblem.
[43]
Anotherimportantgoalofmanufacturingsimulationsistoquantifysystemperformance.
Commonmeasuresofsystemperformanceincludethefollowing:
[44]
Throughputunderaverageandpeakloads
Systemcycletime(howlongittaketoproduceonepart)
Utilizationofresource,labor,andmachines
Bottlenecksandchokepoints
Queuingatworklocations
Queuinganddelayscausedbymaterialhandlingdevicesandsystems
WIPstoragesneeds
Staffingrequirements
Effectivenessofschedulingsystems
Effectivenessofcontrolsystems.
More examples of simulation[edit]
Automobiles[edit]

Asoldiertestsoutaheavywheeledvehicledriversimulator.
Anautomobilesimulatorprovidesanopportunitytoreproducethecharacteristicsofrealvehicles
inavirtualenvironment.Itreplicatestheexternalfactorsandconditionswithwhichavehicle
interactsenablingadrivertofeelasiftheyaresittinginthecaboftheirownvehicle.Scenarios
andeventsarereplicatedwithsufficientrealitytoensurethatdriversbecomefullyimmersedin
theexperienceratherthansimplyviewingitasaneducationalexperience.
Thesimulatorprovidesaconstructiveexperienceforthenovicedriverandenablesmore
complexexercisestobeundertakenbythemorematuredriver.Fornovicedrivers,truck
simulatorsprovideanopportunitytobegintheircareerbyapplyingbestpractice.Formature
drivers,simulationprovidestheabilitytoenhancegooddrivingortodetectpoorpracticeandto
suggestthenecessarystepsforremedialaction.Forcompanies,itprovidesanopportunityto
educatestaffinthedrivingskillsthatachievereducedmaintenancecosts,improvedproductivity
and,mostimportantly,toensurethesafetyoftheiractionsinallpossiblesituations.
Biomechanics[edit]
Mainarticles:ArtiSynth,simtkopensimandAnimatLab(software)
Anopensourcesimulationplatformforcreatingdynamicmechanicalmodelsbuiltfrom
combinationsofrigidanddeformablebodies,joints,constraints,andvariousforceactuators.Itis
specializedforcreatingbiomechanicalmodelsofhumananatomicalstructures,withthe
intentiontostudytheirfunctionandeventuallyassistinthedesignandplanningofmedical
treatment.
Abiomechanicssimulatorisusedtoanalyzewalkingdynamics,studysportsperformance,
simulatesurgicalprocedures,analyzejointloads,designmedicaldevices,andanimatehuman
andanimalmovement.
Aneuromechanicalsimulatorthatcombinesbiomechanicalandbiologicallyrealisticneural
networksimulation.Itallowstheusertotesthypothesesontheneuralbasisofbehaviorina
physicallyaccurate3Dvirtualenvironment.
Cityandurban[edit]
Acitysimulatorcanbeacitybuildinggamebutcanalsobeatoolusedbyurbanplannersto
understandhowcitiesarelikelytoevolveinresponsetovariouspolicydecisions.AnyLogicisan
exampleofmodern,largescaleurbansimulatorsdesignedforusebyurbanplanners.City
simulatorsaregenerallyagentbasedsimulationswithexplicitrepresentationsforlanduseand
transportation.UrbanSimandLEAMareexamplesoflargescaleurbansimulationmodelsthat
areusedbymetropolitanplanningagenciesandmilitarybasesforlanduseandtransportation
planning.
Classroomofthefuture[edit]
The"classroomofthefuture"willprobablycontainseveralkindsofsimulators,inadditionto
textualandvisuallearningtools.Thiswillallowstudentstoentertheclinicalyearsbetter
prepared,andwithahigherskilllevel.Theadvancedstudentorpostgraduatewillhaveamore
conciseandcomprehensivemethodofretrainingorofincorporatingnewclinicalprocedures
intotheirskillsetandregulatorybodiesandmedicalinstitutionswillfinditeasiertoassessthe
proficiencyandcompetencyofindividuals.
Theclassroomofthefuturewillalsoformthebasisofaclinicalskillsunitforcontinuing
educationofmedicalpersonnelandinthesamewaythattheuseofperiodicflighttraining
assistsairlinepilots,thistechnologywillassistpractitionersthroughouttheircareer.
[citationneeded]
Thesimulatorwillbemorethana"living"textbook,itwillbecomeanintegralapartofthepractice
ofmedicine.
[citationneeded]
Thesimulatorenvironmentwillalsoprovideastandardplatformfor
curriculumdevelopmentininstitutionsofmedicaleducation.
Communicationsatellites[edit]
Modernsatellitecommunicationssystems(SatCom)areoftenlargeandcomplexwithmany
interactingpartsandelements.Inaddition,theneedforbroadbandconnectivityonamoving
vehiclehasincreaseddramaticallyinthepastfewyearsforbothcommercialandmilitary
applications.Toaccuratelypredictanddeliverhighqualityofservice,satcomsystemdesigners
havetofactorinterrainaswellasatmosphericandmeteorologicalconditionsintheirplanning.
Todealwithsuchcomplexity,systemdesignersandoperatorsincreasinglyturntowards
computermodelsoftheirsystemstosimulaterealworldoperationalconditionsandgaininsights
intousabilityandrequirementspriortofinalproductsignoff.Modelingimprovesthe
understandingofthesystembyenablingtheSatComsystemdesignerorplannertosimulate
realworldperformancebyinjectingthemodelswithmultiplehypotheticalatmosphericand
environmentalconditions.Simulationisoftenusedinthetrainingofcivilianandmilitary
personnel.Thisusuallyoccurswhenitisprohibitivelyexpensiveorsimplytoodangeroustoallow
traineestousetherealequipmentintherealworld.Insuchsituationstheywillspendtime
learningvaluablelessonsina"safe"virtualenvironmentyetlivingalifelikeexperience(oratleast
itisthegoal).Oftentheconvenienceistopermitmistakesduringtrainingforasafetycritical
system.
DigitalLifecycle[edit]

Simulationofairflowoveranengine
SimulationsolutionsarebeingincreasinglyintegratedwithCAx(CAD,CAM,CAE....)solutions
andprocesses.Theuseofsimulationthroughouttheproductlifecycle,especiallyattheearlier
conceptanddesignstages,hasthepotentialofprovidingsubstantialbenefits.Thesebenefits
rangefromdirectcostissuessuchasreducedprototypingandshortertimetomarket,tobetter
performingproductsandhighermargins.However,forsomecompanies,simulationhasnot
providedtheexpectedbenefits.
TheresearchfirmAberdeenGrouphasfoundthatnearlyallbestinclassmanufacturersuse
simulationearlyinthedesignprocessascomparedto3or4laggardswhodonot.
Thesuccessfuluseofsimulation,earlyinthelifecycle,hasbeenlargelydrivenbyincreased
integrationofsimulationtoolswiththeentireCAD,CAMandPLMsolutionset.Simulation
solutionscannowfunctionacrosstheextendedenterpriseinamultiCADenvironment,and
includesolutionsformanagingsimulationdataandprocessesandensuringthatsimulation
resultsaremadepartoftheproductlifecyclehistory.Theabilitytousesimulationacrossthe
entirelifecyclehasbeenenhancedthroughimproveduserinterfacessuchastailorableuser
interfacesand"wizards"whichallowallappropriatePLMparticipantstotakepartinthe
simulationprocess.
Disasterpreparedness[edit]
Simulationtraininghasbecomeamethodforpreparingpeoplefordisasters.Simulationscan
replicateemergencysituationsandtrackhowlearnersrespondthankstoalifelikeexperience.
Disasterpreparednesssimulationscaninvolvetrainingonhowtohandleterrorismattacks,
naturaldisasters,pandemicoutbreaks,orotherlifethreateningemergencies.
OneorganizationthathasusedsimulationtrainingfordisasterpreparednessisCADE(Center
forAdvancementofDistanceEducation).CADE
[45]
hasusedavideogametoprepare
emergencyworkersformultipletypesofattacks.AsreportedbyNewsMedical.Net,Thevideo
gameisthefirstinaseriesofsimulationstoaddressbioterrorism,pandemicflu,smallpoxand
otherdisastersthatemergencypersonnelmustpreparefor.
[46]
Developedbyateamfromthe
UniversityofIllinoisatChicago(UIC),thegameallowslearnerstopracticetheiremergencyskills
inasafe,controlledenvironment.
TheEmergencySimulationProgram(ESP)attheBritishColumbiaInstituteofTechnology
(BCIT),Vancouver,BritishColumbia,Canadaisanotherexampleofanorganizationthatuses
simulationtotrainforemergencysituations.ESPusessimulationtotrainonthefollowing
situations:forestfirefighting,oilorchemicalspillresponse,earthquakeresponse,law
enforcement,municipalfirefighting,hazardousmaterialhandling,militarytraining,andresponse
toterroristattack
[47]
OnefeatureofthesimulationsystemistheimplementationofDynamic
RunTimeClock,whichallowssimulationstoruna'simulated'timeframe,'speedingup'or
'slowingdown'timeasdesired
[47]
Additionally,thesystemallowssessionrecordings,
pictureiconbasednavigation,filestorageofindividualsimulations,multimediacomponents,and
launchexternalapplications.
AttheUniversityofQubecinChicoutimi,aresearchteamattheoutdoorresearchand
expertiselaboratory(Laboratoired'ExpertiseetdeRechercheenPleinAirLERPA)specializes
inusingwildernessbackcountryaccidentsimulationstoverifyemergencyresponse
coordination.
Instructionally,thebenefitsofemergencytrainingthroughsimulationsarethatlearner
performancecanbetrackedthroughthesystem.Thisallowsthedevelopertomakeadjustments
asnecessaryoralerttheeducatorontopicsthatmayrequireadditionalattention.Other
advantagesarethatthelearnercanbeguidedortrainedonhowtorespondappropriatelybefore
continuingtothenextemergencysegmentthisisanaspectthatmaynotbeavailableinthe
liveenvironment.Someemergencytrainingsimulatorsalsoallowsforimmediatefeedback,
whileothersimulationsmayprovideasummaryandinstructthelearnertoengageinthelearning
topicagain.
Inaliveemergencysituation,emergencyrespondersdonothavetimetowaste.
Simulationtraininginthisenvironmentprovidesanopportunityforlearnerstogatherasmuch
informationastheycanandpracticetheirknowledgeinasafeenvironment.Theycanmake
mistakeswithoutriskofendangeringlivesandbegiventheopportunitytocorrecttheirerrorsto
prepareforthereallifeemergency.
Economics[edit]
Ineconomicsandespeciallymacroeconomics,theeffectsofproposedpolicyactions,suchas
fiscalpolicychangesormonetarypolicychanges,aresimulatedtojudgetheirdesirability.A
mathematicalmodeloftheeconomy,havingbeenfittedtohistoricaleconomicdata,isusedasa
proxyfortheactualeconomyproposedvaluesofgovernmentspending,taxation,openmarket
operations,etc.areusedasinputstothesimulationofthemodel,andvariousvariablesof
interestsuchastheinflationrate,theunemploymentrate,thebalanceoftradedeficit,the
governmentbudgetdeficit,etc.aretheoutputsofthesimulation.Thesimulatedvaluesofthese
variablesofinterestarecomparedfordifferentproposedpolicyinputstodeterminewhichsetof
outcomesismostdesirable.
Engineering,technology,andprocesses[edit]
Simulationisanimportantfeatureinengineeringsystemsoranysystemthatinvolvesmany
processes.Forexampleinelectricalengineering,delaylinesmaybeusedtosimulate
propagationdelayandphaseshiftcausedbyanactualtransmissionline.Similarly,dummyloads
maybeusedtosimulateimpedancewithoutsimulatingpropagation,andisusedinsituations
wherepropagationisunwanted.Asimulatormayimitateonlyafewoftheoperationsand
functionsoftheunititsimulates.Contrastwith:emulate.
[48]
Mostengineeringsimulationsentailmathematicalmodelingandcomputerassistedinvestigation.
Therearemanycases,however,wheremathematicalmodelingisnotreliable.Simulationoffluid
dynamicsproblemsoftenrequirebothmathematicalandphysicalsimulations.Inthesecases
thephysicalmodelsrequiredynamicsimilitude.Physicalandchemicalsimulationshavealso
directrealisticuses,ratherthanresearchusesinchemicalengineering,forexample,process
simulationsareusedtogivetheprocessparametersimmediatelyusedforoperatingchemical
plants,suchasoilrefineries.
Equipment[edit]
Duetothedangerousandexpensivenatureoftrainingonheavyequipment,simulationhas
becomeacommonsolutionacrossmanyindustries.Typesofsimulatedequipmentinclude
cranes,miningreclaimersandconstructionequipment,amongmanyothers.Oftenthe
simulationunitswillincludeprebuiltscenariosbywhichtoteachtrainees,aswellastheability
tocustomizenewscenarios.Suchequipmentsimulatorsareintendedtocreateasafeandcost
effectivealternativetotrainingonliveequipment.
[49]
Ergonomics[edit]
Ergonomicsimulationinvolvestheanalysisofvirtualproductsormanualtaskswithinavirtual
environment.Intheengineeringprocess,theaimofergonomicsistodevelopandtoimprovethe
designofproductsandworkenvironments.
[50]
Ergonomicsimulationutilizesananthropometric
virtualrepresentationofthehuman,commonlyreferencedasamannequinorDigitalHuman
Models(DHMs),tomimicthepostures,mechanicalloads,andperformanceofahuman
operatorinasimulatedenvironmentsuchasanairplane,automobile,ormanufacturingfacility.
DHMsarerecognizedasevolvingandvaluabletoolforperformingproactiveergonomics
analysisanddesign.
[51]
Thesimulationsemploy3Dgraphicsandphysicsbasedmodelsto
animatethevirtualhumans.Ergonomicssoftwareusesinversekinematics(IK)capabilityfor
posingtheDHMs.
[50]
SeveralergonomicsimulationtoolshavebeendevelopedincludingJack,
SAFEWORK,RAMSIS,andSAMMIE.
Thesoftwaretoolstypicallycalculatebiomechanicalpropertiesincludingindividualmuscle
forces,jointforcesandmoments.Mostofthesetoolsemploystandardergonomicevaluation
methodssuchastheNIOSHliftingequationandRapidUpperLimbAssessment(RULA).Some
simulationsalsoanalyzephysiologicalmeasuresincludingmetabolism,energyexpenditure,and
fatiguelimitsCycletimestudies,designandprocessvalidation,usercomfort,reachability,and
lineofsightareotherhumanfactorsthatmaybeexaminedinergonomicsimulation
packages.
[52]
Modelingandsimulationofataskcanbeperformedbymanuallymanipulatingthevirtualhuman
inthesimulatedenvironment.Someergonomicssimulationsoftwarepermitsinteractive,
realtimesimulationandevaluationthroughactualhumaninputviamotioncapturetechnologies.
However,motioncaptureforergonomicsrequiresexpensiveequipmentandthecreationof
propstorepresenttheenvironmentorproduct.
Someapplicationsofergonomicsimulationinincludeanalysisofsolidwastecollection,disaster
managementtasks,interactivegaming,
[53]
automotiveassemblyline,
[54]
virtualprototypingof
rehabilitationaids,
[55]
andaerospaceproductdesign.
[56]
Fordengineersuseergonomics
simulationsoftwaretoperformvirtualproductdesignreviews.Usingengineeringdata,the
simulationsassistevaluationofassemblyergonomics.ThecompanyusesSiemensJackand
Jillergonomicssimulationsoftwareinimprovingworkersafetyandefficiency,withouttheneedto
buildexpensiveprototypes.
[57]
Finance[edit]
Mainarticles:MonteCarlomethodsinfinanceandMathematicalfinance
Infinance,computersimulationsareoftenusedforscenarioplanning.Riskadjustednetpresent
value,forexample,iscomputedfromwelldefinedbutnotalwaysknown(orfixed)inputs.By
imitatingtheperformanceoftheprojectunderevaluation,simulationcanprovideadistributionof
NPVoverarangeofdiscountratesandothervariables.
Simulationsarefrequentlyusedinfinancialtrainingtoengageparticipantsinexperiencing
varioushistoricalaswellasfictionalsituations.Therearestockmarketsimulations,portfolio
simulations,riskmanagementsimulationsormodelsandforexsimulations.Suchsimulations
aretypicallybasedonstochasticassetmodels.Usingthesesimulationsinatrainingprogram
allowsfortheapplicationoftheoryintoasomethingakintoreallife.Aswithotherindustries,the
useofsimulationscanbetechnologyorcasestudydriven.
Flight[edit]
Mainarticle:Flightsimulation
FlightSimulationTrainingDevices(FSTD)areusedtotrainpilotsontheground.Incomparison
totraininginanactualaircraft,simulationbasedtrainingallowsforthetrainingofmaneuversor
situationsthatmaybeimpractical(orevendangerous)toperformintheaircraft,whilekeeping
thepilotandinstructorinarelativelylowriskenvironmentontheground.Forexample,electrical
systemfailures,instrumentfailures,hydraulicsystemfailures,andevenflightcontrolfailurescan
besimulatedwithoutrisktothepilotsoranaircraft.
Instructorscanalsoprovidestudentswithahigherconcentrationoftrainingtasksinagiven
periodoftimethanisusuallypossibleintheaircraft.Forexample,conductingmultiple
instrumentapproachesintheactualaircraftmayrequiresignificanttimespentrepositioningthe
aircraft,whileinasimulation,assoonasoneapproachhasbeencompleted,theinstructorcan
immediatelyprepositionthesimulatedaircrafttoanideal(orlessthanideal)locationfromwhich
tobeginthenextapproach.
Flightsimulationalsoprovidesaneconomicadvantageovertraininginanactualaircraft.Once
fuel,maintenance,andinsurancecostsaretakenintoaccount,theoperatingcostsofanFSTD
areusuallysubstantiallylowerthantheoperatingcostsofthesimulatedaircraft.Forsomelarge
transportcategoryairplanes,theoperatingcostsmaybeseveraltimeslowerfortheFSTDthan
theactualaircraft.
Somepeoplewhousesimulatorsoftware,especiallyflightsimulatorsoftware,buildtheirown
simulatorathome.Somepeopletofurthertherealismoftheirhomemadesimulatorbuy
usedcardsandracksthatrunthesamesoftwareusedbytheoriginalmachine.Whilethis
involvessolvingtheproblemofmatchinghardwareandsoftwareandtheproblemthat
hundredsofcardsplugintomanydifferentracksmanystillfindthatsolvingtheseproblemsis
wellworthwhile.Somearesoseriousaboutrealisticsimulationthattheywillbuyrealaircraft
parts,likecompletenosesectionsofwrittenoffaircraft,ataircraftboneyards.Thispermits
peopletosimulateahobbythattheyareunabletopursueinreallife.
Marine[edit]
Bearingresemblancetoflightsimulators,marinesimulatorstrainships'personnel.Themost
commonmarinesimulatorsinclude:
Ship'sbridgesimulators
Engineroomsimulators
Cargohandlingsimulators
Communication/GMDSSsimulators
ROVsimulators
Simulatorslikethesearemostlyusedwithinmaritimecolleges,traininginstitutionsandnavies.
Theyoftenconsistofareplicationofaships'bridge,withoperatingconsole(s),andanumberof
screensonwhichthevirtualsurroundingsareprojected.
Military[edit]
Mainarticle:Militarysimulation
Militarysimulations,alsoknowninformallyaswargames,aremodelsinwhichtheoriesof
warfarecanbetestedandrefinedwithouttheneedforactualhostilities.Theyexistinmany
differentforms,withvaryingdegreesofrealism.Inrecenttimes,theirscopehaswidenedto
includenotonlymilitarybutalsopoliticalandsocialfactors(forexample,theNationLabseriesof
strategicexercisesinLatinAmerica).
[58]
Whilemanygovernmentsmakeuseofsimulation,both
individuallyandcollaboratively,littleisknownaboutthemodel'sspecificsoutsideprofessional
circles.
Paymentandsecuritiessettlementsystem[edit]
Simulationtechniqueshavealsobeenappliedtopaymentandsecuritiessettlementsystems.
Amongthemainusersarecentralbankswhoaregenerallyresponsiblefortheoversightof
marketinfrastructureandentitledtocontributetothesmoothfunctioningofthepayment
systems.
Centralbankshavebeenusingpaymentsystemsimulationstoevaluatethingssuchasthe
adequacyorsufficiencyofliquidityavailable(intheformofaccountbalancesandintradaycredit
limits)toparticipants(mainlybanks)toallowefficientsettlementofpayments.
[59][60]
Theneedfor
liquidityisalsodependentontheavailabilityandthetypeofnettingproceduresinthesystems,
thussomeofthestudieshaveafocusonsystemcomparisons.
[61]
Anotherapplicationistoevaluaterisksrelatedtoeventssuchascommunicationnetwork
breakdownsortheinabilityofparticipantstosendpayments(e.g.incaseofpossiblebank
failure).
[62]
ThiskindofanalysisfallsundertheconceptsofStresstestingorscenarioanalysis.
Acommonwaytoconductthesesimulationsistoreplicatethesettlementlogicsofthereal
paymentorsecuritiessettlementsystemsunderanalysisandthenuserealobservedpayment
data.Incaseofsystemcomparisonorsystemdevelopment,naturallyalsotheothersettlement
logicsneedtobeimplemented.
Toperformstresstestingandscenarioanalysis,theobserveddataneedstobealtered,e.g.
somepaymentsdelayedorremoved.Toanalyzethelevelsofliquidity,initialliquiditylevelsare
varried.Systemcomparisons(benchmarking)orevaluationsofnewnettingalgorithmsorrules
areperformedbyrunningsimulationswithafixedsetofdataandvaryingonlythesystem
setups.
Inferenceisusuallydonebycomparingthebenchmarksimulationresultstotheresultsofaltered
simulationsetupsbycomparingindicatorssuchasunsettledtransactionsorsettlementdelays.
Projectmanagement[edit]
Mainarticle:Projectmanagementsimulation
Projectmanagementsimulationissimulationusedforprojectmanagementtrainingand
analysis.Itisoftenusedastrainingsimulationforprojectmanagers.Inothercasesitisusedfor
whatifanalysisandforsupportingdecisionmakinginrealprojects.Frequentlythesimulationis
conductedusingsoftwaretools.
Robotics[edit]
Mainarticle:Roboticssimulator
Aroboticssimulatorisusedtocreateembeddedapplicationsforaspecific(ornot)robotwithout
beingdependentonthe'real'robot.Insomecases,theseapplicationscanbetransferredtothe
realrobot(orrebuilt)withoutmodifications.Roboticssimulatorsallowreproducingsituationsthat
cannotbe'created'intherealworldbecauseofcost,time,orthe'uniqueness'ofaresource.A
simulatoralsoallowsfastrobotprototyping.Manyrobotsimulatorsfeaturephysicsenginesto
simulatearobot'sdynamics.
Production[edit]
Simulationsofproductionsystemsisusedmainlytoexaminetheeffectofimprovementsor
investmentsinaproductionsystem.Mostoftenthisisdoneusingastaticspreadsheetwith
processtimesandtransportationtimes.FormoresophisticatedsimulationsDiscreteEvent
Simulation(DES)isusedwiththeadvantagestosimulatedynamicsintheproductionsystem.A
productionsystemisverymuchdynamicdependingonvariationsinmanufacturingprocesses,
assemblytimes,machinesetups,breaks,breakdownsandsmallstoppages.
[63]
Therearelots
ofsoftwarecommonlyusedfordiscreteeventsimulation.Theydifferinusabilityandmarketsbut
dooftensharethesamefoundation.
Salesprocess[edit]
Mainarticle:Salesprocessengineering
Simulationsareusefulinmodelingtheflowoftransactionsthroughbusinessprocesses,such
asinthefieldofsalesprocessengineering,tostudyandimprovetheflowofcustomerorders
throughvariousstagesofcompletion(say,fromaninitialproposalforprovidinggoods/services
throughorderacceptanceandinstallation).Suchsimulationscanhelppredicttheimpactofhow
improvementsinmethodsmightimpactvariability,cost,labortime,andthequantityof
transactionsatvariousstagesintheprocess.Afullfeaturedcomputerizedprocesssimulator
canbeusedtodepictsuchmodels,ascansimplereducationaldemonstrationsusing
spreadsheetsoftware,penniesbeingtransferredbetweencupsbasedontherollofadie,or
dippingintoatubofcoloredbeadswithascoop.
[64]
Sports[edit]
Insports,computersimulationsareoftendonetopredicttheoutcomeofeventsandthe
performanceofindividualsportspeople.Theyattempttorecreatetheeventthroughmodelsbuilt
fromstatistics.Theincreaseintechnologyhasallowedanyonewithknowledgeofprogramming
theabilitytorunsimulationsoftheirmodels.Thesimulationsarebuiltfromaseriesof
mathematicalalgorithms,ormodels,andcanvarywithaccuracy.Accuscore,whichislicensed
bycompaniessuchasESPN,isawellknownsimulationprogramforallmajorsports.Itoffers
detailedanalysisofgamesthroughsimulatedbettinglines,projectedpointtotalsandoverall
probabilities.
Withtheincreasedinterestinfantasysportssimulationmodelsthatpredictindividualplayer
performancehavegainedpopularity.CompanieslikeWhatIfSportsandStatFoxspecializein
notonlyusingtheirsimulationsforpredictinggameresults,buthowwellindividualplayerswilldo
aswell.Manypeopleusemodelstodeterminewhotostartintheirfantasyleagues.
Anotherwaysimulationsarehelpingthesportsfieldisintheuseofbiomechanics.Modelsare
derivedandsimulationsarerunfromdatareceivedfromsensorsattachedtoathletesandvideo
equipment.Sportsbiomechanicsaidedbysimulationmodelsanswerquestionsregarding
trainingtechniquessuchas:theeffectoffatigueonthrowingperformance(heightofthrow)and
biomechanicalfactorsoftheupperlimbs(reactivestrengthindexhandcontacttime).
[65]
Computersimulationsallowtheiruserstotakemodelswhichbeforeweretoocomplextorun,
andgivethemanswers.Simulationshaveproventobesomeofthebestinsightsintobothplay
performanceandteampredictability.
Spaceshuttlecountdown[edit]

FiringRoom1configuredforspaceshuttlelaunches
SimulationisusedatKennedySpaceCenter(KSC)totrainandcertifySpaceShuttleengineers
duringsimulatedlaunchcountdownoperations.TheSpaceShuttleengineeringcommunity
participatesinalaunchcountdownintegratedsimulationbeforeeachshuttleflight.This
simulationisavirtualsimulationwhererealpeopleinteractwithsimulatedSpaceShuttlevehicle
andGroundSupportEquipment(GSE)hardware.TheShuttleFinalCountdownPhase
Simulation,alsoknownasS0044,involvescountdownprocessesthatintegratemanyofthe
SpaceShuttlevehicleandGSEsystems.SomeoftheShuttlesystemsintegratedinthe
simulationarethemainpropulsionsystem,mainengines,solidrocketboosters,groundliquid
hydrogenandliquidoxygen,externaltank,flightcontrols,navigation,andavionics.
[66]
The
highlevelobjectivesoftheShuttleFinalCountdownPhaseSimulationare:
TodemonstrateFiringRoomfinalcountdownphaseoperations.
Toprovidetrainingforsystemengineersinrecognizing,reportingandevaluating
systemproblemsinatimecriticalenvironment.
Toexercisethelaunchteamsabilitytoevaluate,prioritizeandrespondtoproblemsin
anintegratedmannerwithinatimecriticalenvironment.
Toprovideprocedurestobeusedinperformingfailure/recoverytestingofthe
operationsperformedinthefinalcountdownphase.
[67]
TheShuttleFinalCountdownPhaseSimulationtakesplaceattheKennedySpaceCenter
LaunchControlCenterFiringRooms.Thefiringroomusedduringthesimulationisthesame
controlroomwherereallaunchcountdownoperationsareexecuted.Asaresult,equipment
usedforreallaunchcountdownoperationsisengaged.Commandandcontrolcomputers,
applicationsoftware,engineeringplottingandtrendingtools,launchcountdownprocedure
documents,launchcommitcriteriadocuments,hardwarerequirementdocuments,andany
otheritemsusedbytheengineeringlaunchcountdownteamsduringreallaunchcountdown
operationsareusedduringthesimulation.TheSpaceShuttlevehiclehardwareandrelatedGSE
hardwareissimulatedbymathematicalmodels(writteninShuttleGroundOperationsSimulator
(SGOS)modelinglanguage
[68]
)thatbehaveandreactlikerealhardware.DuringtheShuttle
FinalCountdownPhaseSimulation,engineerscommandandcontrolhardwareviareal
applicationsoftwareexecutinginthecontrolconsolesjustasiftheywerecommandingreal
vehiclehardware.However,theserealsoftwareapplicationsdonotinterfacewithrealShuttle
hardwareduringsimulations.Instead,theapplicationsinterfacewithmathematicalmodel
representationsofthevehicleandGSEhardware.Consequently,thesimulationsbypass
sensitiveandevendangerousmechanismswhileprovidingengineeringmeasurementsdetailing
howthehardwarewouldhavereacted.Sincethesemathmodelsinteractwiththecommandand
controlapplicationsoftware,modelsandsimulationsarealsousedtodebugandverifythe
functionalityofapplicationsoftware.
[69]
Satellitenavigation[edit]
TheonlytruewaytotestGNSSreceivers(commonlyknownasSatNav'sinthecommercial
world)isbyusinganRFConstellationSimulator.Areceiverthatmayforexamplebeusedonan
aircraft,canbetestedunderdynamicconditionswithouttheneedtotakeitonarealflight.The
testconditionscanberepeatedexactly,andthereisfullcontroloverallthetestparameters.this
isnotpossibleinthe'realworld'usingtheactualsignals.Fortestingreceiversthatwillusethe
newGalileo(satellitenavigation)thereisnoalternative,astherealsignalsdonotyetexist.
Weather[edit]
Predictingweatherconditionsbyextrapolating/interpolatingpreviousdataisoneoftherealuseof
simulation.MostoftheweatherforecastsusethisinformationpublishedbyWeatherbuereaus.
Thiskindofsimulationshelpinpredictingandforewarningaboutextremeweatherconditionslike
thepathofanactivehurricane/cyclone.Numericalweatherpredictionforforecastinginvolves
complicatednumericcomputermodelstopredictweatheraccuratelybytakingmany
parametersintoaccount.
Simulation games[edit]
Mainarticle:Simulationgame
Strategygamesbothtraditionalandmodernmaybeviewedassimulationsofabstracted
decisionmakingforthepurposeoftrainingmilitaryandpoliticalleaders(seeHistoryofGoforan
exampleofsuchatradition,orKriegsspielforamorerecentexample).
Manyothervideogamesaresimulatorsofsomekind.Suchgamescansimulatevarious
aspectsofreality,frombusiness,togovernment,toconstruction,topilotingvehicles(see
above).
Historical usage[edit]
Historically,thewordhadnegativeconnotations:
thereforeageneralcustomofsimulation(whichisthislastdegree)isavice,usingeitherofa
naturalfalsenessorfearfulness
FrancisBacon,OfSimulationandDissimulation,1597
forDistinctionSake,aDeceivingbyWords,iscommonlycalledaLye,andaDeceivingby
Actions,Gestures,orBehavior,iscalledSimulation
RobertSouth,South,1697,p.525
However,theconnectionbetweensimulationanddissemblinglaterfadedoutandisnowonlyof
linguisticinterest.
[70]
See also[edit]
Computerexperiment
Dissimulation
Emulator
insilico
Futuresstudies
Highlevelemulation
Illustrisproject
Lifelikeexperience
Listofdiscreteeventsimulationsoftware
Listofcomputersimulationsoftware
Mathematicalmodel
RulebasedModeling
Mergersimulation
Projectmanagementsimulation
Microarchitecturesimulation
Miningsimulator
Moleculardynamics
Networksimulation
Pharmacokineticssimulation
Placebo
Roleplaysimulation
Simulationlanguage
Similitude(model)
Simulatedreality
Trainingsimulation
Webbasedsimulation
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falsehoodandanhonestlymistakenstatementthedifferencebeingthatinorderforthe
statementtobealiethetruthmustbeknown,andtheoppositeofthetruthmusthavebeen
knowinglyuttered.And,fromthis,totheextenttowhichalieinvolvesdeceptivewords,a
simulationinvolvesdeceptiveactions,deceptivegestures,ordeceptivebehavior.Thus,it
wouldseem,ifasimulationisfalse,thenthetruthmustbeknown(inorderforsomething
otherthanthetruthtobepresentedinitsstead)and,forthesimulationtosimulate.
Because,otherwise,onewouldnotknowwhattoofferupinsimulation.BaconsessayOf
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SamuelJohnsonthoughtsohighlyofSouth'sdefinition,thatheuseditintheentryfor
simulationinhisDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.

Simulation de
phnomnes
Lasimulationestunoutilutilisparlechercheur,l'ingnieur,lemilitaire,etc.pourtudierlesrsultats
d'uneactionsurunlmentsansraliserl'expriencesurl'lmentrel.
Lorsquel'outildesimulationutiliseunordinateuronparledesimulationnumrique.Ilagalementexist
dessimulateursanalogiquesetilatenvisagdanslesannes1970d'enconstruiredesstochastiques.
Leschercheurs,lesingnieurs,lesmilitairesetbiend'autresprofessionnelsseposentsouventlaquestion:
quelestlersultatquej'obtienssij'exercetelleactionsurunlment?
Lemoyenleplussimpleseraitdetenterl'exprience,c'estdired'exercerl'actionsouhaitesurl'lment
encausepourpouvoirobserveroumesurerlersultat.Dansdenombreuxcasl'exprienceestirralisable,
tropchreoucontrairel'thique.Onaalorsrecourslasimulation:rechercherunlmentquiragit
d'unemaniresemblableceluiquel'onveuttudieretquipermettradedduirelesrsultats.

Imitationparordinateurd'unevaguecirculaireaveclelogicielBlender.
Sommaire
[masquer]
1Phnomnerel
2Laquestion
3Larponse
4Lessolutionsalternatives
5Limitesetavantagesdelasimulation
6Diffrentstypesdesimulation
7Utilisationdelasimulation
8Notesetrfrences
9Voiraussi
9.1Articlesconnexes
Phnomne rel[modifier|modifierlecode]
Lephnomnereltudierpeutappartenirdenombreusesbranchesetenparticulier:
laphysique(mcanique,optique,thermodynamique,lectronique,etc.):
exemplesimple:mouvementd'unemassesuspendueunressortetsoumise
uneimpulsion.
exemplepluscomplexe:mouvementdelacaissed'uneautomobileen
dplacementsuruneroute.
l'conomie:
exemplesimple:remboursementd'unprtavecintrt.
exemplepluscomplexe:revenud'unetaxedontonfaitvarierletaux.
labiologie:
exemplesimple:diffusiond'unmdicamentdanslesangenfonctiondutemps.
exemplepluscomplexe:volutiond'unepidmiedansunepopulationenfonction
dutauxdevaccinationetdutemps.
leraisonnement:
exemplesimple:joueurartificieldejeud'checs.
exemplepluscomplexe:aideladcisiondansunengagementmilitaire(jeude
guerre).
etc.
La question[modifier|modifierlecode]
Autraversdesexemplescitscidessus,certainsprofessionnelspeuvents'interroger:
l'ingnieursurl'influenced'unchangementd'amortisseurssurlecomportementd'unvhiculeen
dplacementsuruneroute.
leministreduBudgetsurlerapportdelataxelavaleurajoutesurunproduitquandletauxen
estmodifi.
lemdecinsurl'influenced'unvaccinsurl'radicationd'unemaladiedansunepopulation.
lemilitairesurlatactiqueemployerdansunengagementdeforcesariennes.
La rponse[modifier|modifierlecode]
Danstouslescascidessuslarponsepourraittreobtenueententantl'exprience.
l'ingnieurpeutconstruiredenouveauxamortisseurs,lesintgrersurlevhicule,lefairerouler
endisposantdansl'habitacledescapteursdemouvement(acclromtres)quiluiferont
connatrelesforcessubiesparleconducteuretlespassagers.
leministrepeutdcrterl'augmentationoulabaissedelaTVAsurunproduitetrelever,enfin
d'anne,lesrsultatssurlesversementsdescommerants.
lemdecinpeutpratiquerlavaccinationdelapopulationetmesurerleseffetsaucoursdes
annes.
lemilitairepeutengagerdesforcescontrel'ennemietmesurerlesrsultats.
Maistoutescesexpriencesontunouplusieursinconvnients:
ellespeuventtrecoteuses:laconstructiond'unenouvellevoitureestrelativementchre.
ellespeuventtrelongues:mesurerl'impactd'unevaccinationaucoursdesannesprend...
desannes.
ellespeuventtrecontrairesl'thique:onn'essayepasunnouveauvaccinsurunepopulation
sansunminimumdegarantiessurlesrsultats,onnefaitpasexploserunebombesurune
populationuniquementpourenmesurerleseffets,onn'effectuepasunessaid'accidentsurun
vhiculeavecdespassagershumainsbord.
ellespeuventtre"politiquementincorrectes":onnepeutpasaugmenteroudiminuerunimpt
sansenprvoirlesconsquencesauparavant.
ellespeuventtredifficiles,voireimpossiblesmettreenuvre:lematrieln'existepasoula
populationderfrencen'existepas.
lesrsultatsnepeuventpastremesursaveccertitude:l'expriencenepeutpastreralise
plusieursfoisdansdesconditionsidentiques.
etc.
Les solutions alternatives[modifier|modifierlecode]
L'exprienceposantdiversproblmesderalisation,onadepuislongtempsfaitappeldetrsnombreux
moyensetoutilspouressayerdeprvoirlesrsultats:
lesprototypesetlesmaquettes:onconstruitunexemplaire,ventuellementchellerduite,
dumatrieletoneffectuesurluilesessais.Lasimulationesttrsprochedel'exprienceeton
adoncunepartiedesinconvnients(cots,dure).
onremplacel'humainparunanimal:ilfauttrouverdespopulationsanimalesdontles
comportementssontprochesdel'hommevisvisd'unphnomnedonn.Denombreux
groupesdepressionluttentcontrecettepratique.
onreprsentelephnomneparunequation:lesexemplesabondentetonttutilisspar
tousleslvesettudiantsdanslescoursdephysique,dechimie,etc.Seulslesphnomnes
lesplussimplessontsusceptiblesdecetypedesimulation.
lesmanuvres:lesmilitairesfonts'affronterdeuxtroupesopposes(lesorangescontreles
bleus)surunvraiterrainavecdevraismatrielsmaissansutiliserdemunitionsrelles.Des
arbitresdcidentdesdgtsinfligs.
Touscesoutilssontdessimulations.Ellessontplusoumoinsprochesdel'exprienceetplusoumoins
facilesmettreenuvre.
Depuisquelquesannesunnouveloutilafaitsonapparition:l'ordinateuretlasimulationnumrique.Le
principedebaseestceluidelareprsentationduphnomneparunequation.L'ordinateurpermet
toutefoisdes'affranchirdelalimitationprincipale:lareprsentationdesphnomneslesplussimples.
Grceunepuissancedecalcultoujourscroissanteetl'augmentationduvolumededonnesstockables
ilestpossiblededcouperunphnomnecomplexeenmilliers,voireenmillions,dephnomnessimples
etdoncdecalculerlesrsultatssurlephnomnecomplexe.
Exemple:onsait,enarodynamique,reprsenterparunequationlesforces(portance,trane)qui
rsultentdel'actiond'uncourantd'airsuruneplaqueplane.Onnesaitpasreprsenterparunequationces
mmesforceslorsquel'actionestexercesurunesurfacecomplexetellequel'ailed'unavion.Lasimulation
numriquepermetdedcouperl'aileenplusieursmillionsdepetitslmentsqu'onconsidrecommetant
desplaquesplanes.Onpeutalorscalculerlesforcesquis'exercentsurchacuned'entreelleetles
combinerpourcalculerlesforcessurl'ailecomplte.
Limites et avantages de la simulation[modifier|modifierlecode]
L'ordinateurpermetaujourd'huidesimulerdesphnomnestrscomplexestelqu'unavioncompletmaisla
puissanceresteencoreinsuffisantepourreprsenterl'ensembledesphnomnesmtorologiques:la
simulationdel'volutiondutempsresteencoretrsdifficileaudeldequelquesheures.
Lasimulationpermetd'effectuerdesrecherchessurunsystmeisol,enfaisantvarierlesparamtresun
unetenrecommenantaveclesmmesconditionsinitiales.
L'exprimentation,saufpourlesphnomnessimples,nepermetpastoujoursd'isolerlesystmetudier
desonenvironnementlamatrisedesconditionsinitialespeuttrecompliqueetl'expriencepeutdtruire
lesystmetudioulemodifiersuffisammentpourempcherderecommencer.
Lasimulationestsouventmoinschrequel'exprimentationetcomportebeaucoupmoinsderisques
lorsquel'hommefaitpartiedusystmetudi.Lesrsultatspeuventtreobtenusbeaucoupplus
rapidement.
Lasimulation(surtoutnumrique)estbasesuruneconnaissancedesphnomnesquinepeuttre
obtenuequeparl'exprimentation.Unesimulationnepeutdonctreralisequesiondisposed'unacquis
deconnaissancessuffisantobtenupardesexprimentationssurdesphnomnesantrieursetanalogues.
Quellequesoitlaqualitdelasimulation,elleneremplacepastotalementl'exprimentation.
Certainessimulationsontuncottrslev(mmes'ilrestefaibledevantceluidel'exprimentation).Ceci
expliquequelesutilisateursdelasimulation,enparticulierlorsqu'elleutilisedesmoyensdecalcul
exceptionnels,sontlesindustriesfortevaleurajoute(aronautiqueetespace,nuclaire)ourisque
lev(militaire).
Diffrents types de simulation[modifier|modifierlecode]
Onappellemodleunlment,analogiqueounumrique,dontlecomportementvisvisd'unphnomne
estsimilaireceluidel'lmenttudier.Lessortiessontleslmentsquel'onveuttudier.Lesentres,
paramtresetcontraintessontleslmentsdontlavariationinfluesurlecomportementdumodleon
appelleentreceuxquisontcommandsparl'exprimentateur,paramtresceuxquel'oprateurchoisitde
fixeretcontraintesceuxquidpendentd'lmentsextrieurs.Onappellesimulationl'ensembleconstitu
parunmodle,lesordresd'entre,lesparamtresetcontraintes,etlesrsultatsobtenus.
Commeindiquplushautlesmaquettes,prototypes,etc.peuventtreconsidrscommedesmodles
analogiquesetlesessais,tests,manuvres,etc.commedessimulationsanalogiques.
Lesquationssontdessimulationsnumriques.Aujourd'huicetermes'appliqueessentiellementaux
modlesetsimulationsralisssurordinateur.
Danscertainscasonpeutraliserdessimulationshybrides,analogiquesnumriques,quiintgrentdivers
lmentsdontcertainsseulementsontreprsentspardesquations.
Lorsquelecalculateurestsuffisammentrapidepourfournirunrsultatlammevitesse,voireplus
rapidement,quelephnomnerelonparledesimulationentempsrel:
Onpeutalorsraliserdessimulationsanalogiquesnumriquesol'undeslments
analogiquesestl'homme:ils'agitdesimulationavecl'hommedanslaboucle.Un
simulateurdepilotageenestunbonexemple:lepilote(analogique)estassisdansunecabine
depilotagequasirelle(analogique)etpilotesonavion.Lesordresqu'ildonnesontlusparun
ordinateurquicalculelesmouvementsdel'avion(numrique).Cesmouvementssontrestitus
(analogique)surlacabineetsurlescranscequipermetaupilotedesentiretvoirleseffets
desordresqu'iladonn.
Demme,danscecas,laboucledesimulationpeutcomporterdeslmentsrelscommedes
quipementsetsoussystmestester.Onparlealorsdematrieldanslaboucleou
"Hardwareintheloop"(HiL).UncasexemplaireestletestdesoussystmeABSrelintgr
dansunsimulateurdeconduiteougrparunlogicieldetypeSimulationX.
Lejeudesimulationestuneapplicationrcentedummeprincipe.Ladiffrenceentrelejeuetle
simulateurd'tudersidesoitdans:
lecotdeslmentsanalogiques:unsimulateurdepilotagepourjouerremplacelacabine
relleparunclavierd'ordinateuretn'utilisequ'unseulcranpourmontrerlesinstrumentsetle
paysage.Parcontre,aumoinsdanslecasd'unaviondetourisme,lesquationsdevolsontles
mmesquecellesdusimulateurd'tudequiestutilisparl'ingnieur.
dansl'introductiondeparamtresfantastiques:lesimulateurpourjouerintroduitdes
phnomnesquin'existentpasdanslaralittellesquepouvoirssurnaturels,armesnouvelles,
etc.
Utilisation de la simulation[modifier|modifierlecode]
Lessimulationssontutilisesparlesprofessionnels(chercheurs,ingnieurs,conomistes,mdecins,etc.)
danstouteslesphasesderechercheoud'tuded'unphnomneoupourconcevoiretamliorerles
systmes.
Lessimulateurshybridesanalogiquesnumriquesavechommedanslaboucle,sontdeplusenplus
utilisspourl'enseignementoul'entranement.Leurcotrelativementlevlesad'abordrservsaux
professionslesplusenpointeourisque(pilotaged'unaronef,commanded'unecentralenuclaire,
engagementarm,etc.).Ladiminutionduprixdessystmesvidopermetd'envisageraujourd'huides
applicationslaconduitedescamionsvoiredesautomobiles.
Enfindenombreuxjeuxvidosontdesutilisateursdesmmestechniquessoitenpermettantaujoueurde
setrouverdansunesituationexcitanteoudangereuse(pilotedechasse)soitdansunesituation
fantasmagorique.

()
(:simulation)

[1]

[1]

[1]

[]
1
2
2.1
2.2
3
4
5
5.1
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.2.1
5.2.2.2
5.2.2.3
5.3
5.4
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
[]
similissimulare
simulat

[2]

[2]

[2]

(:simulator)

simulation
[3][4][5][6][7][8]
[]
[]

//
/

[]

[]

[9]

[]

[]

[]
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
[]

[]

[]
[]
SPICESPICE

GUI

[]
[]

MMANAMMANAGAL

SWR

LC

[]

VHFUHF
A.G.LongleyP.L.Rice1968
LongleyRiceModel20MHz20GHz

[10]

NASAFTP
[11]

[10]
RogerCoudeVE2DBE1988
RadioMobile
[12]

[10]
[]
TCP/IPIEEEITU
ARIB

NS3
[13]
Qualnet
[14][15]
OPNET
Modeler
[16][17]

MatLabSimlink
WirelessInSight,Winprop,Atoll

QualnetOPNETModeler

[]

JCSS NetWars
(DISA)
[18][19]

[]

VM)

[]

[]

[]

[]

[]

[]

[]
OperationFlashpoint:ColdWar
CrisisArmA:ArmedAssaultVBS1VBS2
[]
///

CTMRI

[1]

[]

(NPV)

NPV
[]
CG

CG
CG

UrbanSimILUTEDistrimobs
[20]

[]

DynamicSimilitude

30/
/

[]
[
]
^
a

c
6
^
a

^
^
^
^goosimulation
^
^

[]

[?]

^Simulation

^
a

c
RadioMobile
CQhamradio20091CQ20091
pp.8489
^NASA(FTP)NxxEyyy.hgt.zip
xxyyy
^RadioMobile
^NS3NSNAMHomePage
^QualNetHomePage
^QualNetHomePage
^OPNETModelerHomePage
^OPNETModelerHomePage
^JCSSHistory
^JCSSUsersManual7.0Final(OPNET2.6.4)
^http://distrimobs.fisicadellacitta.it
[]
36923
R.FriggandS.Hartmann,ModelsinScience.EntryintheStanfordEncyclopediaof
Philosophy.
S.Hartmann,TheWorldasaProcess:SimulationsintheNaturalandSocial
Sciences,in:R.Hegselmannetal.(eds.),ModellingandSimulationintheSocial
SciencesfromthePhilosophyofSciencePointofView,TheoryandDecisionLibrary.
Dordrecht:Kluwer1996,77100.
P.Humphreys,ExtendingOurselves:ComputationalScience,Empiricism,and
ScientificMethod.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,2004.
RogerD.Smith:SimulationArticle,EncyclopediaofComputerScience,Nature
PublishingGroup,ISBN0333778790.
RogerD.Smith:"Simulation:TheEngineBehindtheVirtualWorld",eMatter,
December,1999.
Aldrich,C.(2003).LearningbyDoing:AComprehensiveGuidetoSimulations,
ComputerGames,andPedagogyineLearningandOtherEducationalExperiences.
SanFrancisco:PfeiferJohnWiley&Sons.
Aldrich,C.(2004).Simulationsandthefutureoflearning:aninnovative(andperhaps
revolutionary)approachtoelearning.SanFrancisco:PfeiferJohnWiley&Sons.
Percival,F.,Lodge,S.,Saunders,D.(1993).TheSimulationandGamingYearbook:
DevelopingTransferableSkillsinEducationandTraining.London:KoganPage.
South,R.,"ASermonDeliveredatChristChurch,Oxon.,BeforetheUniversity,
Octob.14.1688:Prov.XII.22LyingLipsareabominationtotheLord",pp.519657in
South,R.,TwelveSermonsPreachedUponSeveralOccasions(SecondEdition),
VolumeI,PrintedbyS.D.forThomasBennet,(London),1697.
OfSimulationandDissimulation
Wolfe,Joseph&Crookall,David,(1998).Developingascientificknowledgeof
simulation/gaming.Simulation&Gaming:AnInternationalJournalofTheory,
DesignandResearch,29(1),719.
Bibliographiescontainingmorereferencestobefoundonthewebsiteofthejournal
Simulation&Gaming.
[]

ScilabMATLAB
GUI
GNUOctaveMATLAB

RS

SPICE()1973

OrthoCAD

CAE

()

Insilico




[]


JASAG&
EUROSIM
INFORMS
NationalCenterforSimulation
SimulationInteroperabilityStandardsOrganization
TheSocietyforModelingandSimulationInternational(FormerlytheSocietyof
ComputerSimulation)
WinterSimulationConference
: