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ARISTOTELES Retorica
ARISTOTELES Retorica
INCM
OBRAS COMPLETAS DE ARISTTELES
RETRICA
RETRICA
OBRAS COMPLETAS DE ARISTTELES
ARISTTELES
A Retrica de Aristteles uma das mais
influentes obras da Antiguidade, tendo pene-
trado profundamente os estudos literrios e
filosficos at aos nossos dias, para alm da
incidncia que exerceu sobre as reas da lgi-
ca, da psicologia e da moral.
A revalorizao da disciplina pelos autores da
Nova Retrica, no sculo XX, contribuiu para
testemunhar, de um novo modo, a actualidade
do pensamento aristotlico a este respeito.
Traduo directa do original grego, de acordo
com a edio de W. D. Ross para a srie
Oxford Classical Texts.
INCM
O objectivo desta edio consiste em tornar
acessvel ao leitor portugus, tanto do ponto
de vista da lngua como do do esclarecimento
do texto, a totalidade da coleco aristotlica,
a includos no s os cerca de trinta tratados
completos que subsistiram at aos nossos
dias, como tambm todos os outros textos que,
de modo mais ou menos fragmentrio e/ou fi-
dedigno, foram transmitidos pela tradio sob
o nome de Aristteles.
Esta coleco engloba, assim, para alm dos
escritos reunidos por Imanuel Bekker, em
1831, na primeira edio moderna da obra
aristotlica, e do texto posteriormente desco-
berto da Constituio dos Atenienses, a tota-
lidade dos fragmentos (autnticos, suspeitos e
esprios) e ainda as sete obras apcrifas que
circularam em poca tardia sob o nome de
Aristteles, designadamente o Livro da Causa,
o Segredo dos Segredos ou a Teologia.
Ao levar a cabo a traduo colectiva deste con-
junto, as presentes Obras Completas so as
primeiras a englobar a integralidade do legado
aristotlico.
COORDENAO DE ANTNIO PEDRO MESQUITA
COORDENAO DE ANTNIO PEDRO MESQUITA
FCT Fundao para a Cincia e a Tecnologia
MINISTRIO DA CINCIA E DO ENSINO SUPERIOR
OBRAS COMPLETAS
OBRAS COMPLETAS
ARISTTELES
A
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T
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A
1iiu|c. Relrica
2.' edio, revisla
Auicr. ArislleIes
|!i4c. Imprensa NacionaI-Casa da Moeda
Ccnccp4c gr4jicc. Branca ViIaIIonga
(Deparlamenlo LdiloriaI da INCM)
Rc.is4c !c icxic. Ievi Condinlo
1ircgcm. 8OO exempIares
Dcic !c imprcss4c. Ievereiro de 2OO5
|S8N. 972-27-1377-9
Dcpcsiic |cgc|. 221 943/O5
OBRAS COMPLETAS DE ARISTTELES OBRAS COMPLETAS DE ARISTTELES
COORDENAO DE ANTNIO PEDRO MESQUITA COORDENAO DE ANTNIO PEDRO MESQUITA
VOLUME VIII
TOMO I
Irojeclo promovido e coordenado peIo Cenlro de IiIosofia da Iniversi-
dade de Iisboa em coIaborao com o Cenlro de Lsludos CIssicos da
Iniversidade de Iisboa, o Inslilulo David Iopes de Lsludos rabes e
IsImicos e os Cenlros de Iinguagem, Inlerprelao e IiIosofia e de Lslu-
dos CIssicos e Humanslicos da Iniversidade de Coimbra.
Lsle projeclo foi subsidiado peIa Iundao para a Cincia e a TecnoIogia.
CENTRO DE FILOSOFIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA
IMPRENSA NACIONAL-CASA DA MOEDA
LISBOA
2003
RETRICA
RETRICA
ARISTTELES
ARISTTELES
CENTRO DE FILOSOFIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA
IMPRENSA NACIONAL-CASA DA MOEDA
LISBOA
2005
Prefcio e introduo de MANUEL ALEXANDRE JNIOR
Traduo e notas de MANUEL ALEXANDRE JNIOR,
PAULO FARMHOUSE ALBERTO e ABEL DO NASCIMENTO PENA
(Centro de Estudos Clssicos da Universidade de Lisboa)
9
PR|IAC|O
Nunca anles a relrica se esludou com lanlo inleresse e
em reas lo dislinlas do saber, como nunca anles se esludou
o fenmeno relrico em conlexlos lo dislanles do mundo que
aparenlemenle o viu nascer. A recenle obra de George Ken-
nedy, Ccmpcrcii.c R|cicric, disso um bom exempIo ao disser-
lar sobre a relrica no s em sociedades iIelradas e sem es-
crila como os aborgenes da AuslrIia, os ndios das Amricas
e oulras sociedade lradicionais, mas lambm em sociedades Ie-
lradas da Anliguidade que, para aIm da grega e da romana,
fIoresceram lanlo na Mesopolmia, em IsraeI e no Lgiplo, como
na Clina e na India. A relrica esl na moda, e os lemas que
aclo conlnuo se abordam em coIquios e congressos so os
mais diversos e surpreendenles, siluando-se pralicamenle em
lodas as reas do saber lumano.
Iara muilos, a relrica pouco mais do que mera mani-
puIao Iinguslica, ornalo esliIslico e discurso que se serve de
arlifcios irracionais e psicoIgicos, mais propcios verbaIiza-
o de discursos vazios de conleudo do que suslenlada ar-
gumenlao de princpios e vaIores que se nulrem de um racio-
cnio crlico vIido e eficaz. Mas a reslaurao da relrica ao
seu veIlo eslalulo de leoria e prlica da argumenlao per-
suasiva como anliga e nova rainla das cincias lumanas lem
vindo a corrigir essa noo enganosa, revaIorizando-a como
cincia e arle que lo Iogicamenle opera na leurslica e na
lermenulica dos dados que faz inlervir no discurso, como
psicoIgica e eficazmenle se cumpre no resuIlanle efeilo de
convico e mobiIizao para a aco. No fundo, a relrica
10
um saber que se inspira em muIlipIos saberes e se pe ao ser-
vio de lodos os saberes. L um saber inlerdiscipIinar no senli-
do pIeno da paIavra, na medida em que se afirmou como arle
de pensar e arle de comunicar o pensamenlo. L como saber
inlerdiscipIinar e lransdiscipIinar, a relrica esl presenle no
direilo, na fiIosofia, na oralria, na diaIclica, na Iileralura, na
lermenulica, na crlica Iilerria e na cincia.
A relrica uma das arles prlicas mais nobres, porque o
seu exerccio uma parle essenciaI da mais bsica de lodas as
funes lumanas. Da a especiaI aleno que ArislleIes Ile
dedicou, corrigindo lendncias sofslicas e codificando princ-
pios melodoIgicos e lcnicos que, com o evoIuir da lradio,
se laveriam de consagrar num cnone relrico de grande for-
luna e proveilo.
Na relrica arislolIica ns enconlramos o saber como leo-
ria, o saber como arle e o saber como cincia, um saber lerico
e um saber lcnico, um saber arlslico e um saber cienlfico. No
lrnsilo da anliga para a nova relrica, eIa naluraImenle lrans-
formou-se de arle da comunicao persuasiva em cincia
lermenulica da inlerprelao. O seu dupIo vaIor como arle e
cincia, como saber e modo de comunicar o saber, faz deIa
lambm um inslrumenlo medianle o quaI podemos invenlar,
reinvenlar e soIidificar a nossa prpria educao. O esforo
lransdiscipIinar que loje em dia se faz para meIlor compreen-
der o papeI da relrica e da lermenulica na crlica do lexlo
fiIosfico e Iilerrio moslra-nos que eslas so duas reas do
saber inlrinsecamenle Iigadas essncia da prcxis lumana.
O juslo reIevo dado por Clam IereIman verlenle
argumenlaliva desla arle coIocou mais uma vez a Rcicricc de
ArislleIes na moda, e as lradues que deIa se fazem suce-
dem-se em rilmo aceIerado nas mais diversas Inguas. Desafio
a que lambm respondeu a Imprensa NacionaI-Casa da Moe-
da, ao laver concrelizado l poucos anos a feIiz deciso de
incIuir obra lo represenlaliva e acluaI na sua coIeco CIssi-
cos de IiIosofia e agora Ianar a sua 2.' edio, inlegrada na
coIeco BibIioleca de Aulores Iorlugueses. L com loda a jus-
lia o faz, pois no s a causa da relrica que esla imporlan-
le obra de ArislleIes serve enquanlo leoria da comunicao ou
argumenlao persuasiva. Muilos a lm iguaImenle recomen-
dado como obra fiIosfica de especiaI inleresse para o esludo
da lermenulica, da p|rcncsis e da razo prlica, uma obra que
merece ser Iida no conlexlo e na inleraco com as demais.
11
A Rcicricc de ArislleIes no , como sabemos, um lexlo
fciI. Lscrila em Iinguagem densa e acenluadamenle eIplica,
esla obra lorna por vezes rdua a larefa de precisar com rigor
o senlido do lexlo eslabeIecido e de o lransmilir com cIareza
ao seu Ieilor. Ioi esse o objeclivo uIlimo dos lradulores no
inlenlo de superarem as dificuIdades imposlas peIo prprio
lexlo. Se o conseguiram, foram eIes lambm os primeiros
beneficirios, pois o seu lrabaIlo resuIlou numa experincia
exlremamenle compensadora, e que lanlo mais o ser quanlo
meIlor vier a servir os seus Ieilores. Aqui reileram eIes lam-
bm a sua gralido a quanlos, direcla ou indireclamenle, con-
lriburam para a sua concrelizao.
Iis|cc, 2004.
MANILI AILXANDRL }INIOR
INTRODIO
15
1. Origem da retrica e Inrman dn sistema retricn
A rcicricc rccc|cu ncs u|iimcs ircs !ccc!cs umc cui!c!c cicn4c
!c pcric !c um nci4.c| numcrc !c csiu!icscs
1
. H4 uns cinucnic cncs,
Iric!ric| Sc|mscn pu||iccu um criigc iniiiu|c!c 1|c Arisicic|icn
1rc!iiicn in Ancicni R|cicric, cm uc su||in|c.c c impcricncic !c
Arisicic|cs pcrc c |isicric !c rcicricc. Dci pcrc c4, c inicrcssc pc|c
rcicricc cniigc c c suc rc|c.cncic pcrc c sccic!c!c mc!crnc icm cu-
mcnic!c !rcmciiccmcnic. Gccrgc Kcnnc! prc!uziu, cc |cngc !cs
cncs, umc scric !c .c|umcs uc irccm c iccric c c pr4iicc !c rcicricc
cc |cngc !cs sccu|cs !cs!c c mcis rcmcic Aniigui!c!c
2
, c !c cm|cs cs
|c!cs !c Ai|cniicc sc rcspcn!cu ccm cniusicsmc cc csic|c|ccimcnic !c
|nicrnciicnc| Sccici jcr i|c Hisicr cj R|cicric.
1
Teslemunlam-no os 164 Iivros referidos por Brian Vickers na sua
BibIiograply of RleloricaI Sludies, 197O-198O, in Ccmpcrcii.c Criiicism.
A Yccr|cc|, 3, 1981, 316-322, e o inleresse cada vez mais crescenle peIa
discipIina nas dcadas seguinles.
2
1|c Ari cj Pcrsucsicn in Grcccc, Irincelon, Irincelon Iniversily
Iress, 1963, QuinliIian, Nev York, Tvayne, 1969, 1|c Ari cj R|cicric in
i|c Rcmcn Wcr|!, Irincelon, Irincelon Iniversily Iress, 1972, C|cssicc|
R|cicric cn! iis C|risiicn cn! Sccu|cr 1rc!iiicn jrcm Ancicni ic Mc!crn 1i-
mcs, ClapeI HiII, Iniversily of Norll CaroIina Iress, 198O, Grcc| R|cicric
un!cr C|risiicn |mpcrcrs, Irincelon, Irincelon Iniversily Iress, 1983, Ncv
1csicmcni |nicrprciciicn i|rcug| R|cicricc| Criiicism, ClapeI HiII, Iniversily
of Norll CaroIina Iress, 1984, A Ncv Hisicr cj C|cssicc| R|cicric, Irince-
lon, Irincelon Iniversily Iress, 1994.
16
Scn!c umc !cs !iscip|incs |umcncs mcis cniigcs c mcis .cr!c-
!circmcnic inicrnccicncis, c rcicricc, c scmc||cnc !c grcm4iicc, !c
|cgicc c !c pcciicc, n4c c umc cicncic a priori. Ccmc c|scr.c |!vcr!
Ccr|cii
3
, c Relrica !c Arisicic|cs n4c c c prc!uic !c mcrc i!cc|i-
zc4c !c principics ncsci!cs ccm c|c c pcr c|c ccn.cncicnc!cs pcrc
pcrsuc!ir c ccn.cnccr cuircs pcssccs. |, sim, c prc!uic !c cxpcricn-
cic ccnsumc!c !c |4|cis crc!crcs, c c|c|crc4c rcsu|icnic !c cn4|isc
!cs sucs csircicgics, c cc!ijicc4c !c prccciics ncsci!cs !c cxpcricn-
cic ccm c c|jccii.c !c cju!cr cuircs c cxcrciicrcm-sc ccrrccicmcnic
ncs iccniccs !c pcrsucs4c.
Sc c |iicrciurc c c ncssc mc||cr .cicu|c !c cccssc c cu|iurc c c
ci.i|izc4c grcgcs, c jccic c uc cssc |iicrciurc jci cm |crgc mc!i!c mc|-
!c!c pc|c rcicricc. j4 cm Hcmcrc cs Grcgcs sc !isiinguircm pc|c jc-
cun!ic, c scmprc gcsicrcm !c sc|crccr c jcrc c c mcgic !cs sucs prcprics
pc|c.rcs. A rcicricc |rcicu !c suc gcnic| ccpcci!c!c pcrc c cxprcss4c
crc| c inspircu-sc nc !ccc sc|cr !c pc|c.rc usc!c ccm jins pcrsucsi.cs.
Dcs!c Hcmcrc uc c Grccic c c|cucnic c sc prcccupc ccm c cric
!c |cm jc|cr. 1cnic a IIada ccmc c Odisseia csi4c rcp|cics !c ccnsc-
||cs, csscm||cics, !iscurscs, pcis, jc|cr |cm crc i4c impcricnic pcrc c
|crci, pcrc c rci, ccmc ccm|cicr |cm
4
. Quinii|icnc c!mirc scm rcscr-
3
C|cssicc| R|cicric jcr i|c Mc!crn Mcn, Nev York, Oxford Iniversily
Iress, 1971, p. XI.
4
Lssas eram as duas virludes neIes mais apreciadas. Inix, por
exempIo, acompanlou AquiIes por ordem de seu pai, IeIeu, para o en-
sinar a faIar bem e a reaIizar grandes feilos (||ic!c, 9.443).
1
.cs cssc c|cucncic !c Grccic |crcicc rcccn|cccn!c nc|c c prcpric pcr-
jci4c !c crcicric j4 c !csc|rcc|cr
5
. | c crcicric cnics !c rcicricc, c
uc nciurc|mcnic supcc umc prc-rcicricc, umc rcicricc avanl Ia Iellre
|cm cnicricr c suc !cjiniii.c ccnjigurc4c ccmc cicncic !c !iscursc
crcicric
6
. O mcsmc sc pcssc ccm cs pccmcs c|cgicccs c |iriccs, uc sc
ncs cprcscnicm imprcgnc!cs !c csiruiurcs !iscursi.cs !c inspirc4c
rcicricc c inicn4c pcrsucsi.c. Cc|inc !irigin!c-sc ccs scus ccnci!c!4cs,
c Scjc c Ajrc!iic s4c !issc um cxcmp|c |cm signijiccii.c. 1cm|cm nc
ircgc!ic cs !iscurscs cm jcrmc !c !i4|cgc s4c ccmp|cmcnic!cs pc|cs
!c ccrc cm jcrmc !c cxpcsi4c. Aic mcsmc ncs !ccumcnics |isicriccs
cs !iscurscs s4c um ccnsicnic c|cmcnic !c cnimc4c |iicr4ric, ncmcc-
!cmcnic cm 1uci!i!cs, uc ccupcm umc |crgc pcrccnicgcm !c suc
c|rc. Ncs prcprics ircic!cs ji|cscjiccs, c cuicr scccrrc-sc ccm cssinc|4-
.c| jrcucncic !c rccursc cc !iscursc crcicric. |, pcrcm, Pcric|cs uc
csic|c|ccc c ircnsi4c cnirc c pcric!c !c c|cucncic cspcnicncc c c !c
c|cucncic cru!iic, c!u|ic, simu|icnccmcnic !ic|cciicc c ji|cscjicc. Os
uniccs !iscurscs c c|c ciri|ui!cs c|cgcrcm cic ncs pc|c pcnc !c
1uci!i!cs, uc cc|cccu nc suc |ccc ircs !cs mcis impcricnics pccs
crcicrics uc c suc c|rc ccnicm
7
, cnirc c|cs c Orc4c junc|rc.
5
|nsiiiuiic crcicric, 1O.1.4651.
6
Vi!c Sobre Ios orgenes de Ia oraloria (I), Mincr.c, Rc.isic !c
Ii|c|cgic C|4sicc, 1, 1987, 17.
7
Tucdides, Hisicric !c Gucrrc !c Pc|cpcncsc, BrasIia, HICITLC,
1986, 1.14O-145: Os Alenienses decidem ir guerra, 2.35-46: Orao fu-
nebre, 2.6O-64: Defesa conciIiadora de IricIes.
18
|sic iric!c c!mir4.c| !c !iscurscs rcprcscnic |cm c sinicsc !c
suc mcii.c4c pc|iiicc, ccm cspccic| !csicuc pcrc c jccic !c uc c|c
.ic nc pc.c c cc|c|crc!cr .c|uni4ric !cs scus c|cjcs c n4c c ins-
irumcnic ccgc !cs sucs cm|iccs, c cm Aicncs c cscc|c !c Grccic
8
.
| |cm ccn|cci!c c imcgcm uc um !ic cmprcgcu, c prcpcsiic !cs
jc.cns sc|!c!cs cci!cs nc gucrrc. c cnc ccc|c !c pcr!cr c suc Pri-
mc.crc
9
.
Aicncs c!mircrc cm Pcric|cs c scu primcirc crc!cr, pcis c pc|c-
.rc !c|c cxcrccrc sc|rc cs cspiriics !cs Aicnicnscs umc inj|ucncic
!urc!curc, i4c !urc!curc ccmc c prcpric in!cpcn!cncic. Pcis, sc
cnics !c|c Aicncs rcc|izcu grcn!cs jciics, jci sc| c prcss4c !cs cir-
cunsicncics, cs jc.crcs !c jcriunc c c scgcci!c!c !cs scus c|cjcs
1O
.
Ici, pcrcm, sc ccm c|c c pcr c|c uc c ci!c!c icmcu ccnscicncic !c si
mcsmc, !c scu gcnic c !c scu !csiinc.
Pcric|cs c, pcr ccnscguinic, c pcnic uc |igc c pcssc!c cc ju-
iurc, crgucn!c-sc uc| mcnumcnic .csii!c !c g|cric sc| c jrcnicirc
!c !cis mun!cs. Dc um |c!c, icmcs c Grccic !c Hcmcrc c !c
Hcsic!c, !c Arui|ccc, Scjc c A|ccu, !c Pin!crc c |sui|c, c Grccic
cspcnicncc c pcciicc, !c uc c !rcmc ir4gicc jci mcnijcsic4c su-
prcmc. Dc cuirc |c!c, icmcs c Grccic uc ciingc c suc i!c!c !c
rcj|cx4c, c Grccic !c prcsc, !c |isicric, !c c|cucncic pc|iiicc, !c
8
tj L6c (2.41).
9
ArislleIes, Rcicricc, I, 7, 1365a.
1O
Georges Ierrol, I||cucncc pc|iiiuc ci ju!icicirc c Ai|cncs, Iaris,
Haclelle, 1873, pp. 44-45.
19
ji|cscjic c !c cicncic. Pcric|cs c, pcis, c jigurc !c crc!cr uc gc.cr-
nc pc|c pc|c.rc umc ci!c!c |i.rc
11
, mcnicn!c-c jirmc c cc|cc !c
Grccic.
Ici, pcrcm, nc Sici|ic uc c rcicricc ic.c c suc crigcm ccmc
mcic|ingucgcm !c !iscursc crcicric. Pcr .c|ic !c 485 c. C., !cis ii-
rcncs sici|icncs, Gc|cn c Hicr4c, pc.ccrcm Sirccusc c !isiri|uircm
icrrcs pc|cs mcrccn4rics c cusic !c !cpcricccs, ircnsjcrcncics !c
pcpu|c4c c cxprcpricccs. Qucn!c jcrcm !csircnc!cs pcr cjciic !c
umc su||c.c4c !cmccr4iicc, c rcpcsi4c !c cr!cm |c.cu c pc.c c
insicurc4c !c inumcrcs prcccsscs uc mc|i|izcrcm grcn!cs juris
pcpu|crcs c c|rigcrcm cs inicr.cnicnics c scccrrcrcm-sc !cs sucs jc-
cu|!c!cs crcis !c ccmunicc4c. 1c| ncccssi!c!c rcpi!cmcnic inspircu
c cric4c !c umc cric uc pu!cssc scr cnsinc!c ncs cscc|cs c |c|i|i-
icssc cs ci!c!4cs c !cjcn!crcm cs sucs ccuscs c |uicrcm pc|cs scus
!irciics. | jci cssim uc surgircm cs primcircs prcjcsscrcs !c uc
mcis icr!c sc .iric c c|cmcr rcicricc.
Ici ncssc !ccisi.c mcmcnic |isicricc cm uc c !cmccrccic sc
impcs c iircnic, prcciscmcnic nc icmpc cm uc Aicncs ccn|cccu
Pcric|cs, uc Ccrcx c 1isics !c Sirccusc ccnccpiuc|izcrcm c pu||icc-
rcm c primcirc mcnuc| !c rcicricc
12
. Nc mcsmc c|iurc cm uc c
11
||i!cm, pp. 45-46.
12
IIalo, Iscrales, ArislleIes e Ccero parecem favorecer a alribui-
o da auloria do primeiro manuaI de relrica a Tsias (Ccero, 8ruius,
46). Mas, como opina Hugo Rabe (Prc|cgcmcncn S||cgc, Ieipzig, 1931,
p. 26), nada cusla a aceilar a conlribuio de Crax, uma vez que esle
20
rcicricc !csc|rcc|c nc Sici|ic, c cric !c !i4|cgc !cscn.c|.c-sc cm ||cic
ccm cs ji|cscjcs i!cc|isics c, grccs c umc |c|i|i!c!c prc!igicsc !c
criicu|cr csics !cis mcic!cs, c Grccic inicirc c!crc cc jcscinic c cc
!cs|um|rcmcnic !c .cr !iscuiir c !isscricr sc|rc uc|ucr icmc, ucr
sc ircic !c mcicjisicc, mcrc|, pc|iiicc cu uc|ucr cuirc icmc uc
mcrcc c !cjcsc, c c|cgic cu c ccnsurc !c ccmuni!c!c.
Dc ic!cs cs uc scguircm c .cricnic rcicricc, c mcis cc|c|rc,
icnic pc|cs c|cgics !cs scus c!mirc!crcs ccmc pc|cs cicucs !c P|ci4c,
jci Gcrgics. Ici ccm c|c uc csic sisicmc !c cnsinc pcncircu nc Aiicc.
Nciurc| !c Sici|ic, ccmc Ccrcx c 1isics, Gcrgics rcccn|ccic c jcrc
pcrsucsi.c !c cmc4c c c mcgic !c pc|c.rc cxprcssi.c c |cm cui!c-
!c, .cn!c nc crc!cr um psiccgcgc, um guic !c c|mcs mc!icnic umc
cspccic !c cnccnicmcnic. |m 42 c. C., cs scus ccnicrrcnccs !c
Iccniincs cn.icrcm-nc c Aicncs c cc|cc !c umc cm|cixc!c, c pcr
ci jiccu ccmc prcjcsscr !c !ic|cciicc c rcicricc, ccmc mcsirc !c n4c
pcuccs crc!crcs c c!ucc!crcs !c Aicncs.
Ccm Ccrcx c 1isics prc!uziu-sc umc rcicricc purcmcnic sin-
icgm4iicc, umc rcicricc uc sc ccupc !cs pcrics !c !iscursc c icm
sc|rciu!c c .cr ccm c disposilio. Ccm Gcrgics .c|crizcu-sc nc rcic-
ricc umc nc.c pcrspccii.c !c nciurczc pcrc!igm4iicc, .c|crizcrcm-sc
c csii|c c c ccmpcsi4c uc icm c .cr ccm c eIoculio. O scu princi-
pc| ccniri|uic jci icr su|mcii!c c prcsc cc cc!igc rcicricc, prcpc-
fora seu meslre e enlrelanlo lavia desenvoIvido a diviso lriparlida dos
discursos em promio, eyv, e epIogo (G. Kennedy, 1|c Ari cj Pcrsucsicn
in Grcccc, Irincelon, Irincelon Iniversily Iress, 1963, p. 59).
21
gcn!c-c ccmc !iscursc cru!iic, c|jccic csiciicc, |ingucgcm sc|c-
rcnc, cnicpcssc!c !c |iicrciurc
13
. Numc pc|c.rc, c|riu c prcsc c
rcicricc c c rcicricc c csii|isiicc.
2. Natureza e IinaIidade da retrica
Dcjinir c rcicricc n4c c icrcjc j4ci|. Pcis, ccmc sc crc, nuncc
cxisiiu um sisicmc unijcrmc !c rcicricc c|4ssicc
14
, cm|crc sc mu|ii-
p|iucm cs csjcrcs !c c cprcscnicr ccmc um sisicmc
15
. A rcicricc
jci scmprc umc !iscip|inc j|cxi.c|, mcis prcccupc!c ccm c pcrsucs4c
!cs cu.inics !c uc ccm c prc!u4c !c jcrmcs !c !iscursc, isic c,
mcis prcccupc!c ccm c jun4c rcicricc !c uc ccm c ccnjigurc4c !c
13
RoIand Barlles, A Relrica anliga, in Pcsuiscs !c Rcicricc, Ie-
lrpoIis, Ldilora Vozes, 1975, p. 152.
14
Cf. I. Tlurn, 1|c R|cicricc| Sircicg cj 1 Pcicr. Wii| Spccic| Rcgcr!
ic Am|igucus |xprcssicns, Abo, Abo Academis IrIag, 199O, pp. 5O-51,
W. WueIner, RleloricaI Crilicism and ils Tleory in CuIlure-CrilicaI Iers-
peclive: Tle Narralive Rleloric on }oln 11, in I. }. Harlin and }. H. Ielzer
(eds.), 1cxi cn! |nicrprciciicn. Ncv Apprccc|cs in i|c Criiicism cj i|c Ncv
1csicmcni, Ieiden, BriII, 1991, p. 171.
15
H. Iausberg, Hcn!|uc| !cr |iicrcrisc|cn R|cicri| (2 voIs.), Munclen,
Max Huber, 196O, segunda edio revisla, 1973, L. I. }. Corbell, C|cssicc|
R|cicric jcr i|c Mc!crn Siu!cni, Nev York, Nev York Iniversily Iress,
1965, A. D. Ieeman e A. C. Brael, K|cssic|c r|cicri|c. Hccr in|cu!, junciic
cn |cic|cnis, Grningen, WoIlers-Noordloff/Iorslen, 1987.
22
prcpric icxic
16
. Ccmc ccrcsccnic Krcjic|ic|, ii is vc|| ic rcmcm|cr
i|ci cncicni r|cicric, in iis ru|cs cs vc|| cs i|c mcnijcsiciicn cj i|csc
ru|cs, vcs cxircmc| j|ui!
17
.
Ac !isscricr sc|rc c nciurczc !c rcicricc, Quinii|icnc rcj|ccic
sc|rc cs .4rics !cjiniccs !csic, c !cixc-ncs pcrcc|cr cs scguinics uc-
irc ccmc cs mcis rcprcscnicii.cs !cs ccn.cnccs rcicriccs c|4ssiccs
18
:
A !cjini4c ciri|ui!c c Ccrcx c 1isics, Gcrgics c P|ci4c.
art0cu ptcupye (gcrc!crc !c pcrsucs4c),
A !cjini4c !c Arisicic|cs. p r pptcptkp arp tcu
c0rvtc rlartv ckrt uveo0et 0rprtv t at0evev
(c rcicricc pcrccc scr ccpcz !c !cscc|rir cs mcics !c pcr-
sucs4c rc|cii.cs c um !c!c cssunic),
Umc !cs !cjiniccs ciri|ui!cs c Hcrm4gcrcs. uvet
tcu ru ryrtv te actttke ptqete (c jccu|!c!c !c
jc|cr |cm nc uc ccnccrnc ccs cssunics pu||iccs),
A !cjini4c !c Quinii|icnc, nc |in|c !cs rcicriccs cs-
iciccs. scienlia bene dicendi (c cicncic !c |cm jc|cr).
16
S. }. Kraflclick, Lllos and Iallos AppeaIs in GaIalians Iive and
Six: A RleloricaI AnaIysis, lese de douloramenlo, Lmory Iniversily,
AlIanla, 1985, pp. 69-94.
17
Wly do lle Rleloricians Rage`, in 1cxi cn! Icgcs. 1|c Humc-
nisiic |nicrprciciicn cj i|c Ncv 1csicmcni, AlIanla, ScloIars Iress, 199O,
p. 61.
18
|nsiiiuiic crcicric, 2.15.1-38.
23
Num cspccic ic!cs csics !cjiniccs ccnccr!cm. uc c rcicricc c
c csiu!c !c rcicricc icm cm .isic c cric4c c c c|c|crc4c !c !iscurscs
ccm jins pcrsucsi.cs. Mcs, cm|crc i!cniiccs nc csscncic|, c|cs rcc|-
cm ucirc c|cmcnics rcicriccs impcricnics
19
: 1) c scu csiciuic mc-
ic!c|cgicc, 2) c scu prcpcsiic, 3) c scu c|jccic, c 4) c scu ccnicu!c
ciicc. |m primcirc |ugcr, ic!cs cs !cjiniccs cnicn!cm trvp ccmc
um ccrpc !c ccn|ccimcnic crgcnizc!c num sisicmc cu mcic!c, ccm
c jim !c ciingir um !cicrminc!c c|jccii.c pr4iicc, mcs ncm cm ic-
!cs sc cnicn!c c rcicricc ccmc cric/cicncic (ars, trvp/scienlia,
ratotqp). Pcrc cs mcsircs !c rcicricc, csic crc !c jccic umc cric, cu
mcsmc umc cicncic, mcs pcrc cs ji|cscjcs c|c n4c pcssc.c !c umc
cxpcricncic !c .c|cr !i!4ciicc rc|cii.c (rartpIe, usus). |m scgun!c
|ugcr, nc uc iccc c jinc|i!c!c !c !iscursc rcicricc, n4c rcsu|ic mui-
ic c|crc ncs cuicrcs c|4ssiccs c !ijcrcnc cnirc c ni.c| iccricc !c rc-
icricc c c ni.c| pr4iicc !c c|cucncic. Ncrmc|mcnic, ucn!c jc|cm
!c jinc|i!c!c pcrsucsi.c !c rcicricc, csi4c c pcnscr nc jinc|i!c!c !cs
crc!crcs c n4c nc !cs prcjcsscrcs !c rcicricc. Mcs c jccic c uc c
mcsirc cnsinc, n4c pcrsuc!c. | sc in!irccicmcnic uc c|c csi4 cn.c|-
.i!c nc jinc|i!c!c pcrsucsi.c !c !iscursc
2O
. |m icrccirc |ugcr, nc
uc ccnccrnc cc c|jccic !c rcicricc, cs cuicrcs c|4ssiccs icm !c iguc|
mc!c cm mcnic c pr4iicc crcicric c n4c c suc iccric. | pcr issc, icm-
19
A. D. Ieeman e A. C. Brael, cp. cii., pp. 52-57.
2O
Curiosamenle, para ArislleIes (Rcicricc, I, 1, 1354a), o fim da rel-
rica a capacidade de descobrir os meios de persuaso, e no a persuaso
em si, para QuinliIiano, o seu fim no s persuadir, mas lambm faIar bem.
24
|cm cui sc !i.i!cm. cnucnic uns, cm icrmcs iccriccs, cpcncs ccn-
icmp|cm nc scu |crizcnic rcicricc cs ircs gcncrcs !c !iscursc pu||icc
(ju!icic|, !c|i|crcii.c c cpi!iciicc)
21
, cuircs c!miicm c cp|icc4c !cs
ccn.cnccs rcicriccs c uc|ucr cuirc cssunic
22
. Pcrc c|cs, c rcicricc
ircnsjcrmc-sc cssim numc supcrcicncic, pcis icm pcr c|jccic c rcc|i-
!c!c icic| c cp|icc-sc c uc|ucr icxic. |m ucric |ugcr, pcc-sc c
ucsi4c !c c rcicricc scr cu n4c scr ciiccmcnic ncuirc. P|ci4c susicn-
ic uc c|c !c.c scr ciiccmcnic rcspcns4.c| c ccmprcmcii!c. Arisicic-
|cs !cjcn!c c suc ncuirc|i!c!c c jcz !cpcn!cr !c crc!cr, n4c !c sis-
icmc rcicricc, c usc rcspcns4.c| cu n4c !cs iccniccs !c pcrsucs4c.
Quinii|icnc rcprcscnic ccm c suc !cjini4c c pcsi4c inicrmc!ic. pcrc
c|c c c|cucncic c umc .iriu!c, c c crc!cr c um uir bonus ccpcz !c
jc|cr |cm (dicendi perilus), isic c, !c jcrmc ciiccmcnic cccii4.c|
23
.
Rcicricc c, pcis, umc jcrmc !c ccmunicc4c, umc cicncic uc sc
ccupc !cs principics c !cs iccniccs !c ccmunicc4c. N4c !c ic!c c
ccmunicc4c, c|.icmcnic, mcs !cuc|c uc icm jins pcrsucsi.cs. N4c
c, pcis, j4ci| !cr !c rcicricc umc sc !cjini4c. Qucn!c !izcmcs uc
c|c c c cric !c jc|cr |cm c c cric !c pcrsuc!ir, c cric !c !iscursc
crnc!c c c cric !c !iscursc cjiccz, csicmcs simp|csmcnic c icnicr
csic|c|cccr c rc|c4c cnirc !ucs mcncircs !c !cjinir c rcicricc, !c |i-
21
Vi!c a definio de Hermgoras.
22
Vi!c definies de ArislleIes e QuinliIiano. Iara Ccero, o ora-
dor ideaI deve ser capaz de faIar adequadamenle sobre quaIquer assunlo.
23
Cf. }an Bolla, Su|jcci ic v|csc cui|crii, AlIanla, ScloIars Iress,
1994, pp. 122-124.
25
gcr c crncmcnic c c cjic4cic, c cgrc!4.c| c c uii|, c jun!c c c jcrmc.
Qucn!c cs cniigcs !izcm uc c rcicricc c c cric !c |cm jc|cr, jczcm-
-nc nc ccnscicncic !c uc, pcrc sc jc|cr |cm c ncccss4ric pcnscr |cm,
c !c uc c pcnscr |cm prcssupcc, n4c sc icr i!cics c ic-|cs |cgicc c
csiciiccmcnic crrumc!cs, mcs icm|cm icr um csii|c !c .i!c, um .i-
.cr cm ccnjcrmi!c!c ccm c uc sc crc. Ccmc !iz 8cur!c|cuc, c |ci
mcrc| c c primcirc c c u|iimc !c ic!cs, cuc|c pc|c uc| cc!c umc
!cs cuircs sc jcriijicc c ccmp|cic. | pcr issc uc, ccm rcz4c, cs cn-
iigcs jczicm !c .iriu!c c ccn!i4c csscncic| !c c|cucncic, !cjinin!c
c crc!cr ccmc um uir bonus dicendi perilus.
24
Aric !c |cm !i-
zcr, cric !c pcrsuc!ir, cric mcrc|, cis cs c|cmcnics imp|iciic cu cxp|i-
ciicmcnic .crijicc!cs cm ucsc ic!cs cs !cjiniccs !c rcicricc.
3. CnnIIitn entre a retrica e a IiInsnIia
P|ci4c c ccnsi!crc!c c mcicr cscriicr !c prcsc grcgc, um mcs-
irc !c csiruiurc, ccrccicrizc4c c csii|c
25
. Os scus !i4|cgcs rcj|cc-
icm umc jcrmc4c rcicricc csmcrc!c. Mcs, pcrc c|c, c rcicricc .cr!c-
!circ, umc rcicricc !ignc !cs prcprics !cuscs
26
, c ncccsscricmcnic
24
A. IrofiIIel (lrad.), Ic r|cicriuc !c 8cur!c|cuc, Iaris, BeIin, 1864,
pp. 45-46. Cf. QuinliIiano, |nsiiiuiic crcicric, 12.1-2.
25
George Kennedy, C|cssicc| R|cicric cn! iis C|risiicn cn! Sccu|cr
1rc!iiicn jrcm Ancicni ic Mc!crn 1imcs, ClapeI HiII, Iniversily of Norll
CaroIina Iress, 198O, p. 42.
26
IIalo, Ic!rc, 273e.
26
ji|cscjicc c psiccgcgicc, icn!c scmprc cm .isic c csic|c|ccimcnic c c
cjirmc4c !c .cr!c!c. |ssc jci, c|i4s, c grcn!c ccnj|iic irc.c!c nc
Aniigui!c!c. c ccnj|iic !c ccmpcicncic cnirc ji|cscjcs c rcicriccs.
|nucnic c rcicricc jci .isic cpcncs ccmc umc !cuirinc iccnicc !c
!iscursc, cnircu cm !cc|inic prcgrcssi.c cic uc ucsc pcr ccmp|cic
sc cpcgcu. Mcs, ucn!c c|c .c|icu c scr ccnicmp|c!c c |uz !c suc
csiruiurc c !c suc jun4c ji|cscjicc, !cu-sc c scu rcssurgimcnic c c
cjirmc4c rcnc.c!c !c suc impcricncic
27
.
A jcrmc c inscpcr4.c| !c jun!c. H4, cjccii.cmcnic, umc rcicri-
cc ji|cscjicc pcr cpcsi4c c purcmcnic iccnicc !cs scjisics, umc rcic-
ricc uc c c rcsu|ic!c ccm|inc!c !c nciurczc, ccn|ccimcnic c pr4ii-
cc. Pcis, icnic pcrc c !cscc|cric !c .cr!c!c pc|c .ic ji|cscjicc !c
!ic|cciicc ccmc pcrc c cxpcsi4c pcrsucsi.c !cssc .cr!c!c pc|c .ic !c
rcicricc c ncccss4ric c mcsmc csiruiurc |cgicc, c|scr.c G. Kcnnc!
nc scu ccmcni4ric cc Iedro
28
. Diz, c|i4s, Wi||icm Grimc|!i
29
uc
icnic Arisicic|cs ccmc P|ci4c c |sccrcics cnicn!icm c rcicricc c c scu
csiu!c ccmc c criicu|c4c iniimc !c mcicric c jcrmc nc !iscursc, uc,
pcrc cs Grcgcs, c csiu!c !c rcicricc crc um mcic!c !c c!ucc4c c,
pcr ccnscguinic, umc ccii.i!c!c rcspcns4.c| c n4c c mcnipu|c4c j4ci|
!c |ingucgcm.
27
Cf. Clam IereIman, Ic c|cmp !c |crgumcniciicn, BruxeIIes, Ires-
ses Iniversilaires de BruxeIIes, 197O, p. 221.
28
C|cssicc| R|cicric., p. 57.
29
Sludies in lle IliIosoply of ArislolIe's Rleloric, Hcrmcs,
Zciisc|riji jr ||cssisc|c P|i|c|cgic, 25, 1972, p. 1.
2
Pcrc uc|ucr !csics jigurcs, c rcicricc crc umc cric c n4c umc
iccnicc. c cric !c eyc. 1c!cs c|cs rcccn|ccicm c rcicricc um jun!c-
mcnic| pcpc| !c rc|c.c nc .i!c !c |cmcm c !c ci!c!c. Pcrc ic!cs
c|cs c rcicricc crc, ccmc cric !c eyc, c insirumcnic uc |c|i|iic.c
c |cmcm c cxprimir c .cicu|cr cs rcsu|ic!cs !c ccnj|ucncic !c inic-
|ccic cspccu|cii.c c pr4iicc, icrncn!c-cs cccssi.cis c ic!cs pcrc umc
ccn.i.cncic mc||cr c mcis rcspcns4.c| nc aet. N4c umc mcrc icc-
nicc !c c|c|crc4c !c !iscurscs, mcs c csscncic !c prcccssc pc|c uc|
c |cmcm icnic inicrprcicr c icrncr signijiccii.c, pcrc si c pcrc cs
cuircs, c mun!c rcc|
3O
.
Nc suc cxprcss4c |cgicc, c .cr!c!circ rcicricc !cjinc-sc ccmc
criicu|c4c pcrjciic !c mcnscgcm ncsci!c nc mcnic, scn!c !c ccn-
!cncr c rcpu!icr c suc ircnsjigurc4c cu jc|sijicc4c scjisiicc uc,
ccmc iccnicc !c cpcrcncic, ncg|igcncic c .cr!c!c prcjun!c !cs cci-
scs c sc ccnicnic ccm c c!cs4c !c cu!iicric c mcrcs cpiniccs !c cir-
cunsicncic cu ccn.cnicncic. Qucr isic !izcr uc cc eyc inicricr
31
!c |cmcm sc cpcc c eyc cxicricr
32
, umc imiic4c ccrrupii.c| !c
mc!c|c criginc| ncsci!c c ccnscr.c!c nc mcnic, mcs !iscursc mcs-
mc cssim uii| c ncccss4ric ccmc unicc inicrprcic !c .cr|c|izc4c !c
uc c |cmcm !ispcc, !cs!c uc ccnscnicncc ccm c .cr!c!c c |cncs-
icmcnic ccnjcrmc!c cc pcnscmcnic nc inicrprcic4c c nc .cicu|c4c
!c mcnscgcm.
3O
WiIIiam GrimaIdi, cp. cii., p. 54.
31
eyc rvt60rtc.
32
eyc apccptke.
28
P|ci4c csi4 nc crigcm !csic ucsi4c jun!cmcnic|. uc sc pcc
c prcpcsiic !c rcicricc. c !c suc cpcrcnic cm|igui!c!c
33
. A rcicri-
cc uc !cjcn!c nc Iedro e cuc|c uc rcjciic nc Grgias s4c inici-
rcmcnic !ijcrcnics. Nc Grgias ircic-sc !c umc rcicricc scjisiicc, nc
Iedro, !c umc rcicricc ji|cscjicc.
Hc.cr4 um rcicricc purcmcnic rcicricc Umc rcicricc uc n4c
icn|c rcizcs nc scjisiicc ncm nc ji|cscjic |ssc pcssi|i|i!c!c, jun!c!c
nc cm|igui!c!c !c rcicricc, c csiu!c!c pcr 8cr|crc Ccssin
34
mc!icnic
c cn4|isc !cs c|rcs !c P|ci4c, Arisicic|cs c Pcrc|mcn. Mcis prcgm4iicc
!c uc P|ci4c, Arisicic|cs ccnicmp|c c rcicricc numc pcrspccii.c !ijc-
rcnic, mcs n4c sc !isicncic !c .is4c rcicricc !c Iedro. Scgun!c Icc-
ncr!c Spcngc|
35
, c Iocus cIassicus rc|cii.c c rcicricc !c Arisicic|cs
c inscrc.cr c rcicricc nc ccniinui!c!c !c Iedro. Mcs |4 umc cuirc
|in|c !c jcrc |cm mcis c.i!cnic nc ccnccp4c crisicic|icc !c rcicricc.
c rcicricc c scm !u.i!c umc trvp, umc uvet c mcsmc umc
ratotqp, pcis c ccn|ccimcnic uc !c mc!c c|gum sc !c.c ccnjun!ir
ccm c scjisiicc cu c ji|cscjic. |m icrmcs crisicic|iccs, n4c c !ijici|
cxp|iccr pcr uc c rcicricc c cn4|cgc nc ccmpc crgumcnicii.c c !ic|cc-
33
Barbara Cassin, Bonnes el mauvaises rlloriques: de IIalon
IereIman, in Iigurcs ci ccnj|iis r|cicriucs, dil par MicleI Meyer el AIain
Iempereur, BruxeIIes, Ldilion de I'Iniversil de BruxeIIes, 199O, p. 17.
34
Op. cii., pp. 17-37.
35
U|cr !ic R|cicri| !cs Arisicic|cs, Municl, 1852. Cf. Anlje HeIIvig,
Unicrsuc|ungcn zur 1|ccric !cr R|cicri| |ci P|cicn un! Arisicic|cs, Glingen,
1975, pp. 19 e segs.
29
iicc nc ccmpc !cmcnsircii.c.
36
Ccmc cniisircjc !c !ic|cciicc, c rcic-
ricc crisicic|icc nc!c mcis c !c uc c cniisircjc
37
!c rcicricc ji|cscjicc
!c Iedro. Sc cssim sc ccmprccn!c ccmc c !cjini4c uc c|c !4 !c rc-
icricc inicr.cm nc !cicrminc4c !c scu rpycv. c c|crc uc c suc jun-
4c n4c c pcrsuc!ir, mcs c .cr cs mcics !c pcrsucs4c !c uc !ispcmcs
pcrc cc!c ccsc
38
. Pcr ccnscguinic, n4c |4 !ucs rcicriccs. umc scjisiicc
c cuirc ji|cscjicc, umc !c jccic c cuirc !c !irciic. O uc pc!cr4 |c.cr
c um usc ccrrccic cu inccrrccic !cs sucs ccn.cnccs. A rcicricc pc!c
scir !cs scus |imiics !c ccmpcicncic, mcs n4c !cixc !c scr rcicricc
39
.
| nissc sc !isiinguc c |cm !c mcu crc!cr.
Orc csic mu!cnc !c scnii!c cnirc c .c|cr !c rcicricc cm P|ci4c
c c .c|cr !c rcicricc cm Arisicic|cs jci !c c|gum mc!c cssumi!c pcr
C. Pcrc|mcn. Simp|csmcnic, cc rccscrc.cr Arisicic|cs
4O
c|c c|rc cc-
min|c c umc nc.c rcicricc, jun!in!c pcr cssim !izcr c Relrica c
cs Tpicos. A um iu!c c ji|cscjicc !c P|ci4c, Pcrc|mcn ccnircpcc
um iu!c c rcicricc, c inscrc c .cr|c|izc4c !c prcpric !iscursc ji-
|cscjicc nc ccmpc !c rcicricc
41
.
36
Barbara Cassin, cp. cii., p. 27.
37
Icc. cii.
38
Rcicricc, I, 1, 1355b. Iara ArislleIes, a funo da relrica no ,
pois, persuadir, como no Gcrgics e no Ic!rc, mas sim ver, leorizar sobre o
modo de persuadir.
39
Barbara Cassin, cp. cii., pp. 27-28.
4O
Iogique el Rllorique, R|cicriucs, BruxeIIes, Ldilions de I'Ini-
versil de BruxeIIes, 1989, p. 71.
41
Barbara Cassin, cp. cii., p. 31.
30
Aciuc|mcnic, cm rcsu|ic!c !c umc |cngc c.c|u4c, c rcicricc
cprcscnic-sc !i.i!i!c cm !cis rcmcs. umc rcicricc !c c|ccu4c, c cs-
iu!c !c prc!u4c |iicr4ric, c umc rcicricc !c crgumcnic4c, c csiu!c
!c pc|c.rc cjiccz cu prc!u4c pcrsucsi.c. |sics !ucs rcicriccs inii-
iu|cm-sc nc.cs rcicriccs. icnic c uc sc pcsscu c !i.u|gcr ccm
C|cm Pcrc|mcn, c pcriir !c !ccc!c !c 1950, umc Nova Relrica
cu iccric !c crgumcnic4c inspirc!c nc csscncic !c rcicricc !c Aris-
icic|cs
42
, ccmc c cssinc|c!c pcr Pcu| Ricccur nc uinic csiu!c !c
suc Mlaplore vive, Ic mcicp|crc ci |c ncu.c||c r|cicriuc, n4c
sc igncrcn!c c cmprcsc pcrc|mcnicnc ccmc icm|cm cpcncs sc rcjc-
rin!c c rcicricc |iicr4ric
43
.
|sic igncrcncic rcciprccc icm c|i4s c .cr ccm c jrcciurc criginc|
cir4s rcjcri!c. A !cjini4c crisicic|icc !c rcicricc cnirc |cm cc!c cm
ccnccrrcncic ccm c !c Crisipc, C|ccnics c cs csiciccs, uc ccnicmp|cm
c rcicricc ccmc ars bene dicendi, c cssim prcmc.cm c icn!cncic pcrc
c pri.i|cgic !c ccmpcncnic csiciicc-csii|isiicc, cm !cirimcnic !c cjic4-
cic crgumcnicii.c. A rcicricc |iicrcrizc-sc c c !imcns4c crgumcnicii.c
!c pcrsucs4c c ncg|igcncic!c. O uc cs primcircs rcicriccs c|4ssiccs
cnicn!icm ccmc umc !cs sucs pcrics c eIoculio .cic ccm c icm-
pc c cssumir-sc ccmc c csscncic !c prcpric rcicricc
44
.
42
Clam IereIman e I. OIbreclls-Tyleca, Ic Ncu.c||c R|cicriuc.
1rciic !c |Argumcniciicn, Iaris, Iresses Iniversilaires de Irance, 1958.
43
IauI Ricoeur, Ia mlaplore el Ia nouveIIe rllorique, in Ic
mcicp|crc .i.c, Iaris, SeuiI, 1975, pp. 173-219.
44
Como juslamenle observa Anlonio Garca Berrio: A Io Iargo de
su lisloria de coIaboracin como discipIinas compIemenlarias deI discur-
31
Pcu| Ricccur su||in|c c jcncmcnc ncs scguinics icrmcs. c rc-
icricc !c Arisicic|cs cc|rc ircs ccmpcs. umc iccric !c crgumcnic4c,
uc ccnsiiiui c cixc principc| c uc jcrnccc cc mcsmc icmpc c nc !c
suc criicu|c4c ccm c |cgicc !cmcnsircii.c c ccm c ji|cscjic (csic
iccric !c crgumcnic4c cc|rc sc c|c !cis icrcs !c ircic!c) umc
iccric !c c|ccu4c , c umc iccric !c ccmpcsi4c !c !iscursc. O uc
cs u|iimcs ircic!cs !c rcicricc ncs cjcrcccm c, scgun!c c jc|iz cx-
prcss4c !c G. Gcnncic, umc rcicricc rcsiriic
45
, rcsiriic primcirc c
iccric !c c|ccu4c, !cpcis c iccric !cs ircpcs. Umc !cs ccuscs !c
mcric !c rcicricc csi4 ci. cc rc!uzir-sc c umc !cs sucs pcrics, c rc-
icricc pcr!cu cc mcsmc icmpc c nexus uc c |igc.c c ji|cscjic mc-
!icnic c !ic|cciicc, c, pcr!i!c csic ncxc, c rcicricc ircnsjcrmcu-sc cm
!iscip|inc crr4iicc c juii|. A rcicricc mcrrcu |cgc uc c gcsic !c c|cs-
so, Ia Relrica, ciencia de Ia cxprcsi.i!c! verbaI Ia Iolica, ciencia de
Ia pcciici!c! expresivo-imaginaria, lan acluado sobre un enlendimienlo
cambianle y desiguaI de Ia naluraIeza deI Iinguage comunicalivo
eslndar y deI discurso Iilerario y polico. Ia relorizacin de Ia polica
cIsica fue posibIe por Ia confusin imperanle en Ia cuIlura greco-Ialina
sobre Ia naluraIeza deI Iinguage arlslico |.j Iodemos decir en snlesis,
que si, a efeclos deI recorle de su conlenido a Ia soIa c|ccuiic, se la
abIado de un proceso de poderosa poelizacin de Ia Relrica,
Ia len-
dencia inversa de relorizacin de Ia Iolica de Ia Iileralura es una
reaIidad de aIcance indisculibIe (1ccric !c |c Iiicrciurc, Madrid, Cle-
dra, 1989, pp. 22-23, 16O).
45
Grard Genelle, Rllorique reslreinle, Ccmmunicciicns, 16, Ia-
ris, SeuiI, 197O.
32
sijiccr cs jigurcs sup|cnicu pcr ccmp|cic c scnii!c ji|cscjicc uc cni-
mc.c c .csic impcric rcicricc, mcniin|c uni!cs cs sucs pcrics, c |i-
gc.c c ic!c cc organon c c ji|cscjic primcirc.
46
Gcrcr! Gcnciic rc|ccicnc cs crigcns mc!crncs !c c|cmc!c rc-
!u4c ircpc|cgicc ccm cs ircic!cs rcicriccs !c Dumcrscis c Icnic-
nicr ncs sccu|cs XV||| c X|X. A rcicricc pcssc cssim c scr csscncic|-
mcnic umc cric !c cxprcss4c, cu mc||cr, umc cric !c cxprcss4c
|iicr4ric ccn.cncicnc!c. Nc Ircnc, ccmc nc |i4|ic c nc A|cmcn|c, c
rcicricc cm pcucc mcis sc ircnsjcrmcu !c uc cm umc iccric !c prc-
sc |iicr4ric. |, sc nc |ng|cicrrc c .c||c irc!i4c rcicricc ccnscguiu
rcsisiir, jci grccs c impcricncic !c psicc|cgic nc cmpirismc !c 8cccn,
Icc|c c Humc, c c inj|ucncic !c ji|cscjic csccccsc !c |cm scnsc, c|-
scr.c Pcrc|mcn
47
.
| ccrcsccnic. Ac |c!c !c rcicricc, jun!c!c sc|rc c iric!c rc-
icricc-prc.c-pcrsucs4c, Ricccur |cm|rc-ncs uc Arisicic|cs c|c|crcu
umc pcciicc, uc n4c c iccnicc !c cc4c mcs iccnicc !c cric4c, c uc|
ccrrcspcn!c c iric!c pcicsis-mimcsis-cci|crsis. Orc Arisicic|cs
ccupc-sc !c mci4jcrc ncs !cis ircic!cs, mcsircn!c uc c mcsmc ji-
gurc pcricncc ccs !cis !cminics, crc cxcrccn!c umc cc4c rcicricc,
crc !cscmpcn|cn!c um pcpc| nc cric4c pcciicc.
48
Pcis, ccmc c
46
Ic mcicp|crc .i.c, Iaris, SeuiI, 1975, pp. 13-14.
47
Clam IereIman, 1|c Ncv R|cicric cn! i|c Humcniiics. |sscs cn
R|cicric cn! iis App|icciicns, Iondon, ReideI, 1979, pp. 3-4.
48
Clam IereIman, Icmpirc r|cicriuc. R|cicriuc ci crgumcniciicn,
Iaris, Vrin, 1977, p. 13.
33
scguir susicnic, cs jigurcs !cixcm !c scr mcrcs jigurcs crncmcnicis
c pcsscm c scr usc!cs ccmc jigurcs crgumcnicii.cs, scmprc uc in-
icgrc!cs numc rcicricc ccncc|i!c ccmc cric !c pcrsuc!ir c ccn.cn-
ccr. Ccsc ccnir4ric, c|cs ircnsjcrmcm-sc cm mcrcs crncmcnics uc
cpcncs rcspciicm c jcrmc !c !iscursc, pcr!cn!c ccm issc c suc jun-
4c !incmicc.
4. A RetrIcu de AristteIes
Arisicic|cs cscrc.cu !cis ircic!cs !isiinics sc|rc c c|c|crc4c !c
!iscursc. A suc Relrica ccupc-sc !c cric !c ccmunicc4c, !c !is-
cursc jciic cm pu||icc ccm jins pcrsucsi.cs. A Iolica ccupc-sc !c
cric !c c.ccc4c imcgin4ric, !c !iscursc jciic ccm jins csscncic|mcn-
ic pcciiccs c |iicr4rics. O uc !cjinc c rcicricc crisicic|icc c prccisc-
mcnic c cpcsi4c cnirc csics !ucs trvet cuicncmcs, cnirc csics !cis
sisicmcs i4c c|crcmcnic !cmcrcc!cs, um rcicricc c cuirc pcciicc. Os
uc, c pcriir !c|c, rcccn|cccm c ccciicm ic| cpcsi4c cnuc!rcm-sc
nc rcicricc crisicic|icc. Os uc susicnicm c jus4c !c rcicricc ccm c
pcciicc, c ccnscucnicmcnic ccciicm c ircnsjcrmc4c !c rcicricc numc
cric pcciicc !c cric4c |iicr4ric mc!icnic c |iicrciurizc4c !c prcpric
rcicricc, cnuc!rcm-sc nc mc.imcnic uc, ccm c Scgun!c Scjisiicc,
sc .iric c !csigncr ncc-rcicricc.
A criiicc uc Arisicic|cs jcz ccs iccrizc!crcs !c rcicricc uc
c prccc!crcm pcrccc-ncs icr csscnic!c ncs scguinics rczccs. nc !c c|cs
icrcm ccnirc!c c suc cicn4c nc !iscursc ju!icic|, cm prcjuizc !cs
!cmcis gcncrcs, nc !c icrcm !c!c cspccic| cicn4c cc csiimu|c !cs
34
cmcccs, ccm ncg|igcncic c.i!cnic !c usc !c crgumcnic4c |cgicc, c
nc !c cxccssi.c impcricncic !c!c c csiruiurc jcrmc| !c !iscursc
49
.
A grcn!c inc.c4c !c Arisicic|cs jci c |ugcr !c!c cc crgumcnic
|cgicc ccmc c|cmcnic ccnirc| nc cric !c pcrsucs4c. A suc Relrica c
sc|rciu!c umc rcicricc !c prc.c, !c rcciccinic, !c si|cgismc rcicricc,
isic c, umc iccric !c crgumcnic4c pcrsucsi.c. | umc !cs sucs mcic-
rcs uc|i!c!cs rcsi!c nc jccic !c c|c scr umc iccnicc cp|ic4.c| c uc|-
ucr cssunic. Pcis prcpcrcicnc simu|icnccmcnic um mcic!c !c irc-
|c||c c um sisicmc criiicc !c cn4|isc, uii|iz4.cis n4c sc nc ccnsiru4c
!c um !iscursc, mcs icm|cm nc inicrprcic4c !c uc|ucr jcrmc !c
!iscurscs
5O
.
A Relrica !c Arisicic|cs pcrccc icr rcsu|ic!c !c ircs mcmcn-
ics !isiinics !c suc .i!c. O |i.rc 1.5-15 c pcrics !c |i.rc 3 jcrcm
cpcrcnicmcnic cscriics pcr .c|ic !c 350 c. C., ucn!c cin!c crc mcm-
|rc !c Acc!cmic c ci cnsinc.c rcicricc. |nirc 342 c. C. c 335 c. C.,
!urcnic c suc csic!c nc Mccc!cnic, icr4 cscriic c suc pcric mcis
su|sicncic|. A ccnc|us4c c cs rcicucs jincis !c mcsmc pc!cr4c icr
si!c rcc|izc!cs cpcs c rcgrcssc !c csicgiriic c Aicncs cm 335 c. C., c
c ccnscucnic c|criurc !c suc prcpric cscc|c
51
. A Relrica !4, cjcc-
ii.cmcnic, sincis !c sc |c.cr !irigi!c c !ijcrcnics cu!icncics, rcj|cc-
iin!c ic|.cz !ijcrcnics ccnicxics c mcmcnics !i.crscs !c scu cnsinc.
49
Vi!c George Kennedy, Arisici|c cn R|cicric. A 1|ccr cj Ci.ic Dis-
ccursc, Nev York/Oxford, Oxford Iniversily Iress, 1991, p. 9.
5O
||i!cm, p. 3O9.
51
Cf. George Kennedy, Arisici|c cn R|cicric, pp. 5-7.
35
| pcr issc uc c|gumcs pcrics pcrcccm icr si!c !irigi!cs primcric-
mcnic c csiu!cnics !c ji|cscjic c cuircs n4c.
|nirc cs principics uc ccrccicrizcm c scu csucmc rcicricc
rc|c.cm-sc cs scguinics.
1) A !isiin4c !c !ucs ccicgcrics jcrmcis !c pcrsucs4c.
prc.cs iccniccs c n4c iccniccs,
2) A i!cniijicc4c !c ircs mcics !c prc.c, mc!cs !c cpc|c
cu jcrmcs !c pcrsucs4c. c |cgicc !c cssunic, c ccr4cicr
!c crc!cr c c cmc4c !cs cu.inics,
3) A !isiin4c !c ircs cspccics !c rcicricc. ju!icic|, !c|i|c-
rcii.c c cpi!iciicc,
4) A jcrmc|izc4c !c !ucs ccicgcrics !c crgumcnics rcic-
riccs. c cniimcmc, ccmc prc.c !c!uii.c, c cxcmp|c,
usc!c nc crgumcnic4c in!uii.c ccmc jcrmc !c crgu-
mcnic4c sccun!4ric,
5) A ccnccp4c c c usc !c .4rics ccicgcrics !c icpiccs nc
ccnsiru4c !cs crgumcnics. icpiccs cspccijiccmcnic rc-
|ccicnc!cs ccm cc!c gcncrc !c !iscursc, icpiccs gcrc|-
mcnic cp|ic4.cis c ic!cs cs gcncrcs, c icpiccs uc prc-
pcrcicncm csircicgics !c crgumcnic4c, iguc|mcnic
ccmuns c ic!cs cs gcncrcs !c !iscursc,
6) A ccnccp4c !c ncrmcs |4siccs !c csii|c c ccmpcsi4c,
ncmcc!cmcnic sc|rc c ncccssi!c!c !c c|crczc, c ccm-
prccns4c !c cjciic !c !ijcrcnics iipcs !c |ingucgcm c
csiruiurc jcrmc|, c c cxp|iciic4c !c pcpc| !c mci4jcrc,
7) A c|cssijicc4c c cr!cnc4c !cs .4rics pcrics !c !iscursc.
36
5. PIann e cnntedn da RetrIcu
IIVRO I IROVAS OI MLIOS DL ILRSIASO: IROVA IGICA
1.1-3 RETRlCA, DlALCTlCA E SOISTlCA
1.1 DefInIo
A .cr!c!circ rcicricc c umc jcrmc !c crgumcnic4c ccmpcr4-
.c| c !ic|cciicc
52
. Ac rcj|cciir sc|rc c nciurczc !c cric, c cc cprcscn-
icr c rcicricc ccmc cric gcnuinc, Arisicic|cs csi4 cui c cjirmcr c
suc rccicnc|i!c!c ccmc jcrmc !c ccn|ccimcnic pr4iicc c c i!cniijic4-
-|c ccm c !ic|cciicc
53
.
Os manuais exislenles: Ncg|igcncicm c crgumcnic4c |cgicc,
c ccupcm-sc cpcncs !c crcicric ju!icic|, ucn!c c !c|i|crcii.c ||c c
supcricr. O csiu!cnic !c rcicricc prccisc sc|rciu!c !c ccmprccn!cr c
usc !c cniimcmc ccmc insirumcnic jun!cmcnic| !c cric rcicricc.
1rcic-sc !c um si|cgismc rcicricc, cm iu!c i!cniicc cc !ic|cciicc ccmc
oe tj aIotr.
IliIidade da relrica: A rcicricc c uii|, pcis scm c|c c .cr!c!c
pc!c scr !crrcic!c num !c|cic. ||c pcrmiic-ncs !c|cicr cm|cs cs
|c!cs !c umc ucsi4c.
52
'AvtIotpcc um lermo lomado de emprslimo do movimenlo
de um coro na execuo das odes corais: a eslrofe denola o seu movi-
menlo numa direco, a anlslrofe, o seu conlramovimenlo. Significa a
repelio do mesmo padro mlrico da eslrofe por diferenles paIavras.
53
Vi!c |i|icc Niccmcc|cc, VI, 3, 114Oa21.
3
Nalureza das provas: Ac ccnir4ric !c rcicricc !cs scjisics, c
.cr!c!circ cric rcicricc jun!c-sc cm prc.cs (aIotr), cnicn!cn!c-sc
pcr prc.c umc cspccic !c !cmcnsirc4c (eaertt tt), cu scjc, um
rcciccinic circ.cs !c cniimcmcs.
Os dois modos de prova: Um, n4c iccnicc cu criisiicc, pcr-
uc n4c in.cnic!c pc|c crc!cr, scccrrc-sc !c c.i!cncic !c icsicmu-
n|cs cu ccnircics cscriics (cs 6trvct aIotrt), c cuirc, iccnicc cu
criisiicc, pcruc sc scccrrc !c mcics !c pcrsucs4c cric!cs pc|c crc!cr
(cs rvtrvct aIotrt).
1.2 Os trs meIos de persuuso
Os mcics criisiiccs !c pcrsucs4c s4c ircs. cs !cri.c!cs !c ccr4c-
icr !c crc!cr (\0c), cs !cri.c!cs !c cmc4c !cspcric!c pc|c crc!cr
ncs cu.inics (a60c), c cs !cri.c!cs !c crgumcnics .cr!c!circs cu
prc.4.cis (eyc). S4c csics ircs c|cmcnics !c prc.c uc junicmcnic
ccniri|ucm pcrc c rcciccinic cniimcm4iicc.
As formas dos argumenlos: Os crgumcnics |cgiccs icmcm
umc !c !ucs jcrmcs. c cniimcmc c c cxcmp|c. | pcr mcic !c|cs uc
Arisicic|cs inirc!uz c iccric !c |cgicc nc suc iccric rcicricc.
LIemenlos de que derivam a malria e a forma dos enli-
memas: Prc|c|i|i!c!cs c sincis. As prc|c|i|i!c!cs s4c prcmisscs gc-
rc|mcnic ccciics, jun!c!cs nc cxpcricncic c nc ccnscnsc. Os sincis
s4c gcrc|mcnic !c !cis iipcs. uns cpcnicm pcrc umc ccnc|us4c nc-
ccss4ric, cuircs s4c rcjui4.cis.
A malria e a forma dos enlimemas: Os icpiccs. Scn!c cs
cniimcmcs cs .cicu|cs pcr cxcc|cncic !c crgumcnic4c rcicricc, cs
38
sucs prcmisscs s4c mcicric|mcnic ccnsiiiui!cs pcr icpiccs. cs icpiccs
cspccijiccs, cp|ic4.cis c cc!c um !cs gcncrcs pcriicu|crcs !c !iscursc
(ju!icic|. jusic/injusic, !c|i|crcii.c. uii|/inuii|, cpi!iciicc. |c|c/jcic),
c cs icpiccs ccmuns, cp|ic4.cis in!isiinicmcnic c uc|ucr um !cs
ircs gcncrcs (pcssi.c|/impcssi.c|, rcc|/irrcc|, mcis/mcncs).
1.3 As trs especIes de retrIcu, ou generos de dIscurso
ju!icic| cu jcrcnsc, !c|i|crcii.c cu pc|iiicc c !cmcnsircii.c cu
cpi!iciicc. A siiuc4c !c !iscursc ccnsisic num crc!cr, num !iscursc
c num cu!iicric. O cu!iicric, cu c juiz (nc iri|unc|), cu cspccic!cr
(nc ccnsc||c cu nc csscm||cic). Os !iscurscs !c|i|crcii.cs cu s4c cxcr-
icccs cu !issucsccs c .iscm mcsircr c .cnicgcm cu !cs.cnicgcm !c
umc !cicrminc!c cc4c. Os !iscurscs ju!icicis cu s4c ccuscccs cu
!cjcscs sc|rc cciscs jciics nc pcssc!c c .iscm mcsircr c jusiic cu in-
jusiic !c uc jci jciic. Os !iscurscs cpi!iciiccs |cu.cm cu ccnsurcm
c|gc, .iscn!c mcsircr c .iriu!c cu !cjciic !c umc pcsscc cu ccisc.
1.4-15 AS ESPClES DE RETRlCA E RESPECTlVOS TPlCOS
1.4-8 RetrIcu deIIberutItu
1.4 Os cinco lemas mais imporlanles de deIiberao:
Iincncs, gucrrc c pcz, !cjcsc nccicnc|, impcricccs c cxpcricccs, c
|cgis|c4c. Scgucm-sc cs icpiccs uicis c cc!c um !csics icmcs.
39
1.5-6 Tpicos licos: Dcjini4c !c jc|ici!c!c, ccmc c|jccii.c
u|iimc !c ic!c c cc4c |umcnc, !cscri4c !cs jccicrcs uc pcrc c|c
ccniri|ucm, ncmcc!cmcnic c |cm ncscimcnic, muiics c |ccs cmizc-
!cs, |cns ji||cs, i!c!c c.cnc!c, .iriu!cs jisiccs, rcpuic4c, |cnrc c
.iriu!c, cxp|icc4c !c cc!c um !csics icpiccs c .c|crizc4c !c icpicc
!c |cm.
1.7 Tpico do mais/menos apIicado comparao de
bens: Rcicmcn!c um icpicc ccmum c ic!cs cs cspccics !c rcicricc,
Arisicic|cs ccnsi!crc cgcrc c suc cp|icc4c cspccijicc c crcicric
!c|i|crcii.c. O crc!cr prccisc !c mcsircr uc umc ccisc c mcis cu
mcncs impcricnic, mcis cu mcncs .cnicjcsc, !c mcsmc mcncirc uc
prcciscr4 !c mcsircr uc c|c c pcssi.c| cu impcssi.c|.
1.8 Tpicos sobre consliluies poIlicas: Os rc|cii.cs
ccs ucirc rcgimcs, !cmccr4iicc, c|ig4ruicc, crisiccr4iicc c mcn4r-
uicc.
1.9 RetrIcu epIdIctIcu
Tpicos que convm relrica epidclica: 1u!c c uc icm c
.cr ccm c nc|rczc c c .iriu!c. Discuicm-sc cs .iriu!cs c c ccncciic
!c |c|c, !c nc|rc, !c |cncsic c scus ccnir4rics. Sugcrcm-sc cs rcs-
pccii.cs icpiccs. A .cricnic csiciicc !c rcicricc cpi!iciicc c c.i!cn-
cic!c pc|c cspccic| cicn4c !c!c cc icpicc !c cmp|ijicc4c ncs !is-
curscs !cmcnsircii.cs.
40
1.10-15 RetrIcu ]udIcIuI ou forense
1.1O Tpicos sobre deIilos ou lransgresso conscienle
das Ieis: As scic ccuscs !c !c|iic c rcspccii.cs icpiccs, icnic nc uc
ccnccrnc c ccusc4c ccmc c !cjcsc.
1.11 Tpicos sobre prazer: A nciurczc !c prczcr, cci4|cgc
!c prczcrcs (uinzc iipcs !c prczcr) c rcspccii.cs icpiccs.
1.12 Tpicos sobre agenles e vlimas de injuslia: Dc-
pcis !c rcjcrir c icpicc !c pcssi|i|i!c!c/impcssi|i|i!c!c ccmc rc-
|c.cnic pcrc csic cssunic, Arisicic|cs c.cnc ccm umc |isic !c
jccicrcs pcn!crc!cs pc|c crimincsc, rczccs pcrc c crimc c iipcs !c
crimcs.
1.13 Tpicos sobre juslia e injuslia: Discuicm-sc cs !cis
iipcs !c |ci, pcriicu|cr c gcrc|, c |ci cscriic c n4c cscriic, c |ci nciu-
rc|, !cjincm-sc c c|cssijiccm-sc cs crimcs, rcj|ccic-sc sc|rc c jusiic c
c cui!c!c.
1.14 Graus de injuslia: Iisic !c icpiccs sc|rc ccmc crgu-
mcnicr uc c|gc c um mc| mcicr. Qucnic mcis prcmc!iic!c c |ruic|
c c crimc, mcicr c mcis grc.c c|c c.
1.15 Meios inarlslicos ou no lcnicos de persuaso:
Arisicic|cs ccnsi!crc cincc cs c|cmcnics !c crgumcnic4c |cgc| uc
j4 csi4c nciurc|mcnic prcscnics ncs circunsicncics, c n4c s4c rcicri-
ccmcnic cric!cs pc|c crc!cr. |cis, icsicmun|cs, ccnircics, icriurc c
jurcmcnics.
41
IIVRO II IROVAS OI MLIOS DL ILRSIASO:
IIVRO II LMOO L CARCTLR
2.1-11 EMOO
2.1 O pupeI du emoo e o curcter
Arisicic|cs mcsirc ccmc cs c|cmcnics !c crgumcnic4c psicc|c-
gicc icm|cm sc pc!cm uscr ccmc pcric inicgrcnic !c crgumcnic4c
cniimcm4iicc. O scjisic csiimu|c cs cmcccs pcrc !cs.icr cs cu.inics
!c !c|i|crc4c rccicnc|. O crc!cr crisicic|icc ccnirc|c cs pcixccs pc|c
rcciccinic uc !cscn.c|.c ccm cs scus cu.inics
54
.
2.2-11 Como estImuIur emoo no uudItrIo
Rcciccinic ccm cs cmcccs.
2.2-3 Ira e caIma: A irc ccmc cmc4c pcrc!igm4iicc, c irc c
c cc|mc !cjini!cs c cnc|isc!cs, ccm c jim !c prcpcrcicncr mcicric| c
pcriir !c uc| sc pc!cr4c ccnsiruir crgumcnics cniimcm4iiccs. Aris-
icic|cs !cjinc c c|cssijicc cc!c cmc4c, ccnsi!crcn!c c rcz4c cu ccusc
!c cc!c umc !c|cs c c csic!c !c cspiriic !c pcsscc uc cs cxpcrimcnic.
54
Vi!c Iarry Arnlarl, Arisici|c cn Pc|iiicc| Rccscning. A Ccmmcnicr
cn i|c R|cicric, DeKaIb, Norllern IIIinois Iniversily Iress, 1981, p. 112.
42
2.4 Amizade e inimizade
2.5 Temor e confiana
2.6 Vergonla e desvergonla
2.7 AmabiIidade e indeIicadeza
2.8-9 Iiedade e indignao
2.1O-11 Inveja e emuIao
2.12-17 CARCTER
Ccmc c!cpicr c ccr4cicr !c crc!cr c cmc4c !cs cu.inics.
2.12-14 Curcter e Idude
2.12 O carcler do jovem
2.13 O carcler do idoso
2.14 O carcler dos que eslo no auge da vida
2.15-17 Curcter e fortunu
2.15 O carcler dos nobres
2.16 O carcler dos ricos
2.17 O carcler dos poderosos
43
2.18-26 ESTRUTURA LGlCA DO RAClOCNlO RETRlCO
Rcgrcssc cc csiu!c !cs jcrmcs !c crgumcnic4c |cgicc. Aic cui,
ccupcu-sc !c mcicric cu !cs jcnics !c rcciccinic cniimcm4iicc. A pcr-
iir !cui, ccupc-sc !cs csiruiurcs jcrmcis !c injcrcncic, !cs icpiccs
ccmc csircicgics |cgiccs !c crgumcnic4c.
2.18-19 Iuno dos tpIcos comuns u todus us especIes de retrIcu
Rcicrnc cc icmc !csics icpiccs c rcsumc jinc|. cci4|cgc !c uin-
zc icpiccs !c pcssi.c|/impcssi.c|, c rcjcrcncic ccs !c jccic pcssc!c/
juiurc, c !c mcis/mcncs impcricnic.
2.20 Argumento peIo exempIo
Sinicsc !c icmc !c crgumcnic4c pcrc!igm4iicc, c rcjcrcncic c
cxcmp|cs |isicriccs, cu simp|csmcnic cric!cs. |nc|ucm-sc, ncsic ccsc,
pcr4|c|cs, ccmpcrcccs c j4|u|cs. Os cxcmp|cs pc!cm scr usc!cs ccmc
c.i!cncic, c ccmc cpi|cgc pcrc cs cniimcmcs.
2.21 O uso de mxImus nu urgumentuo
A m4ximc ccrrcspcn!c c umc !cs prcmisscs cu c ccnc|us4c !c
um cniimcmc. Umc rcz4c !c cpcic c pcr .czcs cxprcssc, c cssim sc
44
ircnsjcrmc cm cniimcmc. As m4ximcs s4c !c ucirc iipcs. cs uc
ccrrcspcn!cm c cpini4c gcrc| s4c simp|cs, cs uc n4c ccrrcspcn!cm c
cpini4c gcrc| prcciscm !c cpi|cgc cu prc.c !cmcnsircii.c sup|cmcn-
icr, cs uc ccm cpi|cgc s4c cniimcmcs impcrjciics, c cs uc ccm c|c
icm ccnicu!c cniimcm4iicc, mcs n4c c jcrmc.
2.22-25 O uso de entImemus
|sics ccpiiu|cs rcsumcm c !iscuss4c !cs cniimcmcs cm 1.1-2,
cxpcn!in!c c injcrmc4c ci !c!c. Icz-sc rcjcrcncic c umc |isic !c
.inic c ciic |ugcrcs-ccmuns !c.i!cmcnic i|usirc!cs, icpiccs uc iguc|-
mcnic pc!cm scr usc!cs cm uc|ucr um !cs ircs gcncrcs !c !is-
cursc crcicric. Aprcscnicm-sc c|cssijicc!cs cm ucirc grupcs !isiin-
ics. cniccc!cnic/ccnscucnic, ccusc/cjciic, mcis/mcncs, uc|ucr cuirc
jcrmc !c rc|c4c. 1c!cs c|cs supccm umc jcrmc !c injcrcncic uc sc
mc.c !c umc ccisc pcrc cuirc. sc isic, cni4c cui|c. A pcriir !c cc-
n|cci!c, iirc-sc umc ccnc|us4c uc sc cp|icc cc uc c !csccn|cci!c
55
.
Dcscrc.cm-sc, cnjim, nc.c icpiccs !c cniimcmcs cpcrcnics cu jc|c-
cicscs, c !iscuic-sc c mc!c !c rcjuic4c !c cniimcmcs.
2.26 ConcIuso dos doIs prImeIros IItros
55
Iarry Arnlarl, cp. cii., p. 148.
45
IIVRO III LSTIIO L COMIOSIO DO DISCIRSO
Dcpcis !c um |rc.c rcsumc !cs !cis primcircs |i.rcs c !c c|gu-
mcs c|scr.cccs sc|rc c prcnuncic4c !c !iscursc (uaekptot), Aris-
icic|cs !isscric sc|rc c rt c c t6t.
3.1 lntroduo. SumrIo dos IItros 1 e 2
Rcjcrcncic c prcnuncic4c !c !iscursc c cs crigcns !c prcsc cr-
iisiicc. A prcnuncic4c ccupc-sc !cs cui!c!cs c icr ccm c mc.imcnic,
c cxprcss4c c c mc!u|c4c !c .cz cm jun4c !cs scguinics uc|i!c!cs.
.c|umc, c|iurc c riimc. O csii|c c ncccss4ric, mcs !c.c juncicncr mcis
ccmc cuxi|icr !c crgumcnic4c !c uc ccmc simp|cs iccnicc !c crnc-
mcnic4c. O mcsmc sc pcssc ccm c !ispcsi4c !cs crgumcnics.
3.2 QuuIIdudes du expresso. A cIure:u
Dcjinc-sc c principc| .iriu!c !c csii|c cm prcsc. c c|crczc. Ajir-
mc-sc c ncccssi!c!c !c c cxprcss4c sc c!cucr cc cssunic.
3.3 A frItoIIdude do estIIo
Rcsu|ic !c .ic|c4c !cs principics !c c|crczc c prcpric!c!c, ncr-
mc|mcnic prc.ccc!c pc|c usc inc!cuc!c !c. pc|c.rcs ccmpcsics,
pc|c.rcs csircn|cs c c|sc|cics, cpiicics |cngcs c numcrcscs, mci4jc-
rcs jcrc !c ccnicxic.
46
3.4 O uso de sImIIes
O simi|c c ircic!c ncsic ccpiiu|c ccmc umc jcrmc cxpcn!i!c !c
mci4jcrc.
3.5 A correco grumutIcuI
Rcjcrcm-sc cincc ncrmcs uc .iscm c ccrrcc4c !c |ingucgcm c
!c csii|c. cmprcgc ccrrccic !cs pcriicu|cs, rigcr nc usc !cs pc|c.rcs,
cmiss4c !c icrmcs cm|igucs, usc ccrrccic !c gcncrc, usc ccrrccic !c
numcrc. 1c!cs csics ncrmcs .iscm c c|crczc !c |ingucgcm, c rccic
c|scr.cncic !cs rcgrcs grcmciiccis c !cs ccn.cnccs !c |inguc.
3.6 A soIenIdude du expresso
|nirc cs iccniccs !c cmp|ijicc4c, Arisicic|cs rcjcrc. c usc !c
umc !cjini4c cm .cz !c umc pc|c.rc, c rccursc c mci4jcrcs c cpiic-
ics, usc !c p|urc| pc|c singu|cr, usc !c criigc, c rccursc c csiruiurcs
ccnjuncicncis cm .cz !c jrcsc ccncrcic, c !cscri4c.
3.7 Adequuo du expresso uo ussunto
O csii|c c cprcpric!c sc c pciciicc, ciicc c prcpcrcicnc!c.
4
3.8-9 O rItmo e o estIIo perIdIco
3.8 O rilmo: A prcsc rcicricc !c.c scr riimicc scm scr mc-
iricc. O !iscursc riimicc c mcis cgrc!4.c| pcruc crgcnizc cs pc|c-
.rcs !c cccr!c ccm umc csiruiurc. Cc!c gcncrc |iicr4ric icm c scu
riimc prcpric.
3.9 A conslruo da frase, o esliIo peridico: Pcric!c c,
scgun!c Arisicic|cs, um ic!c csiruiurc!c, umc jrcsc ccm principic c
jim cm si mcsmcs c ccm umc cxicns4c jcci|mcnic c!cpi4.c| c ccpc-
ci!c!c rcspircicric, umc jrcsc cujcs pcrics sc inicr-rc|ccicncm pcrc
icrncr c !iscursc mcis inic|igi.c| c mcis cgrc!4.c| cc cu.i!c, um ic!c
csiruiurc!c cm uc c icns4c gcrc!c nc principic sc rcsc|.c nc jim.
O csii|c pcric!icc c mcis cjiccz ucn!c sc csiruiurc cniiiciiccmcnic.
3.10-11 A metforu e u eIegncIu retrIcu
Arisicic|cs rcjcrc nc Iolica ucirc iipcs !c mci4jcrc
56
, mcs cui
ccnsi!crc cpcncs c mci4jcrc pcr cnc|cgic. | um !cs cxcmp|cs !c mc-
i4jcrc pcr cnc|cgic uc usc c c !c c|scr.c4c !c Pcric|cs. uc c jc|ic
!c ju.cniu!c uc pcrcccu nc gucrrc jci i4c scnii!c nc ci!c!c ccmc nc
56
Na Pcciicc, 21, 1457b7-8, ArislleIes diz que usar uma melfora
dar a uma coisa o nome que perlence a oulra, podendo operar-se a lrans-
ferncia do gnero para a espcie, da espcie para o gnero, da espcie
para a espcie, ou por anaIogia.
48
cnc scric scnii!c c jccic !c csic |c.cr pcr!i!c c suc Primc.crc. Pcr
cuircs pc|c.rcs, c ju.cniu!c c pcrc c .i!c c uc c Primc.crc c pcrc c
cnc. Arisicic|cs pcrccc mcsmc sugcrir uc c mc.imcnic mcicjcricc !c
ccn|cci!c pcrc c !csccn|cci!c pcr mcic !c umc scmc||cnc cnirc cs
!cis c c csiruiurc uc su|jcz c ic!c c rcciccinic |umcnc
57
. C|cmc,
c|i4s, c cicn4c pcrc c ccrrc|c4c cnirc c rcciccinic mcicjcricc c c si|c-
gisiicc cc ncicr uc cs rcgrcs jun!cmcnicis pcrc c usc rcicricc !cs mci4-
jcrcs s4c cs mcsmcs uc pcrc c usc !cs cniimcmcs. cssc mc.imcnic
!c ccn|cci!c pcrc c !csccn|cci!c, !c jcmi|icr pcrc c mcncs jcmi|icr.
3.12 A expresso udequudu u cudu genero
Arisicic|cs n4c jcz cui !isiin4c cxp|iciic cnirc cs !ijcrcnics
iipcs !c csii|c (genera dicendi), mcs j4 cs prcssupcc. Icz !isiin4c
cnirc c csii|c !c ccmpcsiccs cscriics c c csii|c crcicric. Ac !iscursc
!cmcnsircii.c ccn.cm c csii|c c|c.c!c, mcis |iicrcricmcnic irc|c||c-
!c. Ac !iscursc ju!icic| ccn.cm c csii|c mc!ic, cxccic. Ac !iscursc
!c|i|crcii.c ccn.cm c csii|c crc| nciurc| c cspcnicncc.
3.13-19 As purtes do dIscurso
3.13 As duas parles necessrias: Arisicic|cs rcccn|ccc uc,
cm c|guns ccscs, c !iscursc pc!c icr !c sc !i.i!ir cm ucirc pcrics.
57
Cf. Iarry Arnlarl, cp. cii., pp. 174-175.
49
prccmic, ncrrc4c, prc.c c cpi|cgc. Mcs cs !ucs .cr!c!circmcnic
ncccss4rics s4c c ncrrc4c c c prc.c.
3.14 O promio: A jun4c !c prccmic c icrncr c|crc c jinc-
|i!c!c !c !iscursc. 1cm pcr jun4c icrncr c|crc cssc c|jccii.c, prcpc-
rcn!c cs cu.inics pcrc c ncrrc4c c c prc.c.
3.15 Tpicos de refulao: Ocupcn!c-sc cin!c !cs ucsiccs
rc|ccicnc!cs ccm c prccmic, Arisicic|cs c.cnc ccm umc |isic !c cnzc
iipcs !c crgumcnics pcrc rcmc.cr !c cu!iicric ciiiu!cs !csjc.cr4-
.cis cc crc!cr. Mcicric uc, cm |crgc mc!i!c, jci pcsicricrmcnic
c|scr.i!c pc|c iccric !c ot6ot
58
.
3.16 A narrao: scmc||cnc !c uc jizcrc ccm c prccmic,
Arisicic|cs cprccic c ncrrc4c c sucs uc|i!c!cs cnucnic cp|ic4.c|
ccs ircs gcncrcs !c !iscursc.
3.17 A prova e a demonslrao: A prc.c c cui ircic!c
ccmc pcric jun!cmcnic| !c !iscursc crcicric. Discuic-sc c scu usc
nc p|cnc !c crcicric ju!icic|, cpi!iciicc c !c|i|crcii.c, ccm c sugcs-
i4c !c icpiccs pcrc cc!c um !csscs gcncrcs. Ccmcnicm-sc icm|cm cs
.4rics mcncircs !c cprcscnicr c ccr4cicr !c crc!cr c csiimu|cr cs
cmcccs !cs cu.inics.
58
Tcnica de delerminao do assunlo em causa e do eslado da
queslo apresenlada. Tema que foi peIa primeira vez sislemalizado
por Hermgoras de Temnos, no scuIo II a. C., e veio a inspirar a leo-
ria da inucniic lanlo na R|cicricc c! Hcrcnnium, como nos escrilos de
Ccero e de QuinliIiano (cf. George Kennedy, Arisici|c cn R|cicric,
pp. 265-266).
50
3.18 A inlerrogao: Discuic-sc c usc !c inicrrcgc4c nc
ccnjrcnic4c !c crc!cr ccm c c!.crs4ric cm iri|unc|. Accniuc-sc c
ccn.cnicncic !c |rc.i!c!c icnic nc inicrrcgc4c ccmc nc cjirmc4c
!cs cniimcmcs.
3.19 O epIogo: A ccnc|us4c .isc !ispcr jc.crc.c|mcnic cs
cu.inics cm rc|c4c cc crc!cr c !csjc.crc.c|mcnic cm rc|c4c cc
c!.crs4ric. Visc icm|cm c cmp|ijicc4c !c cssunic c c !cspcricr !c
mcmcric !cs cu.inics pcrc cs crgumcnics jun!cmcnicis.
6. A retrica peripattica
O !cscpcrccimcnic !c mcicr pcric !c |iicrciurc cniigc impc!c-
-ncs !c jczcr umc c.c|ic4c jusic c ccmp|cic !c impccic uc c Rel-
rica !c Arisicic|cs ic.c nc irc!i4c pcsicricr.
Umc ccisc, pcrcm, sc|cmcs. uc, ccmc c|scr.c Rc|cn! 8cri|cs,
ic!cs cs c|cmcnics !i!4ciiccs uc c|imcnicm cs mcnucis c|4ssiccs
.cm !c Arisicic|cs
59
.
A c|rc !c Arisicic|cs c jun!cmcnic| pcrc c ccnsc|i!c4c |isic-
ricc !c rcicricc, n4c sc pcruc !cjinc c cc|crc c suc jun4c, mcs icm-
|cm pcruc csic|c|ccc cs ccicgcrics in!ispcns4.cis c ccnsiiiui4c !c
sisicmc rcicricc. Os ircic!cs rcicriccs pcsicricrcs ir4c ccmp|cmcnicr
c cpcrjciccr cspccics ccncrcics !c csucmc !c |csc c!cpic!c, cssu-
min!c-c ccmc um mcrcc iccricc |csiccmcnic in!csiruii.c| c pcrmc-
59
Op. cii., p. 155.
51
ncccn!c jicis c suc csscncic
6O
. O csucmc simp|cs c pr4iicc uc Aris-
icic|cs !cscn.c|.cu ccc|cu cssim pcr sc icrncr cm|ricncricmcnic um
mc!c|c pcrc cs mcis cm|icicscs c ccmp|cxcs mcnucis !c rcicricc uc
jcrcm surgin!c cc |cngc !c pcric!c |c|cnisiicc c !c cpccc impcric|.
Ici scm !u.i!c c Arisicic|cs uc Ciccrc c Quinii|icnc !c.crcm
c suc inspirc4c rcicricc. Mcs jci sc|rciu!c ccm c prcgmciismc !cs-
ics uc ccmp|cmcnicrmcnic sc prc!uziu umc sisicmciizc4c rcicricc
cin!c mcis cccrcnic c sc|i!c. |m mcc!cs !c sccu|c || c. C., cs rcicriccs
grcgcs ccmccrcm c jun!cr cscc|cs !c rcicricc cm Rcmc, |cncn!c
ccm c|cs cs jun!cmcnics !c umc jccun!cnic irc!i4c rcicricc |ciinc.
O ircic!c mcis cniigc cm |ciim uc !cssc cxpcricncic rcsu|icu jci c
Rlelorica ad Herennium, c|rc cncnimc !c 84/83 c. C., crc ciri-
|ui!c c Ciccrc crc c Ccrnijicic
61
. Ojcrccc-ncs umc sisicmciizc4c
cxcusii.c !c jcncmcnc rcicricc, pcucc sc !isicncicn!c !c pcrc!igmc
crisicic|icc, mcs prcpcrcicncn!c-ncs, pcr ccrcscimc, umc sinicsc !cs
jcncmcncs uc mcrccrcm c cxpcricncic crcicric |c|cnisiicc, ccm umc
mcis c|crc inci!cncic ncs iccrics !c ot6ot c !c c|ccu4c.
Sc, ccm Arisicic|cs sc ccnsc|i!crcm cs jun!cmcnics !c iccric
rcicricc, ccm cs scus !iscipu|cs c ccniinuc!crcs !cscn.c|.cu-sc, cprc-
jun!cu-sc c csiu!c !c mcsmc, c !i|cicu-sc c cm|iic !c suc cp|icc4c.
6O
As diferenles conlribuies que se sucedem, nomeadamenle a de
Hermgoras de Temnos, no scuIo II a. C., sobre os eslados de causa, e a
de Demlrio de IaIeros Sc|rc c |sii|c, so exempIo disso.
61
Vi!c Guy Aclard, R|cicriuc c Hcrcnnius, inlr. e lrad., Iaris, Ies
BeIIes Iellres, 1989, pp. V-XIV.
52
Scn!c c pcric!c |c|cnisiicc ccn|cci!c ccmc um icmpc !c cui!c!c
cxpcns4c c sisicmciizc4c !c ccn|ccimcnic |umcnc, n4c c pcis !c
c!mircr uc c c|c.c!c .c|cr ciri|ui!c c c!ucc4c c c .incu|c !csic c
rcicricc .icsscm c cnccrcjcr cin!c mcis c !cscn.c|.imcnic !cs ccn-
.cnccs rcicriccs ccmc impcricnic rcmc !c sc|cr. A cicn4c !c!c,
ucsc cic c cxcusi4c, c ic!cs cs pcsscs !c sisicmc rcicricc c umc !cs
sucs grcn!cs ccniri|uiccs ncsic pcric!c. | c ccsc !cs inc.c!crcs
iccrics !c llesis/lypollesis c !cs slaseis nc cm|iic !c inuenlio, c
!c cspccic| cicn4c !c!c cs iccniccs !c csii|c c ccmpcsi4c nc cm|iic
!c eIoculio, c c !cs mcis !i.crscs cxcrcicics !c rcicricc nc cm|iic !c
disposilio.
Dcs muiics cscriics sc|rc iccric rcicricc prc!uzi!cs ncsscs irc-
zcnics cncs, c cxccp4c !c ircic!c !c Dcmciric Sobre o LsliIo, pcu-
cc mcis ncs rcsic !c uc ciicccs jrcgmcni4rics, pcr4jrcscs c ccmcn-
i4rics c|ii!cs c pcriir !c c|rc !c cuicrcs rcmcncs c grcgcs !c jim
!cssc pcric!c cu cpccc impcric| uc sc scguiu. O !cscpcrccimcnic
!cssc riuissimc ji|4c |iicr4ric impc!c-ncs !c jczcr umc c.c|ic4c
cxcusii.c !c impccic uc a Relrica !c Arisicic|cs ic.c nc irc!i4c
pcsicricr, c !c ccniri|uic c.cnc!c pc|cs scus ccniinuc!crcs nc ccn-
sc|i!c4c !c sisicmc. Pcrmiic-ncs, ccniu!c, scniir uc c c|rc rcsu|-
icnic pcrmcnccc jic| c csscncic !c mc!c|c crisicic|icc.
N4c c|sicnic c grc!uc| c!cpic4c c mc!ijicc4c c uc cssc mc-
!c|c jci scn!c sujciic, c Relrica !c Arisicic|cs cssumc-sc, !c jccic,
ccmc um mcrcc iccricc |csiccmcnic in!csiruii.c|. Mcs cssc csucmc
simp|cs c pr4iicc !c cp|icc4c !c |cgicc c rcicricc rccc|cu nc cpccc
um ircicmcnic !c cxpcns4c ucsc i4c ccmp|cic ccmc c uc c irc!i-
4c rcicricc |ciinc rcj|ccic c pcrpciuc.
53
1c| jcncmcnc !c.c-sc, cm pcric, c icn!cncic| cprcximc4c !cs
sisicmcs crisicic|icc c isccr4iicc, rcprcscnicn!c c primcirc c ccrrcnic
!c rcicricc ji|cscjicc c c scgun!c c !c rcicricc iccnicc c scjisiicc
62
.
Icncmcnc !c uc !4c icsicmun|c icnic c De inuenlione !c Ciccrc
63
,
ccmc c cuicr !c Rlelorica ad Herennium
64
. Pcis sc, pcr um |c!c,
cssinc|cm cs principcis irccs !c c.c|u4c !c iccric rcicricc, ncmcc-
!cmcnic c cumcnic !cs pcrics !c sisicmc !c ircs pcrc cincc
65
, c
cumcnic !cs pcrics !c !iscursc !c ucirc pcrc scis
66
, c cxpcns4c
|cgicc !cs prcprics csucmcs !c crgumcnic4c, c c !cscri4c !c ccn-
icncs !c jigurcs, pcr cuirc rc|c.cm c ccr4cicr cscc|cr !cssc mcsmc
62
Cf. Ccero, Dc inucniicnc, 2.8. A lradio sofslica por vezes re-
ferida como isocrlica, no obslanle Iscrales se laver demarcado dos de-
mais sofislas no seu lralado Ccnirc cs Scjisics, lralado em que alaca ou-
lros sislemas de educao e faz doulrina sobre os princpios e mlodos
da sua escoIa.
63
Dc inucniicnc, 1.16, 2.8. Como oporlunamenle observa AIbrecll
DielI, Cicero inlroduced lo Rome vlal vas llen lle mosl up-lo-dale
syslem of pliIosoplicaI rleloric, as laugll by lle academicians IliIo and
Anlioclus (A Hisicr cj Grcc| Iiicrciurc. Ircm Hcmcr ic i|c Hc||cnisiic
Pcric!, Iondon and Nev York, RoulIedge, 1994, p. 285).
64
Lscrila por um conlemporneo de Ccero, esla obra refIecle subs-
lanciaImenle a doulrina da fonles gregas anleriores e, segundo Guy
Aclard, apparal bien
comme une synllse enlre Ia lradilion arislolIe-
cienne el Ia lradilion isocralenne.
65
IeIo acrscimo da cciic e da mcmcric.
66
IeIo acrscimo da prcpcsiiic ou !iuisic, e da rcjuiciic, ccnjuiciic ou
rcprc|cnsic.
54
iccric
67
, n4c sc .c|crizcn!c ncs scus curricu|cs cs iccniccs !c imiic-
4c |iicr4ric, mcs icm|cm imp|cmcnicn!c c pr4iicc !c cxcrcicics !c
ccmpcsi4c sc|rc cs mcis !i.crscs icmcs.
Hcrm4gcrcs !isiinguc-sc, cnirc cs muiics prcjissicncis !c rcic-
ricc !c scu icmpc
68
, pcr icr !c!c c iccric !c inuenlio c jcrmc c|c|c-
rc!c c sisicm4iicc uc cs rcicriccs |ciincs ccnscgrcrcm, c cm cspccic|
pcr icr si!c c primcirc c !cscn.c|.cr c !cuirinc !c slasis
69
. Dis-
iinguc-sc icm|cm pc|c jccic !c |c.cr circi!c !c ccmpc !c ji|cscjic
pcrc c rcicricc c ircicmcnic !cs ucsiccs gcrcis. |nirc cs mc!ijicc-
ccs uc Hcrm4gcrcs imprimiu cc sisicmc crisicic|icc, ccnicm-sc n4c
sc c ircicmcnic !cs ucsiccs rc|cii.cs c cr!cm !cs crgumcnics c cc
csii|c num unicc ccpiiu|c c uc !cu c ncmc !c clkcvcIe
7O
, mcs icm-
|cm c !i.is4c !cs ucsiccs pc|iiiccs
71
cm !ucs c|csscs. 0rort c
67
R|cicricc c! Hcrcnnium, 1.1.
68
Tle firsl dislinguisled professionaI leacler of rleloric afler
Isocrales vas Hermagoras of Temnos, vlo Iived aboul lle middIe of lle
second cenlury B. C. (George Kennedy, 1|c Ari cj Pcrsucsicn in Grcccc,
Irincelon, N. }., Irincelon Iniversily Iress, 1974, p. 3O3).
69
Vi!c Ray Nadeau, Hermogenes' On Sicscis. A TransIalion vill
an Inlroduclion and Noles, Spccc| Mcncgrcp|s, 31, 1964, p. 37O.
7O
QuinliIiano, |nsiiiuiic crcicric, 3.3-9.
71
Queslo poIlica, para Hermgoras, parece ler sido quaIquer coi-
sa que envoIvesse o cidado. Il vouId llus embrace aII lle lradilionaI
kinds of oralory and oraloricaI exercises, incIuding vlalever ellicaI or
poIilicaI mallers migll be invoIved in sucl speecles, bul il vouId nol
incIude discussion of melaplysics or abslracl pliIosoplicaI subjecls nol
55
uac0rort
72
. Ici c|c, c|i4s, c primcirc rcicr c csicn!cr jcrmc|mcnic
cs icscs cc ccmpc rcicricc !c crgumcnic4c c c jczcr cspccic| !cu-
irinc sc|rc c cssunic
73
. Ici c|c icm|cm ucm cnjciizcu cs !imcnsccs
|curisiicc c pc|iiicc !c rcicricc, su|.c|crizcn!c c prc.c ciicc c cmc-
cicnc|. Hcr!circ !c umc irc!i4c cm uc c ccnirc.crsic cnirc ji|csc-
jcs c rcicriccs ccmcc c !cr sincis !c c|gumc ccnci|ic4c, Hcrm4gcrcs
pcrccc csicr c ucrcr rcmpcr ccm icn!cncics !c crigcm p|cicnicc c
csicicc, scguin!c c |in|c cc|cciicc !c Acc!cmic c !i.i!in!c c ccmpc
!cs ccmpcicncics rcicriccs cm ucsiccs gcrcis c ccnirc.crsics sc|rc
ccscs pcriicu|crcs
74
. Umc |ipcrii4c uc icnic susicnic uc cs ucs-
somelov reIaled lo poIilicaI Iife (George Kennedy, 1|c Ari cj Pcrsucsicn
in Grcccc, pp. 3O4-3O5).
72
QuinliIiano, |nsiiiuiic crcicric, 3-5.4-16.
73
M. I. CIarke, Tle Tlesis in lle Roman RleloricaI SclooIs of lle
RepubIic, C|cssicc| Qucricr|, 45, 1951, p. 161. H leslemunlos em Ccero
(Dc crcicrc, 3.79-8O) e Digenes Iarcio (5.3) de que ArislleIes incIua o
exerccio de leses na formao relrica dos aIunos, o que no supunla
necessariamenle uma formao relrica dislinla da diaIclica (.i!c }an van
Opluijsen, Wlere are lle Topics Gone`, in Pcripciciic R|cicric cjicr
Arisici|c, Nev Brunsvick and Iondon, Transaclion IubIislers, 1994,
pp. 149-15O).
74
CauleIarmenle, observa M. I. CIarke que, vleller Hermagoras
vas deIiberaliveIy and provocaliveIy cIaiming for rleloric vlal lad
lillerlo beIonged lo pliIosoply is doublfuI. He seems lo lave done
nolling lo impIemenl lis cIaim, and lle rleloricians conlinued lo ignore
generaI queslions. (R|cicric ci Rcmc. A Hisicricc| Sur.c, Iondon and Nev
York, RoulIedge, 1996, p. 9.) Cf. Ccero, Dc crcicrc, 1.86, 2.78, 3.11O.
56
iccs gcrcis n4c s4c pcirimcnic cxc|usi.c !c ji|cscjc, ccmc |c|i|iic c
crc!cr c jczcr usc !c|cs nc gcncrc|izc4c !c scu prcpric pcnscmcnic.
Ccmc rcsu|ic!c !csic c|crijicc4c iccnicc, !cscn.c|.cu Hcrm4-
gcrcs c iccric !c slasis
75
jccc c ncccssi!c!c !c c crc!cr .crijiccr sc
um !cicrminc!c icmc cm !iscuss4c icm cu n4c ccnsisicncic pcrc c
ccn.cnicnic ircicmcnic rcicricc. Anics !c|c, c cssunic jcrc circuns-
icncic|mcnic rcjcri!c cu ircic!c
76
, mcs sc ccm c|c rccc|cu c !cscn-
.c|.imcnic c c sisicmciizc4c uc mcrccic. 1c!c c iccric !c slasis
!cpcis !c|c rcj|ccic cs mcrccs !c suc cc!ijicc4c
77
.
75
A paIavra o ot6ot significa, em leoria relrica, o ponlo em ques-
lo em quaIquer confIilo verbaI. Tanlo o lermo grego como o Ialino sicius
ou ccnsiiiuiic significam poslura, a posio em que cada parle em Iilgio
se coIoca na defesa da sua posio e no alaque da posio conlrria, islo
, o ponlo de parlida dos respeclivos argumenlos.
76
Sobre os usos da sicsis anles de Hermgoras, .i!c Riclard VoIk-
mann (Dic R|cicri| !cr Gricc|cn un! Rcmcr, Ieipzig, Teubner, 1885, pp. 38-
-92), Oclave Navarre (|ssci sur |c r|cicriuc grccuc c.cni Arisicic, Iaris,
Haclelle, 19OO, pp. 259-271) e, em especiaI, QuinliIiano (|nsiiiuiic crcicric,
3.6.3, 3.6.31).
77
Tanlo em Ccero, como no aulor da R|cicricc c! Hcrcnnium, e so-
breludo em Hermgenes de Tarso, que simpIesmenle a compIemenlou e
aperfeioou |o seu lralado Hrp ot6orv, escrilo por voIla de 176 a. C.,
esleve presenle nos programas de educao relrica por mais de um mi-
Inio e leve a primeira edio impressa em 15O8 (.i!c }anel B. Davis,
Slasis Tleory, in |ncc|cpc!ic cj R|cicric cn! Ccmpcsiiicn, Nev York and
Iondon, GarIand, 1996, pp. 693-695)j.
5
Qucnic c eIoculio, 1ccjrcsic c um !cs cxcmp|cs mcis c|cucn-
ics !cs prcgrcsscs uc c iccric rcicricc cxpcrimcnicu ncs cscc|cs
|c|cnisiiccs. Dicgcncs Iccrcic ciri|ui-||c ccrcc !c umc .inicnc !c
c|rcs sc|rc rcicricc
78
, c Ciccrc c Quinii|icnc !4c-ncs nciicic !cs scus
ccnicu!cs circ.cs !c ccmcni4rics, pcr4jrcscs c ciicccs, mcs c jccic c
uc c mcicr pcric !c suc cncrmc prc!u4c |iicr4ric sc pcr!cu c !c|c
cpcncs ncs rcsicm pcrc c icmc csccsscs jrcgmcnics
79
.
A inj|ucncic !c suc !cuirinc jcz-sc n4c sc scniir ncs 4rccs !c
csii|c c !c prcnuncic4c !c !iscursc, mcs icm|cm nc !cjini4c !c
cpiuircmc ccmc crgumcnic ccmp|cic
8O
c nc inicic4c cc ircicmcnic
!c icsc ccmc cxcrcicic rcicricc. Ici, ic!c.ic, c scu ircic!c Sobre o
LsliIo uc mcis cccniuc!cmcnic ccniri|uiu pcrc ||c pcrpciucr c
mcmcric ccmc c!ucc!cr c iccrizc!cr !c rcicricc
81
. Nc |in|c !c irc-
78
Teofraslo escreveu uma Aric Rcicricc, e esludos individuais sobre
oralria forense, deIiberaliva e epidclica, sobre enlimemas, epiquiremas,
mximas e exempIos, sobre inveno, narrao, ampIificao, esliIo, lu-
mor, pronunciao do discurso, elc. (Digenes Iarcio, 5.42-5O).
79
Cf. W. Iorlenbaugl, I. Huby, R. SlarpIes and D. Gulas (eds.),
1|ccp|rcsius cj |rcsus. Scurccs jcr |is Iijc, Wriiings, 1|cug|i cn! |nj|ucncc,
Ieiden, BriII, 1992, pp. 667-67O, W. Iorlenbaugl, Tleoplraslus, lle
C|crccicrcs and R|cicric, in Pcripciciic R|cicric cjicr Arisici|c, p. 15.
8O
Vi!c Iriedricl SoImsen, Tle ArisloleIian Tradilion in Ancienl
Rleloric, in Arisici|c. 1|c C|cssicc| Hcriicgc cj R|cicric, Keill Lrickson
(ed.), Meluclen, N. }., Scarecrov Iress, 1974, pp. 278-3O9.
81
TaIvez por ser o lralado mais vezes referido. So, conludo, pou-
cos os fragmenlos do Hrp rr, e I-Ios no fciI (cf. Maria Tanja
58
!i4c crisicic|icc, 1ccjrcsic !cscn.c|.cu cs i!cics !c mcsirc, inirc!u-
zin!c cxp|iciicmcnic pc|c primcirc .cz nc sisicmc cs ucirc .iriu!cs
!c csii|c
82
c, pcr.cniurc, in.cnicn!c c !cuirinc !cs ircs csii|cs
83
.
Sugcrc Gccrgc Kcnnc!, ccm jun!cmcnic ncs cuicrcs uc c
rcjcrircm c ccmcnicrcm, uc jci prc.c.c|mcnic 1ccjrcsic ucm cncc-
rcjcu c prcccssc !c i!cniijicc4c !cs jigurcs, c uc| |c.cu cs scus su-
Iuzzallo, I'oraloria, Ia relorica e Ia crilica Ielleraria daIIe origini ad
Lrmogene, in Dc Omcrc cg|i A|csscn!rini. prc||cmi c jigurc !c||c |ciicrciurc
grcic, ed. G. Arriglelli ci c|., Roma, NIS, 1988, p. 223).
82
Ccero, Orcicr, 33.79ss, Dc crcicrc, 3.1O.37 ss, QuinliIiano, |nsiiiuiic
crcicric, 8.1-11. LvoIuo Iinear de uma simpIes virlude presenle em Aris-
lleIes (a cIareza, Rcicricc, 3, 14O4b1) para as qualro de Teofraslo, as cin-
co dos eslicos, as muilas virludes acessrias de Dionsio de HaIicarnasso,
e finaImenle para a ainda mais compIexa cIassificao das lret de
Hermgenes (}. Slroux, Dc 1|ccp|rcsii .iriuii|us !iccn!i, Ieipzig, 1912,
pp. 125-126).
83
If Tleoplraslus did invenl lle doclrine of lle llree slyIes il is
nol grealIy lo lis credil. (M. I. CIarke, cp. cii., p. 6.) Mas Dionsio de
HaIicarnasso parece sup-Io, ao dizer num passo que, lrs so os mo-
dos, segundo Teofraslo, de obler o esliIo eIevado, digno, e no banaI:
a escoIla das paIavras, a sua composio larmoniosa e o uso das figu-
ras (|sccrcics, 3), e noulro admilir que Ile alribuda a origem do mdio
e mislo (Dcmcsicncs, 3). Como juslamenle observa George Kennedy, since
lle llird book of Cicero's Dc crcicrc is leaviIy indebled lo Tleoplraslus'
On si|c, lle presence of lle lleory of lle llree slyIes in Cicero's vork is
some indicalion llal lley may lave been found in Tleoplraslus (1|c
Ari cj Pcrsucsicn in Grcccc, p. 279).
59
ccsscrcs c jcrmu|c4c !c |isics ucsc inicrmin4.cis
84
. Ici, pcrcm,
Dcmciric ucm, nc mcsmc |in|c !c inj|ucncic pcripciciicc, mcis
cprcjun!cu c mcicric rc|cii.c cc csii|c c c ccmpcsi4c
85
, c ucm cji-
nc| !cu cs primcircs sincis !c c|criurc cc jcncmcnc !c uc iric rc-
su|icr c |iicrciurizc4c !c prcpric rcicricc.
A primcirc pcric !c scu De eIoculione (1-35), !c!icc!c cc cs-
iu!c !cs csiruiurcs riimiccs c pcric!iccs, rcj|ccic ccmc jcnic prim4-
ric c !cuirinc crisicic|icc. Ac ccupcr-sc !c ccrccicrizc4c !cs .4rics
iipcs !c pcric!c |isicricc, !ic|cgicc c crcicric susicnic, ccm
Arisicic|cs, uc c prcsc rcicricc icm ic!c c .cnicgcm cm scr riimicc.
Susicnic icm|cm uc c csii|c pcric!icc, crgcnizc!c ccmc um ic!c
84
1|c Ari cj Pcrsucsicn in Grcccc, pp. 276-278.
85
Al l bem pouco lempo creu-se que o aulor do lralado Dc
c|ccuiicnc foi Demlrio de IaIeros, mas os esludiosos pem cada vez mais
em causa essa liplese. A evidncia inlerna do esliIo lico Ievou acad-
micos como G. M. A. Grube (A Grcc| Criiic. Dcmcirius cn Si|c, P|ccnix,
suppI., voI. 4, Toronlo, Toronlo Iniversily Iress, 1961) a argumenlar a
favor de uma composio da primeira fase do perodo leIenslico (cerca
de 27O a. C.), mas oulros, como W. Rlys Roberls (Dcmcirius cn Si|c, Nev
York, Arno, 1979) e D. M. SclenkeveId (Siu!ics in Dcmcirius cn Si|c,
Amslerdam, Hakkerl, 1964), a suslenlar uma auloria alicizanle mais lar-
dia (o scuIo I a. C.). George Kennedy sugere uma dala de composio
que aponla para o princpio do scuIo I a. C., muilo embora IiIodemo
ainda a alribua, por voIla de 7O a. C., a Demlrio de IaIeros (A Ncv
Hisicr cj C|cssicc| R|cicric, Irincelon, Irincelon Iniversily Iress, 1994,
p. 88, n. 1O).
60
csiruiurc| ccm principic c jim, cjcrccc cc !iscursc cs mcsmcs prcpric-
!c!cs uc c riimc, scn!c cin!c mcis cjiccz ucn!c csiruiurc!c
cniiiciiccmcnic. Cc!c pcric!c icr4 i!cc|mcnic cnirc !cis c ucirc mcm-
|rcs, mcs mcis signijiccii.cs uc c !imcns4c s4c c suc .cric!c!c c c
suc cccrcncic inicrnc, mcis impcricnic !c uc c numcrc !cs uni!c!cs
uc c inicgrcm c c cui|i|ric |cmcgcncc c |crmcnicc !c suc jcrmc,
ccmc csircicgic psicc|cgiccmcnic .iic|izc!crc !c um ccnicu!c.
A pcric mcis su|sicncic| !c De eIoculione ccupc-sc, cnircicn-
ic, !c in.u|gcr iccric !cs ucirc csii|cs, pcr cpcsi4c ccs !cis
86
cu
ircs prcpcsics pc|cs scus prc!cccsscrcs
87
, ncmcc!cmcnic, c csii|c sim-
p|cs, c mc!ic cu c|cgcnic, c c|c.c!c, c c .ccmcnic. |sic u|iimc, pc-
rcm, pcucc mcis c !c uc umc .cricnic !c icrccirc. cu, nc c|cssijicc-
4c !c Hcrmcgcncs, umc jcrmc !c csii|c uc sc !isiinguc cnirc cs
!cmcis ccmc c usc ccrrccic !c ic!cs cs csii|cs
88
.
|m sumc, c c|rc !c 1ccjrcsic sc|rc cs .iriu!cs !c csii|c, cs
csiu!cs !c Dcmciric sc|rc c pcric!c crcicric, c csii|c c c ccmpcsi4c,
c ccniri|ui4c !c Hcrm4gcrcs pcrc c !cjiniii.c .incu|c4c !c icsc c
rcicricc c c !cscn.c|.imcnic !c iccric !cs csic!cs !c ccusc, c ccn-
86
Cf. Demlrio, Dc c|ccuiicnc, 2.36.
87
ArislleIes, Rcicricc, III, 1, cf. Ccero, Orcicr, 75-1OO.
88
Artvetp, a slima forma ideaI de esliIo, nada mais do que o
uso adequado de lodos os esliIos. Ima forma de esliIo lo imporlanle
que Hermgenes Ile promele dedicar um esludo em separado (Herm-
genes, Hrp lrv, 2.368-38O. Cf. CeciI Woolen, Hcrmcgcncs cn 1pcs cj Si|c,
ClapeI HiII, Tle Iniversily of Norll CaroIina Iress, 1987, p. XVI).
61
ccp4c, cnjim, !c um ccncnc |4sicc !c cxcrcicics rcicriccs s4c, nc scu
ccnjunic, um icsicmun|c .i.c !c cnriucci!c c !i.crsijicc!c cprc-
jun!cmcnic !c sisicmc crisicic|icc. O ccrpc !c !cuirinc pcr c|cs
!cscn.c|.i!c c .cicu|c!c jci c jun!cmcnic iccricc !c ic!c c cnsinc
uc cs mcsircs !c rcicricc pcsscrcm ccs scus !iscipu|cs cc |cngc !c
.4rics sccu|cs. Dc|cs ncs !4c nciicic cs grcn!cs mcnucis !c c!ucc-
4c crcicric uc cni4c sc usc.cm ncs cscc|cs !c impcric rcmcnc. Pcis,
ccmc jusicmcnic c|scr.c Gccrgc Kcnnc!, nc|cs sc .crijiccm .cric-
ccs !c cnjcsc c icrminc|cgic, mcs pcucc mcis. Mcsmc cs ccniri|ui-
ccs pcssccis !c Ciccrc c Quinii|icnc csi4c |cngc !c ccmprcmcicr cs
ccn.cnccs uc cnjcrmcm c ccncnc iccricc !c rcicricc |c|cnisiicc
89
.
Os .c|crcs !c paideia isccr4iicc inspircrcm nc cpccc |c|cnisiicc
umc jcrmc !c c!ucc4c cmincnicmcnic rcicricc, !cmincnic mcsmc
ncs cscc|cs !c ji|cscjic. Dc icns4c cni4c gcrc!c pcr jcrc !c ccn.i.ic
cnirc csscs !ucs jcrmcs ri.cis !c cu|iurc umc crcicric c cuirc
ji|cscjicc rcsu|icu c cxpcricncic !c sinicsc uc cs rcicriccs rcmc-
ncs cnccrncrcm. Pcr um |c!c, c jrcnicirc cnirc csscs !cis ccmpcs
!i|uiu-sc c pcriir !c Hcrm4gcrcs c cnscicrcm-sc cs ccmin|cs !c umc
rcicricc cc!c .cz mcis ji|cscjicc. Pcr cuirc |c!c, c cxpcricncic rcic-
ricc !cmincnic jci !cn!c sincis !c c|criurc crcsccnic eIoculio c
icn!cu c cjirmcr-sc ccmc iccric |iicr4ric. A jcrmc c!cpic!c pc|c cu|-
iurc grcgc nc scu ni.c| mcis c|c.c!c ccc|cu, pcis, pcr scr c c|cucn-
89
George Kennedy, C|cssicc| R|cicric cn! iis C|risiicn cn! sccu|cr
1rc!iiicn jrcm Ancicni ic Mc!crn 1imcs, ClapeI HiII, Tle Iniversily of
Norll CaroIina Iress, 198O, p. 89.
62
cic, c cric !c jc|cr c !c cscrc.cr
9O
. Dc cric !c pcrsuc!ir, c rcicricc
jci-sc ircnsjcrmcn!c cm cric !c cricr. |, cnucnic iccnicc cu cric !c
!iscursc, c|c ccc|cu pcr sc uscr n4c sc pcrc prc!uzir icxics !c cc-
r4cicr mcis cu mcncs pcrsucsi.c, mcs icm|cm pcrc cnc|iscr cs icx-
ics prc!uzi!cs
91
. |ssc crc c c|jccii.c !cs cxcrcicics rcicriccs. |cr rc-
icriccmcnic cs icxics, c cxcrciicr-sc nc c|c|crc4c !c icmcs ccm |csc
ncs mc!c|cs !c csiruiurc uc cs prcprics icxics inspirc.cm
92
.
7. A tradun da RetrIcu
A prcscnic irc!u4c rcsu|ic !c irc|c||c !cscn.c|.i!c ccm c cs-
irciic cc|c|crc4c !c !cis cuircs cc|cgcs. A|c| !c Ncscimcnic Pcnc,
uc irc!uziu c Ii.rc ||, c Pcu|c Icrm|cusc A||cric, uc irc!uziu c
9O
H.-I. Marrou, Lducacin y Relrica, in M. I. IinIey (ed.), || Ic-
gc!c !c Grccic. Unc Nuc.c Vc|crccicn, BarceIona, LdiloriaI Crlica, 1983,
p. 2O6.
91
No capluIo sobre a educao dos jovens, LIio Ton diz que o
professor devia comear por seIeccionar bons exempIos de lexlos anligos
para cada um dos exerccios e Ievar os aIunos a eslud-Ios a fundo
|Prcgmncsmcic, }ames R. Bulls (ed.), Iniversily MicrofiIms InlernalionaI,
1986, 2.1-1Oj.
92
Diz Ton de AIexandria mais adianle que a prlica dos exerc-
cios absoIulamenle necessria no s para os que se preparam para ser
oradores, mas lambm para aqueIes que desejam ser poelas ou prosado-
res (i|i!cm, 2.138-143).
63
Ii.rc |||. A c!i4c c!cpic!c jci c !c W. D. Rcss, ArisloleIis Ars
Rlelorica, Oxjcr!, Oxjcr! Uni.crsii Prcss, 1959
93
. | c irc!u4c,
nc scu inicnic !c supcrcr cs !ijicu|!c!cs impcsics pc|c prcpric icxic,
rcspcn!c c criicrics |crmcncuiiccs !c c|crijicc4c uc c .iscm icrncr
mcis inic|igi.c| cc |ciicr mc!crnc. Scguiu-sc, pcrc icnic, c mcic!c
!c cui.c|cncic !incmicc, c n4c c !c purc ccrrcspcn!cncic jcrmc|,
pcr cuc|c mc||cr pcrmiiir c ircnsjcrcncic !cs i!cics cxprcsscs nc
|inguc !c crigcm pcrc c ncssc |inguc scm !c|cs minimcmcnic sc
pcr!cr c csscncic !cs scus ccnicu!cs. 1cnic mcis uc c |inguc !c
Arisicic|cs sc ccrccicrizc pc|cs sucs breuiIoquenlia c !cnsi!c!c c|ip-
iicc, cxigin!c pcr .czcs umc rccsiruiurc4c mcis ccnscnicncc ccm c
!incmicc prcpric !c |inguc rcccpicrc.
Apcrcnicmcnic c ccnircricr csic nciurc| icn!cncic pcrc umc
irc!u4c prcgm4iicc, ccnscr.cu-sc pcr ircns|iicrc4c um pcucnc
numcrc !c icrmcs iccniccs, pcr sc cnicn!cr uc c|cs icm rcizcs i4c
prcjun!cs nc |isicric !cs i!cics uc su|siiiui-|cs pc!cric cin!c icr-
ncr mcis c|scurc c ccpic4c !c scu rcc| scnii!c, icrmcs ccmc, pcr
cxcmp|c, cniimcmc, pcrc!igmc, si|cgismc, |cmccic|cuic, cpi!iciicc,
ciicc, pciciicc, cpc!iciicc, pcric!icc, cic. O scnii!c !csics c cuircs
icrmcs irc!uzi!cs c ncrmc|mcnic c|crijicc!c, cu mcsmc ccmcnic!c
cm ncic !c rc!cpc.
93
ReIembra-se que esle voIume uma reedio, o que juslifica o
afaslamenlo em reIao norma fixada na |nirc!u4c Gcrc|. (Nola do
coordenador.)
64
mc!i!c uc c |ciicr sc .ci |c|iiucn!c cc csii|c crisicic|icc !c
cxpcsi4c c c jcrmc ccmc c|c crgcnizc c cxp|iciic cs scus ccnicu!cs,
mcis jcci|mcnic ir4 ccpicn!c c !cuirinc .cicu|c!c c mc||cr ccmprccn-
!cr4 c riimc scucncic| !c mcsmc.
MANILI AILXANDRL }INIOR
65
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6
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