Trang 1

AXIT CACBOXYLIC
A- nh ngha
Axit l nhng hp cht hu c trong phn t c nhm Cacboxyl( - COOH) lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t C
hoc H.
B- Lp cng thc
Nguyn tc lp cng thc:
Cng thc Axit = Cng thc Hidrocacbon tng ng n nguyn t H + n nhm chc COOH.
V d: Cng thc hidrocacbon no: C
n
H
2n + 2
C
n
H
2n + 1
H C
n
H
2n + 1
COOH
1- Cng thc ca axit no: Cng thc hidrocacbon no: C
n
H
2n + 2

- Axit no, n chc: C
n
H
2n + 2
C
n
H
2n + 1
H C
n
H
2n + 1
COOH n 0
- Axit no, hai chc: C
n
H
2n + 2
C
n
H
2n
H
2
C
n
H
2n
(COOH)
2
n 0
- Axit no, m chc : C
n
H
2n + 2
C
n
H
2n + 2-m
H
m
C
n
H
2n + 2-m
(COO

H)
m

2- Cng thc ca axit khng no, mt ni i, n chc:
C
n
H
2n
C
n
H
2n - 1
H C
n
H
2n - 1
COOH n 2
3- Cng thc ca axit n chc bt k:
C
n
H
2n + 1- 2k
COOH hoc C
x
H
y
COOH hoc R-COOH
Cch gi cng thc: C
n
H
2n + 1- 2k
COOH : Axit tham gia phn ng ni i ca gc hidrocacbon

(p cng H
2
, p cng Br
2
...), phn ng nhm COOH.
C
x
H
y
COOH : Axit tham gia phn ng chy, phn ng nhm COOH
R-COOH : Axit ch tham gia phn nhm COOH.
C- Danh php
1- Tn thng:
- Lin quan n ngun gc tm ra axit.
V d:
HCOOH : Axit focmic
CH
3
COOH : Axit axetic
CH
3
CH
2
- COOH : Axit propinic
CH
3
CH
2
- CH
2
- COOH : Axit n-butiric
CH
3
CH- COOH : Axit izo-butiric
CH
3

2- Tn quc t:
- Chn mch cacbon di nht c cha nhm COOH lm mch chnh.
- nh s th t cc nguyn t cacbon trong mch chnh, bt u t u mch gn nhm COOH hn.
- Tn axit = V tr nhm th+Tn nhm th + Tn mch chnh (tn quc t ca hidrocacbon tng ng) + oic.
V d:
HCOOH : Metanoic CH
3
COOH: Etanoic
CH
3
CH
2
- COOH : Propanoic
CH
3
CH
2
- CH
2
- COOH : Butanoic

CH
3
CH- COOH CH
3
CH - CH
2
- COOH
CH
3
CH
3

2-metylpropanoic 3-metylbutanoic
D- Mt s axit thng gp
1- Axit no, n chc:
- Axit focmic ; axit axetic ; axit propinic
- Axit n-butiric ; axit izo-butiric
2- Axit no, a chc:
- Axit oxalic : HOOC-COOH hay (COOH)
2

- Axit aipic : HOOC-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-COOH hay C
4
H
8
(COOH)
2
.
3- Axit khng no, mt ni i, n chc:
- Axit acrylic : CH
2
=CH-COOH
- Axit metacrylic : CH
2
= C - COOH
CH
3
4- Axit thm: - Axit bezoic : C
6
H
5
-COOH
E- Tnh cht ho hc
I- Tnh axit v nh hng ca nhm th:
1- Phn ng in li: Qu trnh phn li ca axit to ion H
+
nn lm i mu cht ch th
Trong dy ng ng ca axitcacboxylic no n chc HCOOH mnh nht, mnh gim dn khi s nguyn
t C tng. Khi c thm cc nhm th ht e gn vo mch C ca axit th mnh ca axit cng tng ln theo
tu vo kh nng ht e ca nhm th mnh hay yu.
V d: CH
3
COOH < Cl-CH
2
COOH < F-CH
2
COOH
2- Phn ng vi kim loi:
2CH
3
COOH + Mg (CH
3
COO)
2
Mg + H
2

C
n
H
2n
(COOH)
2
+ 2Na C
n
H
2n
(COONa)
2
+ H
2
C
n
H
2n + 2-m
(COO

H)
m
+ mK C
n
H
2n + 2-m
(COO

K)
m
+
2
m
H
2
3 2 1 4 3 2 1
Trang 2

3- Phn ng vi baz v oxit baz: Mui + nc
CH
3
COOH + NaOH CH
3
COONa + H
2
O
4- Phn ng vi mui: 2CH
3
COOH + CaCO
3
(CH
3
COO)
2
Ca + CO
2
+ H
2
O
II- Tnh axit v nh hng ca nhm th:
1- Phn ng vi ru to este:
CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O
Etyl axetat
2- Phn ng tch nc lin phn t:
Khi cho tc dng vi P
2
O
5
2 phn t CH
3
COOH tch ra mt phn t nc v to thnh anhidrit
2CH
3
COOH (CH
3
CO)
2
O +H
2
O
III-Phn ng gc Hidrocacbon:
1- Phn ng gc no:
2- Phn ng gc thm:
3- Phn ng cng vo gc khng no:
IV- Axit khng no: CH
2
=CH-COOH ; CH
2
= C - COOH
CH
3
1- Tnh axit: - Ging nh axit no.
2- Tnh cht ca gc hidrocacbon khng no:
- Phn ng cng:
CH
2
=CH-COOH + H
2
CH
3
-CH
2
-COOH
CH
2
=CH-COOH + Br
2
CH
2
CH - COOH
Br Br
- Phn ng trng hp:

CH
2
=CH-COOH (- CH
2
- CH-)
n
F- iu axit axetic COOH
1- Ln men gim:
CH
3
-CH
2
-OH + O
2
CH
3
COOH + H
2
O
2- Tng hp t axetilen:
HC CH + H-OH CH
3
CH=O

2CH
3
CH=O + O
2
2CH
3
COOH
2- Tng hp t metanol:
CH
3
OH + CO CH
3
COOH
G- Mi lin h gia s cacbon, s hidro v s nhm chc
S nguyn t H gc hidrocacbon 2. S cacbon + 2 S nhm chc
H- Mt s tnh cht ca mui hu c
1- Tc dng vi axit v c:
2CH
3
COONa + H
2
SO
4 long
2CH
3
COOH + Na
2
SO
4
Tng qut:
2R-COONa + H
2
SO
4 long
2R-COOH + Na
2
SO
4
2- Phn ng vi ti xt:


CH
3
COONa + NaOH CH
4
+ Na
2
CO
3
Tng qut:
R-COONa + NaOH R-H + Na
2
CO
3
3- Phn ng chy:

2C
n
H
2n+1
COONa + O
2
Na
2
CO
3
+ (2n+1)CO
2
+ (2n+1)H
2
O
Ch trng hp t chy mui hu c cng vi xt d.
V d:
Nung nng hn hp CH
3
COONa v NaOH trong bnh ng kh O
2
, xy ra cc phn ng sau:
2CH
3
COONa + O
2

Na
2
CO
3
+ 3CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
2NaOH + CO
2
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
BI TON V AXITCACBOXYLIC
Mt s lu
1. da vo phn ng trung ho axit vi baz xc nh CTPT ca axit
R(COOH)n + nNaOH R(COONa)n + nH2O
- Nu bit t l s mol axit : nNaOH = 1 : n axit l n chc
2. Nu bi ton cho bit khi lng mui v axit
R(COOH)n + nNaOH R(COONa)n + nH2O
a gam bgam
- c th p dng bo ton khi lng hoc p dng tng gim khi lng (GV lp cho hs)
3. Trong s cc axit cacboxylic, ch c axit HCOOH (axit fomic) cho phn ng trng gng tng t
andehit
men gim
HgSO4, t
o
Mn
2+
Ni, t
o
Trng hp


CaO, t
o
CaO, t
o
Trang 3

Ptp: HCOOH + 2AgNO
3
+ 2NH
3
+ H
2
O (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+ 2NH
4
NO
3
+ 2Ag
4. Ngoi cc tnh cht ca 1 axit cacboxylic no, cc axit khng no cn cho phn ng cng, oxi ho, trng
hp.
5. Xt phn ng gia axit cacboxylic + Mui Na
2
CO
3

2RCOOH + Na
2
CO
3
2RCOONa + NaHCO
3
(1)
2RCOOH + Na
2
CO
3
2RCOONa + CO
2
+ H
2
O. (2)
Nu bi ton cho axit + Mui cacbonat m khng c kh thot ra th vit ptp 2
6. Bi ton t chy Axit cacboxylic:
- Nu nCO
2
= nH
2
O axit no n chc, mch h. : C
n
H
2n
O
2
.
- Nu nCO2 > nH
2
O axit khng no hoc l axit a chc
- Nu t chy axit khng no, c 1 lin kt i (C
n
H
2n-2
O
2
) hoc axit no, 2 chc (CnH2n-2O4) th ta c
nAxit = nCO
2
nH
2
O.
- Nu t chy mui ca axit (vd: CH
3
COONa) sn phm cho CO
2
+ H
2
O + Na
2
CO
3
.
CHUYN AXIT CACBOXYLIC
Gi tn vit CTHH
Cu 1 :
a.Vit cng thc cu to ca cc cht sau:
Axit benzoic , Axit isobutilic , axit valeric , axit meta crylic , axit 2- metyl propanoic , axit 2 -metylpropenoic
, axit oxalic , axit metanoic
Axit picric, axit triClo axetic , axitlactic
b. Hy vit CTCT ca cc hp cht thm c cng CTPT C
7
H
8
O . Cho bit cng thc ha hc v gi tn cc
cht

Cu 2: Vit cng thc tng qut ca axit hu c trong cc trng hp sau:
a. axit no n chc ,mch h b axit no a chc mch h
c. axit khng no a chc mch h d axit khng no n chc mch h
e. axit n chc f. axit a chc

Cu 3: Vit phng trnh ha hc thc hin cc chuyn ha sau:

a. Nhm cacbua
( )

1
metan
( )

2
metylclorua
( )

3
ru metylic
( )

4

anehitfomic Axitfomic
( )

4
natrifomiat

b. Tinh bt
( )

1
Glucozo
( )

2
axitlactic
( )

3
axit acrylic
( )

4
polime

( ) 5

ru etyli
( )

6
axitaxetic
( )

7
natriaxetat
( )

8
axit axetic

c. Axetilen + H
2
O
( )

1
A A + AgNO
3

( )

2
B + Ag + ..
B + NaOH
( )

3
C + H
2
O + . C + NaOH
( )

4
D + Na
2
CO
3

D + Cl
2

( )

5
E + HCl
Cu 4:
*.Vit phng trnh ha hc khi cho axit acrylic tc dng vi cc cht sau :
a. CuO , b. NaHCO
3
c. H
2
( xt Ni) d. Br
2
( CCl
4
) e. CaCO
3
, d.trng hp
*
Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho dung dch C
6
H
5
ONa , v CH
3
COONa tc dng ln lt vi CO
2
, HCl ,
nu c . cho bit hin tng
* Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho axit lactic tc dng ln lt vi Na ,NaOH , CH
3
COOH (xt) v
CH
3
OH (xt)
iu ch cht :
Cu 1:
Vit 7 phng trnh phn ng iu ch axit cc boxylic
Cu 2:
a.Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch axit axetic t cht ban u l parafin , olefin , (than , vi nc ,
cc cht v c )v ankin tng ng
b. Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch axit axetic trong mi phng php ch dng ti a 2 phn ng
Trang 4

c. T metan vit cc phng trnh phn ng iu ch cc axit sau: axit fomic , axit xetic , axit bezoic , axit
acrylic , axit propanoic , axit butyric , axit lactic , axit malonic ,axit suxinic ,axit phtalic , axit picric , cc cht
v c cn thit c
Cu 3: T axit propyolic vit phng trnh phan ng iu ch axit acrylic
phn bit cht :
Cu 1 : Phn bit cc l mt nhn ng cc dung dch sau:
a. axit fomic , axit axetic , axitacrylic , ru etylic , etanal
b. Propanol , phenol , neo hecxen ,axitpropanoic ,axitacrylic
c. Etanol , fomalin , axeton , axiaxetic
d. Etyl axetat ,fomalin , axitaxetic , axitacrylic , andehit axetic ,axit fomic ,etanol
Cu 2: Ch dng thm 1 ha cht lm thuc th hy phn bit cc cht sau :
a.isopropanol , phenol , axit metacrylic
b.ancol tecbutylic , propanal , axit fomic , axit butanoic
c.etanol , etanal , axit etanoic, axit fomic
d.axit acrylic , axit butyric , axit stearic ,axit oleic
Cu 3 : So snh tnh cht ha hc ch yu ca axit axetic , axit acrylic , axit fomic vit pthh minh ha
Nhn bit chng bng phng php ha hc
gii thch :
Cu 1: Gii thch nhit si , tan trong nc ca ru , anhit , axit c cng s nguyn t ccbon , gii
thch
Gii thch ti sao khi mch cac bon tng ha tan trong nc gim
Cu 2 : So snh lc axit ca cc axit sau :
a. Axit fomic , axit axetic , axit Clo axetic , axit propanoic , Axit brom axetic , axit tri clo axetic
b.Axit bezoic , axit fomic , axit axetic , phenol (axit phenic) , axit cacbonic , axit Clohidric

cu 3: sp xp cc hp cht sau theoo th t gim dn nhit si
a.C
2
H
5
OH , C
2
H
5
Cl , CH
3
COOH , C
2
H
5
OC
2
H
5
b.CH
3
COOH , HCOOCH
3,
C
2
H
5
COOH , CH
3
COOCH
3
, C
3
H
7
OH
Cu 4 : Hy sp xp cc axit trong dy sau theo th t tng dn lc axit
a. CH
3
COOH , CCl
3
COOH , Cl
2
CHCOOH , ClCH
2
COOH ,
b. CH
3
COOH , CCl
3
COOH, CBr
3
COOH ,CF
3
COOH
c. CH
2
Cl(CH
2
) COOH , CH
3
CHCl CH
2
COOH, CH
3
CH
2
CH Cl COOH
d. CH
3
COOH , C
2
H
5
COOH , (CH
3
)
2
CH COOH, CH
3
C COOH
e. Hy sp xp CH
3
COOH , C
3
H
7
OH , C
6
H
5
OH sp xp theoo chiu tnh linh ng ca nguyn t hidro .
Vit pthh chng minh tnh linh ng
Cu 5:
Cho bit axit axetic tc dng vi axetylen thu c cht X . trng hp cht X thu c cht Y cho Y phn
ng vi NaOH thu c B v C .Vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra
Bi tp :
in li v nng cn bng cc ion ca axit cacboxylic
Cu1 :
Thm nc vo 10 ml dung dch axit axetic bng ( 100% ) d = 1,05 g /ml n th tch l 1,75 lit 25
0
C thy
pH = 2,9
a. tnh nng mol ca dd thu c
b. Tnh in li ca dd axit
c. Tnh hng s cn bng ca axit ny 25
0
C
Cu 2:
a.Tnh nng cn bng ca cc ion H
3
O
+
, v CH
3
COO
-
trong dung dich CH
3
COOH 1M v in li ca
dd bit hng s phn li K
a
= 1,8 .10
-5
( 1,34 .10
-3
, 1,34%)
b. Tnh in li ca axit fomic trong dung dch 0,007 M c pH = 3 ( 14,29%)
c. in li tng hay gim khi cho thm 0,001 mol HCl vo 1lit dd HCOOH cho trn , gii thch
Cu 3:xt
Dd X gm CH
3
COOH 0,01M v CH
3
COONa 0,01M . Cho bit K
a
(CH
3
COOH) = 10
-4,76
gi tr pH ca dd X
l bao nhiu .( 4,76)
Cu 4: Tnh in li ca CH
3
COOH 0,01M ( cho bit K
a
(CH
3
COOH) = 10
-4,76
)
xc nh CTHH ca axit da vo phng php bin lun :
Cu 1:
Trang 5

Mt axit hu c hai ln axit ,mch h c mt lin kt C=C . Vit cng thc tng qut ca axit ny .Gi s
gc hidro cacbon c 3 nguyn t C , xc nh CTCT ca axit . Bit axit c ng phn cis trans
Vit phng trnh phn ng ca axit ny vi NaHCO
3
Cu 2:
Mt hp cht hu c c CT C
x
H
y
O
x
khi lng phn t l 60 vc trong cc cht trn c cht A tc dng
c vi Na
2
CO
3
sinh ra kh CO
2
. Cht B tc dng c vi Na v c phn ng trng gng . Cht C tc
dng c vi NaOH nhng khng tc dng c vi Na . Hy xc nh CTCT ca cc cht A,B,C
Cu 3:
Cho hn hp cht hu c mch h c CTPT C
3
H
6
O
2
hp cht c th l nhng cht no
Cu 4:
t chy 14,6 g mt axit no a chc A ta thu c 0,6 mol CO
2
v 0,05 mol nc . Xc nh CTPT vit
CTCT ca axit A . Bit mch cac bon l mch thng ( axit adipic)
Cu 5:*
Cho 30 gam hn hp gm hai cht hu c A,B mch h ch c nhm chc OH , v COOH Trong d A c
2 nhm chc khc nhau v B ch c mt nhm chc tc dng ht vi Na kim loi gii phng ra 6,72 lit kh
H
2
(ktc) . Mt khc nu trung ha 30 g hn hp trn cn cn 0,8 lit dd NaOH 0,5 M . Khi t chy A, cng
nh B u thu c s mol CO
2
bng s mol H
2
O . bit gc hidrocacbon trong A ln hn trong B
a. Xc nh CTPT , CTCT ca A,B
b. un nng hn hp A,B ni trn c mt H
2
SO
4
lm xc tc 140
0
C th s thu c nhng cht g
( OH- C
2
H
4
- COOH, CH
3
COOH )
Cu 6:*
Tm CTPT ca mt axit hu c A mch h , bit 0,01 mol A tc dng va vi 25 ml dd NaOH 0,4 M .
Khi t chy A thu c CO
2
v H
2
O theo t l khi lng l 88: 27 . Ly mui Na ca A nung vi vi ti
xut c kh hidrocacbon . vit CTCT cc ng phn axit ca A ( C
4
H
6
O
2
)
Cu 7:
Cho mg hn hp A gm hai axit hu c n chc , mch h c nguyn t C tong phan t hn km nhau
khng qu 2 nguyn t lm 3 phn bng nhau
Phn 1 : tc dng ht vi 100ml dd NaOH 2M
Phn2: phn ng va vi lng nc Brom c cha 6,4 g brom
Phn 3 em t chy hon ton thu c 3,136 lit CO
2
ktc v 1,8 g nc
a. xc nh CTCT ca 2 axit.
b. Tnh m v % m mi axit trong (A CH
3
COOH = 17,24% CH
2
=CH-COOH =82,76%)

Xc nh CTHH ca axit da vo tnh cht hoa hc :xt
Cu 1:
Trung ha 5,92 g mt axit no ,n chc bng mt dd NaOH va c cn dung dch thu c 7,68 g mui
khan . Xc nh s mol axit X v CTCT ca X
Cu 2:
Hn hp X gm hai axit Cacboxylic no n chc k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng vi 350ml dung
dch NaOH 1M trung ha dd NaOH d dng 100 ml dd HCl 0,5 M .em c cn dd thu c sau khi trung
ha thu c 26,7 g hn hp cc mui khan ( H= 100
%
) xac nh cng thc thu gn ca hai axit trn
Cu 3 :
Hn hp X gm hai axit X l axit no n chc Y l axit khng no n chc cha mt lin kt i . s
nguyn t C trong X,Y u bng nhau . chia Z thnh hai phn bng nhau
- Phn 1 : Cho tc dng vi ht vi 50 ml dd NaOH 2M
- Phn hai t chy hon ton thu c 13,2 g CO
2
xc nh CTPT ca X v Y
Cu 4:
Hn hp X gm ru metylic , axit fomic . Chia X thnh hai phn bng nhau
-Phn 1 t chy hon ton thy to thnh 6,72 lit CO
2
(ktc)
- Phn 2: c este ha hon ton v va thu c 1este . khi t chy este ny khi lng
nc sinh ra l bao nhiu
Cu 5:
t chy a g C
2
H
5
OH c 1 mol CO
2

t chy b g CH
3
COOH c 1 mol CO
2
. Cho a g tc dng vi b g trn c H
2
SO
4
lm xc tc thu c c
g este . H=100% .Tinh c
Cu 6:
Tnh khi lng tinh bt cn dng iu ch 45 g axit lactic qua con ng ln men , bit hiu sut thy
phn tinh bt v ln men lactic tng ng l 90% , v 80% .
Trang 6

Cu 7:
a.Khi cho 4,5 g axit oxalic tc ng vi kim loi Na d thu c V lt kh H
2
ktc . Xc nh V
b. Cho thm mt lng ru etylic vo n khi cht kh ngng thot ra thy kim loi Na tan mt phn na
thu c th tch kh ng bng V tnh Th tch ru cn dng . bit dr=0, 8 g/ml
c. Tnh khi lng este thu c khi thc hin phn ng este hn hp ru v axit trn . Bit H=100%
Cu 8
trung ha 20 ml dung dch mt axit no n chc cn 30 ml dd NaOH 0,5 M .C cn dd sau khi trung ha
thu c 1,44 g mui khan .
a.Xc nh CTCT ca axit
b. Xc nh nng C
M
ca axit
Cu 9 :
Cc sn phm t chy hon ton 3 g axit cacboxylic X c dn qua bnh 1 ng H
2
SO
4
c . bnh 2 ng
NaOH c . Sau th nghim khi lng bnh 1 tng 1,8 g khi lng bnh 2 tng 4,4 g . nu cho bay hi 1 g
X th thu c 373,4 ml hi ktc . Vit CTCT ca X ( CH
3
COOH)
Cu 10:
Cho 2,76 g hu c A ( cha C,H,O ) c CTPT trng vi CTG . Cho A tc dng va dd NaOH sau d
em c cn th phn bay hi cha hi nc v cht rn cn li cha hai mui Na chim khi lng 4,44g .
Nung hai mui ny trong oxi d phn ng hon ton thu c 3,18 g Na
2
CO
3
, 2,464 lit CO
2
(ktc) v 0,9 g
H
2
O . xc nh CTPT ,CTCT c th c ca A ( C
7
H
6
O
3
)
Cu 11:
Hn hp A gm hai axit hu c ( mi axit cha khng qu 2 nhm COOH ) c khi lng 16 g tng ng
vi 0,175 mol . t chy hon ton hn hp A ri sn phm chy qua nc vi trong d thu c 47,5 g kt
ta mt khc nu cho hn hp A tc dng va vi dung dch Na
2
CO
3
thu c 22,6 g mui . tm CTCT v
tnh s g mi axit trong hn hp A CH
2
(COOH)
2

Cu 12 :
t chy hon ton 7,4 g cht hu c X cha C,H,O ri cho ton b sn phm thu c qua bnh nc vi
trong d , thy khi lng bnh tng 18,6 g v trong bnh c 30 g kt ta . dX/ N
2
= 2,643
a.Xc nh CTPT ca X
b. X c ng phn 1 tc dng c vi Na
2
CO
3
gii phng kh ,c ng phn 2 tc dng c vi Na v c
phn ng trng bc . ng phn 3 tc dng c vi dd NaOH cho mt trong cc sn phm l ru metylic .
Xc nh CTCT ca cc ng phn
c. 14,8 g hn hp Y gm 3 ng phn trn cho tc dng vi Na d thu c 1,563 lit kh H
2
ktc . cng
14,8 g hn hp Y tc dng va vi 200ml dd NaOH 0,5 M . Tnh % n mi ng phn trong hn hp
( C
3
H
6
O
2
, C
2
H
5
COOH= 20%, ,50% ,30%)