Anh Huong Bo AGC Tren QAM

Kho lun tt nghip
I HC QUC GIA H NI
TRNG I HC CNG NGH
--o0o--

Trn Anh Tun

HOT NG V NH HNG CA B
AGC TRN QAM

KHO LUN TT NGHIP H I HC CHNH QUY

Ngnh: in T - Vin Thng.

Cn b hng dn: GS.TSKH Hunh Hu Tu.

H NI-2005
Trn Anh Tun - Lp K46A
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Kho lun tt nghip

LI CM N

Kho lun Hot ng v nh hng ca b AGC trn QAM c hon thnh
trong thi gian hc tp ca kho hc 2001-2005 thuc Trng i Hc Cng Ngh-
i Hc Quc Gia H Ni. c c kt qu ny, ti xin chn thnh cm n
GS.TSKH Hunh Hu Tu tn tnh gip v hng dn ti trong sut thi gian
thc hin ti.

Ti cng xin chn thnh cm n ti cc thy c tn tnh ging dy ti trong sut
bn nm hc va qua.

Cui cng, ti xin chn thnh cm n n gia nh, bn b nhng ngi lun st cnh
bn ti trong sut qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu.

H Ni, Ngy 30 thng 5 nm 2005

Trn Anh Tun
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Kho lun tt nghip

MC LC

TM TT NI DUNG 4

GII THIU CHUNG. 5

Chng 1. KNH THNG TIN V TUYN. 8

1. Knh nhiu cng Gauss trng. 8

2. Knh Rayleigh fading. 11

2.1. Tng quan v hin tng Rayleigh fading. 11

2.2. Cc thng s c bn trong mi trng Rayleigh fading. 13

2.2.1. rng tr. 13

2.2.2. rng tn s Doppler. 14

2.2.3. Phn loi knh Fading. 14

2.3. p ng xung v hm truyn ca knh fading 15

2.4. Knh fading a ng. 17

2.4.1.nh hng ca chuyn ng. 17

2.4.2.Qu trnh truyn a ng vi mt ng dn c nh. 18

Chng 2. IU CH BIN VUNG GC. 21

1. S iu ch s. 21

1.1. Bng thng. 22

1.2. T s tn hiu trn tp m. 23

1.3. Xc sut li. 25

2. Tng quan v s iu ch QAM. 26

2.1. B iu ch QAM. 26

2.2. B gii iu ch QAM. 28
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2.3. Hiu sut ph v nh gi li. 30

Chng 3. B T NG IU CHNH H S TNG CH TRN TN HIU
QAM. 33

1. B t ng iu chn h s tng ch. 33

1.1. Nguyn l hot ng ca b AGC. 33

1.2. Cu to ca b AGC. 35

2. Hiu chnh Rayleigh fading s dng phng php FFT. 38

2.1. Tm tt. 38

2.2. Gii thiu. 39

2.3.c lng fading s dng FFT. 40

2.3.1. Chn trn ca tn hiu hoa tiu. 40

2.3.2. Nguyn l phng php cp. 40

2.3.3. Ngoi suy d liu. 42

2.4.Kt lun.
43

Chng 4. KT QU M PHNG. 45
1. nh hng ca nhiu cng trng Gauss. 45
2. nh hng ca hin tng Rayleigh fading 46
3. Hiu chnh hin tng Rayleigh fading bng cch s dng FFT. 47
4. Hot ng ca h s tng ch a ca b AGC. 49
5. nh gi cht lng BER ca 16QAM. 52

KT LUN. 55

PH LC. 56

TI LIU THAM KHO 66
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Bng cc thut ng vit tt

AGC Automatic Gain Control T ng iu chnh h s
tng ch.
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise Nhiu cng Gauss trng
BPF Band Pass Filter B lc thng di
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform Bin i Fourier ri rc
DSP Digital Signal Processing X l s tn hiu
FFT Fast Fourier Transform Bin i Fourier nhanh
FSK Frequency Shift Keying Kho dch tn s
IF Intermediate Frequency Trung tn
ISI Intersymbol Interference Nhiu xuyn k hiu
PAM Pulse Amplitude Modulation iu ch bin xung
PLL Phase Locked Loop Vng kho pha
PSAM Pilot Symbol Assisted Modulation B iu ch s dng tn hiu
hoa tiu
PSK Phase Shift Keying Kho dch phase
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation iu ch bin vung gc
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn tp m

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TM TT NI DUNG

Trong cuc sng hng ngy, con ngi lun mun lin lc vi nhau qua nhng
khong cch di. V th, con ngi lun tm cch thc hin iu ny bng cch tm
ra nhng phng php chuyn i tin tc thng thng thnh nhng bn tin in
t, ng thi tm mi trng thc hin vic truyn tin. Mi trng khng dy l
mt pht minh v i m chng ta tm ra thc hin vic truyn tin. Tuy nhin, khi
sng truyn trong khng gian thng gp phi rt nhiu nh hng xu ca nhiu tc
ng vo tn hiu pht i. Nhiu do knh nhiu cng trng Gauss (AWGN) v knh
Rayleigh Fading l mt trong nhng loi nhiu in hnh nht.
C rt nhiu cch khc phc cc loi nhiu ny, mt trong nhng cch l s
dng mt b AGC (Automatic Gain Control) m trong s dng phng php FFT
khc phc hin tng Rayleigh fading. Kho lun tt nghip ny tp trung vo vic
phn tch cu to ca b AGC v cch hiu chnh fading bng phng php FFT.
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Kho lun tt nghip

GII THIU CHUNG

Vin thng nh ngy nay chng ta bit n bt u vo th k th 19. iu ng
quan tm l loi tr vic truyn tin bng si quang, th nhng cng ngh truyn dn
sng in t m chng ta s dng ngy nay, nh v tuyn v in bo in thoi; tt
c u xut hin trong th k 19.V vy s hiu bit khoa hc v in v in t kh
y , nhng pht minh cng c xu hng t i. S ng ghp ca cc nh pht minh
trong th k 19 mang nhng c im rt quan trng. Ti thi im , sng v tuyn
s dng trc tip trn nhng con thuyn, nhng n khng phi l tt c mi trng
nh chng ta s dng ngy nay. u im ca h thng vin thng l rt nhiu nh cho
php chng ta thy v nghe ngi khc ti bt c u trn hnh tinh.Con ngi lun
lun mun lin lc trn nhng khong cch di ni chuyn vi mt ai cc quc
gia khc nhau, xem mt s kin th thao, nghe bn nhc nhng ni v thi
im khc nhau, nhn v gi d liu rt xa bng cch s dng my tnh c nhn.
thc hin nhng iu mong mun trn, tn hiu cn phi c m ho, lu tr,
truyn i, thu li v gii m.
Trong qu trnh truyn sng in t, c rt nhiu vn cn phi khc phc do
mi trng truyn, do phi bo mt thng tin Do mi trng truyn l vn m t
trc n nay con ngi lun mun khc phc mt cch trit lm sao cho tn hiu
truyn trn knh v tuyn b nh hng nhiu t nht. iu quan trng l phi m bo
c bng thng hn ch m chnh ph cp cho. Nhiu trong mi trng truyn sng
in t c rt nhiu dng nh do nh hng ca ma, nh hng ca nhiu trng, nh
hng ca s tn x, phn x, khc x do khi sng lan truyn trong khng gian gp
nhng vt cn nh nh ca, i ni Di y l m hnh c bn ca mt h thng
vin thng.

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Hnh 1 S mt h thng vin thng

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Trong kho lun ny, em ch kho st vn nh hng nhiu do s tn
x,khc x v phn x hay l hin tng Rayleigh fading v nh hng do nhiu cng
trng Gauss tc ng ln tn hiu khi truyn trong mi trng truyn sng in t.
Nhng vn ny c kho st t rt lu ngay t khi nghnh vin thng mi ra
i.V cho n nay, cng ngh pht trin rt mnh ngi ta a ra rt nhiu gii
php khc phc hin tng trn, lm ti u ho t s tn hiu trn tp nhiu, gim
tc li bit. lm nhng iu ny, ngi ta chn vic truyn cc tn hiu QAM
l mt loi iu ch tn hiu m thng tin v tn hiu nm trong c phase v bin tn
hiu iu ch. iu ny cng d hiu bi v khi truyn trong mi trng truyn sng
in t th tn hiu ca chng ta s b nh hng c v bin v phase.
Vn chnh trong kho lun ca em l kho st cu to, nguyn l hot ng
ca b iu chnh t ng h s tng ch (AGC-Automatic Gain Control) i vi tn
hiu QAM. Ni mt cch khc l a ra mt cch khc phc hin tng nhiu do
Rayleigh fading v AWGN. T trc cho ti nay c rt nhiu cch khc phc hin
tng ny, nh cc phng php ni suy v ngoi suy d liu trong min thi gian
thng l kh phc tp. Mt trong nhng cch l dng bin i Fourier nhanh
khc phc hin tng ny. y l mt trong nhng cch kh n gin v hiu qu v
n lm vic trong min tn s. So vi mt s phng php khc nh ni suy Gauss bc
1, 2, 3, 4 th phng php ny cho s c lng tc li bit tt hn.
Do thi gian lm kho lun khng c di,cho nn ni dung chnh ca kho
lun s bao gm nhng phn sau:
1. Kho st hai loi knh v tuyn l knh nhiu cng Gauss trng v knh
Rayleigh fading (c cp chng II).
2. Kho st v tn hiu QAM, xt cht lng ph v nh gi li ca 16QAM (
cp chng III).
3. Kho st cu trc, nguyn l hot ng ca b AGC, phng php hiu chnh
Rayleigh fading bng cch s dng FFT ( cp chng IV).
4. a ra kt qu m phng (chng V).
Kho lun s tp chung vo vic gii quyt bi ton hiu chnh Rayleigh fading
trong hot ng ca b AGC trn tn hiu QAM.

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CHNG 1

KNH THNG TIN V TUYN

Knh v tuyn c s dng cho vic thng tin trn khong cch di t nhng
ngy mi bt u ca ngnh in t vin thng vi nhng th nghim ca Marconi
trong in bo v tuyn.Qu trnh truyn sng v tuyn qua kh quyn, bao gm tng
ion, cch xa tri t hng trm kilometres, l mt hin tng rt phc tp.Vic truyn
sng trn tng kh quyn phi m bo di rng ca nhng cch hot ng m ph
thuc vo rt nhiu yu t bao gm tn s v rng bng thng ca tn hiu, loi
antena s dng, a hnh gia antenna pht v thu v iu kin thi tit. Khoa hc v
kh quyn u dnh cho vic xem xt c gng hiu v pht trin nhng m hnh m
m t qu trnh truyn sng v tuyn qua kh quyn. V th, nhng chng trnh o
c c thc hin trong vi thp k trc thng tp trung vo vic thu thp d liu
truyn i vi sng tn s cao truyn i xa.Tt c nhng s n lc ny dn ti mt
cch no hiu tt hn l lm th no m hnh ho qu trnh truyn sng v
tuyn qua kh quyn, v lm th no s dng nhng m hnh ny h tr trong
phn tch, thit k, v m phng nhng h thng vin thng hin i.
Theo quan im ca nh thit k nhng h thng vin thng, nhng m hnh truyn
sng ri vo hai loi sau:
Nhng loi h tr trong vic tnh ton suy hao ng truyn.
Nhng loi h tr trong vic m hnh ho mo tn hiu c th l do nh
hng a ng hay bin i ngu nhin trong nhng c im truyn sng ca
knh.
Trong kho lun ny, em phn tch cht lng h thng trong mi trng nhiu
Gauss cng trng(AWGN) v Fading a ng.
1. Knh nhiu cng Gauss trng(AWGN)
Knh nhiu cng Gauss trng l knh b nhiu lon bi dng nhiu khng mong
mun cng vo tn hiu c pht i. Chng ta gi s nhiu ny l thuc loi
Gauss, l mt loi l tng theo quan im ton hc.
Nu chng ta xy dng m hnh ton hc cho tn hiu (khng gian tn hiu) ti
u vo ca b thu, th knh b tha nhn lm sai lc tn hiu do nhiu cng Gauss
trng (AWGN), nh c minh ho hnh 1.1.
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Kho lun tt nghip

s(t) r(t)

n(t)

Additive white Gaussian noise
Hnh 1.1.Knh AWGN
Khi chng ta gi tn hiu pht i, nhiu Gauss trng, v tn hiu thu c ln lt
l s(t), n(t) v r(t) th tn hiu thu c l:
r(t)=s(t)+ n(t) (1.1)
trong n(t) l hm ca php x l AWGN vi hm mt xc sut (pdf) v mt
ph cng sut nh sau:
nn
(f)=(1/2)N
0
[W/Hz] (1.2)
trong N
0
l mt hng s v thng c gi l mt cng sut nhiu. m
phng trong Matlab, n gin chng ta s dng hm xy dng sn randn, n to ra
nhng s v ma trn ngu nhin m nhng thnh phn ca n c phn b u vi tr
trung bnh bng 0 v phng sai bng 1.V th, nu chng ta cng nhiu AWGN vi
cng sut bng 1 vo tn hiu iu ch s vi nhng vect d liu knh cng phase
(I_channel) v vung phase (Q_channel) tng ng l idata v qdata, d liu li ra
ca knh I v knh Q ln lt l iout v qout c cho nh sau:
iout=idata(t)+randn(t)
qout=qdata(t)+randn(t) (1.3)
Tuy nhin, trong m phng, i khi chng ta tnh ton cht lng BER vo lc
cng sut nhiu bin i, trong chng ta nh ngha cng sut nhiu l mt bin:
npow; idata v qdata l in th, khng phi l cng sut.V th, chng ta phi thay
i k hiu ca npow t cng sut sang in th. Chng ta nh ngha mt bin attn l
cn bc hai ca npow l:
attn= npow
2
1
(1.4)
V th, d liu li ra c sa li sau khi b nh hng nhiu vi mt cng sut
npow tr thnh:
iout(t)=idata(t)+attnrandn(t)
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Kho lun tt nghip

qout(t)=qdata(t)+attnrandn(t) (1.5)
By gi ta th xt mt s tnh cht khc ca knh AWGN nh v dung nng C
v t s tn hiu trn tp m.
Dung nng ca knh AWGN vi bng tn hu hn.
Dung nng ca knh l lu lng thng tin trung bnh ln nht m c th tin
cy i qua knh truyn.
Chng ta c th xem xt quan im ny ch vi knh ri rc v mt thi gian.
Mt khc, rt nhiu knh thc t lin tc theo thi gian theo cch l li vo v li ra
ca n l nhng hm theo thi gian lin tc. Gi s rng tn hiu li vo c bng tn
hu hn trong khong (-B,B). Theo l thuyt ly mu, chng ta c th biu din mi
tn hiu s dng t nht 2B mu trn giy. Mi mu c phng sai bng cng sut
tn hiu P. Hn na, nhiu c gi s l php x l ngu nhin Gauss trng, vi mt
ph cng sut hai pha l N
2
0
/2, ly mu ti 1/2B giy.V th cng sut ca nhiu l
=(N
2
0
/2).2B=N
0
.B. Theo tnh ton ta c dung nng C c tnh ton nh sau:
+ =
+ =
B N
P
1 log
2
1
1 log
2
1
C
0
2
2
(1.6)
Nu gi tc d liu gc l R
s
bit/s, chng ta c th nh ngha nng lng
trn bit thng tin ca b pht vi cng sut trung bnh P.
s
b
R
P
= J/bit (1.7)
Thay vo (1.6) ta c

+ =
B N
R
1 log
2
1
C
0
s b
bit/knh s dng (1.8)
Nu h thng bao gm mt knh m ho vi tc R
c
, khi gi tr nh nht
ca B yu cu pht ti tc tin cy R
s
/R
c
ca thng tin l B=
c
s
R
R
2
, v th (1.8) tr
thnh

+ =
0
c b
N
R 2
1 log
2
1
C (1.9)
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Kho lun tt nghip

By gi ta xt v t s tn hiu trn tp m ca knh AWGN vi mt ph
cng sut nhiu hai pha N
0
/2 W/Hz. pht thng tin trn knh ny th h thng
thng tin s yu cu nng lng trn bit phi tho mn bt phng trnh:
0
N 693 . 0
e log
0
N
b
=
Khi knh l bng tn hu hn, chng ta c th nh ngha hiu sut ph r ca s
iu ch nh sau:
B
s
R
r = bit/s/Hz
pht thng tin tin cy trn knh nhiu cng Gauss trng vi hiu sut ph r,
bt k h thng thng tin s no cng yu cu t s tn hiu trn tp m phi tho mn
bt phng trnh:
r
1
r
2
0
N
b

(1.10)
T biu thc trn ta thy rng vi bt k mt h thng vin thng no c th
c thit k vi xc sut li bit ca n l nh nh mong mun.
Nh vy, trong mi trng c nhiu Gauss trng chng ta c th d dng to ra
c chng bng phng php m phng, cng nh c th d dng c lng c
chng.
2. Knh Rayleigh Fading
2.1. Tng quan v hin tng Rayleigh Fading.
ng truyn gia trm c s v my di ng ca thng tin di ng mt t
c c trng bi rt nhiu chng ngi vt v nhng s phn x.V d, mt mi
trng trong nh c nhng my sn xut, c; cn nhng to nh, cy ci to
thnh mi trng bn ngoi. Nhng mi trng ny c nh hng ln n tn hiu thu
c, khi sng v tuyn truyn t trm c s n my di ng. Nhng c im chung
ca qu trnh truyn sng v tuyn trong thng tin di ng mt t c ch ra hnh
1.2 di y.

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Kho lun tt nghip

Trm c s

My di ng

Hnh 1.2.Hin tng Rayleigh Fading
Sng v tuyn pht i t mt trm c s pht x theo mi hng, nhng sng v
tuyn ny bao gm sng phn x m b phn x t rt nhiu chng ngi vt, sng
khc x, sng tn x, v sng trc tip t trm c s n my di ng.Trong trng
hp ny, khi di ng truyn ca nhng sng trc tip, phn x, khc x v tn x
l khc nhau, th ti mi thi im i n trm di ng s khc nhau. Kt qu l, b thu
thu c s chng cht bao gm nhng sng c phase v thi gian n khc nhau.Tn
chung ca sng v tuyn theo thi gian n b tr trong php so snh vi sng trc tip
c gi l sng tr. V th, mi trng thu c trng bi s chng cht ca nhng
sng tr c gi l mi trng truyn a ng. Trong mt mi trng truyn a
ng, i khi tn hiu thu c b tng ln hoc gim i. Hin tng ny gi l fading
a ng, v mc tn hiu ca sng thu c thay i trong khong thi gian rt ngn.
Fading a ng lm tng tc li ca d liu thu, khi tn hiu v tuyn s c
pht trong mi trng thng tin di ng. Phng php hiu chnh cho hin tng
fading a ng ny phi c s dng m bo cht lng truyn cao.

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2.2. Nhng thng s c bn trong mi trng Rayleigh fading
Trong mi trng Rayleigh fading nh trn m t nhng thng s c trng
cho mi trng ny chnh l tr, tn s Doppler (do s di chuyn ca trm thu).
2.2.1. rng tr
Nhng thnh phn tn hiu n t rt nhiu con ng khc nhau (trc tip v
gin tip) vi nhng tr khc nhau t hp li to ra phin bn mo ca tn hiu pht.
Gi s trong khong thi gian ngn mt xung l tng (t) c pht i. Nhng con
ng truyn khc nhau l c th phn bit c, theo trc gic chng lm tng rt
nhiu nhng bn sao khc nhau ca tn hiu pht, do nh hng bi nhng tr v
suy gim khc nhau. Nhng tr bin i nhn c khi tn hiu truyn qua knh
c c trng bi mt hng s n gi l rng tr l tr ln nht trong nhng
tr thu c.
trn vn cn hp l khi rng bng thng ca tn hiu ln hn nhiu nghch
o nhng tr theo thi gian. i vi nhng bng thng hp hn nhng bn sao
trong tn hiu thu c c xu hng chng lp ln nhau, v khng th khi phc li
c khi nhng xung b mo. iu ny to ra dng mo tuyn tnh gi l nhiu xuyn
k hiu (ISI). Trong tnh hung hin ti, chng ta tin on rng rng tr ny gy ra
hai nh hng v tn sc thi gian v fading la chn tn s.
Ly B
x
biu th bng thng ca tn hiu pht. Nu n hp m tn hiu khng
b mo, th khng c s la chn tn s. Khi B
x
tng ln, mo tr nn tng ln mt
cch c th nhn thy.Vic o bn ngoi phm vi bng thng tn hiu th mo tr
nn xc ng c gi l bng thng kt hp ca knh, k hiu l B
c
v nh ngha l
nghch o ca rng tr. Bng thng kt hp l s chia ct tn s ti 2 thnh phn
tn s ca tn hiu tri qua nhng s suy gim c lp. Mt tn hiu vi B
x
>>B
c
l i
tng i vi fading la chn tn s. Chnh xc hn hnh bao v phase ca hai sng
mang cha c iu ch ti nhng tn s khc nhau s khc nhau r rng nu khong
tn s ca chng vt qu B
c
v th tng quan cho ca nhng dao ng fading
ca hai tn hiu iu ho gim dn v khng. Thut ng fading la chn tn s th
hin vic khng c s tng quan gia nhng thnh phn tn s khc nhau ca tn hiu
pht.

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Kho lun tt nghip

2.2.2 rng ca tn s Doppler.
Khi b thu v b pht chuyn ng tng i vi tc xuyn tm l hng
s,tn hiu thu c l i tng xp x dch tn s ( dch Doppler) vi tc
ny v tn s sng mang. Hiu ng Doppler, kt hp vi qu trnh truyn a ng
gy ra s tn sc tn s v fading la chn thi gian.Tn sc tn s theo dng tng ca
bng thng chim dng ca tn hiu xut hin khi knh thay i nhng tnh cht ca n
trong sut qu trnh truyn tn hiu. Nh chng ta thy trong mt khong thi gian
ngn, rng tn s Doppler l gp i rng tr.
Ta li gi s trong trng hp l tng: y l mt tn hiu iu ho n chu
k v hn c pht i. iu ny tng ng vi ph thch hp cho mt xung l tng.
Ph cng sut ca tn hiu thu c t mi ng l tng ca cc xung mi xung c
mt dch tn khc nhau ph thuc vo con ng ca n. Chng ta c tn sc
tn s. Chng ta nh ngha rng Doppler l gi tr ln nht trong nhng dch
tn ca nhng con ng khc nhau.
Gi T
x
l chu k ca tn hiu pht. Nu chu k ny l di, th khng c s
la chn thi gian. Khi T
x
gim, ph tn hiu tr nn rng hn, v nhng bn sao ca
n c to ra do hiu ng Doppler c xu hng chng ln nhau v khng th khi
phc c khi nhng xung b mo tn s. Hiu ng Doppler gy ra s bin i v hnh
dng ca cc xung tng ng vi mo dng sng tn hiu. Chng ta ni rng knh
l la chn theo thi gian.
Php o ngoi phm vi chu k tn hiu th mo ny tr nn xc ng c
gi l thi gian kt hp ca knh, k hiu l T
c
v c nh ngha l nghch o ca
rng Doppler. Ly T
x
k hiu l chu k ca xung pht. Nu T
x
qu ngn n mc
trong sut qu trnh truyn, knh khng thay i ng k trong nhng c trng ca
n, th tn hiu thu c s khng b mo. mo ca n tr nn d nhn thy khi T
x

cao hn T
c
, tr gia hai thnh phn theo thi gian ca khong ngoi tn hiu, l
nhng suy gim ca hai thnh phn ny, tr nn c lp.
2.2.3. Phn loi knh fading.
T s tho lun phn trc chng ta thy rng c hai i lng B
c
v T
c
m t
knh hot ng nh th no vi tn hiu pht. c bit:
16
Kho lun tt nghip

i) Nu B
x
<<B
c
khng c fading la chn tn s v v vy khng c s tn sc thi
gian. Hm truyn ca knh xem nh l hng s, v knh c gi l bng phng (hoc
khng c s la chn) theo tn s.
ii) Nu T
x
<<T
c
, khng c fading la chn thi gian v knh c gi l bng phng
(hoc khng c s la chn) theo thi gian.
Knh bng phng theo t v f khng phi l i tng fading, c theo thi gian
v tn s. Knh bng phng theo tn s l m hnh tin cy i vi mt vi knh v
tuyn di ng mt t. Knh la chn nh hng bi fading c theo thi gian v tn s
l mt m hnh khng tin cy i vi nhng knh v tuyn di ng mt t.
2.3. p ng xung v hm truyn ca knh fading.
i vi nhng knh fading thng bin i theo thi gian. y, chng ta xem
xt trong mt khong thi gian ngn s m rng cc knh bin i theo thi gian gm
nhng thc th c bn (p ng xung, hm truyn) s dng trong php phn tch ca
h thng bt bin theo thi gian.
Xt tn hiu thng di pht i:
( )

=
t
0
f j2
e t
~
x x(t) (1.11)
trong thng th
) t (
~
x
l hnh bao phc ca tn hiu v f
0
l tn s sng mang. Qu
trnh truyn ca x(t) trn knh a ng bin i theo thi gian sinh ra tn hiu thu:
[ ] =
n
) t (
n
t x ) t (
n
) t ( y (1.12)
trong ln lt l suy gim v tr m nh hng n bn sao ca
x(t) thu c dc theo ng truyn th n. Chng ta cng c th vit:
) t ( ), t (
n n

( ) [ ]

=
t
0
f 2 j
e
) t (
n
j
e
n
) t (
n
t
~
x ) t (
n
t y (1.13)
trong
n
(t) 2 f
=
0
n
(t) l dch phase gy ra bi tr
n
(t).Chng ta thy rng
knh a ng bin i hnh bao phc thnh hnh bao phc:
) t ( x
~
17
Kho lun tt nghip

[ ]
) t (
n
j
e
n
) t (
n
t
~
x ) t (
n

(1.14)
l tng ng vi vic ni rng knh tng ng thng thp c p ng xung bin
i theo thi gian:
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
n
t
n
j
e t
n
t
~
x t
n
2 t; h (1.15)
Hm ny l hm ca hai bin t v din t s suy gim, dch phase v tr
to ra bi mi ng truyn. p ng ca knh ti thi im t l mt xung ng vi ti
thi im t- , ngha l giy trc . Mi quan h gia li vo v li ra ca knh
c biu din bng tch chp:

= d ) ; t ( h ) t ( x ) t ( y
~ ~
(1.16)
Chng ta thu c mt c im tng t ca knh bng cch chuyn sang
min tn s. Bin i Fourier ca p ng xung h(t; ) ly theo tng ng vi bin ,
cho ta hm truyn ca knh:
+

= d e ) , t ( h ) t ; f ( H
f 2 j
(1.17)
i vi knh truyn a ng ca chng ta c dng:

=
n
) t ( j
f 2 j
n
n
n
e e ) t ( 2 ) t ; f ( H (1.18)
Hm truyn bin i theo thi gian H(f;t) c th c lm sng t nh sau. i
vi mt sng iu ho pht i ti tn s f
(lin quan n tn s sng mang) hnh bao

phc thu c l exp(j2 f
t)H(f
;t). Biu din sau m t thng tin y v p

ng knh fading i vi tn hiu iu ho n, ni chung, c hnh bao v phase bin
i theo thi gian. Nu bng thng tn hiu pht i l ln hn nhiu bng thng kt
hp ca knh, th tn hiu b nh hng bi nhng tng ch v dch phase khc
nhau ko di sang bng thng ca n (tn hiu pht), v knh l la chn tn s.
mo thm vo gy ra bi nhng s bin i theo thi gian trong H(f;t): i vi nhng
s bin i knh lin quan n nhng chuyn ng trong mi trng truyn, ng
nhng nh hng ca hin tng Doppler chng ta c th lm sng t s c lp theo
thi gian ca H(f;t) theo thut ng dch Doppler.
18
Kho lun tt nghip

Nu gi s rng mi trng truyn thay i ngu nhin, chng ta c th m
hnh h(;t) l mt qu trnh ngu nhin theo t, v vy knh gi l h thng tuyn tnh
bin i theo thi gian mt cch ngu nhin. iu gi nh chc chn l h(;t) c th
c m hnh l mt qu trnh Gaussian c tr trung bnh bng 0, phase ca n phn b
u trong khong (0,2) v hnh bao ca n c phn b Rayleigh.V vy, H(f;t) cng
l qu trnh Gauss.
2.4. Knh fading a ng
Trong bt k knh thng tin khng dy no u c th c nhiu hn mt ng
truyn trong khi tn hiu truyn i gia anten pht v thu. S xut hin ca nhiu
ng dn c th l do s phn x v khc x trong kh quyn hoc s phn x t
nhng ngi nh hay nhng vt khc. a ng hay fading c th xut hin trong tt c
nhng h thng thng tin v tuyn.
2.4.1. Qu truyn a ng: nh hng ca chuyn ng.
By gi gi s rng tn hiu pht (mt sng mang cha iu ch) c thu qua
N ng dn. Gi s b thu chuyn ng vi vn tc v v A
i
,
i
,
i
k hiu ln lt l
bin , phase v gc tia ti t ng truyn dn th i. Tn hiu thu c bao gm s
ng ghp ca nhng dch Doppler:
i 0 i
cos
c
v
f f =
i=1,2,..,N (1.19)
Tn hiu thu c c th vit di dng:
=
+ =
N
1 i
i i 0 i
] t ) f f ( 2 [ j exp A ) t ( y (1.20)
Hnh bao phc ca tn hiu thu c l:
=
N
1 i
) t f 2 ( j
i
) t ( j i i
e A e ) t ( R (1.21)
Khi N ln, chng ta gi s rng suy gim A
i
v phase 2 f
i
t-
i
l nhng bin
ngu nhin, v c th gi s chng c lp vi nhau. Khi theo nh l gii hn
trung tm, chng ta thu c ti bt k thi im tc thi no, khi s lng nhng con
ng tr nn ln, kt qu tng trn gn nh l mt bin ngu nhin Gauss. Hnh bao
phc ca tn hiu thu c tr thnh mt qu trnh Gauss thng thp m phn thc v
phn o ca n l c lp v c tr trung bnh bng 0, c cng phng sai
2
. Trong
19
Kho lun tt nghip

iu kin ny, R(t) v (t) cng l nhng qu trnh c lp vi (t) phn b u trong
khong (0,2) v R(t) c hm mt xc xut l:

0 r , 0
r 0 , e
r
) r ( f
2
2
r
2
R
(2.22)
Trong cng sut trung bnh ca hnh bao c cho bi:
E[R
2
]=2
2
(1.23)
Chng ta cng c:
E[R]=
2

V y:
Var[R]=(2- /2)
2
Ch rng hm mt xc xut Rayleigh thng c chun ho,thu c
do E[R
2
]=1:
f
R
(r)=2r (1.24)
2
r
e
2.4.2. Qu trnh a ng truyn vi mt ng c nh

y chng ta thay i m hnh knh ca v d trc bng cch gi s rng
mi trng truyn c mt ng c nh mnh l ch yu cng vi N ng yu
hn.V vy, chng ta c th vit hnh bao phc ca tn hiu thu c di dng:
R(t)e
j(t)
=u(t)e
j(t)
+ v(t)e
j(t)
(1.25)
Trong u(t) l phn phi Rayleigh,(t) phn u trong khong (0,2) v v(t),
(t) l nhng tn hiu quyt nh.Vi m hnh ny th R(t) c hm mt xc sut l:
f
R
(r)=(r/
2
)

2
0
2
2 2
rv
I
v r
exp (1.26)
vi r ( I 0
0
(.) l hm Bessel thay i bc khng ca loi th nht) v (t) khng
c lp vi nhau.
20
Kho lun tt nghip

Gi s rng phase ca ng c nh thay i mt cch ngu nhin, v chng
ta c th m hnh n nh mt bin ngu nhin phn b u trong khong (0,2). Kt
qu ca iu gi s ny dn n R(t) v (t) tr nn l nhng php x l c lp, vi
phn b u trong khong (0,2) v R(t) vn c hm mt xc sut nh (2.20).
Hm (2.20) thng c gi l hm mt xc sut Rice. Gi tr bnh phng trung
bnh ca n l E[R
2
]=v
2
+2
2
. Hm pdf ny c v trn hnh 2.3 vi vi gi tr ca v
v
2
=1.

Hnh 1.3.Hm mt xc sut Rice vi
2
=1.

Ch rng trong (2.20) v biu th hnh bao ca thnh phn ng dn c nh
ca tn hiu thu c, trong khi
2
=1 l cng sut ca thnh phn Rayleigh. V vy, h
s Rice:
2
2
2
v
K = (1.27)

i lng ny biu th t s gia cng sut ca thnh phn ng truyn c nh v
cng sut ca thnh phn Rayleigh. i khi hm pdf Rice c vit di dng mc
yu khc, m thu c bng cch gi s E[R
2
]=v
2
+2
2
=1 v h s Rice th hin mt
cch r rng nh sau:
f
R
(r)=2r(1+K) exp(-(1+K)r
2
-K)I
0
(2r ) K 1 ( K + ) (1.28)
21
Kho lun tt nghip

vi r . 0
Khi K->0 c ngha l ng truyn c nh lm gim cng sut ca n, khi
I
0
(0)=1 hm pdf Rice tr thnh hm pdf Rayleigh. Mt khc,nu K-> c ngha l
cng sut ng truyn c nh cao hn so vi nhng ng truyn ngu nhin, v vy
hm pdf Gaussian l mt s xp x tt cho mt Rice. Trong thc t,bng cch thay
th hm Bessel bng biu thc:

( )
x ,
x 2
e
x I
x
0

t (1.20) chng ta thu c
( )
( )
2
2
R
2
v r
exp
2
r
r f (1.29)

iu ny ch ra rng khi v, K tr nn ln th f
R
(r) l hm pdf Gaussian.
Nh vy, qua nhng m t trn cho ta thy khi tn hiu truyn trong mi
trng khng dy, nh hng ca nhiu trong iu kin thi tit l tng ch yu l
do hin tng Rayleigh fading gy nn. Chnh v th, vic khc phc hin tng ny l
iu cn thit khi truyn tn hiu trong mi trng thng tin di ng mt t. Trong m
hnh mng vin thng ngi ta khc phc hin tng ny bng b iu chnh t ng
h s tng ch AGC (Automatic Gain Control).

22
Kho lun tt nghip

CHNG 2

IU CH BIN VUNG GC

Mt h thng iu ch sng mang l mt s tnh tin tn hiu iu ch
bng tn c s sang bng tn tn s mi. Mt cu hi t ra l:tn hiu thc t trong
qu trnh truyn l nh th no? Mt on xung c tc 2400 k hiu/s trong ng
dy modem in thoi l tn hiu c bng thng m tn v l l tng cho vic truyn
trn ng dy in thoi. Nhng khi pht tn hiu ging nh th trn knh v tuyn
th yu cu anten di hng trm kilometers.V vy, tn hiu ny cn phi c tnh tin
sang tn s cao hn. Tn s ny ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: s cho php ca chnh
ph; mt vi tn s l r hn cc tn s khc; mt vi loi ch truyn theo ng thng;
v dnh cho mt vi cng vic tt nht s dng di nc. Ngoi ra trong thit k in
t thc t lm cho on xung c tc nhanh hn cn c tnh tin n tn s cao
hn trc khi chng c x l v khuych i.
Vic dch tn hiu bng tn c s sang tn s cao hn c rt nhiu cch khc
nhau, s tc ng ny ch yu vo tn s (FSK), bin (PAM), phase (PSK), c bin
v phase(QAM). Trong chng 2 ny ch tp chung vic tr li cu hi: Ti sao
phi dng tn hiu QAM?
Trc tin chng ta hy xem cc c trng ca mt b iu ch s nh bng
thng, cng sut, xc sut li.
1. S iu ch s.
Chng ta gi s qu trnh truyn tc ng bi knh nhiu cng Gauss trng
(AWGN) vi mt ph cng sut nhiu hai pha l N
0
/2. Chng ta k hiu P l cng
sut trung bnh ca tn hiu s ti u vo ca b thu. Khi chng ta gi s i vi
trng hp n gin l truyn trn knh khng c s suy gim th P cng l cng
sut trung bnh ca tn hiu thu c ti u ra ca b pht.
Trong phn ny, chng ta nh ngha nhng thng s m s s dng hu ch
nh gi cht lng ca mt s iu ch s nh l bng thng (v hiu sut bng
thng), t s tn hiu trn tp nhiu (v hiu sut cng sut), v xc sut li.

23
Kho lun tt nghip

1.1. Bng thng
iu xem xt u tin, mt tn hiu M-PSK ca nhng sng c bn c chu k T
v bin A. Ph mt cng sut ca mt tn hiu nh sau:
( ) ( [
0 0
f f G f f G
4
1
+ =
)] (2.1)
trong gi s rng
2
2
fT
fT sin
T A ) f ( G

=
Ph ca nhng tn hiu thu c ti u ra ca nhng b iu ch khc cng
ging nh trn. Nu nh ph c mt s d phng hu hn, ngha l, n khng bng
khng ch trn mt khong tn s hu hn, th s d dng trong vic nh ngha ph
chim dng chnh l rng ca d phng ca n. Tuy nhin, i vi nhng s
iu ch s thc hin trn nhng sng c bn c chu k hu hn, th mt ph cng
sut ko di theo tn s t [ ] + ; , v vy y l iu cn thit quy nh mt nh
ngha bnh thng ca bng thng.
Bng thng ca mt tn hiu thc tnh ton ch trn nhng tn s dng ca ph
ca n.V vy, chng ta c th s dng mt s nhng nh ngha khc nhau:
a) Bng thng qua gi tr khng (Null-to-null bandwidth) l rng ca chm ph
chnh. iu n gin nh gi bt k lc no hai gi tr v khng u tin
xung quanh tn s sng mang km theo chm ph chnh, m cha hu ht cng
sut tn hiu.
b) Bng thng th hin cng sut cn li ngoi cng sut tp chung chm ph
chnh. y l khong tn s cha (1-) ca cng sut tn hiu vi nhng tn s
dng (ngha l bng 50% tng cng sut tn hiu). nh ngha ny l hu ch
i vi nhng h thng khng dy m chia x mt di tn chung v d nh nu
mt tn hiu c 99.9% cng sut ca n bng thng B phn phi cho n,
th 0.1% cng sut ca n ri ra ngoi khong B, v vy gy ra nhiu vi nhng
knh ln cn.
c) Bng thng ca hm mt ph cng sut bin :gii hn m xc nh r nhng
trng thi bng thng ny khp ni ngoi B, th mt ph cng sut khng
vt qu ngng no .
24
Kho lun tt nghip

d) Bng thng ca nhiu cn bng : bt u bng nh ngha v nhng h thng
tuyn tnh bt bin theo thi gian, iu ny gii hn tn sc ca mt ph
cng sut xung quanh tn s sng mang.
Nhng nh ngha trn ph thuc vo s iu ch v nhng tn hiu xc nh s
dng thc hin n. Nu gi N l chiu ca tp hp nhng tn hiu c chu k T v
bng thng W th ta c N=2WT. iu ny dn n nh ngha ca Shannon v bng
thng ca tp hp tn hiu vi N chiu l :
T 2
N
W = (2.2)
Bng thng ny c th c biu din theo Hz, nhng n c th thch hp hn
trong mt vi trng hp biu din theo s chiu trn giy. Bng thng Shannon l gi
tr nh nht m tn hiu cn, tri ngc vi nh ngha trn. Bt k gi tr no ca bng
thng trong chm tn hiu gi l bng thng Fourier ca tn hiu iu ch chng biu
din lng bng thng m tn hiu s dng thc t. Trong hu ht cc trng hp,
bng thng Shannon v bng thng Fourier khc nhau rt t; tuy nhin, c nhiu v d
ca tn hiu iu ch cho thy bng thng Fourier ln hn nhiu so vi bng thng
Shannon.
Ch rng trong trng hp chung, i vi nhng nh ngha thc t hn v
bng thng W, chng ta c W=/T, iu ny phn nh ng thc t c bn t l thuyt
Fourier m chu k theo thi gian ca tn hiu xp x gi tr nghch o ca bng thng
chim dng ca n. Gi tr thc t ca ph thuc vo nh ngha bng thng v vo
nhng tn hiu s dng bi b iu ch.
1.2.T s tn hiu trn tp m.
Gi tc ngun thng tin l R
s
, s lng sng s dng bi b iu ch khng
nh l M,v chu k ca nhng sng ny l T. Ta c :
T
M log
R
2
s
= (2.3)

y l tc tnh theo bit m c th chp nhn c bi b iu ch.Cng sut
trung bnh dng ht vo b iu ch l :
T
P

= (2.4)
25
Kho lun tt nghip

trong l nng lng trung bnh ca nhng tn hiu iu ch. Mi tn hiu mang
log
2
M thng tin bit.V vy, nh ngha
b
l nng lng trung bnh dng ht bi b
iu ch khi pht 1 bit, v vy =
b
log
2
M, chng ta c
s b
2
b
R
T
M log
P = = (2.5)
Chng ta nh ngha t s tn hiu trn tp m l t s gia cng sut tn hiu
trung bnh v cng sut nhiu trung bnh.Ta c s cn bng sau cng l (N
0
/2).2W=N
0

.W, trong W hin thi l bng thng tp m cn bng ca b lc thu ngha l, b
lc ti li vo ca u thu c nhim v gii hn cng sut nhiu trong khi b i tn
hiu khng mo. Chng ta c,
W
R
N W N
P
s
0
b
0
= (2.6)
Hiu sut bng thng v hiu sut cng sut tim cn
Nh ch ra (2.6) t s tn hiu trn tp m l tch ca hai i lng,
b
/N
0
l
nng lng trn bit chia cho hai ln mt ph cng sut, v R
s
/W l hiu sut bng
thng (hay hiu sut ph) ca s iu ch. Trong thc t i lng th hai o bng
bit/s/Hz, cho ta bit bao nhiu bit trn giy c pht i vi bng thng cho sn W. V
d, nu mt h thng pht d liu ti tc 9600bit/s bng thng 4800Hz th hiu
sut ph ca n l R
s
=2bit/s/Hz.
Chng ta nhn thy rng nu W l bng thng Shannon th R
s
/W c th c o
theo n v bit/s chiu. Chng ta c,
N
M log
2
W
R
2 s
= (2.7)
S iu ch 2 chiu l c bit quan trng trong nhng ng dng, thng th
hiu sut ph c o l bits trn hai chiu.
Chng ta nh ngha hiu sut ph tim cn ca s iu ch nh sau. Khi
m t s tn hiu trn tp m cao , xc sut li c xp x bi hm li b ca bin
d
min
/2
0
N . i lng phi tho mn:
0
min
0
b
N 2
d
N
=

26
Kho lun tt nghip

ngha l
b
2
min
4
d
= (2.8)
V th, biu din s hiu qu ca mt s iu ch thc thi vic s dng
nng lng tn hiu sn c to ra mt khong cch nh nht cho trc. V vy
chng ta ni rng, mc ti thiu i vi nhng t s tn hiu trn tp m, mt s
iu ch tt hn s iu ch khc nu hiu sut cng sut tim cn l ln hn.
V d vi s iu ch nh phn lng cc c
b
= v d
min
= 2 , v vy
=1.
1.3. Xc sut li
cho php so snh gia nhng s iu ch vi nhng gi tr khc nhau ca
M, v v vy nhng tn hiu ca cc s ny mang s lng bits khc nhau mt cch
o c nh gi tt hn l tnh xc sut li bit P
b
(e), thng c gi l tc li bit
(BER). l xc sut m mt bit pht i t ngun s c thu sai bi ngi dng.
Trong trng hp chung, ngi ta ni rng vic tnh ton P(e) l cch n gin
hn so vi vic tnh P
b
(e). Hn na, i lng th hai ph thuc vo vic nh x chui
bit ngun thnh tn hiu trong chm tn hiu ca b iu ch. Chn trn v chn di
n gin c th bt ngun bng cch quan st nh sau: mi tn hiu mang log
2
M

bits,mi mt k hiu li to ra t nht mt bit li v nhiu nht log
2
M bit li. V vy,
( ) ( ) e P e P
M log
) e ( P
b
2
(2.9)
V (2.9) l ng trong trng hp chung, nn chng ta phi c gng tm P
b
(e)
gn chn thp hn nu c th.
2. Tng quan v s iu ch QAM.
iu ch bin vung gc, hay QAM, l s m rng ca tng dng php
nh x d liu mt cch trc tip n nhng im I (In_phase: cng phase) v Q
(vung phase). Cc gi tr ca cc thnh phn I v Q: a
I
v a
Q
c nhiu mc hn d
liu nh phn. Trong chng ny em s m t s ca chng v tnh ton ph v tc
li ca cc tn hiu ny.

27
Kho lun tt nghip

2.1. B iu ch QAM
Thut ng QAM c mt vi ngha trong cng vic thng tin lin lc, ph
thuc vo tng tnh hung. Ni chung, n lm r vic truyn s d liu n nhng
im trong mt phng I-Q, ngha l, mi mt gi tr l c lp ng vi mi mc ca
nhng khong k hiu khc. Chm tn hiu trong hnh 2.1 minh ho nhiu hn cho
tng ny. Trong nhng tnh hung khc, QAM lin quan n mt loi c trng ca
chm tn hiu, dng hnh ch nht c to ra bng cch gi nhng sng PAM c M-
mc c lp trong mt phng I v Q. iu cn thit l phi to ra mt mng hnh ch
nht nh hnh 3.1, hnh ny ch ra s hnh ch nht thng dng nht 4QAM, v
16QAM.
Dng chung ca hnh ch nht QAM vi on xung M-mc l:

=
=
n
I
n 0
0 0
s
) nT t ( v T a C ) t ( I
] t sin ) t ( Q t cos ) t ( I [
T
E 2
) t ( s
(2.10)

=
n
Q
n 0
) nT t ( v T a C ) t ( Q

Hnh 2.1.Gin chm tn hiu.
28
Kho lun tt nghip

trong :
{ } 1 ),..., 3 M ( ), 1 M ( a , a
Q
n
I
n

y v(t) thng l xung trc giao v nhng k hiu truyn i l nhng s
nguyn l. Sau cng l mt quy c chung, m chng ta chp nhn, ngoi ra n c
ngha l hng s C
0
cn c a vo lm cho I(t) v Q(t) tho mn vic chun ho
nng lng n v.
Ni chung, cc biu tn hiu hnh vung c sinh ra khi tng sng mang
c iu ch bi PAM.
Tng qut hn, QAM c th c xem nh mt dng hn hp ca iu ch
bin s v iu ch phase s. Nh th cc dng sng tn hiu QAM c truyn i
c th biu din theo :
u
mn
(t)=A
m
g
T
(t)cos(2 f t+
n
) ,m=1,2,,M
1
; n=1,2,,M
2
(2.11)
Nu M
1
= v M
1
2
k
2
= th phng php iu ch bin v phase kt hp dn
n vic truyn dn ng thi k
2
2
k
1
+k
2
=log
2
M
1
M
2
digit nh phn xy ra vi tc
symbol l R
b
/(k
1
+k
2
). S khi chc nng ca b iu ch QAM nh hnh 2.2
di.
Cn cc vect tn hiu hai chiu c dng:
s
m
=( )
mQ s mI s
A E A E vi m=1,2,,M (2.12)

Hnh 2.2 S chc nng ca b iu ch QAM.
29
Kho lun tt nghip

2.2. B gii iu ch QAM
Ta gi s rng khi sng truyn qua knh s to ra mt lng dch phase sng
mang c a vo trong qu trnh truyn. Thm vo ,tn hiu thu c b nhiu
lon bi tp m cng Gauss.V vy tn hiu thu c r(t) c th c biu din nh
sau:
r(t)=A
mI
g
T
(t)cos(2f
c
t+)+ A
mQ
g
T
(t)sin(2f
c
t+)+n(t) (2.13)
Trong l lng dch pha sng mang v
n(t)=n
I
(t)cos2f
c
t n
Q
(t)sin2f
c
t (2.14)
Tn hiu thu c c tnh tng quan vi hai hm c s trc giao c
dch pha nh sau :
1
(t)=g
T
(t)cos(2f
c
t+)

2
(t)=g
T
(t)sin(2f
c
t+) (2.15)
Nh minh ho trn hnh 2.3, cn cc li ra ca cc b tng quan c ly mu
ri c a ti b tch tn hiu. Mch vng kho pha(PLL) trn hnh 2.3 c lng
dch pha sng mang ca tn hiu thu c v b lng dch pha ny bng cch dch
1
(t) v
2
(t) nh ch trong cng thc trn. ng h trn hnh 2.3 c gi thit l
c ng b vi tn hiu thu c sao cho cc li ra ca cc b tng quan c ly
mu ti cc thi im ly mu chnh xc. Vi cc iu kin ny, cc li ra t hai b
tng quan l :
r
I
=A
mI
+n
I
cos - n
Q
sin
r
Q
=A
mQ
+n
I
sin + n
Q
cos (2.16)
trong
=
T
0
T I I
dt ) t ( g ) t ( n
2
1
n
=
T
0
T Q Q
dt ) t ( g ) t ( n
2
1
n

30
Kho lun tt nghip

Hnh 2.3.B gii iu ch QAM
Cc thnh phn tp nhiu l cc bin ngu nhin Gauss k vng bng 0, khng
tng quan v c phng sai l N
0
/2.
B tch tn hiu ti u tnh khong cch metric :
D(r,s
m
)=
2
m
s r vi m=1,2,,M (2.17)
Trong r
t
=(r
I
,r
Q
) cn s
m
c cho bi cng thc (2.12).
2.3. Hiu sut ph ca QAM v nh gi li.
Do nhng tn hiu QAM l tng tuyn tnh ca nhng xung c lp vi ph
bin ging nhau, mt ph cng sut ca QAM cng ging nh xung trong tng
tuyn tnh ny. Tt c nhng dch theo thi gian ca hai xung c bn v(t)cos
0
t v
v(t)sin
0
t c ph bin ging nhau. Bin xung a
n
I
v a
n
Q
c tr trung bnh bng 0
v c lp vi nhau t thi im ny n thi im khc, v thng th chm tn hiu
QAM l i xng v nhng im ny c trn theo kiu IID.
Mc d QAM ging nh BPSK v QPSK trong khi n mang ph ca cc xung
cha trong n, bng thng ca QAM trn bit d liu c th nh i nhiu, v c nhiu
im hn trong chm tn hiu. Nu B l bng thng ca BPSK theo mt vi php o
v c M im trong QAM, bng thng trn bit d liu ca QAM l B/log
2
M.Vic tit
kim bng thng nh ny l l do chnh s dng QAM.
31
Kho lun tt nghip

Chng ta s xem xt k hn vn ny nh sau.
Mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu QAM c cho nh sau
( )
[ ]
( )
2
~
2
k
f S
T
E
f G

= (2.18)
v l bin i Fourier ca tn hiu phc . ) (
~
f S ) (
~
t s
Khi W=1/T th hiu sut bng thng l:
M log
W
R
2
QAM
s
=
(2.19)
Nhn thy rng khi tng M s ci thin c hiu sut bng thng nhng gim
hiu sut cng sut.
Cht lng li ca QAM ph thuc vo khong cch nh nht gia nhng im
trong chm tn hiu ca n. Khi theo tnh ton th xc sut li ca QAM s l:
0
b
2
min
e
N
E d
Q
K 2
p (2.20)
trong d
min
l khong cch ngn nht gia hai im trong chm tn hiu, K l s cp
khc nhau ti khong cch ny, v l s im trong chm tn hiu, cn E
b
l nng
lng ca bit trong tn hiu. Gi tr d
min
lun c chun ho l D
min
/
b
E 2 trong
D
min
v E
b
c tnh ton bng tay t chm tn hiu.
Bt ngun t cng thc trn chng ta s xt cht lng hot ng ca h thng
QAM p dng cho s tn hiu hnh vung. Cc s tn hiu QAM hnh vung c
u im r rt l d to ra c do cc tn hiu PAM c ng ln cc sng vung
gc m mi mt trong chng bao gm
2 / k
2 M = im tn hiu (v chm tn hiu l s
hnh vung). Do cc tn hiu trn cc thnh phn trc giao v pha c phn cch
vi nhau mt cch hon ho nh tch tn hiu kt hp, xc xut li i vi QAM d
dng xc nh t xc sut li i vi PAM. c bit xc sut quyt nh ng i vi
h thng QAM M mc l :
( )
2
M
c
P 1 P = (2.21)
32
Kho lun tt nghip

trong
M
P l xc sut li ca mt PAM M mc vi mt na cng sut trung bnh
trn mi mt tn hiu vung gc ca h thng QAM tng ng. Bng cch bin i
thch hp xc sut li i vi PAM M mc, chng ta nhn c
=
0
av
M
N
E
1 M
3
Q )
M
1
1 ( 2 P (2.22)
trong E
av
/N
0
l SNR trung bnh trn symbol. Do xc sut li ca mt symbol i
vi QAM M mc l :
( )
2
M
M
P 1 1 P = (2.23)
Chng ta ch rng kt qu ny l chnh xc vi M=2
k
khi k chn. Nu chng ta p
dng b tch tn hiu ti u a ra cc quyt nh ca n da trn cc metric khong
cch ti u c cho bi cng thc (2.8) th tng d dng chng t xc sut li
symbol nhn c chn trn cht theo :

0
avb
2
0
av
M
N ) 1 M (
kE 3
Q 4
N ) 1 M (
E 3
Q 2 1 1 P (2.24)
i vi bt k k 1 no, trong E
avb
/N
0
l SNR trung bnh trn mt bt.
Tm li, nh gi mt b iu ch c th da vo nhng thng s sau: Xc sut
li bit P
b
(e), t s tn hiu trn tp m
b
/N
0
cn thit kt hp vi P
b
(e), v hiu sut
bng thng R
s
/W. i lng u tin cho ta bit tin cy ca qu trnh truyn i
lng th hai o hiu sut hao ph cng sut v i lng th ba nh gi s hiu qu
ca s iu ch s dng bng thng cho trc. Khi xc sut li thp, chng ta c
th xem xt hiu sut cng sut tim cn v hiu sut bng thng. Mt h thng l
tng t c P
b
(e) nh vi
b
/N
0
thp v R
s
/W cao.

33
Kho lun tt nghip

CHNG 3

B T NG IU CHNH H S TNG CH
(AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL)

1. Tng quan v b t ng iu chnh h s tng ch (Automatic Gain
Control).
1.1. Nguyn l hot ng.
Vi nhng h thng truyn dn khng th hon ton l s bi v mi
trng m tn hiu truyn qua l tng t. V vy, i vi tn hiu bt u l
tng t ( nh ging ni hay m nhc ) hay tn hiu bt u l s (nh nhng
file mpeg, jpeg hay wav ), n s c chuyn sang tn hiu tng t tn s cao
khi n truyn i. Trong mt s b thu s tn hiu thu phi c bin i sang tn
hiu ri rc mt cch hp l cho chui x l chui s tip theo.
Hnh 3.1 ch ra tn hiu thu c a qua b lc thng di BPF (Band
Pass Filter), b lc ny loi b nhiu ngoi khong bng tn v cch ly di tn
mong mun theo sau l mt b iu ch c nh bin i tn hiu sang tn s
trung tn (Intemediate Frequency ) vic ly mu s c thc hin. B t
ng iu chnh h s tng ch m s thay i ln tn hiu thu c. Khi tn
hiu thu c mnh, th h s tng ch a phi nh i; khi ln tn hiu thu
c thp, th h s tng ch a phi ln. Mc ch l m bo rng b chuyn
i t tng t sang s khng bo ho ( bo ho ngha l tn hiu khng phi l
thng thng m vt tri mc cao nht c th c biu din ) v n khng
lm mt di ng ca tn hiu ( tn hiu c s ho khng phi lun lun gi
nguyn mt s nh ca nhng mc c th ). Gii php ca b AGC l h s
khuych i phi c iu chnh mt cch t ng tnh ton ln ca tn
hiu, ln ny thng bin i rt chm theo thi gian. B AGC l mt v d
n gin nht ca mt thnh phn h thng m phi thch nghi theo thay i
trong mi trng tn hiu.

34
Kho lun tt nghip

Bt k mt b thu no c thit k u phi iu khin hiu qu
nht nhng tn hiu c bin trung bnh. Mc ch ca b AGC l khuych i
nhng tn hiu c bin nh v gim nhng tn hiu c bin ln sao cho
nhng tn hiu ny vn cn trong vng hot ng bnh thng ca b thu.
Thng th tc bin i h s tng ch l chm so vi tc d liu, mc d
s thay i c th nhanh so vi nhng chun ca con ngi.
Cng sut ca tn hiu thu c ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t: cng
tn hiu pht, khong cch t b pht n b thu, b phn iu khin trong
anten, v c im a hnh nh i ni hay nhng ngi nh cao tng m ngn
chn, lm phn x hay suy gim tn hiu. Trong khi ni chung cng sut l tt
hn theo quan im c gng gii m bn tin truyn i, lun lun c s gii
hn v dung lng cng sut iu khin b thu. V vy, nu tn hiu thu c l
qu ln ( theo tr trung bnh ), n phi c lm gim i. Tng t, nu tn hiu
thu c l yu ( theo tr trung bnh ), th n phi c khuych i ln.
Hnh di y ch ra hai mc m b AGC c thit k ngn
nga iu ny. Trong phn (a), tn hiu ln hn nhiu so vi nhng mc ca
thit b ly mu (ch ra bi nhng ng nm ngang), bin phi c lm
nh hn. Trong phn (b), tn hiu l qu nh chim ly mt cch hiu qu v
bin ca n phi c tng ln.
35
Kho lun tt nghip

C hai phng php c bn tip cn ti b AGC. Phng php truyn
thng s dng mch in tng t iu chnh h s tng ch trc khi ly
mu. Phng php hin i hn s dng li ra ca b ly mu iu chnh
bin . Thun tin ca phng php tng t l hai khi ( khi khuych i h
s tng ch v khi ly mu ) ring r v khng c tc ng ln nhau. Thun tin
ca b iu chnh s l khng cn nhiu phn cng thm vo c yu cu khi
vic x l DSP lun sn sng thc hin nhim v.
1.2. Cu to ca b AGC
Mt h thng s n gin ca b AGC c ch ra hnh di y. Li
vo r(t) c nhn vi h s tng ch a a vo chun ho tn hiu s(t). Sau
n c ly mu cho ra nhng mu s[k]. Khi nh gi cht lng s o
s[k] v xc nh h s a phi c tng hay gim. Vy th, h s a c th c
iu chnh nh th no?
36
Kho lun tt nghip

Mc ch l chn a sao cho cng sut ( hay nng lng trung bnh ) ca
s(t) xp x gi tr c lng theo l thuyt l d
2
. Khi :
( ) { } ( ) { } [ ] { } k s avg kT s avg kT t t r avg a
2 2 2 2
= (3.1)
V th mt cch l tng ta chn :
( ) { } kT r avg
d
a
2
2
2
(3.2)
Bi v iu ny ng rng ( ) { }
2 2
d kT s avg . Gi tr trung bnh c nh
ngha nh sau:
[ ] { } [ ]
+ =
=
k
1 N k i
i x
N
1
k x avg (3.3)
Tht khng may mn, c li vo tng t r(t) v cng sut ca n mt
cch trc tip sn c khi nh gi trong phn x l s tn hiu (DSP) ca b
thu, v n khng th thc hin mt cch trc tip.
Vy th liu c mt phn t thch hp no m c th thc hin c
nhim v ny? Nh ni trn, c ba bc to ra mt phng php ti u
c th thc hin c l: thit lp mc ch, chn phng php gii quyt, v
kim tra. D trong bt k nhim v k thut no trong cuc sng thc th s
trnh by ton hc thch hp cho mt mc ch c th chnh xc, v phn ny
cp hai kh nng i vi b AGC. Bng cch so snh kt qu nhng thut ton,
th c th c s tho hip gia rt nhiu nhng iu tnh ton thit k.
Mt mc ch nhy cm l c gng ti thiu ho mt hm s n gin
ca s khc nhau gia cng sut ca tn hiu ly mu s[k] v cng sut mong
mun d
2
. V d nh li bnh phng trung bnh ca cng sut ca s v d.
37
Kho lun tt nghip

[ ] ( ) ( ) { }
2
2 2 2
2
2 2
LS
d ) kT ( r a avg
4
1
d k s
4
1
avg ) a ( J =
= (3.4)
nhng gi tr khng thch hp ca a gy ra s
2
[k] sai khc so vi d
2
. p dng
thut ton xung dc nhanh ta c :
[ ] [ ] [ ] k a a
da
) a ( dJ
k a 1 k a
LS
= = + (3.5)
tm dng chnh xc ca (3.5) yu cu o hm ca J
LS
(a) l hm i
vi thng s cha bit a. iu ny c th xp x bng cch hon i o hm v
php tnh gi tr trung bnh :
( ) { } ( )
( ) { } ) kT ( ar d ) kT ( r a avg
da
d ) kT ( r a d
avg
4
1
da
d ) kT ( r a davg
4
1
da
) a ( dJ
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
LS
=

=
(3.6)
Gi tr a
2
r
2
[kT] trong du ngoc chnh l s
2
[k]. Gi tr ar
2
[kT] bn
ngoi du ngoc khng phi l gi tr sn c mt cch trc tip trong c cu
nh gi, v vy n l l do c xp x bi
[ ]
a
k s
2
. Thay vo o hm (3.6) v
nh lng ti a=a[k] ta a ra thut ton :
[ ] [ ] [ ] ( )
[ ]
[ ]
= +
k a
k s
d k s avg k a 1 k a
2
2 2
(3.7)
Tt nhin, J
LS
(a) ( hm ny c gi l hm nh gi ) ca cng thc
(4.4) khng ch l mc ch duy nht c th ca bi ton AGC. iu g l quan
trng khi hm nh gi c dng khng chnh xc, thng th nhng hm nh
gi c nhng im ti u ca n. Mt hm nh gi khc m c b mt li tng
t l:
=
2
2 2
2
2
N
d
3
) kT ( r a
a avg d
3
) k ( s
a avg ) a ( J (3.8)
Gi tr ca o hm :
38
Kho lun tt nghip

da
d
3
) kT ( r a
a davg
da
) a ( dJ
2
2 2
N

=
[ ] ( ) [ ] ( {
2 2
2
2 2
d k s k a sgn avg
da
d
3
) kT ( r a
a d
avg =

)}
(3.9)
nh lng gi tr a = a[k] v thay vo (3.5) cho ta mt thut ton khc
ca b AGC.
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ( ) { }
2 2
d k s ) k a sgn( avg k a 1 k a = + (3.10)
T nhng iu trn ta c th d dng m phng c cch c lng gi
tr a trn my tnh.
Nh vy, qua hot ng v cu to ca b AGC nh trn ta thy c
im quan trng trong b AGC y chnh l vic iu chnh h s a, ng thi
cng thy c tc dng ca vic ly mu a tr li b nh gi cht lng.
Vic m phng cch iu chnh h s tng ch a s c nu ra chng 4. Tuy
nhin, a ra mt thut ton hu hiu v x l nhanh c rt nhiu cch
khc nhau. Trong phn tip sau y s a ra phng php hiu chnh bng cch
dng bin i FFT.
2. Hiu chnh Rayleigh Fading trn QAM bng cch s dng FFT
2.1. Tm tt
Nh trn thy cu to v hot ng ca b AGC, c rt nhiu phng
php c a ra hiu chnh cho hin tng Rayleigh fading, nh phn
trc cng l phng php hiu chnh v bin tn hiu thu c. Trong phn
ny, s a ra mt phng php kh hiu qu v d dng hiu chnh cho hin
tng Rayleigh fading ng dng trong b AGC.
B iu ch s dng tn hiu hoa tiu ( Pilot symbol assisted modulation
PSAM) c ngh khc phc hin tng Rayleigh Fading. Tuy
39
Kho lun tt nghip

nhin, khi tc fading tr nn nhanh hn, th s kh khn cung cp mt
php ni suy chnh xc vi b PSAM thng.
hiu chnh cho hin tng Rayleigh Fading nhanh, mt b PSAM m
tnh ton trong min tn s s tt hn trong min thi gian nh b PSAM
thng c ngh. B PSAM ny cung cp c lng chnh xc trong mi
trng Rayleigh fading nhanh.
2.2. Gii thiu
Rayleigh fading l mt vn chnh trong thng tin di ng mt t. N
a vo nn li khng th hiu chnh v lm suy bin d di cht lng nhng
ng lin kt thng tin. khc phc hin tng ny, b iu ch s dng tn
hiu hoa tiu c ngh v tho lun bi rt nhiu tc gi. Phng php
ny bt ngun t vic c lng knh bng php ni suy nhng tn hiu hoa tiu
bit trong min thi gian v thc hin hiu chnh fading. Tuy nhin, tn s s
dng trong thng tin di ng mt t ngy cng cao hn, th tc fading ngy
cng tr nn nhanh hn. iu ny gy kh khn to ra mt php c lng
chnh xc khi s dng b PSAM ny. Nu chng ta s dng nhng thnh phn
bc cao ca mt phng trnh b sung tng chnh xc c lng th ni
chung h s thnh phn tr nn phc tp hn nhiu.
Mt khc, cn phi ch rng Rayleigh fading l mt loi x l bng tn
hu hn. Tp trung vo c im ny, chng ta ngh phng php s dng
bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT) thc hin vic c lng knh. S khc nhau
chnh gia phng php ny v phng php PSAM thng l vic c
lng fading c bt u trong min tn s. Knh thng tin c mang bi
nhng tn hiu hoa tiu u tin c chuyn sang min tn s. Sau khi qua
php x l n gin th FFT v php ni suy c thc hin. Kt qu thu c
sau c chuyn tr li sang min thi gian to ra s c lng knh.
M t chi tit ca phng php cp c trnh by. Nhng v d
s dng phng php ny trn QAM c a ra qua vic m phng trn my
tnh, v iu ny ch ra vic c lng chnh xc fading c ci thin ln,
c bit l trong mi trng fading, so vi phng php thng. Nhng nh
hng ca mt vi thng s cng c kho st.
40
Kho lun tt nghip

2.3. c lng fading s dng FFT
2.3.1. Chn trn ca khong tn hiu hoa tiu.
Rayleigh fading l mt loi x l bng tn hu hn. rng bng thng
gi l f
d,
trong tn s Doppler ln nht l f
d
(Hz). Chng ta gi s mt k hiu
fading l c(t) v vn tc ly mu l v[symbol/s]. Tn hiu ban u c(t) c th
c tnh t nhng chui k hiu c ly mu vi vn tc v, trong :
(3.11)
iu ny bt ngun t l thuyt ly mu. Nu tn hiu hoa tiu bit trc c
chn vo mi khong (N-1) k hiu thng tin t bn gi, nh ch ra hnh
(4.4), v nu chng ta o c k hiu ny ti trm thu, chia n cho tn hiu hoa
tiu gi, th thng tin fading ca mi tn hiu hoa tiu trn ng truyn c
th thu c.

T nhng k hiu ny, tt c nhng tn hiu fading c(k) c tnh ton
di iu kin sau:
(3.12)
trong l tc truyn k hiu [symbol/s] v
2.3.2. Nguyn l phng php cp.
Nh ch ra hnh 3.5, chng ta chia tn hiu thu c thnh N
p

khung, v bin i N
p
im k hiu, m n l kt qu ca php chia ca nhng
tn hiu hoa tiu thu c chia cho nhng tn hiu hoa tiu c gi i, sang
min tn s bng cch s dng bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT Discrete Fourier
41
Kho lun tt nghip

Transform ). Nu nhng tn hiu hoa tiu ny c gi l g(l) (l = 0, 1, 2, ,
N
p
-1), th chng ta s c cp bin i Fourier ri rc sau:

( ) ( )

=
1 N
0 l
p
p
N
nl 2 j
exp l g n G (n=0,1,,N
p
-1) (3.13)
( ) ( )

=
1 N
0 n
p p
p
N
nl 2 j
exp n G
N
1
l g (l=0,1,,N
p
-1) (3.14)
trong rng khong thi gian , v thi gian , tn
s
G(n) thu c nh php bin i thun nh trong phng trnh (3.13)
bao gm tt c nhng thnh phn tn s ca tn hiu fading ca nhng chui ch
ra trong hnh (3.5), v G(n) = 0 quanh im n = N
p
/2.
Nu chng ta ly NN
p
im th c chui G(n) nh sau:
(3.15)
th chui G(n) ny tr thnh nhng k hiu trong min tn s m chui fading
gc l c(k) c bin i thnh, v c(k) c tnh ton nh php bin i
Fourier ngc ri rc NN
p
im nh sau:
42
Kho lun tt nghip

(3.16)
N v N
p
phi l lu tha bc 2, mc ch s dng FFT trong tnh ton.
2.3.3. Ngoi suy d liu
Trong phng php ny, c nhng thnh phn mt i trong min tn s
khi nhng k hiu c bin i v G(n) (xung quanh n = N
p
/2) khng bng 0
tr khi rng khong thi gian T ca g(l) c chia vi N
p
im, l mt s
nguyn ln 1/f
d
. V vy ni suy phng trnh (3.16) l ging nh p dng
hm ct trong min tn s. V vy khi nhng k hiu ny c bin i sang
min thi gian, mt sai s xut hin lm gim cht lng hiu chnh ngoi tr
nhng im tn hiu hoa tiu. Tuy nhin, s l kh khn thu c f
d
chnh xc
t nhng k hiu fading thc t.
Trong trng hp ny, ch rng sai s xut hin xung quanh c ng
bin ca T trong min thi gian, chng ta ly 2N
p
im nh ch ra hnh (3.6)
v tnh ton chng.

Nh ch ra phng trnh (3.13), chng ta thu c chui G
1
(n) nu
chng ta bin i g
1
(l) (l = 0, 1, 2, , 2N
p
-1) bng php bin i FFT thun nh
sau:
(3.17)
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Kho lun tt nghip

Ti thi im ny, mc ch gim tnh cht khng lin tc ca min
thi gian chng ta gi s:
(3.18)
Chng ta c th gim gi tr nhng thnh phn tn s mt mt bn ngoi
rng bng thng khi s dng phng trnh ny. V vy, chng ta thu c
2NN
p
im to thnh chui G
1
(n) nh sau:
(3.19)
sau chng ta tnh g
1
(l) nh sau:
(3.20)
Chng ta ly NN
p
im trung tm ( NN
p
/2 1 3NN
p
/2 - 1) nh chui
fading gia 2NN
p
im nn thu c g
1
(l).
Nh thy phng trnh (3.19), php ni suy ny l rt n gin khi
chng ta ch phi chn G
1
(n) = 0 bn ngoi bng tn fading.

Nh trn chng ta thy t vic ni suy d liu ti N
p
im vi
chnh xc hn ch, ta i n vic ngoi suy d liu ti NN
p
im cho chnh
xc ca d liu thu c tt hn, vi khong d liu ta c th thu c l rng
hn so vi vic ni suy d liu.
2.4. Kt lun
Phng php hiu chnh Rayleigh fading ny p dng cho 16QAM rt
hu hiu, cho ta tc bit li tt hn so vi mt s phng php khc. V d
nh trong mi trng fading nhanh c f
d
/v
s
= 1/40 th nn li c th c gim
nh bng 1/100 so vi phng php Gauss. Cng phng php ny c th ni
44
Kho lun tt nghip

rng n hiu chnh mt cch u n v chnh xc trong ng dy truyn dn
fading, f
d
l tn s bin i gn gii hn l thuyt.
Chng ta c hiu chnh mt cch chnh xc trong mi trng fading
nhanh bng cch gim i lng N, i lng m c th c b sung trong mi
trng fading chm.
Mc d, phng php ny lm tng thi gian tnh ton, nu N
p
c b
sung th nh hng ca s sai s c th b hn ch, sau th nn li c th b
loi b v hiu chnh chnh xc hn.
Nh vy, qua thut ton trn ta thy c s n gin trong khi lm vic
trong min tn s. Vic m phng v tnh ton s c a ra chng 5
chng v kt qu m phng.

45
Kho lun tt nghip

CHNG 4

KT QU M PHNG

1. nh hng do nhiu cng trng Gauss.

Chm tn hiu pht i c iu ch di dng 16QAM khi cha b nhiu l mt
chm gm 16 im m gi tr ca cc symbol ln lt l 3d, -d, d, 3d.

Hnh 4.1 Chm tn hiu 16QAM khi cha chu tc ng ca nhiu.
Khi b nh hng ca nhiu trng th chm tn hiu s b bin i :

46
Kho lun tt nghip

Hnh 4.2 Chm tn hiu 16QAM b tc ng bi nhiu trng cng Gauss.

Ta nhn thy, khi c nhiu Gauss trng tc ng vo chm tn hiu pht i th mi
im trong mt phng s tr thnh mt chm im.

2. nh hng ca hin tng Rayleigh fading.

Ngoi vic chu nh hng ca nhiu trng cng Gauss th chm tn hiu cn chu
tc ng ca cc hin tng nh tn x, khc x, phn x khi sng v tuyn truyn
trong mi trng. Kt qu m phng ca hin tng ny nh ch ra hnh di y:
47
Kho lun tt nghip

Hnh 4.3 Chm tn hiu b nh hng ca knh fading.

Nh ta thy, chm tn hiu sau khi qua knh Rayleigh fading th b bin i c pha
v bin . V th, c trng cho hin tng ny chnh l suy gim ca tn hiu v
tr c v pha v thi gian.

3. Hiu chnh hin tng Rayleigh fading bng cch s dng phng
php FFT.

Tn hiu sau khi pht i qua mi trng knh v tuyn l knh nhiu cng trng
Gauss (AWGN) v knh Rayleigh fading th tn hiu thu c l:
48
Kho lun tt nghip

Hnh 4.4.Tn hiu pht i chu tc ng ca hai loi knh truyn.

Dng phng php FFT nh ni phn II chng IV hiu chnh hai loi
mo do hai loi knh truyn ny gy ra, ta thu c tn hiu gn ging nh tn hiu
pht i.
49
Kho lun tt nghip

Hnh 4.5.Tn hiu khi phc li bng cch s dng FFT
Nh trn ta thy tn hiu thu c l kh tt, t y bng cch kt hp vi cc
php x l khc ta c th thu li mt cch chnh xc tn hiu pht i.

4. Hot ng ca h s tng ch a ca b AGC.

Nh chng IV ta a ra cng thc c lng gi tr khuych i a
nh sau:
[ ] [ ] [ ] ( )
[ ]
[ ]
= +
k a
k s
d k s avg k a 1 k a
2
2 2
(4.1)
v
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ( ) { }
2 2
d k s ) k a sgn( avg k a 1 k a = + (4.2)

Cng thc (5.1) gi l li bnh phng trung bnh ca cng sut s v d; cn
cng thc (5.2) gi l b mt li ca cng sut s v d.

T hai cng thc ny, ta c th m phng trn MATLAB hot ng ca h s
a. T cng thc trn ta thy rng, ta c th d dng iu khin tc khi a[k] thay
i bng cch chn : Khi ln th a[k] thay i nhanh hn, trong khi nh cho
50
Kho lun tt nghip

php th mn hn.V vy, c th c chn bi nh thit k h thng tho
hip bng thng ca a[k] vi lng dch phase v nhiu. Tng t, di vt qu
gi tr trung bnh c b i cng s nh hng n tc ca s thch nghi;
nhng gi tr trung bnh di hn hm chuyn ng chm hn, c lng mn hn
trong khi nhng gi tr trung bnh ngn hm chuyn ng nhanh hn, c lng
nhiu dch phase hn.

M phng cho cng thc (4.2) l bi agcgrad.m trong phn ph lc v kt qu
m phng nh sau:

Hnh 4.6.B AGC iu chnh tham s a mt cch t ng t c cng sut
u ra mong mun.

Nh trn hnh ta thy thng s khuych i a iu chnh mt cch mt cch t
ng sp t cng sut tng cng ca li ra s xp x bng thng s xc nh ds.
Nu nh s dng nhng gi tr mc nh nh trn, trong cng sut trung bnh
ca r xp x 1, chng ta thy rng gi tr a hi t v 0.38 v 0.38
2
=0.15=d
2
.
i vi J
LS
(a) c th thc hin mt cch tng t bng cch thay cng thc
(4.2) bng cng thc (4.1).
51
Kho lun tt nghip

Hnh 4.7.B AGC iu chnh thng s a mt cch t ng bng cng thc 5.1

Trong trng hp ny, vi nhng gi tr mc nh, a hi t v gi tr 0.22 l gi
tr bnh phng ti thiu nh nht i vi J
LS
(a).

C l cch tt nht m t nhng thut ton hot ng nh th no l v hm
nh gi. Nhng khng th v J
LS
(a) v J
N
(a) mt cch trc tip, v chng ph
thuc vo chui d liu s[k]. Gii php no l c th v hm nh gi c ly gi
tr trung bnh i vi mt s lng im d liu (gi l li b mt). Khi bc
nhy phi nh v gi tr trung bnh phi di, hot ng c ngha ca thut
ton s c tuyn b nh dng b mt li theo cch tng t m hm ch vi
thut ton xung dc nhanh chnh xc.
Bng m phng MATLAB, hm nh gi b mt li J
N
(a) v J
LS
(a) c m
phng nh di y:
Php m phng cho ta c hai hm mc ch ch ra hnh (4.6). Nhn thy rng
0 l gi tr cc i a phng trong c hai trng hp. Cu tr li hi t cui cng
xut hin ti nhng cc tiu.
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Kho lun tt nghip

Hnh 4.8.B mt li i vi nhng hm ch AGC (4.4) v (4.8), mi hm c hai
gi tr nh nht.

5. nh gi cht lng BER ca 16QAM
Trc tin ta a ra m hnh h thng dng m phng nh hnh sau:

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Kho lun tt nghip

Hnh 4.9.S khi mt h thng 16-QAM dng cho m phng Monte-Carlo.

B to s ngu nhin phn b u c s dng to ra chui cc symbol
thng tin tng ng vi 16 t hp 4bit c th c gm cc bt b1, b2, b3, b4. Cc
symbol thng tin c nh x thnh cc im tn hiu tng ng nh minh ho trn
hnh di y.

Hnh 4.10.Chm tn hiu 16QAM dng cho m phng Monte-Carlo

Cc tn hiu ny c cc to [A
mI
, A
mQ
]. Hai b to s ngu nhin Gauss c
s dng to ra cc thnh phn tp m [n
I
, n
Q
]. thun tin ta gi s dch phase
c t bng khng. H qu l vc t tn hiu cng tp m l:

R=[A
mI
+n
I
A
mQ
+n
Q
]

B tch tn hiu tnh metric khong cch c cho bi (3.8) v tnh ton thu
c im tn hiu gn nht vi vect thu c R. B m li m cc li trong chui
tch c.Hnh 5.9 m t kt qu m phng vi vic truyn N=10000 symbol ti
cc gi tr khc nhau ca SNR E
b
/N
0
trong E
b
=E
s
/4 l nng lng tnh trn mt bit.

54
Kho lun tt nghip

Hnh 4.11 Cht lng ca h thng 16QAM thu c t m phng Monte-Carlo

T hnh trn ta thy rng xc sut li bit ca ng thc nghim vn cn bm
kh st ng l thuyt cho n khong BER=10
-4
tng ng vi SNR=12-13dB. Khi
BER cng nh th hai ng l thuyt v thc nghim tch dn nhau ra v ta c th
phn bit iu ny rt r.

Nh vy, qua chng ny ta thy c cc kt qu a ra t phn l thuyt
u c th m phng c trn my tnh. T , ta c th hiu hn v cc hot ng
ca h thng, lm cho vic thit k d dng hn.

55
Kho lun tt nghip

56
Kho lun tt nghip

KT LUN

Vi mt h thng vin thng nh ngy nay, ngi ta thng s dng b AGC
ti u thu ca h thng. Nhim v ca b AGC l khi phc li tn hiu v lm bin
tn hiu thu c n nh, khng c s thng ging t ngt.
Trong kho lun ny, em m phng c hot ng ca h s tng ch a ca
b AGC vi c im l khi bin tn hiu qu ln th a s nh i v ngc li.
ng thi, khi knh truyn chu tc ng mnh ca hin tng nhiu AWGN v
Rayleigh fading u c m phng trong kho lun. Bng phng php s dng FFT
em m phng thnh cng vic khi phc li tn hiu. Qua , ta mi thy c cu
to v hot ng ca b AGC nh th no? Tuy nhin, trong thc t c rt nhiu
phng php hiu chnh Rayleigh fading cho chnh xc cao, c th khi phc c
tn hiu tt hn ti b thu. Do thi gian hn ch nn kho lun mi ch cp ti vn
thit k mang tnh cht l thuyt thun tu. Mt mng khng nh l xy dng mt
b AGC khng a vo kho lun ny. y l mt vn mang nng tnh k thut v
em cng cm thy rt ng tic v cha c iu kin nghin cu v n.
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Kho lun tt nghip

PH LC

1.To chui tn hiu ngu nhin
function s=chuoi(n,M)
s=2*floor(M*rand(1,n))-M+1;
2.To ra chui tn hiu 16QAM
n=1000;
M=4;
ax=chuoi(n,M);
by=chuoi(n,M);
%Gian do tin hieu 16-QAM.
plot(ax,by,'or');
grid on;
3.Tn hiu 16QAM b tc ng ca nhiu cng Gauss trng.
close all;
clear all;
n=1000;
M=4;
ax=chuoi(n,M);
by=chuoi(n,M);
s=ax+j*by;%tin hieu phat di.
nn=0.1*[randn(1,n)+j*randn(1,n)];%nhieu gauss trang tac dong len kenh truyen.
r=s+nn;%tin hieu thu duoc bao gom ca nhieu gauss trang.
h=waitbar(0,'Please wait...');
for i=1:n
waitbar(i/n,h);
end
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Kho lun tt nghip

close(h);
figure
plot(s,'or');grid on;
figure
plot(r,'*g');grid on;
4.Tn hiu 16QAM b tc ng do hin tng Rayleigh fading.
close all;
clear all;
n=1000;
M=4;
ax=chuoi(n,M);
by=chuoi(n,M);
s=ax+j*by;%tin hieu phat di.
chan=rayleighchan(1,0.001);%nhieu do fading.
y=filter(chan,s);
figure
plot(ax,by,'or');grid on;
figure
plot(y,'xb');grid on;
5.B AGC t ng iu chnh thng s a mt cch t ng vi phng php hm
nh gi J
N
(a) ging nh b mt li.
% agcgrad.m: Toi thieu hoa J(a)= avg{|a|(1/3 a^2 r^2 - ds)} boi cach chon a
n=10000; % so buoc nhay trong mo phong
vr=1.0; % cong suat loi vao
r=sqrt(vr)*randn(size(1:n)); % tao ra loi vao ngau nhien
ds=.15; % cong suat mong muon cua dau ra = d^2
mu=.001; % buoc nhay cua thuat toan
lenavg=10; % do dai doi voi gia tri trung binh
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Kho lun tt nghip

a=zeros(size(1:n)); a(1)=1; % thong so AGC khoi dau
s=zeros(size(1:n)); % loi ra khoi dau
avec=zeros(1,lenavg); % vector de luu tru nhung gia tri trung binh.
for k=1:n-1
s(k)=a(k)*r(k); % chuan hoa nho a(k)
avec=[sign(a(k))*(s(k)^2-ds),avec(1:end-1)]; % ket hop gia tri moi tao thanh avec
a(k+1)=a(k)-mu*mean(avec); % gia tuong thich trung binh cap nhat cua a(k)
end
% ve gian do.
figure(1)
subplot(3,1,1), plot(a) % Ve nhung gia tri cua AGC.
title('Thong so khuyech dai tuong thich')
subplot(3,1,2), plot(r,'r') % Ve loi ra va loi vao.
axis([0,10^4,-5,5])
title('Loi vao r(k)')
subplot(3,1,3),plot(s,'b')
axis([0,10^4,-5,5])
title('Loi ra s(k)')
xlabel('So vong lap')0
6.B AGC t ng iu chnh thng s a mt cch t ng vi phng php hm
nh gi J
LS
(a) l h0m li bnh phng trung bnh.
% agcgrad.m: toi thieu J(a)= avg{ a^2 r^2 - ds)^2 } boi cach chon a
n=10000; % so buoc nhay trong mo phong
vr=1.0; % cong suat dau vao
r=sqrt(vr)*randn(size(1:n)); % Tao loi vao ngau nhien
ds=.15; % cong suat mong muon tai dau ra = d^2
mu=.003; % buoc nhay cua thuat toan
lenavg=10; % do dai doi voi gia tri trung binh
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Kho lun tt nghip

a=zeros(size(1:n)); a(1)=1; % khoi dong thong so AGC
s=zeros(size(1:n)); % Khoi dong dau ra
avec=zeros(1,lenavg); % vector luu tru nhung gia tri trung binh
for k=1:n-1
s(k)=a(k)*r(k); % chuan hoa boi a(k)
avec=[(s(k)^2-ds)*(s(k)^2)/a(k),avec(1:end-1)]; % Ket hop gia tri moi tao thanh avec
a(k+1)=a(k)-mu*mean(avec); % gia tri trung binh tuong thich cua a(k)
end
% Ve gian do
figure(1)
subplot(3,1,1), plot(a) % ve nhung gia tri AGC
title('Adaptive gain parameter')
subplot(3,1,2), plot(r,'r') % Ve loi ra va loi vao
axis([0,10^4,-5,5])
title('Input r(k)')
subplot(3,1,3),plot(s,'b')
axis([0,10^4,-5,5])
title('Output s(k)')
xlabel('iterations')
7.Hm nh gi theo c hai cch b mt li v li bnh phng trung bnh .
% agcerrorsurf.m: ve be mat loi
clear
n=10000; %So buoc mo phong
r=randn(size(1:n)); % Tao nhung loi vao ngau nhien
ds=.15; % cong suat mong muon loi ra= d^2
all=-0.7:0.02:0.7; % Mien xac dinh cua nhung gia tri a
Jagcls=[]; % Khoi dong Jagc
for a=all % doi voi moi gia tri a
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Kho lun tt nghip

tot=0;
for i=1:n
tot=tot+0.25*(a^2*r(i)^2-ds)^2; % tong cua tat ca nhung kha nang
end
Jagcls=[Jagcls, tot/n]; % Lay trung binh va luu lai
end
subplot(2,1,1),plot(all, Jagcls)
ylabel('cost J_{LS}(a)')
xlabel('adaptive gain a')
axis([-0.8,0.8,0,0.025]);
all=-0.7:0.02:0.7; % mien xac dinh cua a
Jagc=[]; % Khoi dong Jagc
for a=all % doi voi moi gia tri a
tot=0;
for i=1:n
tot=tot+abs(a)*((1/3)*a^2*r(i)^2-ds); % Tong tat ca cac kha nang
end
Jagc=[Jagc, tot/n]; % lay trung binh va luu lai
end
subplot(2,1,2),plot(all, Jagc)
ylabel('cost J_{N}(a)')
xlabel('adaptive gain a')
8.M phng Monte-Carlo cho 16QAM
Chng trnh chnh v th BER v SNR theo l thuyt v thc t.
% Mo phong Monte-Carlo cho 16QAM
echo on
SNRindB1=0:2:15;
SNRindB2=0:0.1:15;
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Kho lun tt nghip

M=16;
k=log2(M);
for i=1:length(SNRindB1),
smld_err_prb(i)=cm_sm41(SNRindB1(i)); % Mo phong toc do loi
echo off;
end;
echo on ;
for i=1:length(SNRindB2),
SNR=exp(SNRindB2(i)*log(10)/10); % ti so tin hieu tren tap
% toc do loi ky hieu theo ly thuyet
theo_err_prb(i)=4*Qfunct(sqrt(3*k*SNR/(M-1)));
echo off ;
end;
echo on ;
% Ve do thi
semilogy(SNRindB1,smld_err_prb,'*');
hold
semilogy(SNRindB2,theo_err_prb);
Chng trnh to ra s tn hiu QAM v quyt nh tn hiu tn hiu thu c nm
v tr no trong chm 16QAM.
%Chuong trinh cm_sm41.m
function [p]=cm_sm41(snr_in_dB)
% [p]=cm_sm41(snr_in_dB)
% CM_SM41 tim xac suat loi doi voi gia tri cho truoc
% la snr_in_dB, SNR in dB.
N=10000;
d=1; % Khoang cach ngan nhat giua nhung ky
hieu
63
Kho lun tt nghip

Eav=10*d^2; % nang luong tren ky hieu
snr=10^(snr_in_dB/10); % SNR tren bit(cho truoc)
sgma=sqrt(Eav/(8*snr)); % Phuong sai cua tap am
M=16;
% Tao ra nguon du lieu
for i=1:N,
temp=rand; % bien ngau nhien phan bo deu giua 0 va 1.
dsource(i)=1+floor(M*temp); % tao ra mot so phan bo deu giua 1 va 16.
end;
% So do chum tin hieu 16QAM.
mapping=[-3*d 3*d;
-d 3*d;
d 3*d;
3*d 3*d;
-3*d d;
-d d;
d d;
3*d d;
-3*d -d;
-d -d;
d -d;
3*d -d;
-3*d -3*d;
-d -3*d;
d -3*d;
3*d -3*d];
for i=1:N,
qam_sig(i,:)=mapping(dsource(i),:);
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Kho lun tt nghip

end;
% tin hieu thu duoc.
for i=1:N,
[n(1) n(2)]=gngauss(sgma);
r(i,:)=qam_sig(i,:)+n;
end;
% bo tach tin hieu va tinh toan xac suat loi
numoferr=0;
for i=1:N,
% Tinh khoang cach metric.
for j=1:M,
metrics(j)=(r(i,1)-mapping(j,1))^2+(r(i,2)-mapping(j,2))^2;
end;
[min_metric decis] = min(metrics);
if (decis~=dsource(i)),
numoferr=numoferr+1;
end;
end;
p=numoferr/(N);

Chng trnh to bin ngu nhin Gaussian vi tr trung bnh l m v lch
chun l sgma.

function [gsrv1,gsrv2]=gngauss(m,sgma)
% [gsrv1,gsrv2]=gngauss(m,sgma)
% [gsrv1,gsrv2]=gngauss(sgma)
% [gsrv1,gsrv2]=gngauss
% GNGAUSS tao ra hai bien ngau nhien Gaussian doc lap voi tri trung
65
Kho lun tt nghip

% binh m va do lech chuan sgma. Neu mot trong nhung doi so loi vao
vang mat
% no se nhan gia tri trung binh la 0, va do lech chuan la mot thong so cho truoc.
% Neu ca tri trung binh va phuong sai deu cho truoc, no tao ra hai
% bien ngau nhien Gaussian chuan.
if nargin == 0,
m=0; sgma=1;
elseif nargin == 1,
sgma=m; m=0;
end;
u=rand; % bien ngau nhien phan bo deu trong (0,1)
z=sgma*(sqrt(2*log(1/(1-u)))); % bien ngau nhien phan bo theo Rayleigh
u=rand; % mot bien ngau nhien khac phan bo deu trong (0,1)
gsrv1=m+z*cos(2*pi*u);
gsrv2=m+z*sin(2*pi*u);
9.Hiu chnh Rayleigh fading bng cch s dng FFT
n=1000;
M=4;
ax=chuoi(n,M);
by=chuoi(n,M);
s=ax+j*by;
s(1:20:end)=1;%chen cac ky hieu hoa tieu=1.
%anh huong do awgn
nn=0.1*[randn(1,n)+j*randn(1,n)];
r1=s+nn;
%anh huong do kenh fading.
chan=rayleighchan(1,.001);
r2=filter(chan,r1);
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Kho lun tt nghip

%tong hop tin hieu thu duoc.
r=r2;y=r;
figure(1);
plot(r,'.');
%uoc luong fading.
%do anh huong cua nhieu nen ky hieu hoa tieu gio day la alpha.
alpha=r(1:20:end);
for k=1:n/20
y(20*(k-1)+1:20*k)=r(20*(k-1)+1:20*k)/alpha(k);
end;
figure(2);
plot(y,'.')

67
Kho lun tt nghip

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Amos Gilat, Matlab An Introduction with Applications , John Wiley
and Sons, INC, 2004.

[2] C.Richard Johnson, Jr. William, A.Sethares, Telecommunication
Breakdown Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004.

[3] Eiji OKAMOTO, Huan bang LI, and Tetsushi IKEGAMI, Rayleigh
fading compensation for QAM by using FFT , Communications Research
Laboratory

[4] Hiroshi Harada and Ramjee Prasad, Simulation and software radio for
mobile communications , Artech House Universal Personal, 2002.

[5] John B.Anderson, Digital Transmission Engineering , The Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc, Newyork,1998.

[6] Sergio Benedetto and Ezio Biglieri, Principles of Digital Transmission
with wireless applications , Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, 1999.

[7] William H.Tranter, K.Sam Shanmugan, Theodore S.Rappaport, Kurt
L.Kosbar , Principles of communication systems simulation with wireless
applications , Prentice Hall Communications Engineering and Emerging
Technologies Series, 2004.

[8] Nguyn Quc Bnh, Cc h thng thng tin ngy nay , Nxb Hc vin
k thut qun s, 2003.

68

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Kho lun tt nghip

(lin quan n tn s sng mang) hnh bao

;t). Biu din sau m t thng tin y v p

2.4.2. Qu trnh a ng truyn vi mt ng c nh

(n) = 0 bn ngoi bng tn fading.

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