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=
2
2
1
2
1
x
p
p
x
(
=
Reemplazando en la Restriccin Presupuestaria
1
2
2
1
2
x
p
p
x
(
= para hallar la
demanda marshalliana 1:
m
p
p
p x m x
p
p
x p m x
p
p
p x p =
(
+ = + =
(
+
2
2
1
1 1 1
2
2
1
1 1 1
2
2
1
2 1 1
=
(
+
m
p
p p p
x
2
2
1 2 1
1
Demanda Marshalliana 1:
m
p p p
p
x
M
2
1 2 1
2
1
+
=
| |
m
p p p
p
x
M
1 2 1
2
1
+
=
Ahora reemplazamos en la Restriccin presupuestaria
2
2
1
2
1
x
p
p
x
(
= para hallar
la demanda marshalliana 2:
m p
p
p
x m x p x
p
p
m x p x
p
p
p =
(
+ = + = +
(
2
1
2
2
2 2 2 2
1
2
2
2 2 2
2
1
2
1
m
p
p p p
x =
(
+
1
2 1
2
2
2
Demanda Marshalliana 2:
m
p p p
p
x
M
2
2 2 1
1
2
+
=
| |
m
p p p
p
x
M
2 1 2
1
2
+
=
a.2. Demandas Hicksianas
Dada la funcin de utilidad
2
1
2
2
1
1 2 1
) , ( x x x x U + =
Reemplazando
1
2
2
1
2
x
p
p
x
(
+ =
(
+ =
(
(
+ =
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1 2 1
1 ) , (
p
p
x U x
p
p
x U x
p
p
x x x U
(
+
=
2
1 2
2
1
1
p
p p
x U
Despejando
1
x quedara:
U
p p
p
x
(
+
=
2 1
2
2
1
1
Elevando al cuadrado
( )
2
2
2 1
2
2 1 1
, , U
p p
p
U p p x
(
+
=
Normalmente se utiliza la letra h para identificar las Hicksianas:
Demanda Hicksiana 1
( )
2
2
2 1
2
2 1 1
, , U
p p
p
U p p h
(
+
=
Para hallar la demanda hicksiana 2 se utilizar el mismo procedimiento:
Reemplazando
2
2
1
2
1
x
p
p
x
(
+ = +
(
= +
(
(
= 1 ) , (
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2 1
p
p
x U x x
p
p
U x x
p
p
x x U
(
+
=
1
1 2
2
1
2
p
p p
x U
Despejando
1
x quedara:
U
p p
p
x
(
+
=
2 1
1
2
1
2
Elevando al cuadrado
( )
2
2
2 1
1
2 1 2
, , U
p p
p
U p p x
(
+
=
Demanda Hicksiana 2
( )
2
2
2 1
1
2 1 2
, , U
p p
p
U p p h
(
+
=
b. Calcule la funcin de utilidad indirecta y la funcin de gasto
b.1. Funcin de utilidad indirecta
Para calcular la funcin de utilidad indirecta solamente reemplazamos las
demandas Marshallianas en la funcin de utilidad directa, la cual quedar en
funcin de los precios y de la renta, de la siguiente manera:
Dada la funcin de utilidad
2
1
2
2
1
1 2 1
) , ( x x x x U + =
Funcin de utilidad indirecta
| | | |
2
1
2 1 2
1
2
1
2 1 1
2
2 1
) , , (
(
+
+
(
+
= m
p p p
p
m
p p p
p
m p p V
La funcin de utilidad indirecta puede quedar igual a:
| | | |
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
(
+
+
(
(
(
+
=
2
1
2 1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2 1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
2 1
) , , (
p p p
p
p p p
p
m m p p V
Entonces:
| | | |
| |
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ + +
=
2 1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2 1 1
2
1
2 1 2
2
1
2 1
) , , (
p p p p
p p p p p p
m m p p V
| | | |
| |
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
=
2 1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2 1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2 1
) , , (
p p p p
p p p p
m m p p V
| |
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2 1 2
1
2 1
) , , (
p p
p p
m m p p V
b.2. Funcin de gasto
La funcin de gasto es la suma de las demandas hicksianas en trminos
nominales. Para calcular la funcin de gasto se reemplaza las demandas
hicksianas en la funcin de gasto, la cual quedar en funcin de los precios y
de la utilidad, de la siguiente manera:
( ) ( )
2
2
2 1
1
2
2
2
2 1
2
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1
, , , , U
p p
p
p U
p p
p
p U p p e h p h p U p p e
(
+
+
(
+
= + =
La funcin de gasto puede ser igual a:
( )
| | | |
( )
| |
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
=
2
2 1
2
2
1
2
2 1 2
2 1
2
2 1
2
2
1
2
2 1
2
2 1 2
2 1
, , , ,
p p
p p p p
U U p p e
p p
p p
p p
p p
U U p p e
Factorizando el numerador y ordenandolo quedara:
( )
| |
| |
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
2
2 1
2 1 2 1 2
2 1
, ,
p p
p p p p
U U p p e
( )
| |
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2 1
2 1 2
2 1
, ,
p p
p p
U U p p e
c. A travs de la Identidad de Roy calcule las Marshallianas.
Como la funcin de utilidad indirecta es igual a
| |
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2 1
) , , (
p p
p p
m m p p V
Aplicando la Identidad de Roy hallamos las Marshallianas:
Marshalliana 1:
| |
( )
( )
M
x
m
m p p V
p
m p p V
x Roy I
1
2 1
1
2 1
1
, ,
, ,
. =
c
c
c
c
=
| |
( )
( )
| | | |
| |
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
c
c
c
c
=
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2 1
1
2 1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
, ,
, ,
.
p p
p p
m
p p
p p p p p p p p
m
m
m p p V
p
m p p V
x Roy I
| |
| | | |
| |
(
(
(
(
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
2
1
2 1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2 1
2
1
1
.
p p m
p p p p p p p p p p p p m
x Roy I
| |
| | | |
| |
(
(
(
(
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
2 1
2
1
2 1
2
2
1
2 1 2 1
2
1
2 1
1
.
p p p p
p p p p p p p m
x Roy I
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
(
(
(
(
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2 1
2
1
2 1
2
2
1
2 1
2 1
2
1
2 1
2 1
2
1
2 1
1
.
p p p p
p p p
p p p p
p p p p
m x Roy I
| |
| | | |
(
+
(
+
=
2 1 1
2 1 1
1 2 1
1
1 1
.
p p p
p p p
m
p p p
m x Roy I
| |
| | | |
(
+
=
2 1 1
2
1 2 1
1
1 1
.
p p p
p
m
p p p
m x Roy I
Demanda Marshalliana 1 utilizando la Identidad de Roy:
| |
| |
m
p p p
p
x Roy I
(
+
=
2 1 1
2
1
.
Marshalliana 2:
| |
( )
( )
M
x
m
m p p V
p
m p p V
x Roy I
2
2 1
2
2 1
2
, ,
, ,
. =
c
c
c
c
=
| |
( )
( )
| | | |
| |
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
c
c
c
c
=
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2 1
2
2 1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
, ,
, ,
.
p p
p p
m
p p
p p p p p p p p
m
m
m p p V
p
m p p V
x Roy I
| |
| | | |
| |
(
(
(
(
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
2
1
2 1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2 1
2
1
1
.
p p m
p p p p p p p p p p p p m
x Roy I
| |
| | | |
| |
(
(
(
(
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
2 1
2
1
2 1
1
2
1
2 1 2 1
2
1
2 1
1
.
p p p p
p p p p p p p m
x Roy I
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
(
(
(
(
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2 1
2
1
2 1
1
2
1
2 1
2 1
2
1
2 1
2 1
2
1
2 1
1
.
p p p p
p p p
p p p p
p p p p
m x Roy I
| |
| | | |
(
+
(
+
=
2 1 2
2 1 2
2 2 1
1
1 1
.
p p p
p p p
m
p p p
m x Roy I
| |
| |
(
=
2 1 2
1
1
.
p p p
p
m x Roy I
Demanda Marshalliana 2 utilizando la Identidad de Roy:
| |
| |
m
p p p
p
x Roy I
(
+
=
2 1 2
1
1
.
d. A travs del Lema de Shepard calcule las Hicksianas.
Como la funcin de gasto es ( )
| |
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2 1
2 1 2
2 1
, ,
p p
p p
U U p p e
Aplicando el Lema de Shepard hallamos las Hicksianas:
Hicksiana 1:
Lema de
( )
1
1
2 1
, ,
h
p
U p p e
Shepard =
c
c
=
Lema de
( ) | |
| |
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
c
c
=
2
2 1
2 1 2 1 2 2
1
2 1
, ,
p p
p p p p p
U
p
U p p e
Shepard
Lema de
( )
| |
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
c
c
=
2
2 1
2 1
2
2 2 1 2
1
2 1
, ,
p p
p p p p p
U
p
U p p e
Shepard
Lema de
( )
| |
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
c
c
=
2
2 1
2
2 2
1
2 1
, ,
p p
p
U
p
U p p e
Shepard
Demanda Hicksiana 1 utilizando el Lema de Shepard:
| |
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2
2 1
2
2 2
1
p p
p
U h
Hicksiana 2:
Lema de
( )
2
2
2 1
, ,
h
p
U p p e
Shepard =
c
c
= ( )
| |
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2 1
2 1 2
2 1
, ,
p p
p p
U U p p e
Lema de
( ) | |
| |
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
c
c
=
2
2 1
2 1 2 1 1 2
2
2 1
, ,
p p
p p p p p
U
p
U p p e
Shepard
Lema de
( )
| |
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
c
c
=
2
2 1
2 1
2
1 2 1 2
2
2 1
, ,
p p
p p p p p
U
p
U p p e
Shepard
Lema de
( )
| |
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
c
c
=
2
2 1
2
1 2
2
2 1
, ,
p p
p
U
p
U p p e
Shepard
Demanda Hicksiana 2 utilizando el Lema de Shepard:
| |
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2
2 1
2
1 2
2
p p
p
U h