Sag In Transmission Line And

Corona Effect
Group Members
Asad Mahmood Jadoon
Waqar
Hasnain Bashir

What Is Sag In Transmission Line?
Sag is defined as the difference in level
between point of support and the
lowest point of conductor.
Actual Picture Of Sag In a Transmission Line
General Figure Of Line Sag
Formula For Sag Calculation
cable Tension of T
span length of L
conductor weight of w
sag S
T
wL
S

8
2
Factors Affecting Sag In Transmission Line
Temperature
Aging
Wind
Ice
Effect Of Temperature On Sag
Effect Of Temperature On Sag
As the temperature increases, the outstretched conductor
length will increase by an amount equal to:
L =TS
Where
= the coefficient of thermal expansion
T = the temperature increase in oC
S = the span length in meters

This will result in increase in sag and decrease in
conductor tension
Effect Of Age On Sag
Conductor sag over time may increase
due to the effects of strand settling in and
metallurgical creep. A higher tension may be
used when the conductor is first erected to
allow for settling in of conductor strands
and for subsequent metallurgical creep of
the conductor material
Effect Of Age Of Line On Sag
Effect Of Wind & Ice On Sag
A wind load on the conductor will increase the
apparent weight of the conductor resulting in an in
increase in tension Whereas Ice build up on the
conductor will increase the apparent diameter and
weight of the conductor
Calculation of Weight of Ice



ice ckness of radial thi r
r f conducto diameter o D
m
kg
r D r w meter of ice per weight
i

3 . 890 , 2
Calculation of Weight of Wind
Combine Effect Of Wind And Ice

the Ice weight of w
tor the conduc weight of w
weight Resultant w
w w w w
i
c
r
w i c r

2 2
ht ltant weig is an resu ertical ax een the v angle betw
w
w w
r
i c

1
cos
Tension T
the span length of L
weight resultant w
T
L w
sag Vertical
r
r

cos
8
2

the Ice weight of w
tor the conduc weight of w
weight Resultant w
w w w w
i
c
r
w i c r

2 2
Sag Due To Different Levels Of Height
Sag Due To Different Levels Of Height
line tension of T
conductor weight of w
o Supports between tw in level Difference h
B e at point Sag of lin S
A e at point Sag of lin S
h Span lengt L
nt A and O etween poi distance b x
wL
Th L
x
2
1

2
T
wx
S
2
2
1


T
x L w
S
2
2
2

Clearance Determination
Line Clearance
What Is Corona ?
The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing
sound & production of ozone gas in over
head Transmission Line is known as Corona.

Effect of Corona
A Violet glow
Hissing Sound
Produces Ozone Gas
Max at Rough & Dirty surface of conductor
Power Loss


Factor affecting Corona
Atmosphere
Conductor
Spacing Between Conductor
Line Voltage

Atmosphere Affect
Breakdown voltage inversely proportional to
Density(number of Ions) of Air
Eg in Stormy Weather the number of ions
may be more then normal so corona occur at
less voltage

Conductor
Affect
Corona depends on
size(diameter),shape(stranded/smooth) &
surface condition(dirty/clean)
Corona Is Inversely proportional to Diameter
Stranded conductor give rise to more corona
then solid conductor
Dirt increases irregularity and thereby
Decreases breakdown voltage
Corona Is Inversely proportional to Spacing between
the conductor

Line Voltage Affect
Line Voltage Directly Proportional to Corona
Spacing Affect Between Conductor
Advantages Of Corona

Vitual Diameter Of Conductor Increases &
reduces electrostatic stress
Corona reduces the effect of transients
produced by surges
Disadvantages Of Corona

Corona causes power losses that affects
transmission efficiency
Ozone Production causes corrosion of
conductor due to chemical reaction
Non sinusoidal voltage drop occurs in the
line cause the inductive interference with the
communication line.
Corona power loss
Corona has power loss which has effect on
the efficiency of transmission line
The power loss is effected both by
atmospheric and line condition
In case of fair weather

Phase Km KW V V
d
r
f P
d ph c
5 2
10 25
244
0

of system Frequency f
r f conducto diameter o d
conductor Radius of r
voltage critical Disriptive V
age phase Volt V
Phase Km KW V V
d
r
f P
o
d
ph
d ph c



10 8 . 0 25
244
5 2 '
0

In case of fair weather

Phase Km KW V V
d
r
f P
d ph c
5 2
10 25
244
0

In case of stormy weather

Factor effecting corona Loss
Effect of conductivity of air:
Effect of density of air
Effect of conductor surface
Effect of conductor radius
Effect of atmospheric condition
Effect of load condition
Effect of load current
Bundling of conductors
Methods of Reducing Corona
Effect
Critical voltage will increase by increasing
the spacing between the conductor.
By using the bundle conductor corona loss is
decrease.
Corona loss can be decreased by increasing
the diameter of the conductor.

Corona discharge images under different gaps (applied voltage: 120 kV, 1 kHz). The discharge length from 1020 cm
gaps is 6.5 cm (10 cm), 5 cm (12 cm), 4 cm (14 cm), 2.5 cm (16 cm), 2 cm (18 cm) and 2 cm (20 cm)