Pearon2 4

Lesson Overview Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Lesson Overview
Lesson Overview
2.4 Chemical Reactions 2.4 Chemical Reactions
and Enzymes and Enzymes
THINK ABOUT IT
Living things are made up of chemical compounds, but chemistry isnt
ust !hat life is made of"chemistry is also !hat life does.
Everything that happens in an organism"its gro!th, its interaction !ith
the environment, its reproduction, and even its movement"is based on
chemical reactions.
Chemical Reactions
#hat happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions$
Chemical Reactions
#hat happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions$
Chemical reactions involve changes in the chemical bonds that oin atoms
in compounds.
Chemical Reactions
% chemical reaction is a process that changes, or transforms, one set of
chemicals into another by changing the chemical bonds that oin atoms in
compounds.
&ass and energy are conserved during chemical transformations, including
chemical reactions that occur in living organisms.
'he elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are (no!n
as reactants.
'he elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are (no!n
as products.
Chemical Reactions
%n important chemical reaction in your bloodstream enables carbon dio)ide
to be removed from the body.
Chemical Reactions
%s it enters the blood, carbon dio)ide *C+
2
, reacts !ith !ater to produce
carbonic acid *-
2
C+
.
,, !hich is highly soluble.
'his chemical reaction enables the blood to carry carbon dio)ide to the
lungs.
Chemical Reactions
/n the lungs, the reaction is reversed and produces carbon dio)ide gas,
!hich you e)hale.
ner!" in Reactions
-o! do energy changes affect !hether a chemical reaction !ill occur$
ner!" in Reactions
-o! do energy changes affect !hether a chemical reaction !ill occur$
Chemical reactions that release energy often occur on their o!n, or
spontaneously. Chemical reactions that absorb energy !ill not occur
!ithout a source of energy.
ner!" Chan!es
Energy is released or absorbed !henever chemical bonds are formed or
bro(en during chemical reactions.
Energy changes are one of the most important factors in determining
!hether a chemical reaction !ill occur.
Chemical reactions that release energy often occur on their o!n, or
spontaneously.
Chemical reactions that absorb energy !ill not occur !ithout a source of
energy.
ner!" Chan!es
%n e)ample of an energy0releasing reaction is the burning of hydrogen
gas, in !hich hydrogen reacts !ith o)ygen to produce !ater vapor.

'he energy is released in the form of heat, and sometimes"!hen
hydrogen gas e)plodes"light and sound.
ner!" Chan!es
'he reverse reaction, in !hich !ater is changed into hydrogen and
o)ygen gas, absorbs so much energy that it generally doesnt occur by
itself.
2-
2
+ 1 energy 2 -
2
1 +
2
'he only practical !ay to reverse the reaction is to pass an electrical
current through !ater to decompose !ater into hydrogen gas and
o)ygen gas.
'hus, in one direction the reaction produces energy, and in the other
direction the reaction re2uires energy.
ner!" #ources
Every organism must have a source of energy to carry out the chemical
reactions it needs to stay alive.
3lants get their energy by trapping and storing the energy from sunlight
in energy0rich compounds.
%nimals get their energy !hen they consume plants or other animals.
-umans release the energy needed to gro!, breathe, thin(, and even
dream through the chemical reactions that occur !hen !e metabolize,
or brea( do!n, digested food.
Activation ner!"
Chemical reactions that release energy do not al!ays occur
spontaneously.
'he energy that is needed to get a reaction started is called the
activation ener!".
Activation ner!"
'he pea( of each graph represents the energy needed for the reaction
to go for!ard.
'he difference bet!een the re2uired energy and the energy of the
reactants is the activation energy. %ctivation energy is involved in
chemical reactions !hether or not the overall reaction releases or
absorbs energy.
n$"mes
#hat role do enzymes play in living things and !hat affects their function$
n$"mes
#hat role do enzymes play in living things and !hat affects their function$
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that ta(e place in cells.
'emperature, p-, and regulatory molecules can affect the activity of
enzymes.
n$"mes
4ome chemical reactions are too slo! or have activation energies that are
too high to ma(e them practical for living tissue.
'hese chemical reactions are made possible by catalysts. % catal"st is a
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
Catalysts !or( by lo!ering a reactions activation energy.
Nature%s Catal"sts
n$"mes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. 'hey speed up
chemical reactions that ta(e place in cells.
Enzymes act by lo!ering the activation energies, !hich has a dramatic
effect on ho! 2uic(ly reactions are completed.
Nature%s Catal"sts
5or e)ample, the reaction in !hich carbon dio)ide combines !ith !ater
to produce carbonic acid is so slo! that carbon dio)ide might build up in
the body faster than the bloodstream could remove it.
6our bloodstream contains an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase that
speeds up the reaction by a factor of 78 million, so that the reaction
ta(es place immediately and carbon dio)ide is removed from the blood
2uic(ly.
Nature%s Catal"sts
Enzymes are very specific, generally catalyzing only one chemical
reaction.
3art of an enzymes name is usually derived from the reaction it
catalyzes.
Carbonic anhydrase gets its name because it also catalyzes the reverse
reaction that removes !ater from carbonic acid.
The n$"me&#u'strate Comple(
5or a chemical reaction to ta(e place, the reactants must collide !ith
enough energy so that e)isting bonds !ill be bro(en and ne! bonds !ill
be formed.
/f the reactants do not have enough energy, they !ill be unchanged after
the collision.
Enzymes provide a site !here reactants can be brought together to
react. 4uch a site reduces the energy needed for reaction.
'he reactants of enzyme0
catalyzed reactions are (no!n
as su'strates.
5or e)ample, the enzyme
carbonic anhydrase converts the
substrates carbon dio)ide and
!ater into carbonic acid *-
2
C+
.
,.
'he substrates bind to a site on the enzyme called the active site.
'he active site and the substrates have complementary shapes.
'he fit is so precise that the active site and substrates are often
compared to a loc( and (ey.
Re!ulation o) n$"me Activit"
'emperature, p-, and regulatory molecules are all factors that can affect
the activity of enzymes.
Enzymes produced by human cells generally !or( best at temperatures
close to .9:C, the normal temperature of the human body.
Enzymes !or( best at certain p- values. 5or e)ample, the stomach
enzyme pepsin, !hich begins protein digestion, !or(s best under acidic
conditions.
'he activities of most enzymes are regulated by molecules that carry
chemical signals !ithin cells, s!itching enzymes ;on< or ;off< as needed.

Pearon2 4

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Pearon2 4

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Lesson Overview Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Você também pode gostar