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2003-4-001-001-000018-2
(Benedict 1972)
(Tibeto-Karen)
(Tibeto-Burman) (Karen)
Bradley (1979) (Matisoff 1986)
(1971)
(Benedict 1972)
(Gong 1995)
1.
(Conrady 1896)
(Die stliche (siamesisch-chinesische)
Gruppe) (Die westliche (tibeto-barmanische)
188
Gruppe) 1 (1937)2
1
2
(1957:25)
Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1.1:1-12, 1973
189
190
2.
(1954:146-166)
a
$, a, n, A, 4
u
e
o
o
a
(1957:261)
e
u
o
(1957:
77-101) a
uau
3
a, e, i, o, u a, i,
u Benedict 1972:59
191
o
a $
ad ag
1985:
53, 57 $ $i
e o
i u e o i u o
u e (1971:23)
ie
*i ie (vowel breaking)
(1971)
a, i, u, *-p, *-t, *-k, *-m, *-n, *-ng, *-b,
*-d, *-g *-r *-kw, *-gw, *-ngw
u, uk au, auk
gw, kw agw, akw (Li
1971:61)
4
1985:51-60
u o o u o
o
192
-m
-n
-ng
-b ~ -p
-d ~ -t
-g ~ -k
-ngw
-gw ~ -kw
a
*-r
*-d *-d
*-r *-d
*-r*-l *-y
1993Gong 1995
(Gong 1995:62-64, 66-67, 69)
*-r*-l *-d-
*-g, *-d, *-b
5 (Benedict 1972:185)
kiu g
(*kjgwx)
*d-kuw
giX g
(*gwjgh)
*gu
sug
(*sugh)
*su(w)
biu g
(*bjgx)
*buw
kioAg
(*kjgw)
*kuw
gio g
(*gjgwx)
*kuw
sid
(*sjidh)
*b-liy
pid
(*pjidh*s-bjids)
*biy
sir
(*sjidx)
*siy
(1999:383-407)
193
-g-d -r
(Benedict 1972:185, note 486)
1948b *-g *-d
*-w *-y (offglide)
446 1948
*yd *wg
*ngo
(*ngag)
*1a
*ngo
(*ngagx)
*l-1a~b-1a
*ko
(*khagx)
*ka
*ngio
(*ngjag)
*1ya
-g-d
d g
*g- ji- *d-
194
i-
-g -d
(Benedict 1948:198)
y w
y w
*g *d
i
(unwanted)
*-u *-w *-g
*-i *-y *-d
(Simon 1929)
*-g *-d
(offglide phenomena) *w *u
*g *y *i *d
*-g*-d *g-*d-
*w *g *y
*d 6
*d- *l-
*g- (Gong 1990) *gwrj-
195
*-w *-y
*-g *-d 7 *-g
*-d
*-g*-d*-b
1987:78
PTB
PST
9
1.
*njit
*njit~*njid
2.
*hwit
*hwit~*hwid
3.
*tshjit
*tsjit~*tsjid
4.
*m-ljat
*m-ljat~*m-ljad
*-t *-y
(Benedict 1948:199)
10
11
1979 -i, -u
-i, -u 1987:59
*-y, *-w
PTB (Proto-Tibeto-Burman) PST (Proto-Sino-Tibetan)
OC (Old Chinese)
(Benedict 1972) Sino-Tibetan :
A Conspectus STC#
(Benedict 1948:199) *s-
(Benedict 1972:51) *s-hwiy
*s-hywy
*-iy *-y
(Benedict 1972:64) *m-lay~*s-lay
*s- *s-
(innovation) *m-
196
-y -y
*-d *-t *-d
OC
5.
*kruk
PTB
PST
*kruk~*krug
1 5 *-t*-k
*-y *-w *-y
*-d *-w *-g
*-t*-k *-t *-k
*-y*-d *-w*-g
OC
PTB
PST
6.
*bak
*bak~*bag
7.
*prak
*br-ujak~*br-ujag
8.
*sljak
*s-ljak~*s-ljag
9.
*blk
*blk~*blg
10.
*mjagx
12
12
*d-mak
martial/war
*mjag~*mjak
197
11.
*bjgx
12.
*m(r)jugs
*bjg~*bjk
*(r)muuk~*(r-)muw fog(gy)
*mjug~*mjuk
(STC#357, 488)
6789 *-a *-
*-g
*-g
*-k
1011 12 *d-mak
*bak *(r)muuk *-k
*bak
*ba
*ba
*bag *bak *bag
*bjgx
*bks *pk
13
13
198
*r-muuk *(r-)muw
(archaic doublet) Benedict 1972:77 236
p.236
*r-muuk *(r-)mug
OC
PTB
PST
13.
*mragx
*mrag~*mrang
14.
*njagx
*njag~*njang
*njag
15.
*ngag
*ngag~
*ngang
*ngang
13 14 (*-g)
(*-ng)
*-g (1957:77)
*-ng
*-t, *-k -ng
199
*-ng *-g
15*ngag *ngang
14 *nang *na*nag
13 *mrang*mrag
16.
OC
PTB
*ngrjak
PST
*ngrjang
17.
*sjin*sjing
18.
*g-sik new
*sjing~*sjik
19.
*grjang
16 *ngrang
*ngrjak
14
15
200
*ngrags
1raA meet with
*ngrang 17 *g-sik
*sjing*sjin
sac*sik
19 *grak
*grang
(1982:22-23)
mn1
mn1 ptk
/-p/ /-m/
201
3.
(Benedict 1972:58)
(-u)
(-o)
-a
(-e)
(-i)
-uw
-ow
-aw
(-ew)
-ey
-iy
-auw
(-oy)
-ay
-auy
a, o, u, i, e
a w
y
(Gong 1980:461) -y
*-d -w
*-g
a *-g
202
(i)
(u)
iy
uw
()
ay
w
a
aw
-i -e -iy
*-iy *-y
*-
*sirsi (Karlgren 1957 GSR 558a)*pir
pi (Karlgren 1957 GSR 122)
203
(1971:48) *sjidxsi*pjidxpi
i *-iy *-y
*-d
*-uw *-w
-u *-uw
*-w
*-uw
*-gw *-ug
*- *-gw
*-u-
*-iy *-uw
*-y *-w
*-d *-g, *-gw
*-d *-g,
*-gw
PST
OC
PTB
*sjid
*sjidx
*njug
*njugx
*kjgw
*kjgwx
4.
(Benedict 1972:126, note 344)
204
(Benedict 1972:179)
(1971)
(Gong 1980, 1995)
-j-
-j- -j- -y-
(Bodman 1980:157-161) -j- -j-
(primary yod) -j-
-j-(secondary yod)
(1987)
-j- -j- (1956:150)
14
12
30
61
23%
20%
49%
8%
100%
(1987:73)
31
j
205
-j- -j-
31 30
*-i- *-i-
*-r-
-r-
*-r- *-r-
*-j- *-rj-
1997
PST
*sjid
*njug
*kjgw
16
17
OC
16
PTB17
*sjidx
*sji2
*njugx
*kjgwx
*nju
*gj
1 2
PTB -j-
206
(Gong 1994)
*-j-
*-j-
*-j-
*-j- *-j-
*-j-
*-j-
*-j- *-j-
(Benedict 1948:
200)
(quantitative distinction) *tsk *nng *s ng
(Benedict 1972:180)
ie ie
(Mikir) (Sgaw)
(length distinction)
*si1
the1
7e
sie n
*s-niu1
ni1
ni
nien
207
e
i
*-ji-
*-je-*sjin sje n
-j-*ni1
*-j-
*tsit*tsik
*nin*ning
*sjin*sjing *-j-
*-j-
*-j-
*sjing
*sjin*sjing
*sji1
*tsik
*tsit*tsik
*tsewr1*tsiwr1
*-j- -i
*-j-
*sjing
*sjin*sjing
s#ing
*sjid
*sjidx
s#i, *N-s#iN-ts#i
*sjin
*sjin
*m-s#inm-ts#in
208
*tsik
*tsit*tsik
tshigs
*njit~*njid
*njit
nyi
*ning
*nin*ning
ning
*-j-
5.
5.1
*-p, *-t, *-k, *-m, *-n, *-ng
*-k *-ng *-i-
*-k*-t*-ng*-n *-kw *-ngw
*-k *-ng *-kw
*-ngw *-k *-ng
*-p
PST
*-jp
*-jap
*-jup
*-t
*-iat
OC
*kjp
*khrjp
*(g-)rjp
*tsjap
*njp
PTB
*kaup
*krap
*g-ryap
*tsyap
*nup~*nip
*priat
*r-siat
*b-r-gyat
*g-sat
eight (STC#163)
kill (STC#58)
209
*-k
*-uat
*-jit
*hluat
*ujit
*-k
*-jk
*-ik
*-jik
*-juk
*lk
*tjk
*sjk
*N-ljk
*s-ljks
*tsik*tsit
*uiks, *ujiks
*srjik*srjit18
*khjuk
*g-lwat
*it
*lak
*tak
*sak
*(m-)lyak
*(s-)lyak
*tsik
*ik
*s-rik
*guk~kuk
*-m
*-jim
*-um
*-jum
*khjmx pit
*sm
*ljm19
*kim
*g-sum
*lum
*-an
*-jin
*kan
*sjin
*kan
*m-sin
*-jm
*-n
*gm
*gm
*ujmx
*ljm
*gam
*gam
*am
*la[u]m
bitter, pungent
18
19
210
*-ng
*-jng
*-jang
*-ing
*-jing
*mjngs
*tjng
*phjangx
*grjang
*ngrjang
*bling
*ning*nin
*mjing
*srjing
*sjing*sjin
*njing*njin
*mang
*ta1
*pa1
*gra1
*1a1
*bli1~pli1
*ni1
*r-mi1
*sri1
*sing
*s-ni1
dream (STC#82)
pine, fir (STC n.215)
spindle (STC#48)
cold (weather) (STC#120)
contradict, deny (STC#135)
full, fill (STC#142)
year (STC#368)
name (STC#83)
sister (STC p.108,171)
tree, wood (STC#233)
heart (STC#367)
*gu1
*-b
20
*now *nw
*-d *-y
*mey *my
me m
*-g *a *-
*u *-g *-w
*-gw *-w
*-b
*-d
20
PST
*-b
OC
*njb*njgw
PTB
*nw
*-d
*-ad
*smjdx
*padx/s
*tads
*my
*pwauy
*tay
fire (STC#290)
husks (STC#170)
big (STC#298)
211
*-id
*-jid
*kwadx
*ngadx
*lad
*sjids
*pjidx
*sbjids
*krjidx
*skhljidx
*sjidx
*-g
*-g
*-jg
*-ag
*-jag
*-ug
*-jug
*mgx
*bjgx
*tsjgx
*dzjg
*dzjgs
*njgx
*ngwjg
*pagx
*khagx
*ngag
*ngagx
*gwag
*pjagx
*pjag
*bjagx
*mjag
*ngjag
*dzjag
*njagx
*khugx
*khugs
*m(r)jugs
*kwauy
*1ay
*lay
*b-liy
*piy
*biy
*kriy
*kliy
*siy
bee (STC#157)
I; self (STC#285)
change, exchange (STC#283)
four (STC#410, p.94, p.131)
grandmother (STC#36, p.185)
give (STC#427, p.103)
foot (STC#38)
excrement, dung
(STC #125, p.178)
die (STC#232)
*ma
mother (STC#487)
*ba, *bak carry (STC#26)
*tsa
child, offspring (STC p.27)
*m-dza
love (STC#67)
*za
child, offspring (STC#59)
*r-na~*g-na ear (STC#453)
*1wa
cattle (STC#215)
*pa
sew, patch (STC p.122)
*ka
bitter (STC#8)
*1a
I (STC p.186)
*l-1a~*b-1a five (STC#78)
*gwa
fox (STC p.186)
*r-pwa
ax (STC#441)
*(p)wa
man; husband
(STC#100, pp.24, 74)
*pa
father (STC#24)
*ma
not (STC p.97)
*1ya
fish (STC#189)
*dza
eat (STC#66)
*na
thou (STC#407)
*kuw
mouth (STC p.184)
*r-kuw
steal (STC#33)
*(r-)muw fog (STC#357, 488)
212
*-gw *-gw
*khjug
*njugx
*(s-)kuw
*nuw
*pgwx
*puw
*bgwx
*buw
*-jgw *kjgw
*kjgwx
*gjgwx
*kuw
*d-kuw
*kuw
*-agw
*m/s-gaw
*gaw
*r-1aw
*sauw
*pyaw
head (STC#490)
call (STC#14)
fry, roast (STC#270)
oil, fat, grease (STC#272)
fly (STC#176)
*gagw
*gagws
*ngagw
*sagw
*-jagw *phjagw
*-r*-l
*-n
21
*-l
21
PST
*-al
*-ul
OC
*kan liver
*pn
PTB
*m-kal
*bul~*pul
*-jul
*ngjn
*mjn
*(d)-1ul
*s-brul
kidney (STC#12)
root, stump, tree
(STC p.166)
silver (STC p.15, 173)
snake (STC p.15)
a kind of snake
213
*-r
*-jal
*-il
*brjal
*silx
*bal
tired (STC#29)
*(m-)s(y)il wash (STC#493, p.173)
*-ar
*s-bars
*bwar
*-jar
*-uar
*-jur
*bar, *par
*pjans
*sjan
*suan
*pjr
*pwa:r
*par
*sar
*swaur
*pur~*pir
*-g,
*-gw *-d
1. *-d *-y
2. *-gw *-w
3. *-g *-u- *-w
*-a- *--
5.2
5.2.1 *-
*-
*-d *-b *-u
*-a
22
Matisoff 1994:43
214
*-
PST
*-m
*-jm
*-jp
*-k
*-k/g
*-g
*-jk
*-jg
*-jng
OC
*gm
*gm
*ujmx
*ljm
*kjp
*khrjp
*(g-)rjp
*lk
*blk
mgx
*tjk
*sjk
*N-ljk
*s-ljks
*bjgx
*tsjgx
*dzjg
*dzjgs
*njgx
*ngwjg
*mjngs
*tjng
PTB
*gam
*gam
*am
*la[u]m
*mey
*smjdx
*njb
*my
*nw
fire (STC#290)
tender, soft (STC#274)
215
*-
PST
*-gw
OC
*pgwx
PTB
*puw
*-
*-u
5.2.2 *-a
*-a
*-a
PST
*-ag
OC
*pagx
*khagx
*ngagx
*gwag
*-ag/ng *mragx
*ngag, *ngang
*-ak/g *bak
*prak
*-jag
*pjagx
*pjag
PTB
*pa
*ka
*l-1a~*b-1a
*gwa
*mra1
*1a
*ba
*r-gya
*r-pwa
*(p)wa
216
*-jang
*-jag/ng/k
*-jang/k
*bjagx
*mjag
*ngjag
*dzjag
*phjangx
*njagx
*njak
*ngrjang
*ngrjak
*grjang
*-jag/k
*mjagx
*sljak
*priat
*r-siat
*h-luat
*padx/s
*tads
*kwadx
*ngadx
*lad
*-iat
*-uat
*-ad
*-jat/d
*-an
*-jap
*-agw
*-jagw
*-al
*-jal
*-ar
*m-ljat
*kan
*tsjap
*gagw
*gagws
*ngagw
*sagw
*phjagw
*kan liver
*brjal
*s-bars
*pa
*ma
*1ya
*dza
*pa1
*na, *nang
*1ra1
father (STC#24)
not (STC p.97)
fish (STC#189)
eat (STC#66)
spindle (STC#48)
thou (STC#407)
you (GSR 777a)
contradict, deny (STC#135)
*grang
cold (weather) (STC#120)
*grak (STC n.124) (JAM) a doublet of *gra1
*d-mak
martial/war (Matisoff 1972:58)
*s-la
moon (STC#144)
*b-r-gyat
eight (STC#163)
*g-sat
kill (STC#58)
*g-lwat
free, release (STC#209)
*pwauy
husks (STC#170)
*tay
big (STC#298)
*kwauy
bee (STC#157)
*1ay
I; self (STC#285)
*lay
change, exchange
(STC#283)
*m-lay
tongue (STC#281)
*kan
dry up (STC p.166)
*tsyap
connect (STC#186)
*m/s-gaw
head (STC#490)
*gaw
call (STC#14)
*r-1aw
fry, roast (STC#270)
*sauw
oil, fat, grease (STC#272)
*pyaw
fly (STC#176)
*m-kal
kidney (STC#12)
*bal
tired (STC#29)
*bwar
spread out, sow
(STC pp.172-3)
217
*-uar
*-jar
*bar, *par
*suan
*pjans
*sjan
*pwa:r
*swaur
*par
*sar
5.2.3 *-i
*-i
*-
*-i
PST
*-ik
*-jik
*-ing
*-jing
*-id
*-jid
*-jit
*-jids
OC
*tsik*tsit
*uiks, *ujiks
*srjik*srjit
*ning*nin
*bling
*mjing
*srjing
*sjing*sjin
*sjing*sjin
*njing*njin
*sjids
*pjidx
PTB
*tsik
*ik
*s-rik
*ni1
*bli1~*pli1
*r-mi1
*sri1
*g-sik
*sing
*s-ning
*b-liy
*piy
*sbjids*pjids
*biy
*krjidx
*skhljidx
*kriy
*kliy
*sjidx
*ujit
*snjit*tshjit
*njids
*siy
*it
*s-nis
*g-nis
joint (STC#64)
strangle (STC#113)
louse (STC#439)
year (STC#368)
full, fill (STC#142)
name (STC#83)
sister (STC p.108, 171)
new
tree, wood (PTB#233)
heart (STC#367)
four (STC#410, p.94, 131)
grandmother
(STC#36, p.185)
give
(STC#427, p.103)
foot (STC#38)
excrement, dung
(STC#125, p.178)
die (STC#232)
one (STC p.94)
seven (STC#5, p.131)
two (STC#4, p.131)
218
*-jit/d
*-jin
*-il
*-jim
*njit
*niy
*tshjit
*tsiy
*hwit
*s-hwiy
*sjin
*m-sin
bitter, pungent
*(m-)s(y)il
*silx
*khjmx pit *kim
5.2.4 *-u
*-u
*-
*-u
PST
*-ug
OC
*khugx
*khugs
*-ug/k *kruk
*-jug
*khjug
*njugx
*-juk
*khjuk
*-jug/k *m(r)jugs
*-jup
*njp
*-ul
*pn
*-jul
*-um
*-jum
*-jur
*ngjn
*mjn
*sm
*ljm
*pjr
PTB
*kuw
mouth (STC p.184)
*r-kuw
steal (STC#33)
*kruw
horn (STC#37)
*(s-)kuw
body (STC p.184)
*nuw
breast; milk (STC#419)
*guk~*kuk
bend; crooked (STC p.77)
*(r-)muuk~*(r-)muw fog (STC#357, 488)
*nup~*nip
sink (STC#400)
*bul~*pul
root, stump, tree
(STC p.166)
*(d)-1ul
silver (STC p.15, 173)
*s-brul
snake (STC p.15)
*g-sum
three (STC #409, p.131)
*lum
warm (STC #381)
*pur~*pir
fly (STC 398)
219
6.
(1971) (1972)
(1995)
-e- -o-
220
1984
46-2411995
221
50.4:717-739 (1998)
2-32
222
. 1987.
16:59-66 (1998)
33-41
. 1994.
21-36
. 1957.
. 1985.
. 1971.
9.1-2:1-61
. 1956.
. 1963.
. 1982.
. 1991.
. 1982.
. 1999.
. 1954.
. 1970.
. 1987.
1987.4:67-90
, . 1954.
1954.3:21-26
. 1957.
. 1990.
3:1-18
. 1993.
4:1-18
. 1997. *-rj-
6:195-243
223