Student Protocol using Chart 5.4.2 for Windows.

Respiratory Airflow and Volume

In this laboratory, you will be introduced to spirometry as a techniue for recording respiratory
!ariables and you will analy"e a recording to deri!e respiratory parameters. #ou will e$amine
lung !olumes and capacities, as well as the basic tests of pulmonary function and simulate an
airway restriction.
Written by staf of ADInstruments.
Background
%as e$change between air and blood occurs in the al!eolar air sacs. &he e'ciency of gas
e$change is dependent on !entilation( cyclical breathing mo!ements alternately in)ate and
de)ate the al!eolar air sacs *see +igure ,-. Inspiration pro!ides the al!eoli with some fresh
atmospheric air and e$piration remo!es some of the stale air, which has reduced o$ygen and
increased carbon dio$ide concentrations.
+igure ,. . schematic diagram of the human respiratory system.
Spirometry is becoming more and more important, as respiratory diseases are increasing world
wide. Spirometry is the method of choice for a fast and reliable screening of patients suspected
of ha!ing Chronic /bstructi!e Pulmonary 0isease *C/P0-. C/P0 is the ,2
th
leading cause of
death worldwide and the 5
th
leading cause in Western countries. Studies suggest C/P0 could
climb to be the 1
rd
leading 2iller by 2323. 4ost C/P0 cases are completely a!oidable( 556738
of cases are caused by tobacco smo2ing.
4any important aspects of lung function can be determined by measuring air)ow and the
corresponding changes in lung !olume. In the past, this was commonly done by breathing into a
bell spirometer, in which the le!el of a )oating bell tan2 ga!e a measure of changes in lung
!olume. +low, +, was then calculated from the slope *rate of change- of the !olume, 9:
Student Protocol


=

Equation 1
4ore con!eniently, air)ow can be measured directly with a pneumotachometer *from %ree2
roots meaning ;breath speed measuring de!ice<-. &he Power=ab pneumotachometer
arrangement is shown in +igure 2.
+igure 2. &he Power=ab pneumotachometer.
Se!eral types of )ow measuring de!ices are a!ailable and each type has ad!antages and
disad!antages. &he )ow head you will use today is a ;=illy< type that measures the di>erence
in pressure either side of a mesh membrane with 2nown resistance. &his resistance gi!es rise
to a small pressure di>erence proportional to )ow rate. &wo small plastic tubes transmit this
pressure di>erence to the Spirometer Pod, where a transducer con!erts the pressure signal into
a changing !oltage that is recorded by the Power=ab and displayed in =ab&utor. &he !olume, 9,
is then calculated as the integral of )ow:

V= F dt

Equation 2
&his integration represents a summation o!er time( the !olume traces that you will see in
=ab&utor during the e$periment are obtained by adding successi!e sampled !alues of the )ow
signal and scaling the sum appropriately. &he integral is initiali"ed to "ero e!ery time a
recording is started.
. complication in the !olume measurement is caused by the di>erence in air temperature
between the Spirometer Pod *at ambient temperature- and the air e$haled from the lungs *at
body temperature-. &he !olume of gas e$pands with warming, therefore the air !olume e$pired
from the lungs will be slightly greater than that inspired. &hus a !olume trace, as calculated by
integration of )ow, drifts in the e$piratory direction. &o reduce the drift, the )ow has to be
integrated separately during inspiration and e$piration, with the inspiratory !olume being
corrected by a factor related to the ?&PS factor *body temperature, atmospheric pressure,
saturated with water !apor-. &he =ab&utor software ma2es this correction.
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Student Protocol
Spirometry allows many components of pulmonary function *see +igure 1 below- to be
!isuali"ed, measured and calculated. @espiration consists of repeated cycles of inspiration
followed by e$piration. 0uring the respiratory cycle, a speciAc !olume of air is drawn into and
then e$pired from the lungs( this !olume is the &idal 9olume *9&-. In normal !entilation, the
breathing freuency *B- is appro$imately ,5 respiratory cycles per minute. &his !alue !aries with
the le!el of acti!ity. &he product of B and 9& is the C$pired 4inute 9olume *9C-, the amount of air
e$haled in one minute of breathing. &his parameter also changes according to the le!el of
acti!ity. Dote that the !olume of air remaining in the lungs after a full e$piration, residual
!olume *@9-, cannot be measured by spirometry as a !olunteer is unable to e$hale any further.
+igure 1. =ung !olumes and capacities.
Terms that you should be familiar with before coming to class.
Term Abbreviation / Symbol Units
@espiratory @ate @@ breaths E min
*?P4-
C$pired 4inute 9olume

V
E
= RRxV
T
=Emin
Lung Volumes
&idal 9olume 9& =
Inspiratory @eser!e 9olume I@9 =
C$piratory @eser!e 9olume C@9 =
@esidual 9olume @9 *predicted- =
Lung a!acities
Inspiratory Capacity IC F 9& G I@9 =
C$piratory Capacity CC F 9& G C@9 =
9ital Capacity 9C F I@9 G C@9 G 9& =
+unctional @esidual Capacity +@C F C@9 G @9 =
&otal =ung Capacity &=C F 9C G @9 =
"ulmonary function tests
Pea2 Inspiratory +low PI+ =Emin
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Student Protocol
Pea2 C$piratory +low PC+ =Emin
+orced 9ital Capacity +9C =
+orced C$pired 9olume in one
second
+C9, =
8 +9C e$pired in one second +C9,E+9C $ ,33
#hat you will do in the laboratory
&here are A!e e$ercises that you will complete during this =ab.
,. Becoming familiar with the e$ui!ment. In this e$ercise, you will learn
the principles of spirometry, and how integration of the )ow signal gi!es a
!olume.
2. Lung volumes and ca!acities. Here you will e$amine the respiratory cycle
and measure changes in )ow and !olume.
1. "ulmonary function tests. Here you will measure parameters of forced
e$piration that are used in e!aluating pulmonary function.
4. Simulating an airway restriction. In this e$ercise, you will simulate an
airway restriction.
5. Variability amongst grou! members. In this e$ercise, you will compare
the parameters of forced e$piration measured in di>erent students.
%e$uired &$ui!ment
. computer system
Chart for Windows, !ersion 5.4.2 or later
Spirometry e$tension 2.3 for Chart 5
Power=ab 4E25& or other Chart 5 compatible Power=ab.
Spirometer Pod or Spirometer amp
@espiratory )ow head *,333 =Emin- with connection tubes
Clean bore tubing
0isposable Alters
0isposable !inyl mouthpieces
Dose clip
&ape measure or wall chart for measuring height
9ital capacity prediction tables
"rocedures
Set up and calibration of equipment
A. Connecting the equipment
Connect the Spirometer Pod to the Pod Port for Input , on the Power=ab.
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Student Protocol
Since the Spirometer Pod is sensiti!e to temperature and tends to drift during warm6up, we
recommend that the Power=ab and Spirometer Pod be turned on for at least 56,3 minutes
before use. &o pre!ent temperature drift, place the Spirometer Pod on a shelf or beside the
Power=ab, away from the Power=ab power supply to a!oid heating.
Connect the two plastic tubes from the respiratory )ow head to the short pipes on the bac2 of
the Spirometer Pod, as shown in +igure 2
.ttach clean bore tubing, a Alter and mouthpiece to the )ow head.
+igure 2. Setting up the spirometry e$periment: connecting the )ow head and attachments to
the Spirometer Pod. &he cable from the bac2 of the Spirometer Pod to the Pod Port for Input ,
on the front of the Power=ab is not shown in this Agure.
B. Hygiene
D/&C: . clean mouthpiece and air Alter should be supplied for each !olunteer. &he !inyl
mouthpiece can be cleaned between uses by soa2ing it in boiling water or a suitable
disinfectant. If you are su>ering from a respiratory infection, we suggest that you do not
!olunteer for this e$periment.
C. Starting the software
,. =ocate Chart on your computer and start the software.
2. In the C$periments %allery dialog bo$, select ;@espiratory< from the left6hand list. Select
;@espiratory Settings< from the right6hand list, and clic2 the /pen button to apply those
settings. If the C$periments %allery dialog bo$ does not appear in front of the Chart 9iew,
choose the &'!eriments (allery) command from the +ile menu.
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Student Protocol
1. .fter a short time, the Chart 9iew on the computer screen should be set up for the
e$periment. Channels , and 2 are !isible, with Channel 2 turned o>( Channel , is named
;+low< and Channel 2 ;9olume<.
D. Calibrating the Spirometer od
4. &he )ow head must be left undisturbed on the bench during the "eroing process.
5. Choose S!irometer) from the +low
Channel +unction pop6up menu. &he
Spirometer Pod dialog bo$ appears, as
shown in +igure 1. Clic2 the Iero button.
J. When "eroing has Anished, ha!e the
!olunteer breathe out gently through the
)ow head, and note the recorded signal
in the data display area *+igures 1-. If the
signal shows a downward de)ection *that
is, negati!e-, proceed to Step 7.
K. If the signal de)ects upward, you need to
in!ert it. Clic2 the In!ert chec2bo$ once
to toggle its state.
5. Clic2 /L to close the dialog bo$ and
return to the Chart 9iew.
7. #ou are now ready to begin the e$ercises.
*ote+ the signal can also be in!erted by re!ersing the orientation of the )ow head, or by
swapping the tubular connections to the Spirometer Pod. &he In!ert chec2bo$ is simply more
con!enient.
!"ercise #$ Becoming familiar with the equipment
%b&ecti'es
In this e$ercise, you will learn the principles of spirometry, and how integration of the )ow
signal gi!es a !olume.
rocedure
,. &he !olunteer should put the mouthpiece in his or her mouth, and hold the )ow head
carefully with both hands. &he two plastic tubes should be pointing upwards.
2. Put the nose clip on the !olunteerMs nose. &his ensures that all air breathed passes through
the mouthpiece, Alter and )ow head *+igure 4-.
1. .fter the !olunteer becomes accustomed to the apparatus and begins breathing normally,
you are ready to begin.
4. Clic2 the Start button to begin recording.
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+igure 1. Spirometer Pod dialog bo$ showing an e$haled
Student Protocol
5. Ha!e the !olunteer perform a full e$piration and then breathe normally. @ecord the
!olunteerMs tidal breathing for one minute. .t the end of one minute, ha!e the !olunteer
perform another full e$piration. #ou should obser!e data being recorded in the +low channel,
but not in the 9olume channel.
J. Clic2 Stop to end the recording. &he !olunteer can stop breathing through the )ow head
and remo!e the nose clip.
+igure 4. &he !olunteer should hold the )ow head as shown here.
Setting u! the S!irometry &'tension
&he Spirometry C$tension processes the raw !oltage signal from the Spirometer Pod, applies a
!olume correction factor to impro!e accuracy, and displays calibrated +low *=Es- and 9olume *=-
traces. It ta2es o!er from units con!ersion. &he trace that you recorded in this e$ercise will
pro!ide reference points for the Spirometry C$tension that allow it to calculate and perform
corrections on the trace.
Select the data you Nust recorded by clic2ing and
dragging along the time scale at the bottom of the
chart window.
Choose S!irometry ,low) from the +low *Channel
,- Channel +unction pop6up menu. &he Spirometry
+low dialog bo$ appears *+igure 5-.
+low *Channel ,- should be selected in the +low
0ata pop6up menu( 4=& ,333= should be selected in
the +low Head Calibration pop6up menu. When you
are Anished and the settings are the same as in
+igure 5, clic2 the /L button to close the dialog bo$.
0o not chec2 the 0rift Correction bo$ unless
instructed to speciAcally by your instructor
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+igure 5 Spirometry )ow
Student Protocol
Choose S!irometry Volume) from the
9olume *Channel 2- Channel +unction pop6
up menu. &he Spirometry 9olume dialog
bo$ appears *+igure J-.
+low *Channel ,- should be selected in the
Spirometry +low 0ata pop6up menu.
Cnsure that 9olume Correction is on. Clic2
the .pply button to allow the e$tension to
use the !olume correction ratio that it has
calculated from your data.
When you are Anished, clic2 the /L button
to close the dialog bo$. &he Chart 9iew
should now appear with calculated !olume
data on Channel 2.
Choose Set Scale) from the Scale pop6up menu in the .mplitude a$is for the +low channel.
4a2e the top !alue ,5 =Es and the bottom !alue O,5 =Es, and clic2 /L.
,. Choose Set Scale) from the Scale pop6up menu in the .mplitude a$is for the 9olume
channel. 4a2e the top !alue 5 = and the bottom !alue O5 =, and clic2 /L.
Analysis #$ Becoming familiar with the equipment
When e$amining the data, use the scroll buttons as necessary to !iew parts of the trace that
ha!e scrolled out of sight.
0rag in the &ime a$is to select data from both channels and open the -oom View. Dote the
relation between +low and 9olume. When the )ow signal is positi!e *inspiration-, the 9olume
trace rises( when the )ow is negati!e *e$piration-, the 9olume trace falls.
In the -oom View, And a part of the recording where the )ow is "ero. Dote that at this time
the 9olume trace does not change *it is hori"ontal- because integrating a "ero signal does not
add anything to the integral.
&he !olume trace is calculated by the e$tension in such a way that the displayed !olumes at
the end of the two full e$pirations eual. In subseuent recordings, the !olume correction is
unli2ely to be e$act: you will notice a tendency for the !olume to drift, typically by ,O2 = o!er ,O
2 minutes. &o see the e>ect of ha!ing no correction, turn o> the 9olume Correction chec2bo$ in
the Spirometry 9olume dialog bo$ *+igure J-, and e$amine the !olume trace. @emember to turn
9olume Correction bac2 on again afterwards.
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+igure J. &he Spirometry 9olume dialog
Student Protocol
!"ercise ($ )ung 'olumes and capacities
%b&ecti'es
In this e$ercise, you will e$amine the respiratory cycle and measure changes in )ow and
!olume.
rocedure
D/&C: It is important when recording normal respiration that the !olunteer is not consciously
controlling breathing. &he !olunteer should turn away from the computer screen and may ha!e
to stare out a window or read a boo2 to distract themsel!es.
,. &he )ow head must be left undisturbed on the bench during the "eroing process.
Choose the S!irometer "od) item from the +low channel +unction pop6up menu. Clic2 the
Iero button to re6"ero the Spirometer Pod. When "eroing has Anished, clic2 the /L button to
return to the Chart 9iew.
Clic2 Start( /nce recording has started as2 the !olunteer to replace the nose clip and breathe
normally through the )ow head. @ecord normal tidal breathing for , to 2 minutes. .dd the
comment ;Dormal tidal breathing< to the Chart trace.
.fter the tidal breathing period and at the end of a normal tidal e$piration, as2 the !olunteer to
inhale as deeply as possible and then e$hale as deeply as possible. .fterwards, allow the
!olunteer to return to normal tidal breathing for at least 1 breaths, then stop recording.
Cnter a comment called ;=ung !olume procedure< at the end of this deep breath *press CtrlGL
to open the comment dialog-.
Analysis ($ )ung 'olumes and capacities
C$amine the normal tidal breathing data. Calculate how many breaths there are in a one6minute
period *bpm-. @ecord @@Emin in the table pro!ided in your 0ata Doteboo2.
0etermine the !olume of a single tidal inspiration by dragging the .arker from its bo$ to the
9olume channel at the start of a normal tidal inspiration. 4o!e the #aveform ursor to the
ne$t pea2 on the 9olume channel *this should be 3.5 to ,.5 s to the right of the .arker-. @ead
o> the numerical !alue of 9olume from the @angeE.mplitude display at the right.
&he number in the @angeE.mplitude display should ha!e a ;P< symbol in front of it, indicating
that it is the di>erence between the !olume at the #aveform ursor position and the !olume
at the .arker position. If you ha!e both the .arker and the pointer in the right places, the
!alue shown is the &idal 9olume *9&- for that breath. @ecord this !alue in the table in your 0ata
Doteboo2. See Agure K.
2. @eturn the .arker to its bo$ at bottom left of the Chart 9iew, by double6clic2ing the
.arker, dragging it bac2, or clic2ing its bo$.
Qsing the !alue for 9& and the number of breaths, *@@Emin-, obser!ed o!er a one6minute period,
calculate the 4inute 9olume *


V
E
- using Cuation 1. @ecord your !alue in the table.


V
E
= RR x V
T
*=Emin- Equation 3
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Student Protocol
Figure 7. A typical tidal breathing record, displayed at 20:1 horizontal compression. The Marer and
!a"e#orm $ursor are positioned to measure the Tidal %olume o# a single breath.
1. +ind the ;=ung !olume procedure< comment in your data trace. @epeat steps 261 to
determine the Inspiratory @eser!e 9olume *I@9- *+ig. 5- and C$piratory @eser!e 9olume
*C@9- *+ig. 7-. Dote, the 4ar2er should remain at the start of a normal tidal inspiration
*trough- for the C@9, and it should be mo!ed to the end of a normal tidal inspiration *pea2-
for for the I@9.
Figure &. 'ecord o# #ull inhalation, (ith the Marer and !a"e#orm $ursor positioned to measure )'%.
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Student Protocol
Figure *. 'ecord o# #ull e+halation, (ith the Marer and !a"e#orm $ursor positioned to measure ,'%.
4. Calculate the Inspiratory Capacity *IC- using Cuation 4.
IC F 9& G I@9 *=- Equation 4
5. Calculate the C$piratory Capacity *CC- using Cuation 5.
CC F 9& G C@9 *=- Equation 5
J. Qse the table pro!ided to determine the !olunteerMs predicted 9ital Capacity *9C-. &he
predicted !alue !aries according to the !olunteerMs se$, height and age.
K. Calculate the !olunteerMs measured 9C using the e$perimentally deri!ed !alues for I@9, C@9
and 9& *Cuation J-.
9C F I@9 G C@9 G 9& *=- Equation 6
5. @esidual 9olume *@9- is the !olume of gas remaining in the lungs after a ma$imal e$piration.
&he @9 cannot be determined by spirometric recording. Qsing Cuation K, determine the
predicted @9 !alue for the !olunteer. &his euation predicts @9 for ,JO14 year6old subNects
of either se$ *%aensler and Wright, ,7JJ-.
@9 F predicted 9C X 3.25 *=- Equation 7
7. &he &otal =ung Capacity *&=C- is the sum of the !ital capacity and residual !olume.
Calculate the predicted &=C for the !olunteer *Cuation 5- using the predicted !alues for 9C
and @9.
&=C F 9C G @9 *=- Equation 8
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Student Protocol
,3. +unctional @esidual Capacity *+@C- is the !olume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of
a normal tidal e$piration *the sum of the @9 and C@9-. Calculate the +@C !alue for the
!olunteer using Cuation 7.
+@C F C@9 G @9 *=- Equation 9
,,. Select an area of the Chart 9iew that contains normal breathing, ma2ing sure to select
across complete respiratory cycles. Choose the %e!ort command from the Spirometry
menu. &he Spirometry @eport window contains !arious parameters calculated by the
Spirometry C$tension from the data selection *+igure ,3-. Copy the results for


V
E
, 9& and B
into the table in your 0ata Doteboo2.
Figure 10. The -pirometry 'eport (indo(, listing the parameters calculated #rom the data selection.
!"ercise *$ ulmonary function tests
%b&ecti'es
In this e$ercise, you will measure parameters of forced e$piration that are used in e!aluating
pulmonary function. Dote that the Spirometry C$tension is not intended for clinical e!aluation
of lung function.
rocedure
,. @e6"ero the )ow head using steps ,62 from the procedures in C$ercise 2.
2. Clic2 the Start button to begin recording.
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Student Protocol
1. Prepare a comment called ;+orced ?reathingMM.
4. Ha!e the !olunteer breathe normally for 13 seconds.
5. .s2 the !olunteer to inhale ma$imally and then e$hale as forcefully and fully as possible
*that is, inhale as much as possible and then e$hale until no more air can be e$pired-. Press
the Cnter 2ey to add the comment. .fter a few seconds, the !olunteer should let his or her
breathing return to normal.
J. Clic2 Stop to end recording.
K. @epeat steps 2OJ twice more, so that you ha!e three separate forced breath recordings. #our
recording should resemble +igure ,,.
Figure 11. A spirometry recording sho(ing (here to #ind .)F and .,F, and ho( to determine F%$.
Analysis *$ ulmonary function test
In the last data bloc2 of your Chart recording, mo!e the #aveform ursor to the ma$imal
forced inspiration on the +low trace. &he absolute !alue displayed in the @angeE.mplitude
display is the Pea2 Inspiratory +low *PI+-. 4ultiply the !alue by J3 to con!ert from =Es to =Emin.
+rom the +low trace, measure the Pea2 C$piratory +low *PC+- for the forced e$piration. 4ultiply
the !alue by J3 to con!ert from =Es to =Emin. *0isregard the negati!e sign.-
&o calculate the +orced 9ital Capacity *+9C-, place the .arker on the pea2 inhalation of the
9olume trace and mo!e the #aveform ursor to the ma$imal e$piration *+igure ,2-. @ead o>
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Pea2 e$piratory )ow
Pea2 inspiratory )ow
+9C
Student Protocol
the result from the @angeE.mplitude display. *0isregard the delta symbol and the negati!e
sign.-
@eturn the .arker to its bo$ at bottom left, by double6clic2ing the .arker, dragging it bac2, or
clic2ing its bo$.
&o measure +orced C$pired 9olume in , second *+C9,-, place the .arker on the pea2 of the
9olume trace, mo!e the pointer to a time ,.3 s from the pea2, and read o> the !olume !alue. If
you And it hard to adNust the mouse position with enough precision, a time !alue anywhere from
3.7J to ,.34 s gi!es enough accuracy. *0isregard the delta symbol and the negati!e sign.-
@eturn the .arker to its bo$ at bottom left, by double6clic2ing the .arker, dragging it bac2, or
clic2ing the bo$.
4a2e a selection from the last recorded data bloc2 that includes a couple of normal breaths,
the forced breath, then a few more normal breaths *+igure ,2-. Choose S!irometry /ata from
the Spirometry menu. &he Spirometry 0ata window opens, showing the locations of PI+, PC+,
+9C and +C9, *+igure ,2-. If the !alues arenMt displayed, chec2 that you ha!e included a forced
breath in your selection. If your selection is correct but the parameters are still not displayed,
you should as2 for assistance.
Figure 12. The -pirometry /ata (indo(, (ith the locations o# the #orced e+piration parameters indicated.
5. /pen the Spirometry @eport window. &he report lists the !alues calculated for those
parameters. .dd the report !alues to your 0ata Doteboo2 table.
7. @epeat the analysis until all three forced breaths ha!e been analy"ed, both manually and
with the Spirometry C$tension.
,3. Calculate the percentage ratio of +C9, to +9C for your e$perimental and Spirometry
C$tension results using Cuation ,3. Qse the ma$imum !alues of +C9, and +9C.
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The -pirometry
e+tension mars
#orced breaths
(ith a grey area.
%ertical lines mar
hal# breath cycles
0inspiration and
e+piration1
Student Protocol
*+C9,E+9C- E ,33 *8- Equation 10
!"ercise +$ ,orced e"piration in different 'olunteers
%b&ecti'es
In this e$ercise, you will compare the parameters of forced e$piration measured in di>erent
!olunteers.
rocedure
,. @eplace the disposable Alter and mouthpiece.
@e6"ero the Spirometer Pod( follow the procedures in steps ,62 from C$ercise 2.
@epeat the procedures in C$ercise 1 for the new !olunteer.
@epeat steps ,O1 until the forced e$piration parameters *PI+, PC+, +9C and +C9,- ha!e been
measured for all !olunteers.
Analysis +$ ,orced e"piration in different 'olunteers
@epeat the analysis procedures from C$ercise 1 on the recordings from each !olunteer. Ha!e
each member of your group record their data in their own 0ata Doteboo2. %i!e a copy of your
data to each member of your group.
!"ercise - Simulating airway restrictions
#ou can demonstrate the e>ects of bronchial restrictions such as asthma by ma2ing the
following modiAcation to your euipment.
,. @emo!e the Alter attachment from the mouthpiece and clean6bore tubing.
2. .ttach a new Alter to the clean bore tubing.
1. Co!er the other end of the mouthpiece with duct tape.
4. Qse a sharpened pencil to ma2e a hole in the duct tape o!er the Alter one centimeter in
diameter.
5. Place the mouthpiece on the Alter.
J. .ttempt the pulmonary function tests with the restricted airway.
Analysis -$ Simulating airway restrictions
K. @epeat the analysis procedures from C$ercise 1 on the recordings from each !olunteer.
Ha!e each member of your group record their data in their own 0ata Doteboo2. %i!e a copy
of your data to each member of your group.
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Student Protocol
/ata *otebook
.able #. Respiratory parameters
@espiratory
parameter .bbre!iation Qnits
C$perimental R
calculated !alue
Spirometry
C$tension !alue
@espiratory @ate RR
breathsEmin
*?P4-
C$pired 4inute
9olume

V
E
= RRxV
T
=Emin
&idal 9olume 9& =
Inspiratory @eser!e
9olume
I@9 =
Inspiratory Capacity ICF 9& G I@9 =
C$piratory @eser!e
9olume
C@9 =
C$piratory Capacity CCF 9& G C@9 =
9ital Capacity 9C *from table- =
9C F I@9 G C@9
G 9&
=
@esidual 9olume
@9 F pred. 9C x
3.25
=
&otal =ung Capacity &=C F 9C G @9 =
+unctional @esidual
Capacity
+@C F C@9 G @9 =
Pea2 Inspiratory +low PI+ =Emin
=Emin
=Emin
Pea2 C$piratory +low PC+ =Emin
=Emin
=Emin
+orced 9ital Capacity +9C =
=
=
+orced C$pired
9olume in one
second
+C9, =
=
=
+C9,E+9C x,33 =
SPB14e Page 16 of 17 1 October 2014
Student Protocol
Study /uestions
,. Comment on the di>erences between the e$perimental and predicted !alues for 9C, +@C
and &=C in the table abo!e. What could cause these di>erences, if anyS
2. In uiet breathing, muscular e>ort is used mainly in inspiration, and e$piration is largely
passi!e, due to elastic recoil of the lung. Can you relate this fact to the pattern of e$piratory
and inspiratory )owS Hint: the normal pattern of breathing is e'cient in that it reuires
muscular e>ort for only a short time.
1. C$plain why @9 cannot be determined by ordinary spirometryS
4. What factors do you thin2 could contribute to di>erences in pulmonary parameters between
the menmbers of your groupEclassS
5. ?ased on your data, what !alues ha!e been a>ected by simulated airway restriction and
whyS
6. In your own words explain the physiological events that occurred during this simulated asthma attack.
Hint: Think about what it felt like and how that would affect your general state of well being and activity
level.
References
%aensler, C..., and %.W. Wright. ,7JJ. C!aluation of respiratory impairment. Archives of Environmental
Health 01+,4JO,57.
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SPB14e Page 17 of 17 1 October 2014