1

|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\

|N!RDd/ |N!RDd/
|N!RDd/ |N!RDd/ |N!RDd/
!e|ev|scc pc| /ss|ncIu|c e c mcoc||ocoe oe
cpe|ccc cnoe umc emp|esc, ccnnec|oc ccmc
cpe|coc|c, fc|nece s|nc|s oe Ie|ev|scc uo|c e
v|oecJ pc|c usu||cs, o|Ics css|ncnIes, meo|cnIe
pcgcmenIc. / !\ pc| css|ncIu|c nc cccc fc| c
p||me||c se| v|c ccc|coc pc|c o|sI||cu|cc oe
s|nc|s oe Ie|ev|scc. ncme C/!\ pcsscu c se|
gene||ccmenIe uscoc ccmc s|ncn|mc oe !\ pc|
/ss|ncIu|c cu !\ Pcgc.
Mesmc cs s|sIemcs oe o|sI||cu|cc oe s|nc|s
pcgcs, que ncc uscm ccccs, scc ncs Ed/,
cncmcocs oe C/!\. Ccmc exemp| c, cs
cme||ccncs cncmcm c s|sIemc MMDS* MMDS* MMDS* MMDS* MMDS*, oe w||e|ess
Ccc|e cu Cccc sem ||c. Nc B|cs||, ccmc esIcs
Iecnc|cg|cs scc ccsIcnIes ncvcs, esIes v|c|cs oe
||ngucgem ncc scc ccmuns.
/s !\s ccnvenc|cnc|s, o|Ics cce|Ics, Iem suc
fcnIe oe |enoc ccsecoc nc cuo|enc|c. ucnIc
mc|c| c puc||cc que cI|nge, mc|s pcoe ccc|c|
pe|cs |nse|ces ccme|c|c|s.
Ccmc |esu|Icoc, c g|coe oe p|cg|cmccc oe
Icocs cs ccnc|s se csseme|ncm. !cocs cs ccnc|s
cp|esenIcm jc|nc|s, ncve|cs, p|cg|cmcs |nfcnI|s e
cuI|cs I|pcs em nc|||cs seme|ncnIes.
/ p|cpcsIc oc !\ pc| css|ncIu|c e fc|nece| c
p|cg|cmc que vcce oesejc, nc nc|c que vcce
oesejc. / cc|ccIe||sI|cc cs|cc oesIe se|v|c e c
segmenIccc espec|c||zccc ocs ccnc|sJ.
Ccm c cumenIc ocs Iecnc|cg|cs e ccm c
cvcnc ccnsIcnIe oc seIc| oe ccmun|ccces, cs
|eoes oe C/!\ esIcc ccoc vez mc| s
ccnve|g| noc pc|c cpe|ccc em cuI|cs
segmenIcs, ccmc pc| exemp|c |nIe|neI ococsJ e,
fuIu|cmenIe, cIe mesmc vcz.
EsIc ccno|cc oe mu|I|-se|v|c || se ccenIuc|
ccoc vez mc|s, I|cnsfc|mcnoc c |eoe oe !\ pc|
css|ncIu|c em |eoes oe !e|eccmun|ccces.
MMDS MMDS MMDS MMDS MMDS
F c cc|e.|c|u|c ce |u|||cO|o|
|u||||c|cooe| D|s|||cu||Oo Se|.|ce.
Ou se/c. se|.|QO ce c|s|||cu|QcO
mu|||cOo|O mu|||ccoc|. |O 8|cs|| es|e
se|.| QO c|uc oc |c| \c ce
m|c|OOoccs. c|.|c|cO em 31 ccoc|s
ce o|z A|-\S8 coc|Og|cO.
2
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
/s p||me||cs expe||enc|cs em C/!\
cccnIece|cm em ncvemc|c oe 148
ncs esIcocs oc Pens||vn|c e |egcn,
ncs EsIcocs dn| ocs. Pc|em, esscs
p||me||cs I|cnsm|ssces I|nncm um cc|Ie|
o| sI| nIc oc se| v| c cfe|ec| oc ncj e.
| n| c| c| menIe, c !\ v| c cccc e|c
uI| | | zcoc cpencs pc|c cIenoe|
pequencs ccmun|ocoes oc |nIe||c| que
ncc ccnsegu|cm |ecece| cs s|nc|s oe
!\ cu ncs |ugc|es cnoe esscs |mcgens e|cm
|u|ns. Ccmc cs s|nc|s sc e|cm I|cnsm|I|ocs em
||nnc |eIc, c |ecepcc em |ecs o|sIcnIes e mc|s
cc|xcs f|ccvc p|ejuo|ccoc.
S|. Eo Pc|scns, cpcs cccmpcnnc| IesIes oe
I|cnsm|sscc que v|nncm senoc fe|Ics nc c|ocoe
oe SecII|e, esIuocu umc mcne||c oe |ecece| cs
s|nc|s oc ncvc em|ssc|c. |nsIc|cu umc cnIenc
|ecepIc|c em um pcnIc e|evcoc, pc|c me|nc|
|ecepcc oe s|nc|s, |eI|cnsm|I|noc c s|nc| em um
cccc cccx| c| uI| | | zcnoc cmp| | f| ccoc|es
mcncccnc|s e vc|vu|cocs cc |cngc oc ||nnc cIe
suc |eg|cc.
Pc|c seus v|z|nncs Ie|em ccessc cc s|nc|, c S| Eo
Pc|scns |nes ccc|cvc umc Icxc. Su|g|c, css|m c
p||me||c cpe|coc|c oe C/!\ oc munoc.
Ncque|c epccc Icocs cs ccnc|s cfe|ec|ocs
e|cm oe !\ cce|Ic, que pcsscvcm c se| ccpIcocs
pc| cnIencs |nsIc|cocs em mcnIcnncs cu |ccc|s
mc|s e|evcocs. ScmenIe c pc|I|| oc oeccoc oe
C e que c pc|I|c|pccc ocs css|ncnIes ccmec
c se| mc|s cI|vc e cs cpe|coc|es pcsscm c
ccmp|c| c| guns p|cg|cmcs oe esIcces
|noepenoenIes. NesIe pe||coc cs ccnc|s c cccc
c|noc e|cm cpe|cocs cpencs ccmc |eoes
|eg|cnc|s, que cfe|ec|cm oe I|es c c|ncc ccnc|s.
|S!R|C D/ C/ |S!R|C D/ C/
|S!R|C D/ C/ |S!R|C D/ C/ |S!R|C D/ C/!\ !\
!\ !\ !\
Fc c|sOos. ccOs ccOmcco|c|
|es|es |e||Os oc c|ccce ce Sec|||e.
|o.eo|Ou c CA|\.
Fm /uo|O ce 1948 e|e |os|c|Ou
umc co|eoc oum cOo|O e|e.ccO
geOg|c||ccmeo|e. cc|c me||O|
|ececQcO ce s|oc|s. |e||cosm|||u O
s|oc| .|c cccO. uscocO
cmc||||cccO|es .c|.u|ccOs e mOoO
ccoc|s cO |OogO cc ||o|c. cc|c
suc |eg|cO e cOc|Ou ce seus
.|z|o|Os cc|c |ecece|em esse
s|oc|. Su|g|c c| c c||me||c
Oce|ccO|c ce CA|\ cO muocO.
A |os|c|cQcO e|c ccs|co|e cc|c.
c|egcocO c ceo|eocs ce cO|c|es
cO| ccsc e c meosc||ccce e|c em
|O|oO ce JS3.00.
Fs|e se|.|QO que su|g|u cc|c
c|eoce| cs |Occ||ccces sem s|oc|
cO| umc |ees||u|u|cQcO ce ccoc|s
Fc c|sOos
3
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
Em 152, ex|sI|cm cpencs 7C pequencs s|sIemcs
func|cncnoc ncs EsIcocs dn|ocs. Dez cncs oepc|s
e|es j e|cm 7CC. Nc enIcnIc, c p||me||c s|sIemc
oe |eoe ncc|cnc| sc fc| ccnc|eI|zcoc em 175 ccm
c oesenvc|v|menIc nc Iecnc|cg|c ocs scIe||Ies.
Cnc|| es Dc| cn e e|c| o |ev| n,
ocncs oc SIe|||ng McnncIIcn Ccc|e,
fc|cm cs p||me||cs c cpcsIc| nc !\
pcgc. /c|eo|Icnoc que cs pessccs
ncc se |ecusc||cm c pcgc| pc| umc
p|cg|cmccc fc|c oc ccnvenc|cnc|,
cs oc|s c||c|cm c SIe|||ng Mcv|e
NeIwc||, que oepc|s pcsscu c se
cncmc| cme Bcx ff|ce BJ.
/Iuc|menIe c C/!\ nc|Ie-cme||ccnc
o| spcn| c| | | zc pc|c seus 5
m||nces oe css|ncnIes mc|s oe 5CC
ccnc| s, mcv| menIcnoc um
me|ccoc oe ce|cc oe dS$ 25 c||nces.
Nc B|cs||, c c|ocoe oe Scc Jcse ocs Ccmpcs SPJ
fc| c p|cne||c. Em 17, fc| |nsIc|coc c p||me||c
s|sIemc oe o|sI||cu|cc oe s|nc|s oe C/!\, que
cfe|ec|c seIe ccnc|s oe \|. !|eze cncs oepc|s cs
c|ocoes oe P|es|oenIe P|uoenIe SPJ, ScnIc /ncsIc|c
SPJ e |cno|| nc PRJ |ecece|cm um s| sIemc
pc|ec|oc. cje j ex|sIem mu|Ics cpe|coc|cs e c
nume|c cumenIc c ccoc o|c, c meo|oc que c
gcve|nc |ec||zc c ||ce|ccc oe cuIc|gcs, mcs
esI| mc-se um nume|c mc| c| oc que 1CC
cpe|coc|cs oe C/!\ func|cncnoc nc pc|s, ccm mc|s
oe 1,8 m||ncc oe css|ncnIes c que |ep|esenIc
cp|cx|mcocmenIe 4% oc me|ccoc oe !\ pcgc.
Acc|e||O |e|e.|sO| cOs
coOs 40.
FmcO|c c |ecoO|Og|c
|eo|c e.O|u|cO mu||O c|e
Os c|cs ce |O/e. O c||oc|c|O
ce|mcoece O mesmO.
A g|coce muccoQc |O|
oc c|.e|s|ccce ce se|.|QOs
que c |ece |O/e cOce
O|e|ece| |o|e|oe|. c,-e|-
\|ew e Ou||Os}.
|S!R|C D/ C/ |S!R|C D/ C/
|S!R|C D/ C/ |S!R|C D/ C/ |S!R|C D/ C/!\ !\
!\ !\ !\
4
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
especI|c oe f|equenc|cs ocs I|cnsm|ssces v|c
c| e ccsIcnIe segmenIcoc, ncjc v|sIc que cs
se| v| cs e Iecnc| cg| cs fc|cm ncscenoc em
epcccs o|fe|enIes. Pc| esse mcI|vc, Iemcs cs
ccnc|s oe !\ espc|ncocs em f|equenc|cs que vcc
oesoe \| cIe d|.
/s em|ssc|cs oe !\ I|cnsm|Iem sucs p|cg|cmc-
ces oesenncs, f||mes, Ie|ejc|nc|s, eIc.J ncs fc|xcs
ccnnec|ocs ccmc \|-|, \|- e d|. Ccmc ccoc
ccnc| Iem umc Bcnoc Bcnoc Bcnoc Bcnoc Bcnoc oe Mz, Ie|emcs umc
qucnI|ocoe oe 5 ccnc|s oe ccc|oc ccm c
/N/!E|J. especI|c oe f|equenc|c pc|c c c| esI
|ep|esenIcoc ccc|xc.
Emcc|c Ienncmcs 5 ccnc|s, ncc pcoemcs
uI|||zc| ccnc|s v|z|nncs cojccenIes J nc c|, pc|que
um |nIe|fe|e nc cuI|c. DesIc fc|mc, c qucnI|ocoe
efeI|vc se |eouz pc|c cp|cx|mcocmenIe 34 ccnc|s.
dmc ccns|oe|ccc |e|evcnIe que oeve se|
|ec| | zcoc e que nc I|cnsm| sscc v| c c| ex| sIe
ccsI|ucc oe s|nc|s, que nc|mc|menIe ccc||e em
|eg|ces ccm Icpcg|cf|c cc|oenIcoc, fczenoc ccm
que c |ecepcc em c|guns pcnIcs sejc |nex|sIenIe
cu ccm n| ve| mu| Ic cc| xc cu s| nc| ccsIcnIe
|u|ocscJ.
ESPEC!R DE |REdNC|/S
0. 0ECD 0. 0ECD 0. 0ECD 0. 0ECD 0. 0ECD ||equency ||equency ||equency ||equency ||equency
3-30 |z} 3-30 |z} 3-30 |z} 3-30 |z} 3-30 |z}
|c|\c ce ||equeoc|c cOmumeo|e u||||zccc
em cOmuo|ccQcO ce |cc|O cmccO| e
s|s|emc ce cc|\c cOo||cc|||ccce.
\| \ \| \ \| \ \| \ \| \e| e| e| e| e| y |gn | y |gn | y |gn | y |gn | y |gn ||equency |equency |equency |equency |equency
30 300 |z} 30 300 |z} 30 300 |z} 30 300 |z} 30 300 |z}
|c|\c oc quc| ||ccc||cm s|s|emcs ce |\
ce ccoc|s cce||Os Ccoc| 2 cO 13}. |cc|Os
|| e se|.|QOs cOo|O c cOo|O usccOs cO|
O||c|c |||||c| e |O|Qcs A|mcccs.
S| Supe| |gn S| Supe| |gn S| Supe| |gn S| Supe| |gn S| Supe| |gn
||equency ||equency ||equency ||equency ||equency
3 30 Oz} 3 30 Oz} 3 30 Oz} 3 30 Oz} 3 30 Oz}
oce scO |ec||zcccs ||cosm|sses .|c
sc|e|||e e eo|cces ce |cc|O c|g||c| cc|c usO
em |e|e|Oo|c e mu||Os Ou||Os.
*=@= *=@= *=@= *=@= *=@=
CO||escOoce c |c|gu|c cO ccoc|.
54 88 174 216 470 806
UHF
14-49
(54CH)
Outros Servios
VHF-H
7-13
(7CH)
O
u
t
r
o
s

S
e
r
v
i

o
s

S
i
s
t
e
m
a
s
A
e
r
o
n

u
t
i
c
o
s
R

d
i
o

F
M
VHF-L
2-6
(5CH)
*||equenc|os en Mz *||equenc|os en Mz *||equenc|os en Mz *||equenc|os en Mz *||equenc|os en Mz
d| d|I|c |gn d| d|I|c |gn d| d|I|c |gn d| d|I|c |gn d| d|I|c |gn
||equency ||equency ||equency ||equency ||equency
300 3000 |z} 300 3000 |z} 300 3000 |z} 300 3000 |z} 300 3000 |z}
c||e cO escec||O ce
||equeoc|c que O|e|ece umc
c|.e|s|ccce ccs|co|e g|coce
ce se|.|QOs. |c|s cOmO |\
cce||c ccoc|s 14 c o9}.
ce|u|c|. |cc|Os mOcem.
||DS. e|c.
Fscec||O ce ||equeoc|cs oO c|
5
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
ucocO |oc|ccmOs oO mec|cO| . c
||equeoc|c ce um ccoc|. oc .e|ccce
es|cmOs |oc|ccocO suc `||equeoc|c mc|s
|mcO||co|e . ccoc| 2 cO| e\emc|O. |em c
`||equeoc|c mc|s |mcO||co|e ce 55.25 |z.
mcs .c| ce 54 c o0 |z.
Cccc cccx| c| Cccc cccx| c| Cccc cccx| c| Cccc cccx| c| Cccc cccx| c|
F umc es||u|u|c |ucu|c| cOm um cOocu|O|
|o|e|oO cO| Ooce ||c|egc O s|oc|. A secc|cQcO
cO cOocu|O| e\|e|oO e |e||c cO| um mc|e||c|
|sO|co|e. cOocu|O| e\|e|oO. cO| eo.O|.e| cO|
cOmc|e|O O cOocu|O| |o|e|oO. |uoc|Ooc cOmO
umc c|O|eQcO c||occgem} cc|c |mcec|| O
.czcmeo|O ce s|oc| Ou O |og|essO ce
|o|e||e|eoc|cs.
|c|O|es ce|c||es se|cO cc|eseo|ccOs |c|O|es ce|c||es se|cO cc|eseo|ccOs |c|O|es ce|c||es se|cO cc|eseo|ccOs |c|O|es ce|c||es se|cO cc|eseo|ccOs |c|O|es ce|c||es se|cO cc|eseo|ccOs
oO |Oc|cO sOc|e cccOs cOc\|c|s. oO |Oc|cO sOc|e cccOs cOc\|c|s. oO |Oc|cO sOc|e cccOs cOc\|c|s. oO |Oc|cO sOc|e cccOs cOc\|c|s. oO |Oc|cO sOc|e cccOs cOc\|c|s.
s p|cc|emcs oe ccsI|ucc ncc scc scncocs pc|
ccmp|eIc, pc|s c sc|ucc ncc oepenoe scmenIe
oc n|ve| oe pcIenc|c que ncc pcoe cumenIc| oe
fc|mc |||m|Icoc, mcs esIcc |e|cc|cncocs Icmcem
ccm v|scoc o||eIc, cu sejc, c cnIenc oe |ecepcc
Iem que ve| c oe I|cnsm|sscc.
Nc ccsc oc cccc cccx|c| cccc cccx|c| cccc cccx|c| cccc cccx|c| cccc cccx|c|, suc ccnsI|Iu|cc f|s|cc
ccnf|nc c s|nc|, cu sejc, c s|nc| que esI oenI|c oe|e
ncc | nIe| fe|e, nem scf|e | nIe| fe|enc| c. Essc
cc|ccIe||sI|cc e ccnsequenc|c oc c||nocgem
|ec||zcoc pe|c mc|nc exIe|nc que, pc| se| cIe||coc,
ccnf|nc c s|nc| oc cccc. DesIc fc|mc, pcoemcs
uI|||zc| fc|xcs oc especI|c que scc uI|||zcocs pc|c
cuI|cs se|v|cs nc I|cnsm|sscc oc c|.
Ccmc c cccc cccx|c| Iem c pcss|c|||ocoe oe
I|ccc|nc| ccm umc ccnoc mu|Ic |c|gc, cu sejc,
ccm |c|gu|c oe fc|xc ccsIcnIe cmp|c, cs |eoes se|cc
ccoc vez mc|s uI|||zcocs ncc sc pc|c se|v|cs oe !\
pc| css|ncIu|c, mcs Icmcem ccmc |eoes oe se|v|cs
pc|c Ie|eccmun|ccces, p||nc|pc|menIe oev|oc cc
p|ccessc oe o|g|Ic||zccc ocs s|sIemcs oe Ie|ev|scc.
\ejc ccc|xc c esquemc oe o|v|scc oc especI|c
oe f|equenc|cs nc s|sIemc oe C/!\.
5 42 54 88 12 0 17 4 21 6 30 0 45 0 55 0 75 0
R
e
t
u
r
n

B
a
n
d
VHF-L
2-6
(5 CH)
Mid-Band
A-I
(9 CH)
VHF-H
7-13
(7 CH)
S
u
p
e
r

B
a
n
d
J
-
W

(
1
4

C
H
)
Hiper Band
AA-ZZ
(26 CH)


H
i
p
e
r

B
a
n
d
6
3
-
7
8

(
1
6

C
H
)
Sinais Digitais
*||equenc| os en Mz *||equenc| os en Mz *||equenc| os en Mz *||equenc| os en Mz *||equenc| os en Mz
ESPEC!R DE |REdNC|/S
Fscec||O ce ||equeoc|cs oO cccO
CccO cOc\|c|
6
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
Nc cccc scc uI|||zcocs em \| cs mesmcs
f|equenc| cs que ncs I|cnsm| ssces cff-c| |, nc
enIcnIc, esIe I|pc oe p|cceo|menIc ncc e cocIcoc
ccm cs ccnc|s pc|c que ncc ccc||cm p|cc|emcs
oe |nIe|fe|enc|c. Ccmc exemp|c, pcoemcs fc|c|
oe umc c|ocoe que Ienoc c I|cnsm|sscc cff-c|| nc
ccnc| 2, nc cccc esIe ccnc| se| cc mx|mc
ev|Icoc.
Em d| cs ccnc|s oe C/!\ scc oes|cccocs ocs
ccnc|s cff-c|| oe 2 Mz pc|c m|n|m|zc| pcss|ve|s
|nIe|fe|enc|cs.
|n|c|c|menIe cs ccnc|s fc|cm |oenI|f|ccocs pc|
| eI|cs, mcs cIuc| menIe scc | oenI| f| ccocs pc|
nume|cs.
Se v|suc||zc|mcs c cnexc 3, nc f|nc| oc cpcsI||c,
ve|emcs que cs ccnc|s /5,/4 e /3 5, e 7J
esIcc oenI|c oc fc|xc oe |M enqucnIc que c /2 e c
/1 8 e J esIcc cem p|cx|mcs. Pc| esIe mcI|vc
scc qucse semp|e ev|Icocs oev|oc c p|cc|emcs
oe |nIe|fe|enc|cs, ncjc v|sIc que em Icoc g|cnoe
c|ocoe c ccnoc oe |M semp|e e |c|gcmenIe
uI|||zcoc.
Ccmc ncc ex|sIe IcIc| seme|ncnc enI|e c
especI|c oe f|equenc|cs cff-c|| e C/!\, e oe
g|cnoe |mpc|Inc|c c usc oe ccnve|sc|es que
|ec||zcm c ccnve|scc oe quc|que| ccnc|, pc|c c
ccnc| 3 cu 4 pe|m|I|noc que c css|ncnIe pcssc
fcze| usc oe um Ie|ev|sc| ccnvenc|cnc|.
Ccm c scf|sI|cccc ocs se|v|cs, c equ|pcmenIc
oc css|ncnIe oe|xcu oe se| s|mp|esmenIe um
ccnve|sc| pc|c Icmcem cssum|| c funcc oe
oecco|f|ccoc| nc ccsc ocs ccnc|s cco|f|ccocs
p|cIeg|ocsJ
Evc|ucc oc ccnoc Evc|ucc oc ccnoc Evc|ucc oc ccnoc Evc|ucc oc ccnoc Evc|ucc oc ccnoc
em C/ em C/ em C/ em C/ em C/!\ : !\ : !\ : !\ : !\ :
AoOs 40. AoOs 40. AoOs 40. AoOs 40. AoOs 40.
JsO ce cmc||||cccO|es .c|.u|ccOs e
mOoOccoc|s.
|cO e|cm usccOs ccoc|s cc/cceo|es e Os
mc|s cOmuos e|cm 2. 4 e o.
AoOs 50. AoOs 50. AoOs 50. AoOs 50. AoOs 50.
|c me|cce ces|c cecccc su|g|cm Os
cmc||||cccO|es .c|.u|ccOs ce ccocc |c|gc.
cOm c||cs cO|eoc|cs. que cmc||||cc.cm c|e
12 ccoc|s s|mu||coecmeo|e.
c|c ocO ge|c| c|Oc|emcs cOmO
mOcu|cQcO c|uzccc e |o|e||e|eoc|c eo||e
cO||ccO|cs. Os cmc||||cccO|es ||ccc||c.cm
cOm cc|\cs cO|eoc|cs e gco|Os |ecuz|cOs.
AoOs o0. AoOs o0. AoOs o0. AoOs o0. AoOs o0.
|c cecccc ce o0 c |o|O|mcQcO ce cO|
|ez cOm O que c quco||ccce ce eoe|g|c
ceo||O cO ccoc| cumeo|csse e cOm |ssO.
mu||cs |eces ||.e|cm que se| |ecOos||u|ccs
cc|c mco|e| c quc||ccce. |es|c cecccc
su|g||cm Os c||me||Os cmc||||cccO|es
||cos|s|O||zccOs cOm usO ce AOC COo||O|e
Au|Omc||cO ce Oco|O}. |O ||oc| ces|c
cecccc. Os Oce|ccO|es cOmeQc|cm c
u||||zc| c ccocc ce 5 c 30 |z cc|c
||cosm|sscO ce s|oc|s ce .|ceO oc c||eQcO
|e.e|sc cc |ece su|g|ocO c| Os cmc||||cccO|es
cOm ccm|o|O |e.e|sO.
ESPEC!R DE |REdNC|/S
7
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
AoOs Z0. AoOs Z0. AoOs Z0. AoOs Z0. AoOs Z0.
COm c eo||ccc ce cOmuo|ccQes .|c
sc|e|||e. c quco||ccce ce se|.|QOs ce
c|Og|cmcQcO cumeo|Ou cOos|ce|c.e|meo|e.
c|c ccOmcco|c| es|c |eoceoc|c Os
Oce|ccO|es oecess||c.cm ce cmc||||cccO|es
cOm mc|O| ccccc|ccce ce ccoc|s. c|c
c|eoce| es|c oecess|ccce. |O|cm
ceseo.O|.|cOs Os cmc||||cccO|es
||cos|s|O||zccOs cus|-cu|| que O|e|ec|cm
mc|O| quc||ccce cO|s cs c|s|O|Qes ce
seguocc O|cem e|cm mu||O cc|\cs. COm
|ssO Os cmc||||cccO|es cOmeQc|cm c
|escOoce| ce 50 c|e 300 |z.
AoOs 80. AoOs 80. AoOs 80. AoOs 80. AoOs 80.
Fo||ccc cOs cmc||||cccO|es cOm |escOs|c
ce 50 c 550 |z cOm O usO ce ||c||cOs
u||||zcocO cmc||||cccO|es cOm cuc|O cus|-
cu||. c|c c |ecuQcO ccs c|s|O|Qes oO ||oc|
cc cecccc su|g|u c |eco|cc |eec-|O|wc|c
cc|c Os cmc||||cccO|es e O usO ce cccOs
Oc||cOs em sucs|||u|QcO cOs ||OocOs cOc\|c|s.
AoOs ce 90. AoOs ce 90. AoOs ce 90. AoOs ce 90. AoOs ce 90.
COosO||ccQcO cc ccocc ce 50 c
Z50 |z e O usO cc |ece cc|c Ou||Os
se|.|QOs |c|s cOmO \ c, ce| .|ew } . |\ ce
c||c ce||o|QcO. ccessO c |o|e|oe| ceo||e
Ou||Os.
/ ccnoc oe |eIc|nc fc| |n|c|c|menIe penscoc
ccmc um especI|c oesI|ncoc c usc espec|f|cc ocs
p|cp||cs cpe|coc|cs. Ccm c pcssc| oc Iempc esIc
ccnoc esIc gcnncnoc ccoc vez mc|s |mpc|Inc|c
e j se cp|esenIc ccm umc g|cnoe v|c pc|c I|cfegc
oe ococs pcy-pe|-v|ew, |nIe|neI ,enI|e cuI|csJ .
/|guns cpc|e|ncs oe !\ cfe|ecem c pcss|c|||ocoe
oe s|nIcn|zc| cuI|c pco|cn|zccc oe f|equenc|cs
cncmcocs oe RC RC RC RC RC pc|Icoc|cs nc|mcn|ccmenIe
|e|cc|cncocsJ e |RC |RC |RC |RC |RC pc|Icoc|cs |ncce|enIemenIe
|e|cc|cncocsJ.
EsIcs fc|mcs oe ccnc||zccc fc|cm c||cocs cc
|cngc oc n|sIc||c nc |nIu|Ic oe |eouz|| c |nIe|fe|enc|c
enI|e cs ccnc|s.
Em ncsscs |eoes uI|||zcmcs c ccnc||zccc S!D
SIcnoc|oJ.
ESPEC!R DE |REdNC|/S
8
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
ecoeno e c pcnIc cnoe
cnegcm Icocs cs s|nc|s que se|cc
I|cnsm|I|ocs pe|c s|sIemc oe C/!\.
!e| ev| scc e um se| v| c oe
cc|cngenc| c muno| c| Ienoc,
pc|IcnIc, mu| Ics vc|| cces em
Ie|mcs oe nc|mcI|zccc.
!coc e quc|que| I|pc oe s|nc| oe
v|oec e enquco|coc em um pco|cc
e s| sIemc, ccmc e ccmumenIe
ccc|ococ nc me|ccoc, cI|cves ocs
s|g|cs.
Ncs Ed/ usc-se c N!SCM, cnoe c N!SC s|gn|f|cc
c I|pc oe s|sIemc emp|egcoc pc|c I|cnsm|sscc oc
cc| enqucnIc c M e c fc|mc ccmc c |mcgem e
ccpIcoc pc| umc cme|c e |ep|couz|oc pe|c !\.
Nc B|cs|| uscmcs c P/|-M, cnoe P/| e c fc|mc
ccmc se p|ccessc c s|nc| cc|c||oc e M c fc|mc
ccmc se p|couz e |ep|couz c s|nc|.
/|em oc s|nc| oe v|oec scf|e| vc||cces oe umc
p|cg|cmccc pc|c cuI|c, ex|sIem o|fe|encs
s|gn|f|ccI|vcs enI|e c fc|mc oe I|cnsm|sscc oe ccoc
p|cg|cmccc.
Em c|guns ccscs c p|cg|cmccc cnegc cIe c
ecoeno cI|cves oe en|cces cpI|ccs c|Ic quc||oc-
oeJ, em cuI|cs pc| scIe||Ie, pc| |ecepcc oe s|nc|s
oc c| s|nc|s cce|Ics oe !\J, eIc.
Ccmc se ncc ccsIcssem Icocs esIcs o|fe|encs,
cs s|nc|s cnegcm cIe c ecoeno oe o|sInc|cs
o| fe|enIes p|ec| scnoc scf|e| cmp| | f| ccces,
equc||zcces e mu|Ics cuI|cs p|ccesscmenIcs, ccoc
o|c mc|s ccmuns.
E/DEND E/DEND
E/DEND E/DEND E/DEND
||SC ||SC ||SC ||SC ||SC ` |c||Ooc| |e|e.|s|Oo S,s|em
COmm|||ee Fs|c |O| c cOm|sscO |escOosc.e|
cO| oO|mc||zc| e cce||e|QOc| O s|s|emc ce
|e|e.|scO cO|O||cc ceseo.O|.|cO ce|c |CA oc
cecccc ce 40.
s|s|emc |o|c|Ou sucs Oce|cQes em 1953
e e ccO|ccO oc mc|O||c cOs cc|ses cO
|em|s|e||O Oc|ceo|c| Fs|ccOs Jo|cOs.
Ccoccc. JcccO e Ou||Os.
A| A| A| A| A| |cse A||e|oc||Oo c, ||oe Fs|e
s|s|emc |O| ceseo.O|.|cO oc A|emco|c e e um
cce||e|QOcmeo|O cO ||SC. Fs|e s|s|emc e
ccO|ccO oc A|emco|c. |og|c|e||c. 8|cs|| e em
Ou||Os cc|ses.
SFCA| SFCA| SFCA| SFCA| SFCA| Sequeoce COu|eu| c
|emO||e S|s|emc ||coces ce cO|. e u||||zccO
oc |uss|c. em .c||Os cc|ses cc A|||cc. c|em cc
||coQc.
ecceoc
9
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
Tx ptico na
emissora
Fibra
ptica
RX de fibra
ptica
Processador
de sinal
(VHF/UHF)
RX Satlite +
Decodificador
Modulador
+
Combinador
TX ptico
Rede Externa
Feeder
RX ptico
Fibra ptica
Tap
L
Decoder
Sistema de cobrana
e de informaes
Sistema de gerenciamento
de assinantes e monitorao
de rede
H HE EA AD DE EN ND D
D|cg|cmc ce um eccenc
E/DEND E/DEND
E/DEND E/DEND E/DEND
Nc |n|c|c ocs s|sIemcs, Icocs cs s|nc|s cnegcvcm
nc ecoeno ccm fc|mcIc cnc|cg|cc. /Iuc|menIe
ex|sIem p|cveoc|es que o|spcn|c|||zcm c s|nc| nc
fc|mc cnc| cg| cc, enqucnIc cuI|cs nc fc|mc
o|g|Ic|, fczenoc usc oe cco|f|cccc.
Pc| Icocs esIcs o|fe|encs, ex|sIe c necess|ocoe
oe ccncenI|c| Icocs cs s|nc|s em um sc pcnIc, nc
|nIu|Ic oe fcze| ccm que cs oes|guc|ocoes enI|e cs
mc| s vc|| cocs s| nc| s sej cm sc| uc| cncocs,
pe|m|I|noc que Icocs cs css|ncnIes |ececcm em
suc ccsc Icocs cs s|nc|s oc mesmc fc|mc.
/I|cves oc f|gu|c c segu||, pcoemcs v|suc||zc| c
o|cg|cmc oe um ecoeno.
10
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
P PP PPcy cy cy cy cy-pe| -pe| -pe| -pe| -pe|- -- --v| ew v| ew v| ew v| ew v| ew
cgue cc|c \e|. se|.|QO
O|e|ec|cO ce|cs Oce|ccO|cs
ce |\ cO| css|oc|u|c cOs
c||eo|es.
Fs|e se|.|QO cOo|em
c|Og|cmcQcO c||e|eoc|ccc
cc usuc|meo|e O|e|ec|cc.
cOmO |||mes |ecem
|coQccOs. s|Ows e\c|us|.Os.
||oc|s ce ccmceOoc|Os.
cu|sOs e e|c.
c||eo|e ccgc cceocs cO
que qu|se| css|s|||. qucocO
cese/c|. ceo||O cO O|e|ec|cO
oO mOmeo|O.
DenI|c oesIc ccno|cc, um ecoeno c|em oe
Ie| Icocs cs equ|pcmenIcs oe p|ccesscmenIc,
Icmcem pcssu| equ|pcmenIcs oe |nsI|umenIccc.
EsIes |nsI|umenIcs nc|mc|menIe scc:
- /nc||scoc|es oe EspecI|c
- /nc||scoc|es oe \|oec
- Meo|oc|es oe N|ve|
- EnI|e cuI|cs
Ccmc cpcs Icoc c p|ccesscmenIc cs ccnc|s
oevem se| |nse||ocs nc |eoe, pcoem ex|sI|| oucs
s|Iucces:
cJ cJ cJ cJ cJ |nse|cc oc s|nc| nc |eoe cccx|c| |nse|cc oc s|nc| nc |eoe cccx|c| |nse|cc oc s|nc| nc |eoe cccx|c| |nse|cc oc s|nc| nc |eoe cccx|c| |nse|cc oc s|nc| nc |eoe cccx|c|
NesIe ccsc, | cgc cpcs c ccmc| ncoc|, e
cc|cccoc um cmp||f|ccoc| I|cncc|, que cfe|ece|
c n|ve| oe sc|oc oc ecoeno necess||c pc|c c
|eoe.
cJ cJ cJ cJ cJ |nse|cc oc s|nc| nc |eoe |C |nse|cc oc s|nc| nc |eoe |C |nse|cc oc s|nc| nc |eoe |C |nse|cc oc s|nc| nc |eoe |C |nse|cc oc s|nc| nc |eoe |C
Ccmc nesIc s|Iuccc c I|cncc e ccnsI|u|oc ccm
||c|c pI|cc, ex|sI|| nc pcnIc f|nc| oc ecoeno
um I|cnsm|ssc| cpI|cc. EsIe equ|pcmenIc |ec||zc cs
Ic|efcs oe ccnve|Ie| c s|nc| e|eI||cc em cpI|cc e
|nse||-|c oev|ocmenIe mcou|coc nc f|c|c.
E/DEND E/DEND
E/DEND E/DEND E/DEND
11
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
D|S!R|Bd|/ D|S!R|Bd|/
D|S!R|Bd|/ D|S!R|Bd|/ D|S!R|Bd|/
O|coces |eces ||ee coc c|coc|
cOcem |e| c|e o0 cmc||||cccO|es em
ccscc|c.
/|qu|IeIu|c !|ee cno B|cncn /|qu|IeIu|c !|ee cno B|cncn /|qu|IeIu|c !|ee cno B|cncn /|qu|IeIu|c !|ee cno B|cncn /|qu|IeIu|c !|ee cno B|cncn
s p||me||cs s|sIemcs oe o|sI||cu|cc oe s|nc|s
uI|||zcvcm esIe I|pc oe c|qu|IeIu|c !|ee cno B|cncn
- /|vc|es e c|ncs, oev|oc c seme|ncnc ex|sIenIeJ,
cnoe um cccc I|cncc|, ccm c||gem nc ecoeno
CenI|c| oe p|ccesscmenIc e o|sI||cu|ccJ, pcsscvc
pe|cs v||cs |eg|ces c se|em cIeno|ocs. DesIe I|cncc
se fcz|cm oe||vcces pc|c cIenoe| pequencs |ecs.
De ccc|oc ccm c necess|ocoe cc|cccm-se
cmp||f|ccoc|es nc pe|cu|sc pc|c que cs s|nc|s
pcsscm se| |ecupe|cocs.
cse|ve que pc|c cI|ng|| oeIe|m|ncocs |ecs, um
nume|c mc|c| oe cmp||f|ccoc|es se fcz necess||c.
)HGKEJAJKH= 6 )HGKEJAJKH= 6 )HGKEJAJKH= 6 )HGKEJAJKH= 6 )HGKEJAJKH= 6HAA =@ *H=?D HAA =@ *H=?D HAA =@ *H=?D HAA =@ *H=?D HAA =@ *H=?D
D|cg|cmc ce umc |ece ||ee coc 8|coc|
12
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
P PP PPcssc usc| esIc |eoe pc|c cssc usc| esIc |eoe pc|c cssc usc| esIc |eoe pc|c cssc usc| esIc |eoe pc|c cssc usc| esIc |eoe pc|c
se| se| se| se| se| v| cs | nIe|cI| vcs ? v| cs | nIe|cI| vcs ? v| cs | nIe|cI| vcs ? v| cs | nIe|cI| vcs ? v| cs | nIe|cI| vcs ?
|O |o|c|O qucocO c |ce|c e|c cceocs O
eo.|O ce cOucOs s|oc|s ce .O||c cc|c O
ecceoc . es|cs |eces |uoc|Ooc|cm
|czOc.e|meo|e cem.
O|em. cc|c Os oO.Os se|.|QOs. cOmO
oecess||cmOs cO eo.|O ce mu||cs
|o|O|mcQes. es|c |ece ocO c|eoce |cO cem.
COmO |OcO O s|s|emc cOo.e|ge cc|c um
cOo|O uo|cO. c||c.es ce um uo|cO ccm|o|O.
|c.e|c um e|e||O c|cmccO ce c|uo||cmeo|O
ce |u|cO que cOce|c |o|e||Omce| O se|.|QO.
COmO O esccQO |ese|.ccO cc|c O |e|O|oO ce
|o|O|mcQes e mu||O cequeoO se
cOmcc|ccO cO ccm|o|O cO ecceoc cO
css|oco|e. es|c ccocc ce.e se| mu||O cem
u||||zccc cc|c O|e|ece| quc||ccce ce se|.|QO.
Ccccs: Ccccs: Ccccs: Ccccs: Ccccs:
s cccOs u||||zccOs oc |ece scO cem mc|s
||g|cOs que cque|es que u||||zcmOs ocs
|es|ceoc|cs. cO|em cOcem |e.c| Os s|oc|s c
c|s|coc|cs cem mc|O|es200. C|cmcmOs ce
cccOs ||Oocc|s cque|es que .cO oc ||o|c
||OocO cOmO em umc c|.O|e} e cccOs ce
c||meo|cQcO Ou |eece|s} cque|es que .cO
oOs |cmOs ce c||meo|cQcO cOs css|oco|es. Jc
Os cccOs cOs css|oco|es scO ||e\|.e|s e |em O
oOme ce cccOs ce c|Oc cccO ce cesc|cc}.
!ec||ccmenIe ncc ncve||c quc|que| p|cc|emc,
pc|que esIes cmp||f|ccoc|es cpencs |ecupe|c||cm
cs s|nc|s oev|oc cIenuccc que scf|e|cm ou|cnIe
c pe|cu|sc. Pc|em, um cmp||f|ccoc| pc|c |ecupe|c|
c fc|c oc s|nc|, cc|escenIc um pcucc oe |u|oc.
DesIc fc|mc, css|ncnIes oe |ecs mc|s cfcsIcocs
oc ecoeno |ececem s|nc|s ccm umc quc||ocoe
|nfe||c| em |e|ccc que|es mc|s p|cx|mcs.
Ccmc ncc ncv| c Iecnc| cg| c que puoesse
e||m|nc| esIe efe|Ic, cs cpe|coc|cs cc|cu|cvcm sucs
|eoes oe Ic| fc|mc que, nc p|c| ccsc, c quc||ocoe
ocs s|nc|s fcsse cce|Ive|, gc|cnI|noc css|m que
Icocs |ecece|| cm cs s| nc| s oenI|c oe
oeIe|m|ncocs pco|ces.
uI|c p|cc|emc ccm |e|ccc c esIc c|qu|IeIu|c
se||c c pcss|c|||ocoe oe p|cc|emcs em c|gum ocs
mu|Ics cmp||f|ccoc|es |nsIc|cocs cc |cngc oc ||nnc,
fczenoc ccm que um nume|c e| evcoc oe
css|ncnIes f|ccsse sem |ecece| c p|cg|cmccc.
/Iuc|menIe ccm c cumenIc oc oemcnoc pc|
mc|c| quc||ocoe e ccnf|cc|||ocoe, cs cpe|coc|cs
esIcc |eccnsI|u|noc sucs |eoes oe o|sI||cu|cc ccm
Iecnc|cg|cs mc|s cvcncocs.
D|S!R|Bd|/ D|S!R|Bd|/
D|S!R|Bd|/ D|S!R|Bd|/ D|S!R|Bd|/
)HGKEJAJKH= 6 )HGKEJAJKH= 6 )HGKEJAJKH= 6 )HGKEJAJKH= 6 )HGKEJAJKH= 6HAA =@ *H=?D HAA =@ *H=?D HAA =@ *H=?D HAA =@ *H=?D HAA =@ *H=?D
13
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
S|semos p|ccs S|semos p|ccs S|semos p|ccs S|semos p|ccs S|semos p|ccs
dm s|sIemc cs|cc oe I|cnsm|sscc pc| f|c|cs
cpI|ccs esI |ep|esenIcoc nc f|gu|c c segu||.
CcmpcnenIes oc s| sIemc: CcmpcnenIes oc s| sIemc: CcmpcnenIes oc s| sIemc: CcmpcnenIes oc s| sIemc: CcmpcnenIes oc s| sIemc:
||c|c cpI|cc - ||c|c cpI|cc - ||c|c cpI|cc - ||c|c cpI|cc - ||c|c cpI|cc - me|c pe|c quc| c |uz p|cpcgc oe
um oeIe|m|ncoc pcnIc cuI|c.
CcnecIc|es - CcnecIc|es - CcnecIc|es - CcnecIc|es - CcnecIc|es - |espcnsve|s pe|c ccnexcc oc
em|ssc| cpI|cc f|c|c cpI|cc e oc f|c|c cpI|cc cc
oeIecIc| cpI|cc.
!|cnsm| ssc| - !|cnsm| ssc| - !|cnsm| ssc| - !|cnsm| ssc| - !|cnsm| ssc| - ccnve|Ie c s| nc| e| eI|| cc em
cpI|cc. o||ve| fc|nece c s|nc| e|eI||cc oev|ocmen-
Ie cocpIcoc pc|c c em|ssc| cpI|cc. EsIe em|ssc|
ccnve|Ie c s|nc| e|eI||cc em |uz, pcoenoc se| um
|ED cu um D|coc |cse|.
RecepIc| - RecepIc| - RecepIc| - RecepIc| - RecepIc| - Ccnve|Ie c s|nc| cpI|cc em s|nc|
e|eI||cc. oeIeIc| cpI|cc, pcoe se| um o|coc P|N cu
um fcIco|coc oe /vc|cncne /PDJ. / |nIe|fcce oe
sc|oc ccs|ccmenIe cmp||f|cc e |egene|c c s|nc|
e|eI||cc, se necess||c.
cs.: Pc| mc|s s|mp|es cu mc|s ccmp|exc que
sejcm, Icocs cs s|sIemcs oe I|cnsm|sscc pc| f|c|cs
cpI|ccs pcssuem cs e|emenIcs cc|mc c|Icocs.
||BR/ ||BR/
||BR/ ||BR/ ||BR/S P!|C/ S P!|C/
S P!|C/ S P!|C/ S P!|C/S S
S SS
|ED |ED |ED |ED |ED ||g|| Fm|ssO| D|Oce D|OcO
em|ssO| ce |uz. e O mc|s s|mc|es e cc|c|O
c|scOs|||.O sem|cOocu|O| em|ssO| ce |uz. suc
c||oc|cc| ces.co|cgem em cOmuo|ccQes
Oc||ccs e c g|coce |c|\c ce escec||O
|um|oOsO ge|ccO cO| esse
cOmcOoeo|e. Fmc|egccO
em s|s|emcs ce cu||cs
c|s|coc|cs e/Ou cc|\c
.e|Oc|ccce ce ||cosm|sscO.
D|D |/SER D|D |/SER D|D |/SER D|D |/SER D|D |/SER - -- --
D|scOs|||.O sem|cOocu|O| que
em||e |uz. suc c||oc|cc|
c||e|eoQc em |e|cQcO cO
|FD e que e|e em||e umc
|||cc|cQcO mu||O mc|s
cOe|eo|e e |o|eosc.
Fmc|egccO em s|s|emcs ce
|Oogcs c|s|coc|cs e/Ou c||c .e|Oc|ccce ce
||cosm|sscO.
| | | | |! !! !!D|D P|N D|D P|N D|D P|N D|D P|N D|D P|N - -- -- F um c|scOs|||.O
sem|cOocu|O| seos|.e| c .c||cQcO ce
|um|oOs|ccce. Ossu| c cc|cc|e||s||cc ce
.c||c| c suc |es|s|eoc|c |o|e|oc qucocO
|ecec|cOs es||mu|Os |um|oOsOs. c|em-se.
css|m. um s|oc| e|e|||cO |e|c||.O cO s|oc|
|um|oOsO
| | | | |! !! !!D| D DE / D| D DE / D| D DE / D| D DE / D| D DE /\ \\ \\/|/NCE /|/NCE /|/NCE /|/NCE /|/NCE
- - - - - D|scOs|||.O sem|cOocu|O| seos|.e| c .c||cQcO
ce |uz. COo|ec|cO cOmO AD A.c|coc|e
|O|Oc|Oce} e um ce|e|O| que cc|eseo|c
gco|O ce cO||eo|e |o|e|oO. ucocO
es||mu|ccO ce|c |uz. O cOmcOoeo|e
cOmcO||c-se ge|cocO umc cO||eo|e
cOo|O|me c .c||cQcO ce |uz. c|em-se ces|e
mOcO O s|oc| e|e|||cO cO||escOoceo|e c
.c||cQcO |um|oOsc.
14
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
dmc f|c|c cpI|cc e ccmpcsIc ccs|ccmenIe oe
mcIe||c| o|e|eI||cc I|cns|uc|oc mcIe||c| |sc|cnIe e
pc|c|c|menIe I|cnspc|enIeJ em ge|c|, s|||cc cu
p|sI|cc, segunoc umc |cngc esI|uIu|c c|||no||cc,
I|cnspc|enIe e f|ex|ve| oe o|mensces m|c|csccp|ccs,
ccmpc|ve|s c um f|c oe ccce|c.
/ esI|uIu|c cs| cc oe umc f| c|c cpI| cc e
fc|mcoc pc| umc |eg|cc cenI|c|, cncmcoc oe
nuc|ec nuc|ec nuc|ec nuc|ec nuc|ec, |eccce|Ic pc| umc ccmcoc Icmcem oe
mcIe||c| o|e|eI||cc, cncmcoc oe ccscc ccscc ccscc ccscc ccscc, ccmc
mcsI|coc nc f|gu|c ccc|xc.
/
ccmpcs|cc
oc f| c|c
cpI|cc, ccm
c mcIe|| c|
oc ccscc
pcs s u| noc
|no|ce oe |ef|ccc nJ |no|ce oe |ef|ccc nJ |no|ce oe |ef|ccc nJ |no|ce oe |ef|ccc nJ |no|ce oe |ef|ccc nJ ||ge||cmenIe |nfe||c| cc oc
nuc|ec, cfe|ece ccno|ces p|cpcgccc oe
ene|g|c |um|ncsc cI|cves oc seu nuc|ec. / f|c|c
cpI|cc ccnouz c |uz pc| sucess|vcs |ef|exces.
|no| ce oe Ref|ccc |no| ce oe Ref|ccc |no| ce oe Ref|ccc |no| ce oe Ref|ccc |no| ce oe Ref|ccc
F c |e|cQcO cc .e|Oc|ccce cc |uz oO
.ccuO e c .e|Oc|ccce cc |uz oO me|O em
ques|cO.
Fm ||c|cs Oc||ccs. e oecessc||O c
c||e|eoQc ce |oc|ce ce |e||cQcO eo||e O
ouc|eO e c ccscc cc|c OcO||e| |e||e\cO cc
|uz ceo||O cc ||c|c.
|sIc||cc oc ||c|c |sIc||cc oc ||c|c |sIc||cc oc ||c|c |sIc||cc oc ||c|c |sIc||cc oc ||c|c
|Omem |c mu||O |emcO cemOos||c O
|o|e|esse em ||cosm|||| |o|O|mcQes ce um
|ugc| c|s|co|e cc|c Ou||O. u||||zcocO c
cOmuo|ccQcO Oc||cc.
Fm 1Z90. oc ||coQc. C|cuce C|ccce
cOos|||u|u um |e|eg|c|O Oc||cO
e ||cosm|||u meoscgeos ce
c||s c ||||e. c umc c|s|coc|c
ce 230 |m. J||||zcocO-se
cc|c |s|O |O||es |o|e|mec|c||cs
cc|c ||cosm|||| s|oc|s mO.e|s
que e|cm .|s|Os cO|
|e|escOc|Os.
Fm 18Z0. O ||s|cO |og|es
JO|o |,occ|| cemOos||Ou O
c||oc|c|O cO gu|cmeo|O cc
|uz. A e\ce||eoc|c cOos|s||u em |o/e|c| |uz em
um /c|O ccguc ce um |ec|c|eo|e. .e||||cOu-
se que c |uz ce|cO|||c O |o|e||O| cO /c|O em
suc ||c/e|O||c.
||BR/ ||BR/
||BR/ ||BR/ ||BR/S P!|C/ S P!|C/
S P!|C/ S P!|C/ S P!|C/S S
S SS
F\ce||-
eoc|c
ce J|Oo
|,occ||
||c|c
Oc||cc
15
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
A|e\coce| O|c|cm 8e||. em
1880 cc|eo|eOu O |O|O|Ooe.
que cOss|c||||Ou c c||me||c
||cosm|sscO ce .Oz c||c.es cc
|uz ocO gu|ccc.
19o0. c||cQcO cO 1 |ASF|
19oo. su|ge c cOss|c|||ccce
ce se |e| um me|O ce
||cosm|sscO cc|Oc||ccO cc|c c
|uz cO |ASF|. Jm es|ucO
e|ccO|ccO cO| C|c||es |cO e
C|c||es Ock|cm. oc
|og|c|e||c c|Ocs c u||||zcQcO
ce ||c|cs ce .|c|O cc|c
||cosm|sscO cc |uz cO |ASF|.
u||O c|Oc|emc oes|c ecOcc
e|c c c|eoucQcO que e|c cc
O|cem ce 1000 c8/|m.
Fm 19Z0 OcO||e|cm
e.O|uQes s|go|||cc||.cs cOm
|e|cQcO c c|eoucQcO. c
CO|o|g O|css lO|ks c|Ocuz|u
umc ||c|c cOm ce|ccs ce
20 c8/|m.
Fm 19Z2. c c|eoucQcO ccs
em |ccO|c|O||O e|c cc O|cem
ce 4 c8/|m e em 19Z5 es|cs
||c|cs /c e|cm cOme|c|c|s.
O/e e|cs scO cc O|cem ce
0.2 c8/|m.
/ ccpcc|ocoe oe I|cnsm|sscc ccnoc pcsscnIeJ
oe umc f|c|c e funcc oe seu ccmp||menIc, oc suc
gecmeI||c e oe seu pe|f|| oe |no|ces oe |ef|ccc.
Nc ve|ocoe c g|cnoe ccpcc|ocoe oe I|cnsm|sscc
oeve-se cc fcIc oc especI|c c||g|nc| oe f|equenc|c
R| se| ccnve|I|oc pc|c c fc|xc oe |uz. Ccmc c
f|equenc|c oc |uz e mu|Ic mc|s e|evcoc que cs
uscocs em ccccs cccx|c|s, c ccnoc IcIc| oe C/!\
f|cc |eouz|oc c vc|c|es mu|Ic pequencs f|enIe c
ccpcc|ocoe oe I|cnsm|sscc oc f|c|c, pe|m|I|noc
cpe|cces ccm ccnocs e quc||ocoes cem mc|s
e|evcocs que numc |eoe cccx|c|.
\ \\ \\cnIcgens ocs | cnIcgens ocs | cnIcgens ocs | cnIcgens ocs | cnIcgens ocs ||c|cs pI|ccs |c|cs pI|ccs |c|cs pI|ccs |c|cs pI|ccs |c|cs pI|ccs
Bc|xc cIenuccc
EsIc cc|ccIe||sI|cc |ne|enIe f|c|c cpI|cc pcss|c|||Ic
en|cces oe g|cnoes o|sInc|cs, que ex|gem pcuccs
|epeI| oc|es cu |egene|coc|es oe s| nc| ,
|ep|esenIcnoc umc o|m|nu|cc ocs |nvesI|menIcs
nc s|sIemc, e oe gcsIcs ccm c mcnuIencc ocs
|epeI|oc|es.
Meio oe ! Meio oe ! Meio oe ! Meio oe ! Meio oe !ronsmissoo ronsmissoo ronsmissoo ronsmissoo ronsmissoo
Cobo Cooxiol PG 11
Cobo Cooxiol PG
Cobo Cooxiol PG 5
Fibro Monomooo
Afenuooo em Afenuooo em Afenuooo em Afenuooo em Afenuooo em
oB/Km (1GRz} oB/Km (1GRz} oB/Km (1GRz} oB/Km (1GRz} oB/Km (1GRz}
142,7
214,
24
0,2
||BR/ ||BR/
||BR/ ||BR/ ||BR/S P!|C/ S P!|C/
S P!|C/ S P!|C/ S P!|C/S S
S SS
16
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
|c|gu|c oe ccnoc
/ f|c|c pcssu| umc e|evcoc |c|gu|c oe ccnoc,
oc c|oem oe 1C

z 1 !zJ, que c|noc esI mu|Ic

o|sIcnIe oe se| uI|||zcoc, oev|oc ||m|Iccc ocs
equ|pcmenIcs e s|sIemcs e|eI|cn|ccs cIuc|s.
Ccmc c mcIe||c| que ccnsI|Iu| cs f|c|cs cpI|ccs e
o|e|eI||cc, esIcs ncc scc cfeIcocs pc| ccmpcs
e|eI|cmcgneI|ccs p|cx|mcs.
Bc|xc pesc
/ f|c|c cpI|cc pesc cp|cx|mcocmenIe 3C g/Km
e, se ccmpc|coc c um cccc cccx|c|, c cccc
cpI|cc pcssu| um pesc oez vezes menc|, c que
v|cc|||zc |nsIc|cces, fcc|||Icnoc c p|ccessc oe
|cncmenIc ocs ccccs.
Pequencs o|mensces
o|meI|c exIe|nc oe umc f|c|c cpI|cc e 125mm,
c que pcss|c|||Ic c fcc||cccc oe ccccs cpI|ccs
ccmpccIcs. /ss|m, cs ccccs cpI|ccs se Ic|ncm
cI|cI| vcs pc|c cp| | ccces, cnoe c espcc e
||m|Icoc e oeve-se fcze| umc ef|c|enIe uI|||zccc
oc espcc o|spcn|ve|, ccmc cv|ces, sucmc||ncs e
ouIcs cne|cs, p|cp|c|cnoc Icmcem fcc|||ocoe e
|cp|oez oe |nsIc|ccc.
S|g||c
/ |mpcss|c|||ocoe oe se |eI||c| cu |njeIc| s|nc|s
cpI|ccs cc |cngc oc f|c|c sem p|ejuo|cc| c s|sIemc,
Ic|nc-c c|IcmenIe segu|c.
|sc|ccc e|eI||cc
Ccmc cs mcIe||c|s que ccnsI|Iuem c f|c|c scc
o| e| eI|| ccs, v| o|c cu p| sI| cc, cs Ie|m| nc| s oe
ccmun| cccc esIcc | sc| cocs e| eI|| ccmenIe,
Ccccs pI|ccs
||BR/ ||BR/
||BR/ ||BR/ ||BR/S P!|C/ S P!|C/
S P!|C/ S P!|C/ S P!|C/S S
S SS
17
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
e||m|ncnoc c usc oe o|spcs|I|vcs oe p|cIecc
ccnI|c su|Ics cenIe|ncoc|esJ, pcss|c|||Icnoc suc
uI|||zccc em |ecs oe cImcsfe|c exp|cs|vc, pc| ncc
p|couz||em fc|sccmenIcs, c|em oe ncc ge|c|
|nIe|fe|enc|c em cuI|cs se|v|cs.
DesvcnIcgens ocs ||c|cs pI|ccs DesvcnIcgens ocs ||c|cs pI|ccs DesvcnIcgens ocs ||c|cs pI|ccs DesvcnIcgens ocs ||c|cs pI|ccs DesvcnIcgens ocs ||c|cs pI|ccs
/pesc| oe se|em mu|Ic vcnIcjcscs cs f|c|cs
cfe|ecem c|gumcs oesvcnIcgens:
/ccp|cmenIc e emenoc oc ||c|c pI|cc /ccp|cmenIc e emenoc oc ||c|c pI|cc /ccp|cmenIc e emenoc oc ||c|c pI|cc /ccp|cmenIc e emenoc oc ||c|c pI|cc /ccp|cmenIc e emenoc oc ||c|c pI|cc
Ex| sIem c| guns cu| ococs c se|em Icmcocs
qucnIc emenoc e ccnexcc ocs f|c|cs cpI|ccs
que qucnoc mc| fe|Ics, pcoem ccc||eIc| c pe|oc
oe g|cnoe pc|Ie oc pcIenc| c cpI| cc, esIes
p|cceo| menIcs |eque|em c uI| | | zccc oe
equ|pcmenIcs e fe||cmenIcs oe c|Ic p|ec|scc.
De|| vcces | | m| Icocs De|| vcces | | m| Icocs De|| vcces | | m| Icocs De|| vcces | | m| Icocs De|| vcces | | m| Icocs
Ex| sIem | | m| Icces qucnIc cc nume|c oe
oe|| vcces pcss| vcs, pc| s cs ccmpcnenIes
cccp|coc|esJ uI|||zcocs pc|c esIe f|m, ccuscm
g|cnoe cIenuccc oc s|nc|.
P PP PPco|cc ocs s|sIemcs cpI|ccs co|cc ocs s|sIemcs cpI|ccs co|cc ocs s|sIemcs cpI|ccs co|cc ocs s|sIemcs cpI|ccs co|cc ocs s|sIemcs cpI|ccs
Ncc ex|sIe um pco|cc cocIcoc muno|c|menIe,
pc| se I|cIc| oe umc Iecnc|cg|c em evc|ucc e ccm
g|cnoe nume|c oe cp||ccces |nexp|c|cocs.
||cg|||ocoe oc f|c|c cpI|cc ||cg|||ocoe oc f|c|c cpI|cc ||cg|||ocoe oc f|c|c cpI|cc ||cg|||ocoe oc f|c|c cpI|cc ||cg|||ocoe oc f|c|c cpI|cc
/ f|c|c qucnoc mcnusecoc sem c p|cIecc
mecn|cc |evesI|menIcJ esI suje|Ic quec|c ccm
mc|s fcc|||ocoe que cs me|cs ccnvenc|cnc|s
meI||ccsJ.
FmcO|c c
||c|c Oc||cc se/c
mu||O ||cg||.
ce.|cO c suc
escessu|c se
cOmcc|c|mOs c
suc |es|s|eoc|c
cOm c ce um ||O
ce cQO ce mesmc escessu|c. c
||c|c se mOs||c|c mc|s |es|s|eo|e
c ||cQcO.
mesmO ocO cOcemOs
c|ze|. se cO |o.es ce cu\c|mOs.
oOs c cu|.cmOs.
|es|e ccsO. O ||O ce cQO ||c
se cOc|c| e c ||c|c quec|c|c.
FmcO|c cc|eQc c|gO oegc||.O.
e ces|c |O|mc que cOcemOs
cO||c| c ||c|c.
COmO oO .|c|O. |czemOs
umc cequeoc mc|cc co|es
cc|c cecO|s cOc|c-|c. Ass|m.
e|e quec|c|c ce||e||cmeo|e
||ccocO sem mc|ccs. Dc-se O
oOme ce c||.cgem c es|e
c|OcessO ce quec|c Ou cO||e}
cc ||c|c.
||BR/ ||BR/
||BR/ ||BR/ ||BR/S P!|C/ S P!|C/
S P!|C/ S P!|C/ S P!|C/S S
S SS
|es|s|eoc|c cc ||c|c Oc||cc
18
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
Ncs |eoes ccm c|qu|IeIu|c |C n|c||ocs ccm
cccc cccx|c| e f|c|cJ cs ccccs e cmp||f|ccoc|es
I|cncc|s cque|es que scem oc ecoeno e |evcm
cs s|nc|s cIe cs |ecs c se|em cIeno|ocsJ scc
sucsI|Iu|ocs pc| f|c|cs cpI|ccs.
Pe|ceccm que ncc ex|sIem mc|s cmp||f|ccoc|es
enI|e c necoeno e cs |ecs c se|em cIeno|ocs,
pc|s ccmc cp|esenIcoc cnIe||c|menIe, cs f|c|cs
pe|m|Iem que cs s|nc|s sejcm env|cocs c o|sInc|cs
mu|Ic mc|c|es que cs ccccs cccx|c|s. DesIc fc|mc,
c cpe|coc|c ccnsegue fc|nece| umc quc||ocoe
oe s|nc| seme|ncnIe e me|nc| que em cuI|cs
c|qu|IeIu|csJ em Icocs cs |ecs cIeno|ocs.
D|S!R|Bd|/ D|S!R|Bd|/
D|S!R|Bd|/ D|S!R|Bd|/ D|S!R|Bd|/
)HGKEJAJKH= 0.+ )HGKEJAJKH= 0.+ )HGKEJAJKH= 0.+ )HGKEJAJKH= 0.+ )HGKEJAJKH= 0.+
N pfico
(Nooe}
N pfico
(Nooe}
N pfico
(Nooe}
N pfico
(Nooe}
D|cg|cmc ce umc |ece |C
19
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
NesIc c|qu|IeIu|c, cs cmp||f|ccoc|es enI|e c
ecoeno e cs |ecs c se|em cIeno| ocs scc
sucsI|Iu|ocs pc| I|cnsm|ssc|es cpI|ccs, f|c|cs cpI|ccs
e |ecepIc|es cpI|ccs. Ccoc |ec c se| cIeno|oc
Iem um |ecepIc| cpI|cc que |ecece c ncme oe
nc ncoeJ cpI|cc.
Ccoc nc cpI|cc cIenoe um nume|c ||m|Icoc oe
css|ncnIes em pcIenc|c| cme Pcsseo - PJ que
pcoe vc|| c| oe ccc|oc ccm c p|cj eIc oc
cpe|coc|c. /|gumcs p|cjeIcm cs ncs cpI|ccs oe
fc|mc que pcsscm |eouz|-|cs em p|ccesscs oe
expcnscc p|ev|cmenIe e|ccc|cocs.
Pc| exemp|c, um nc pcoe se| p|cjeIcoc pc|c 24CC
Ps, pc|em e suc-o|v|o|oc em pequencs |ecs
cncmcocs ce|u|cs oe R|J que mc|s Ic|oe pcoem
se Ic|nc| umc ce|u|c cpI|cc, ccsIcnoc pc|c |sIc c
|nsIc|ccc oe um |ecepIc| cpI|cc nc |ugc| oe seu
p||me||c cmp||f|ccoc|.
/ g|cnoe vcnIcgem oesIc ccnf|gu|ccc e que
nc evenIuc||ocoe oe c|gum p|cc|emc em um
oeIe|m|ncoc nc cpI|cc, cpencs um nume|c menc|
oe css|ncnIes se||c p|ejuo|ccoc.
usO cc ||c|c. c|em ce
m|o|m|zc| Os c|Oc|emcs cOm O
|uo||cmeo|O cO |u|cO. cO|que
|emOs .c||Os ccm|o|Os ce .O||c.
|cmcem cumeo|c c quco||ccce
ce se|.|QOs. cO|que |emOs um
oume|O meoO| ce css|oco|es
u||||zcocO O mesmO ccm|o|O ce
.O||c. |emc|e-se que ocs |eces
cu|cmeo|e cOc\|c|s |e|emOs
cceocs um ccm|o|O ce .O||c. e
oc |ece |C |emOs um ccm|o|O
cc|c cccc cOo/uo|O ce css|oco|es.
FmcO|c ocO mOs||ccO cqu|. cs
|eces |C cOcem |e| .c||cs
|OcO|Og|cs ce |O|mc c c|eoce| cs
oecess|ccces cc Oce|cQcO.
E cgc|c, pcssc E cgc|c, pcssc E cgc|c, pcssc E cgc|c, pcssc E cgc|c, pcssc
cfe|ece| mc|s cfe|ece| mc|s cfe|ece| mc|s cfe|ece| mc|s cfe|ece| mc|s
se|v|cs? se|v|cs? se|v|cs? se|v|cs? se|v|cs?
D|S!R|Bd|/ D|S!R|Bd|/
D|S!R|Bd|/ D|S!R|Bd|/ D|S!R|Bd|/
)HGKEJAJKH= 0.+ )HGKEJAJKH= 0.+ )HGKEJAJKH= 0.+ )HGKEJAJKH= 0.+ )HGKEJAJKH= 0.+
20
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
Ex|sIem oc|s I|pcs cs|ccs oe ccnexces oe
css|ncnIes:
- Ccnexcc oe css|ncnIes que |es|oem em ccscs
- Ccnexcc oe css| ncnIes que |es| oem em
cpc|IcmenIcs
|nsIc|ccc em ccscs |nsIc|ccc em ccscs |nsIc|ccc em ccscs |nsIc|ccc em ccscs |nsIc|ccc em ccscs
/ ccnexcc oe um
css|ncnIe que |es|oe
em umc ccsc e fe|Ic
o| |eIcmenIe nc
ccmpcnenIe oe
oe||vccc oe s|nc|s
!/PJ que esI
| nsIc| coc nc cccc
que pcssc p|cx| mc
oe suc ccsc.
cccc que sc| oc
pcsIe e segue cIe c
enI|coc oc ccsc e
cncmcoc oe cccc
oe o|cp.
Pc|c |nsIc|ccc em ccscs pcoemcs IcnIc uI|||zc|
cs Iucu|cces Ie|efcn|ccs ccmc c fc||c pc|c c
pcsscgem ocs ccccs.
Devemcs ccse|vc| cs nc|mcs e cs p|cceo|menIcs
pc|c que ccoc | nsIc| ccc esIej c oenI|c oe
oeIe|m|ncocs pco|ces.
DenI|c oc ccsc Iemcs um cccc oe o|sI||cu|cc
|nIe|nc cnoe scc ccnecIcocs cs equ|pcmenIcs
ccnve|sc|/oecco|f|ccoc|, v|oecccsseIe e !\J. Pc|c
css|ncnIes que Ienncm pcnIcs co|c|cnc|s, fcz-se usc
oe oe||vcces nesIe cccc pc|c que pcsscm
|ecece| cs s|nc|s.
CNEX/ DE /SS|N/NES
COoe\cO ce css|oco|es em ccscs
21
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
|nsIc|ccc em cpc|IcmenIcs |nsIc|ccc em cpc|IcmenIcs |nsIc|ccc em cpc|IcmenIcs |nsIc|ccc em cpc|IcmenIcs |nsIc|ccc em cpc|IcmenIcs
/ ccnexcc oe um css|ncnIe que |es|oe em
um cpc|IcmenIc ncc e fe|Ic o||eIcmenIe nc !/P
que esI |nsIc|coc nc cccc que pcssc p|cx|mc
cc p|eo| c. dmc | nf|c-esI|uIu|c | nIe|nc oe
o|sI||cu|cc oe s|nc|s oeve se| ccnsI|u|oc nc
p|eo| c pc|c que esIe css| ncnIe pcssc se|
ccnecIcoc.
EsIc |nf|c-esI|uIu|c p|cve| ccoc cnoc| oc
p|eo| c ccm pcnIcs oe oe|| vccc cnoe c
css| ncnIe pcoe| se|
ccnecIcoc. dI|||zc-se nc
mc| c|| c ocs ccscs cs
Iucu| cces e cc| xcs
Ie|efcn|ccs oc p|eo|c pc|c
c pcsscgem ocs ccccs e
f|xccc ocs ccmpcnenIes
e|eI|cn|ccs |emc|e-se oe
que c cccc cccx|c| ncc
ge|c e nem scf|e
|nIe|fe|enc|c, pc|IcnIc, se
c Iucu|ccc Ie|efcn|cc
ccmpc|Ic| cmccs cs
ccccs, ncc ncve| p|cc|e-
mcJ.
/ss|m ccmc nc ccne-
xcc ocs ccscs, Ie|emcs um cccc cccc oe o|cpJ
que sc| oc pcsIe e segue cIe c sucsc|c cu Ie||ec
oc p|eo|c pc|c c||menIc| um cmp||f|ccoc|. E esIe
cmp||f|ccoc| em ccnjunIc ccm cs ccccs e
ccmpcnenIes cc|cu|cocs pe|c p|cjeI|sIc, que
gc|cnI|| c quc||ocoe oc s|nc| ccs css|ncnIes que
|es|oem nc p|eo|c.
Pc| vezes, c cmp||f|ccoc| pcoe se| |nsIc|coc
nc p|cp||c |eoe , p|cx|mc cc p|eo|c, cu ncc ex|sI||
CNEX/ DE /SS|N/NES
COoe\cO ce css|oco|es em ec|||c|Os
22
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
cmp| | f| ccoc| ,oepenoenoc oc p|cj eIc oc
cpe|coc|c. !cnIc pc|c |nsIc|ccc oc MDd esI|uIu|c
oc s|sIemc c cccc oc p|eo|cJ, ccmc oc css|ncnIe
ncc |es|oenIe, oevemcs segu|| cs nc|mcs e pco|ces
esIcce|ec|ocs pe|c cpe|ccc.
/ o| sI|| cu| cc | nIe|nc em cpc|IcmenIcs e
seme|ncnIe que|c fe|Ic ncs ccscs. cccc oe
o|sI||cu|cc |nIe|nc e ccnecIcoc cc ccmpcnenIe
oe oe||vccc nesIe ccsc um !/P cu o|v|sc| pc|c
|eoe | nIe|ncJ e segue cIe cs equ| pcmenIcs
ccnve|sc|/oecco|f|ccoc|, v|oecccsseIe e !\J. Pc|c
css| ncnIes que Ienncm pcnIcs co| c| cnc| s, c
p|cceo|menIc se| c mesmc cocIcoc pc|c ccscs,
fczenoc-se oe||vcces nesIe cccc pc|c que
pcsscm |ecece| cs s|nc|s.
MDd Mu|I|p|e MDd Mu|I|p|e MDd Mu|I|p|e MDd Mu|I|p|e MDd Mu|I|p|e
Dwe|||ng dn|IJ em C/ Dwe|||ng dn|IJ em C/ Dwe|||ng dn|IJ em C/ Dwe|||ng dn|IJ em C/ Dwe|||ng dn|IJ em C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
s| ncn| mc oe eo| f| c| c s| ncn| mc oe eo| f| c| c s| ncn| mc oe eo| f| c| c s| ncn| mc oe eo| f| c| c s| ncn| mc oe eo| f| c| c. .. ..
E c cnIenc cc|eI|vc ? E c cnIenc cc|eI|vc ? E c cnIenc cc|eI|vc ? E c cnIenc cc|eI|vc ? E c cnIenc cc|eI|vc ?
Jc |O| ccs|co|e u||||zccc. e c|occ e.
cO|em cem meoOs que oO |o|c|O.
A|uc|meo|e e |e||c c u||||zcQcO ce |DJ.
ce.|cO cs segu||es .co|cgeos sOc|e c
co|eoc cO|e||.c.
- |emOs umc es||u|u|c |oceceoceo|e.
- c cOos||uQcO cc |o||c-es||u|u|c e
mc|s |cc|cc.
- c mcou|eoQcO e mc|s |cc||.
- ocO |o|e||e||mOs oc co|eoc cO|e||.c
/c e\|s|eo|e.
- |czemOs usO ce cccOs cOc\|c|s.
cOoec|O|es e Ou||Os cOmcOoeo|es ce
me||O| quc||ccce.
CNEX/ DE /SS|N/NES
23
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
N|\E|S, /NS E PERD/S DE S|N/|
NesIc cpcsI| | c ccc|oc|emcs cs meo| ocs
|cgc||Im|ccs oc fc|mc mc|s s|mp|es e |p|oc
pcss|ve|.
|nIu|Ic e mcsI|c| ccmc mcn|pu|c| cs g|cnoezcs,
pc|s umc exp||cccc mc|s oeIc|ncoc se| ococ
nc mcou| c oe MED|D/S EM C/!\ / Rd|DS E
D|S!RES.
oBm\ oBm\ oBm\ oBm\ oBm\
dm pc|meI|c oe g|cnoe |mpc|Inc|c em C/!\
e c meo|oc oe n|ve| oe s|nc|. /I|cves oc meo|oc
oe n|ve|, pcoemcs |ec||zc| cn||ses oe Icoc c
esI|uIu|c oc |eoe, o|zenoc se ex|sIem cu ncc fc|ncs
nc s|sIemc.
Ccmc I|ccc|ncmcs ccm g|cnoezcs e|eI||ccs,
pcoe||cmcs meo|| n|ve|s oe s|nc|s em !enscc \c|IsJ
cu em PcIenc|c wcIIsJ.
EsIc se||c umc fc|mc cc||eIc, mcs ncc c mc|s
p|I|cc.
Em um s|sIemc oe C/!\ Iemcs n|ve|s e|evcocs
nc ecoeno e n|ve|s mu|Ic pequencs nc f|nc| oe
umc |eoe.
Pc| esIe mcI|vc, oevemcs usc| um meo|oc| que
cI|cves oe umc sc escc|c oe meo|oc, ccns|gc
cIenoe| c Icoc e quc|que| pcnIc oc |eoe.
DenI|c oesIc quesIcc e que se enccnI|c c g|cnoe
vcnIcgem ocs meo|ocs |cgc||Im|ccs, que |ec||zcm
c ccmpccIccc oc escc| c. Pc| esIe mcI| vc
I|ccc| ncmcs ccm c oBm\, que fcc| | | Ic c
mcn| pu| ccc ocs n| ve| s p|| nc| pc| menIe pc|
||oc|mcs ccnsIcnIemenIe ccm pe|ocs e gcnncs nc
s|sIemc.
24
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
oBmv e c meo|oc oe n|ve| que Icmc ccmc
|efe|enc|c c Ienscc oe 1 m\.
\
1m\
oB oB oB oB oB
Em umc |eoe oe C/!\, Iemcs v|| cs
ccmpcnenIes ccmc cmp| | f| ccoc|es, ccccs,
cIenucoc|es e cuI|cs.
EsIes ccmpcnenIes p|cmcvem gcnncs cu
pe|ocs nc s|nc|.
ucnoc Iemcs um cmp||f|ccoc|, c n|ve| oc s|nc|
nc sc|oc e mc|c| oc que c n|ve| oe enI|coc.
gcnnc oe um cmp||f|ccoc| e ococ em oB
cI|cves oc segu|nIe exp|esscc:
\cuI
\|n
|esu|Icoc oesIc cpe|ccc mcIemI|cc semp|e
se| pcs|I|vc.
Ccsc c ccmpcnenIe sejc um cIenucoc|, cu um
cccc cccx|c|, c n|ve| oc s|nc| nc sc|oc se| menc|
oc que c n|ve| oe enI|coc.
McIemcI|ccmenIe c fc|mc oe se cc|cu|c| c
cIenuccc e c mesmc que c gcnnc.
\cuI
\|n
Nc enIcnIc, c |esu|Icoc se| negcI|vc, |no|ccnoc
pe|oc oe s|nc|.
N|ve| [oBm\| ~ 2C |cg
[oB| ~ 2C |cg
N|\E|S, /NS E PERD/S DE S|N/|
/[oB| ~ 2C |cg
25
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
N|ve| oe EnI|coc [oBm\| ~ N|ve| oe Sc|oc [oBmv| [oB|
Exemp| cs: Exemp| cs: Exemp| cs: Exemp| cs: Exemp| cs:
1J Em um cmp||f|ccoc|, c gcnnc e oe 3C oB.
Se cp||cc|mcs um s|nc| ccm n|ve| oe 22oBm\,
quc| se| c n|ve| oe sc|oc ?
2J n|ve| oe sc|oc num cmp||f|ccoc| oeve se| oe
45 oBm\.
Se c gcnnc e oe 35oB, quc| oeve| se| c n|ve|
oe enI|coc?
N|ve| oe Sc|oc [oBm\| ~ N|ve| oe EnI|coc [oBm\| [oB|
N|\E|S, /NS E PERD/S DE S|N/|
26
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
3J Nc oesennc ccc|xc, Iemcs um cIenucoc| que
cfe|ece umc cIenuccc oe 1CoB. Se c n|ve| oe
enI|coc e oe 4CoBm\, quc| se| c n|ve| oe
sc|oc ?
4J Se c n|ve| nc sc|oc oe um cIenucoc| oe 2C oB
e oe 12 oBm\, quc| e c vc|c| oc n|ve| cp||ccoc nc
enI|coc ?
N|ve| oe Sc|oc [oBm\| ~ N|ve| oe EnI|coc [oBm\| /[oB|
N|ve| oe EnI|coc [oBm\| ~ N|ve| oe Sc|oc [oBm\| / [oB|
N|\E|S, /NS E PERD/S DE S|N/|
27
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
dmc cuI|c cc|sc mu|Ic |mpc|IcnIe e c ccnve|scc
oe meo|ocs.
/ meo|oc em oBm\, Iem ccmc |efe|enc|c 1 m\ e
mcIemcI|ccmenIe pcoe se| cp|esenIcoc pe|c
equccc ccc|xc:
\
1m\
Pc|c ccnve|Ie|mcs oBm\ em oBm\ e
v|ce-ve|sc, pcoemcs usc| cs segu|nIes exp|essces:
Exemp| cs: Exemp| cs: Exemp| cs: Exemp| cs: Exemp| cs:
1J Se c meo|oc| cfe|ece umc meo|oc oe n|ve|
oe 78 oBm\, quc| se| c vc|c| em oBm\?
N|ve| [oBm\| ~ N|ve| [oBm\| C oB
N| ve| [oBm\| ~ 78 oBm\ C oB
~ 18 oBm\
2J Se c n| ve| meo| oc nc sc| oc oe um
cmp||f|ccoc| e oe 38 oBm\, quc| e esIe vc|c|
ccnve|I|oc em oBm\?
N|ve| [oBm\| ~ N|ve| [oBm\| C oB
N| ve| [oBm\| ~ 38 oBm\ C oB
~ 8 oBm\
N|ve| [oBm\| ~ 2C |cg
oBm\ ~ oBm\ C oB
oBm\ ~ oBm\ C oB
N|\E|S, /NS E PERD/S DE S|N/|
28
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
Em |o|c f|equenc|c, pc|c cs s|sIemcs
oe C/!\, c I|pc oe e|emenIc mc|s
uI| | | zcoc e c cccc cccx| c| . Mu| Ic
uI|||zcoc em s|sIemcs oe I|cnsm|sscc e
|ecepcc mc| s scf| sI| ccocs e
p|cf|ss|cnc|s, pc|s cfe|ece mencs pe|ocs
e mc| c| | c|gu|c oe fc| xc que cs
ccnouIc|es meI||ccs ccnvenc|cnc|s.
s ccccs cccx|c|s scc fc|mcocs pc|
oc|s ccnouIc|es, senoc um |nIe|nc e cuI|c exIe|nc.
EnI|e esIes oc|s ccnouIc|es Iemcs um mcIe||c|
|sc|cnIe, ge|c|menIe c ccse oe pc||eI||enc sc||oc
cu pc||eI||enc ce|coc ccccs ce|u|c|esJ.
Envc|venoc c cccc Iemcs umc ccpc
p|cIeIc|c oe cc||ccnc cu P\C, que c
p|cIege ccnI|c | nIempe|| es e
p|cpc|c| cnc me| nc| || g| oez ccnI|c
Ic|ces.
Pc|c c |eoe exIe|nc cs ccccs cccx|c|s
mc|s uscocs scc cs cncmcocs R e P|||,
ncs mc|s vc||cocs o|meI|cs. Pc|c |eoes
|nIe|ncs oe C/!\ cs mc|s ccmuns scc cs R5,
RC e R11.
cccc R 11 e uI|||zcoc ccmc cccc oe o|cp
em p|eo|cs. s ccccs R C e R 5 scc uI|||zcocs
nc o|sI||cu|cc |nIe|nc ocs s|nc|s.
EsIe I| pc oe p|cceo| menIc pcoe vc|| c| oe
ccc|oc ccm ococs oe p|cjeIc e oec|sces oc
cpe|coc|c.
C/BS C/X|/|S C/BS C/X|/|S
C/BS C/X|/|S C/BS C/X|/|S C/BS C/X|/|S
Cccc oe D|cp Cccc oe D|cp Cccc oe D|cp Cccc oe D|cp Cccc oe D|cp
Cccc !|cncc| Cccc !|cncc| Cccc !|cncc| Cccc !|cncc| Cccc !|cncc|
29
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
/ mc|nc ocs ccccs pcoe se| oc I|pc c|-sn|e|o,
I||-sn|e|o e quco||-sn|e|o.
s ccccs oc I| pc c| -sn| e| o pcssuem umc
ccmcoc cem f|nc oe c|um|n|c envc|v|oc pc| umc
mc|nc oe f|cs ccnouIc|es I|cncocs.
s ccccs I||-sn|e|o pcssuem umc ccmcoc oe
c| um| n| c scc|epcsIc pc| umc mc| nc oe f| cs
ccnouIc|es I|cncocs e f|nc|menIe ccce|Ic pc|
umc cuI|c f|nc ccmcoc oe c|um|n|c. Ex|sIem
Icmcem ccccs oc I|pc quco||sn|e|o.
!coc esIe cu| ococ ccm c mc| nc e pc|c
p|cIege| c cccc oc |ng|essc oe |nIe|fe|enc|cs e
pc|c que ncc ccc||c fugc oe s|nc|.
Ccmc vemcs, c fcc||ccnIe oe cccc Iem um
cu|ococ mu|Ic g|cnoe ccm esIe p|cc|emc, pc| esIe
mcI|vc Iemcs que fcze| cs ccnexces oc me|nc|
fc|mc pcss|ve|, nc |nIu|Ic oe mcnIe|mcs esIe pco|cc
oe cu|ococ e quc||ocoe.
Nc ccsc ocs ccccs RC e R11, e ccmum c
ccnsI|ucc oc cccc ccm um f|c meI||cc exIe|nc,
funo|noc c ccpc oe P\C, cncmcoc oe cccc
menscge||c.
EsIe menscge||c e uscoc pc|c oc| susIenIccc
cc cccc, qucnoc ncsIecoc em g|cnoes o|sInc|cs
ce|ecs e Icmcem pc|c fcc|||Ic| c cmc||ccc ocs
ccccs em pcsIes e cuI|cs ccmpcnenIes mecn|ccs
oc |eoe.
Efe|Ic P Efe|Ic P Efe|Ic P Efe|Ic P Efe|Ic Pe||cu|c| e||cu|c| e||cu|c| e||cu|c| e||cu|c|
ucocO em um cOocu|O| e|e|||cO
e\|s|e c c||cu|cQcO ce cO||eo|e e|e|||cc.
|OcOs Os e|e||Oos cO cOocu|O| se
mO.|meo|cm . qucocO c ||equeoc|c cO
s|oc| e cc|\c DC- cOo||ouc} |e|emOs O
segu|o|e e|e||O.
s e|e||Oos se mO.|meo|cm cO| |OcO O
cOocu|O|
ucocO cumeo|cmOs c ||equeoc|c cO
s|oc|. Os e|e||Oos sO ||cO ||u|| ce|c
e\||em|ccce cO cOocu|O|.
COmO c c|ec e|e||.c ce cOocuQcO
||cc meoO|. cs ce|ccs oO cccO
cumeo|cm. cO|s OcO||e um cumeo|O cc
|es|s|eoc|c.
Fs|e e um cOs e|e||Os que /us||||ccm O
cumeo|O ce c|eoucQcO oOs cccOs
cOc\|c|s c mec|cc que cumeo|cmOs c
||equeoc|c
Ncs ccccs em C/!\ cs ccnouIc|es |nIe|ncs scc
semp|e || g| ocs e ccnsI|u| ocs oe c| um| n| c
cccpe|ocoJ ccm umc ccmcoc supe|f|c|c| oe
ccc|e pc|c cenef|c|c| c p|cpcgccc oc s|nc| nc
supe|f|c|e oc cccc, oev|oc cc efe|Ic pe||cu|c| efe|Ic pe||cu|c| efe|Ic pe||cu|c| efe|Ic pe||cu|c| efe|Ic pe||cu|c|.
C/BS C/X|/|S C/BS C/X|/|S
C/BS C/X|/|S C/BS C/X|/|S C/BS C/X|/|S
COocuQcO ce
s|oc|s ce cc|\c
||equeoc|c
COocuQcO ce
s|oc|s ce c||c
||equeoc|c
30
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
C|RCd|! C|RCd|! C|RCd|! C|RCd|! C|RCd|! Ed| / Ed| / Ed| / Ed| / Ed| /\EN!E \EN!E \EN!E \EN!E \EN!E
cccc cccx|c|, css|m ccmc cuI|cs cccc pc|
I|cncoc, f| Ic
pc|c|e|c, eIc.J, e
umc | | nnc oe
I|cnsm| sscc e
pcoe se|
|ep|esenIcoc pe|c
c| |cu| Ic e| eI|| cc
equ| vc| enIe oc
f|gu|c cc |coc.
Ccmc pcoe se|
v| suc| | zcoc nc
f|gu|c, c c||cu|Ic equ|vc|enIe oc cccc cccx|c| pcoe
se| ccmpc|coc cc oe um f||I|c pcssc cc|xcs. Pc|
esIe mcI| vc c cIenuccc oesIc esI|uIu|c
cumenIc ccm c e|evccc oc f|equenc|c oe
I|ccc|nc.
Pc|c oeIe|m| nc|mcs c | mpeonc| c
cc|ccIe||sI|cc, pcoemcs cpe|c| ccm cs g|cnoezcs
f|s|ccs.
Nc cccc cccx|c| ex|sIem oucs o|mensces que
oevem se| | evcocs em ccns| oe|ccc, pc|c
pcoe|mcs |ec||zc| esIes c|cu|cs, senoc esIcs
cp|esenIcocs pe|c f|gu|c c segu||.
C||cu|Ic Equ|vc|enIe
C/BS C/X|/|S C/BS C/X|/|S
C/BS C/X|/|S C/BS C/X|/|S C/BS C/X|/|S
Mec|ccs cc Cccc Cccx|c|
31
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
noe:
e ~ CcnsIcnIe D|e|eI||cc,
D DD DD ~ D|meI|c |nIe|nc oc CcnouIc| ExIe|nc,
o oo oo ~ D|meI|c ExIe|nc oc CcnouIc| |nIe|nc.
Nc me|ccoc nc|mc| menIe cs | | nncs oe
I|cnsm|sscc uI|||zcm mcIe||c|s o|e|eI||ccs mu|Ic
pc|ec|ocs, ccc||enoc qucse umc pco|cn|zccc
enI|e cs fcc||ccnIes. s mc|s ccmuns, pcoem se|
v|suc||zcocs cI|cves oc Icce|c ccc|xc.
/ fc|mu| c cp|esenIcoc pc|c c| cu| c oc
|mpeonc|c cc|ccIe||sI|cc sc se cp||cc pc|c
esI|uIu|cs c| | | no|| ccs. Ccsc ccc||c c| gumc
oefc|mccc, esIc |mpeonc|c se| ccmp|e-
IcmenIe c|Ie|coc, ccuscnoc oesccscmenIcs nc
s|sIemc que, ccnsequenIemenIe, ||cc c|Ie|c| c ccm
func|cncmenIc oc |eoe.

138
!
D
o
e
loQ
W [ ]
Moferiol Moferiol Moferiol Moferiol Moferiol
Ar
!eflon
Polyefileno
Polysfireno
Mylor
e ee ee
1
2.0
2.25
2.0
2.80
e
Se e ~ 2. s|go|||cc que O mc|e||-
c| usccO e cucs .ezes mc|s |sO-
|co|e que O c|.
Fs|e .c|O| semc|e e O|e|ec|cO
ce|Os |cc||cco|es cOs cccOs
cOc\|c|s.
~
C/BS C/X|/|S C/BS C/X|/|S
C/BS C/X|/|S C/BS C/X|/|S C/BS C/X|/|S
32
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
uI|c fc|mc oe ge|c|mcs oesccscmenIc e
cI|cves oe ccnexces mc| ccnsI|u|ocs.
fcc||ccnIe oc ccnecIc| cfe|ece fe||cmenIcs e
p|cceo|menIcs pc|c mcnIcgens ocs ccnecIc|es
pc|c que ncc ccc||cm muocncs nc |mpeonc|c
cc|ccIe||sI|cc oc |eoe 75 nmsJ.
uc|que| c|Ie|ccc nesIc |mpeonc|c ge|c
oesccscmenIc que p|cvccc |ef|exces e cccccm
cfeIcnoc ncc sc c pcnIc c|Ie|coc, ccmc Icoc c
|eoe.
dmc fc|mc oe meo|oc oesIc |ef|excc, e ococ
pe|c fc|mu|c ccc|xc:
\|ef|eI|oc
\enI|coc
me|nc| vc|c| oesIe ccef|c|enIe e ze|c pc|s
nesIe ccsc ncc ex|sIe \|ef|eI|oc.
p|c| ccsc e um G ~ 1J pc|s nesIe ccsc Icoc c
s|nc| nc cccc e |ef|eI|oc. EsIc s|Iuccc ccc||e qucnoc
cs Ie|m|ncces ocs ccccs scc cc|cccocs em cu|Ic
cu em cce|Ic.
Pc| esIe mcI|vc e que em C/!\ quc|que| pcnIc
oeve se| Ie|m|ncocccscocJ ccm cc|gc oe 75 cnms.
dm efe|Ic mu|Ic g|cve ocs |ef|exces e c cncmcoc
efe|Ic fcnIcsmc.
| || ||/N! /N! /N! /N! /N!/ // //SM/ SM/ SM/ SM/ SM/
- ucocO O |co|csmc ccc|ece
cO |ccO c||e||O cc |mcgem. es|e
OcO||e ce.|cO c |e||e\es oO cccO.
- ucocO |emOs O mesmO
ccoc| O||-c|| seocO ||cosm|||cO oc
mesmc ||equeoc|c oO cccO.
cOcemOs |cmcem |e| O e|e||O
|co|csmc. cO|em cO esque|cO cc
|mcgem.
C/BS C/X|/|S C/BS C/X|/|S
C/BS C/X|/|S C/BS C/X|/|S C/BS C/X|/|S
G ~
33
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
Exemp|c
1J Se meo||mcs cs o|mensces oe um cccc R5
Ie|emcs cs segu|nIes pc|cmeI|cs:
o~ 1.2mm, D~ 7,32mm, e~ 1,45
ococs oc !|C - !|mes ||ce| Ccmmun|ccI|cns, |nc.J
Ccm esIes vc| c|es pcoemcs cc| cu| c| c
|mpeonc|c cc|ccIe||sI|cc 75WJ.
PG5 PG5 PG5 PG5 PG5 PG0 PG0 PG0 PG0 PG0 PG11 PG11 PG11 PG11 PG11
z H M y c n e u q e r F @ z H M y c n e u q e r F @ z H M y c n e u q e r F @ z H M y c n e u q e r F @ z H M y c n e u q e r F @ ) . X A M ( s r e f e m 0 0 1 / B o ) . X A M ( s r e f e m 0 0 1 / B o ) . X A M ( s r e f e m 0 0 1 / B o ) . X A M ( s r e f e m 0 0 1 / B o ) . X A M ( s r e f e m 0 0 1 / B o ) . X A M ( s r e f e m 0 0 1 / B o ) . X A M ( s r e f e m 0 0 1 / B o ) . X A M ( s r e f e m 0 0 1 / B o ) . X A M ( s r e f e m 0 0 1 / B o ) . X A M ( s r e f e m 0 0 1 / B o ) . X A M ( s r e f e m 0 0 1 / B o ) . X A M ( s r e f e m 0 0 1 / B o ) . X A M ( s r e f e m 0 0 1 / B o ) . X A M ( s r e f e m 0 0 1 / B o ) . X A M ( s r e f e m 0 0 1 / B o
z H M 5 B o 2 8 . 2 B o 0 ? . 1 B o 5 2 . 1
z H M 5 5 B o 3 7 . B o 5 2 . 5 B o 5 1 . 3
z H M 3 8 B o 4 0 . 8 B o 0 4 . B o 7 8 . 3
z H M 7 8 1 B o 1 8 . 1 1 B o 5 3 . ? B o 4 7 . 5
z H M 1 1 2 B o 7 4 . 2 1 B o 0 0 . 0 1 B o 3 2 .
z H M 0 5 2 B o 5 4 . 3 1 B o 2 8 . 0 1 B o 2 7 .
z H M 0 0 3 B o 0 . 4 1 B o 4 . 1 1 B o 8 3 . 7
z H M 0 5 3 B o 5 7 . 5 1 B o 3 . 2 1 B o 4 ? . 7
z H M 0 0 4 B o 3 7 . 1 B o 1 . 3 1 B o 3 5 . 8
z H M 0 5 4 B o 2 7 . 7 1 B o 3 4 . 4 1 B o 2 0 . ?
z H M 0 0 5 B o 0 7 . 8 1 B o ? 0 . 5 1 B o 1 5 . ?
z H M 0 5 5 B o 2 5 . ? 1 B o 8 0 . 1 B o 7 ? . ?
z H M 0 0 B o 4 3 . 0 2 B o 3 7 . 1 B o 3 4 . 0 1
z H M 0 5 7 B o 7 8 . 2 2 B o 4 5 . 8 1 B o 7 ? . 1 1
z H M 5 8 B o 7 . 4 2 B o 1 0 . 0 2 B o 5 0 . 3 1
z H M 0 0 0 1 B o 4 . 2 B o ? 4 . 1 2 B o 7 2 . 4 1
C/BS C/X|/|S C/BS C/X|/|S
C/BS C/X|/|S C/BS C/X|/|S C/BS C/X|/|S
34
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
CNEC! CNEC!
CNEC! CNEC! CNEC!RES RES
RES RES RES
s ccnecIc|es scc pecs oe p|ec|scc mecn|cc
que Iem ccmc p||nc|pc| funcc
|ec||zc| emenocs e ccnexces em
ccccs cccx|c|s, mcnIenoc |nc|Ie|coc
c |mpeonc|c cc|ccIe||sI|cc.
ucnoc c | mpeonc| c
cc|ccIe||sI|cc e mcnI|oc, c efe|Ic oe
oesccscmenIc e |ef|excc oc s|nc| e
cnu|cnoc evenIuc|s p|cc|emcs, Ic|s
ccmc | mcgem fcnIcsmc, scc
oescc|Icocs. /| em o| ssc cs
ccnecIc|es func|cncm ccmc pecs
funocmenIc|s ccnI|c peneI|ccc oe
um|ocoe nc |eoe.
/s ccnexces |ncc||eIcmenIe efeIucocs scc c fcnIe
oe p|cc|emcs mc|s ccmuns numc |eoe oe C/!\.
/ m ccnexcc pcoe ccc||e| pc| c||mpcgem
|ncc||eIc, pe|c mc|nc Ie| s|oc ocn|f|ccoc cu pc|
v||cs cuI|cs mcI|vcs.
/nIes oc c||mpcgem, e |mpc|IcnIe ccse|vc| se
c o|e|eI||cc esIc un|fc|me ccm c funoc
oc ccnecIc|.
/ c||mpcgem oeve se| fe|Ic ccm c
c||ccIe espec|f|cc pc|c ccoc I|pc oe
cccc. s ccnecIc|es oc R5 e RC
uI|||zcm c mesmc c||ccIe c||mpcoc|.
CcnecIc| RG 11
CcnecIc| RG 5
COoec|O|es
35
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
s ccnecIc|es R 5 e R C nc|mc|men-
Ie ncc scc p|epc|cocs pc|c f|cc|em expcsIcs
cc Iempc. NesIe ccsc e| es oevem se|
p|cIeg|ocs ccm f|Ic cuIc fuscc cu cuI|c I|pc
oe p|cIecc. E | nIe|esscnIe Icmcem
cc|ccc| um pcucc oe g|cxc oe s|||ccne
cnIes oe |csque-|c pc|c |mpeo|| que e|e
cx|oe.
E |mpc|IcnIe ccse|vc| c usc oc f|Ic oe
cuIc-fuscc ncs ccnecIc|es R 11 e e que c
I|pc oe c||ccIe c||mpcoc| e o|fe|enIe oc
uscoc ncs ccnecIc|es oc R 5 e R C.
s ccnecIc|es R 5 e R C scc oc I|pc
|eeo-!n|u uI|||zcm c ccnouIc| cenI|c| oc cccc
ccmc p|ncJ. s ccnecIc|es pc|c R11 pcoem se|
oc I|pc feeo-In|u cu P|N Iem um p|nc pco|cn|zcoc
e c cccc e ||gcoc cc ccnecIc|J. !cmcem Iemcs
um ccnecIc| pc|c c cccc R11 pc|c ccnexcc
ccm cs ccmpcnenIes e cmp||f|ccoc|es oc |eoe.
EsIes ccnecIc|es ncc scc oe c||mpcgem e Iem
oucs pecs.
s ccnecIc|es I|pc | scc cque|es uscocs nc ccsc
oc css|ncnIe. Rep|esenIcm 2 c 3% oc cusIc oc
|eoe e scc c pc|Ie mc|s uscoc e c mc|s cc|cIc
oenI|c oc |eoe C/!\. Nc enIcnIc, oeve-se |essc|Ic|
suc |mpc|Inc|c pc|c um ccm func|cncmenIc
oc |eoe. /s ccnexces mc| fe| Ics p|cvcccm
oesccscmenIcs oe | mpeonc| c,| ng|essc oe
|nIe|fe|enc|c, fugc oe s|nc|, cpc|ec|menIc oe s|nc|
fcnIcsmc, oenI|e cuI|cs p|cc|emcs.
A||ccIe C||mpccc|
CNEC! CNEC!
CNEC! CNEC! CNEC!RES RES
RES RES RES
36
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
p|epc|c oc cccc e c c||mpcgem oc ccnecIc|
oevem se| fe|Ics ccm cs fe||cmenIcs coequcocs
pc|c ev|Ic| enI|coc oe guc e oe |nIe|fe|enc|cs.
cje em o|c ex|sIem o|ve|scs I|pcs oe c||mpcgem:
c sexIcvcoc, c ccn|cc e c oe ccmp|esscc.
Ccoc umc ccm sucs vcnIcgens e oesvcnIcgens.
/ c||mpcgem sexIcvcoc e c mc|s s|mp|es. Ccmc
e| c ncc Iem ccnIcIc oe 3C' ccm c cccc,
cpc|ecem espccs enI|e c ccnecIc| e c cccc
,c que o mc|gem pc|c c enI|coc oe guc e
| nIe| fe|enc| c. / c|| mpcgem ccn| cc e c oe
ccmp|esscc veocm ccmp|eIcmenIe c cccc,
senoc css|m mc|s ef|c|enIe.
CNEC! CNEC!
CNEC! CNEC! CNEC!RES RES
RES RES RES
Fe||cmenIcs pc|c Ccnfeccc
ce CcnecIc|es pc|c Rece
|nIe|nc e Rece ExIe|nc
37
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
s cmp| | f| ccoc|es scc o| spcs| I| vcs que
cmp||f|ccm um oeIe|m|ncoc s|nc| oe !\. /|em
oesIc funcc, Icmcem |ec||zcm equc||zccc.
DesIc fc|mc, cs cmp||f|ccoc|es pcssuem cjusIe oe
gcnnc e I||I*, pc|c que pcsscmcs cjusIc| Ic|s
pc|meI|cs.
dI|||zcoc ccm
c f|nc||ocoe oe
pe|m|I|| cc s|nc|
cI|ng|| o|sInc|cs
m c | c | e s ,
|egene|cnoc-c
pc|c um n| ve|
scI|sfcIc||c, Icoc
cmp| | f | ccoc|
| nI|couz| oc nc
|eoe p| c|c c
|e|ccc pc|Ic-
oc|c |u|oc e cu-
menIc c
o| sIc|cc oc
s|nc| que cnegc
cIe c ccsc oc css|ncnIe.
s cmp||f|ccoc|es pcoem se| c||menIcocs IcnIc
pe|c ene|g|c |ccc|, ccmc pe|c p|cp||c |eoe oe
ccccs. s cmp| | f| ccoc|es oe MDd* scc,
cIuc|menIe, oc I|pc |nocc| ncc pcoem f|cc|
expcsIcs cc IempcJ ccm c||menIccc /C oc
p|cp||c MDd cu ccm c||menIccc oc |eoe oe
ccccs, oepenoc oc p|cjeIc. Pc|em, enccnI|cmcs
v|| cs cmp| | f| ccoc|es oc I| pc cuIocc| usc
MDd MDd MDd MDd MDd |u|||c|e Dwe|||og Jo||}
Fm CA|\. s|oo|mO ce ec|||c|O.
/MP||||C/DRES /MP||||C/DRES
/MP||||C/DRES /MP||||C/DRES /MP||||C/DRES
!||I !||I !||I !||I !||I Cc|cc|e||s||cc cO cccO
que c|eouc cs ||equeoc|cs mc|s c||cs
cOm mc|O| |o|eos|ccce que cs mc|s
cc|\cs.
38
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
exIe|ncJ, ccm c||menIccc pe|c |eoe.
Ex|sIem v||cs I|pcs oe cmp||f|ccoc|es e, ccmc
ccnsequenc|c, v||cs scc sucs cp||ccces.
/mp||f|ccoc| !|cncc| e mu|Ic uscoc em
c|qu|IeIu|c !|ee cno B|cncn, nc ||nnc I|cncc|.
!em ccmc cc|ccIe||sI|cc c mc|c| Icmcnnc e um
c||cu|Ic mc|s cp||mc|coc, gc|cnI|noc um m|n|mc
oe o|sIc|cc pc|c esIc ||nnc, que e cc|ccIe||zcoc
pc| pcssu|| g|cnoe qucnI|ocoe oe cmp||f|ccoc|es
e pe|cc||e| g|cnoes o|sInc|cs.
J c /mp||f|ccoc| oe o|sI||cu|cc ccm mu|I|p|cs
sc|ocs e c cmp||f|ccoc| mc|s scf|sI|ccoc oc ||nnc
c| | menIcoc|c. Ccm |e| ccc quc| | ocoe nc
I|cIcmenIc oc s|nc|, esIe I|pc
oe cmp||f|ccoc| e um pcucc
mc|s s|mp|es que c I|cncc|
umc vez que c | | nnc
c||menIcoc|c nc|mc|menIe
e cem menc|J.Suc p||nc|pc|
funcc e |eouz|| c cusIc oc
|eoe.
/mp||f|ccoc| ExIensc| oe
||nnc e c I|pc mc|s s|mp|es
oe cmp||f|ccoc| enccnI|coc
ncs |eoes oe C/!\. E| e
nc|mc| menIe ncc pcssu|
nennum I|pc oe I|cIcmenIc
oc quc| | ocoe oc s| nc|
pc|que s|Iuc-se j ncs f|ns oe
||nnc, senoc |espcnsve| pe|c cIeno|menIc oe umc
qucnI|ocoe menc| oe css|ncnIes.
A [oB]
F [MRz]
!|L! (|nclinooo}
/MP||||C/DRES /MP||||C/DRES
/MP||||C/DRES /MP||||C/DRES /MP||||C/DRES
Amc||||cccO|
39
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
Ccmc cp|esenIcoc nc
Cccc Cccx|c|, c meo|oc
que c f|equenc| c
cumenIc c cIenuccc
cfe|ec| oc pe| c cccc
Icmcem cumenIc.
EsIe ccmpc|IcmenIc
pcoe se| v| suc| | zcoc
cI|cves oc cu| vc oe
cIenuccc oc cccc
cccx|c|.
/I|cves oc g|f|cc cc
|coc, pcoemcs ve| que
qucnIc mc| c| fc| c
ccmp||menIc oc cccc,
mc|c| se| c cIenuccc pc|c Icoc e quc|que|
f|equenc|c, mcs mc|s |nIenscmenIe ncs c|Ics
f|equenc|cs.
DesIc fc|mc pcoemcs ccnc|u|| que oepc|s oc
s|nc| se p|cpcgc| pc| v||cs meI|cs cu qu||cmeI|cs,
cs ccnc|s mc|s c|Ics f|equenc|cs mc|s e|evcocsJ
Ie|cc um n|ve| menc| oc que cs ccnc|s cc|xcs
f|equenc|cs mc|s cc|xcsJ.
Pc|c que c css|ncnIe ncc |ececc s|nc|s ccnc|sJ
ccm quc||ocoes mu|Ic o|fe|enc|cocs, p|ec|scmcs
fcze| ccm que c s|nc| ocs ccnc|s cc|xcs f|quem
ccm c mesmc cmp||Iuoe ocs ccnc|s mc|s c|Ics.
Pc|c |ec||zc| esIe p|ccessc e fe|Ic c usc oe um
ccmpcnenIe cncmcoc equc||zcoc|.
Ccmc c p|cp||c ncme suge|e, c equc||zcoc| fcz
ccm que em suc sc|oc cs n|ve|s oe Icocs cs
ccnc|s f|quem |guc|s, cu sejc, equc||zcocs.
A [oB]
F [MRz]
G|f|cc ce AIenuccc cc Cccc
Ed/||Z/DR Ed/||Z/DR
Ed/||Z/DR Ed/||Z/DR Ed/||Z/DR
40
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
Pc| esIe mcI|vc c equc||zcoc| Ie|
um ccmpc|IcmenIc ccnI|||c cc
cccc cccx| c| , que pcoe se|
ncIcoc cI|cves oe suc cu|vc, nc
f|gu|c cc |coc.
usc oesIe I|pc oe ccmpcnenIe
e Icc |mpc|IcnIe em C/!\, que e|e
pcoe| se| enccnI|coc ccmc um
mcou|c |noepenoenIe, cu ccmc um
pequenc ccmpcnenIe |nsIc|coc
oenI|c ocs cmp| | f| ccoc|es que
fczem pc|Ie oc |eoe cccx|c|.
Ex|sIem v||cs I|pcs, mcoe|cs e
fcc|| ccnIes oe equc| | zcoc|es.
/I|cves oc fcIc pcoemcs v|suc||zc| um ocs ccscs.
A [oB]
F [MRz]
Cu|vc ce RespcsIc ce um Equc||zccc|
Exemp|c ce um I|pc ce Equc||zccc|
Ed/||Z/DR Ed/||Z/DR
Ed/||Z/DR Ed/||Z/DR Ed/||Z/DR
41
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
dmc necess|ocoe cs|cc em um s|sIemc oe
o|sI||cu|cc oe s|nc|s v|c cccc e c |cm|f|cccc cu
o|v|scc oesIes s|nc|s. De fc|mc que pcsscmcs
cIenoe| mc|s oe um cnoc| em um MDd cu mc|s
oe um pcnIc oe !\ nc |es|oenc|c oe um css|ncnIe.
ccmpcnenIe que ncs pe|m| Ie fcze| Ic| s
|cm|f|ccces e c o|v|sc| cu sp||IIe|.
Suc funcc cs|cc e o|v|o|| c s|nc| em pc|Ies
|guc|s. Pcoemcs Ie| o|v|sc|es oe 1x2, 1x3, 1x4, 1x
e 1x8, senoc que cs oc|s u|I|mcs ncc scc mu|Ic
uI|||zcocs. s o|v|sc|es oe 1x3 pcoem Icmcem se|
oc I|pc1x3D, cnoe c D |no|cc cescc|coceccO,
pc|s umc ocs sc|ocs cp|esenIc um n|ve| oe s|nc|
mc|c| que cs oemc|s nc s|mcc|cg|c, esIc sc|oc e
|no|ccoc pc| um pcnIcJ.
D|\|SRES SP||!!ERJ D|\|SRES SP||!!ERJ
D|\|SRES SP||!!ERJ D|\|SRES SP||!!ERJ D|\|SRES SP||!!ERJ
42
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
!coc o|v|scc p|cvccc
umc cIenuccc ncs
s|nc|s. o|v|sc|, cc se|
| nse|| oc, p|cvccc umc
pe|oc oe |nse|cc que
cIenuc cs s| nc| s oe
ccc|oc ccm c nume|c
oe sc|ocs. Emp|||ccmenIe,
pc| exemp|c, scce-se que
nc ccsc oe um o|v|sc| oe
1x2, esIc pe|oc e oc
c|oem oe 3,5 oB e num
o|v|sc| oe 1x4 e 7 oB. Nc
ve|ocoe, c o|v|sc| oe 1x4
e c ccmc|nccc oe oc|s
o|v|sc|es oe 1x2.
uI|c cc|ccIe|| sI| cc
|mpc|IcnIe ocs o|v|sc|es e
c |sc|ccc enI|e cs sucs
sc|ocs. Se cp||cc|mcs em
umc oe sucs sc|ocs cs
s| nc| s p|cven| enIes oc
s|sIemc, Ie|emcs, em suc
enI|coc, esIes s| nc| s
cIenucocs oe 3,5 oB,
Icmcnoc ccmc exemp|c
um o|v|sc| 1x2 c pe|oc
pc| |nse|cc vc|e IcnIc nc senI|oc |N-d! ccmc nc
senI|oc d!-|NJ pc|em nc cuI|c sc|oc Ie|emcs umc
cIenuccc oc c|oem oe 2C oB cu mc| s,
oepenoenoc oc o|v|sc|. EsIc c|Ic cIenuccc
cc||espcnoe |sc|ccc d!-d! cu pc|I Ic pc|I.
D|\|SRES SP||!!ERJ D|\|SRES SP||!!ERJ
D|\|SRES SP||!!ERJ D|\|SRES SP||!!ERJ D|\|SRES SP||!!ERJ
43
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
/ss|m ccmc c o|v|sc|, c !/P* Icmcem cncmcoc
oe DCJ, Iem c funcc oe
o| v| o| | cs s| nc| s,
pe|m|I|noc c |cm|f|cccc
oesIes. / o|fe|enc enI|e
e|es esIc nc pcss|c|||ocoe
oe se ccnI|c|c| cI|cves
oe vc|c|es pco|cn|zcocsJ
qucnIc s|nc| que|emcs
em ccoc sc| oc. Essc
cc|ccIe|| sI| cc pe|m| Ie
que, em umc
o|sI||cu|cc, pcsscmcs
cp|cve| Ic| me| nc| cs
n| ve| s oe s| nc| s
o|spcn|ve|s, ev|Icnoc, em
mu|Ics ccscs, c usc oe
cmp||f|ccoc|es.
Bcs|ccmenIe, um cccp|coc| o||ec|cnc| pcssu| um
enI|coc, umc sc|oc e umc Icmcoc oe s|nc| !/PJ.
Seus p||nc|pc|s pc|meI|cs scc: pe|oc pc| |nse|cc,
|sc|ccc e cIenuccc nc !/P ccnfc|me ||usI|c c
f|gu|c.
/ pe|oc pc| |nse|cc oc /ccp|coc| D||ec|cnc| e
menc| oc que nc o|v|sc|, v|sIc que cpencs umc
pequenc qucnI|ocoe oc s|nc| pcssc pc|c c !/P.
Pcoe-se ccse| vc| que qucnIc mencs s| nc|
env|c|mcs pc|Ic !/P menc| se| c pe|oc pc|
|nse|cc, pc|s umc mc|c| pc|ce|c oc s|nc| se|
o|spcn|c|||zcoc nc pc|Ic oe sc|oc.
! !! !!/P /P /P /P /P
c|c.|c ce O||gem |og|esc que
s|go|||cc |||F||A.
* .c|O| ce F|DA | ||SF|A
cOce .c||c| eo||e 0.5 e 3.2c8
ge|c|meo|e ceceoceocO cc
c|eoucQcO oO |A quco|O mc|O| c
c|eoucQcO meoO| se|c c ce|cc cO|
|ose|QcO}.
/CP|/DES D|EC|N/|S E /Ps
44
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
!emcs, c|noc, umc |sc|ccc enI|e cs sc|ocs d!-
!/P e !/P-d!J que e oc
c|oem oe 25oB pc|c c
DC- e 5C oB pc|c c
DC-3C. \c|em cqu| cs
m e s m c s
ccns|oe|cces fe|Ics
pc|c c o| v| sc| em
|e|ccc s ccnexces
|nve|I|ocs.
Pcoemcs, cI|cves
ocs ccnce|Ics cc|mc
oesc||Ics, cp|esenIc|
cs segu|nIes oef|n|ces:
- |sc|ccc*: |no|cc c
qucnIc um s| nc| e
cIenucoc se esIe fc| cp||ccoc nc senI|oc d!-!/P.
- Pe|oc pc| |nse|cc*: qucnI|ocoe oe ene|g|c oc
s|nc| que e ccsc|v|oc pe|c o|spcs|I|vc nc senI|oc
|N-d! cu d!-|N.
- /Ienuccc nc !cp*: esIe pc|meI|c e cvc||coc
pe|c cIenuccc que c s|nc| scf|e cc se| oesv|coc
oe |N pc|c !/P.
/CP|/DES D|EC|N/|S E /Ps
45
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
/CP|/DES D|EC|N/|S E /Ps
46
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
Scc o|spcs|I|vcs que o|m|nuem cs n|ve|s ocs s|nc|s.
Suc funcc e |nve|sc ocs cmp||f|ccoc|es, |cgc cs
cIenucoc|es scc cp| | ccocs em s| Iucces
cpcsIcs.
e|c| menIe scc e| emenIcs |es| sI| vcs que,
qucnoc ccmc|ncocs, pcoem fc|nece| v||cs
vc| c|es oe cIenuccc e, cIe mesmc, p|cve|
ccscmenIc oe |mpeonc|cs enI|e pc|Ies ocs
s|sIemcs. !emcs oc|s I|pcs oe cIenucoc|es: em P| e
em !. /s f|gu|cs ccc|xc ||usI|cm c ccnce|Ic.
Po Po
Pb
Ei Ei Ei Ei Ei
Po
Pc Pc
Ei Ei Ei Ei Ei
( b } ( b } ( b } ( b } ( b }
Eo Eo Eo Eo Eo
Afenuooores "!"(oesenho A} e "P|"(oesenho B}
Afenuooor oo fipo
Plug-in
Afenuooor oo fipo
FAN
/ /
/ //!ENd/DRES !ENd/DRES
!ENd/DRES !ENd/DRES !ENd/DRES
Eo Eo Eo Eo Eo
( o } ( o } ( o } ( o } ( o }
47
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
Pc|c c c|cu|c ocs ccmpcnenIes ocs |eoes, Iemcs
cs segu|nIes fc|mu|cs:
s cIenucoc|es pcoem se| oc I|pc |/N cu P/D
oepenoenoc oc suc uI|||zccc. cIenucoc| |/N e
um cIenucoc| pc|c usc exIe|nc, j c cIenucoc| P/D
e um p|ug-|n pc|c usc ncs cmp||f|ccoc|es.
/ /
/ //!ENd/DRES !ENd/DRES
!ENd/DRES !ENd/DRES !ENd/DRES
75|-1J
|1J
Rc ~
15C|
|

-1J
Rc ~
75|1J
|-1J
Rc ~
75|

-1J
2|
Ro ~
/Ienuccc oBJ ~ 2C |cg |J
48
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
||| |||
||| ||| |||!RS !RS
!RS !RS !RS
|| | I|cs !|cps || | I|cs !|cps || | I|cs !|cps || | I|cs !|cps || | I|cs !|cps
/Iuc|menIe e mu|Ic ccmum Ie|mcs oenI|c oc
g|coe oe ccnc| s oc s| sIemc oe C/!\,
p|cg|cmcces espec|c|s. Nc|mc|menIe esIcs
p|cg|cmcces sc scc cfe|ec|ocs ccs css|ncnIes
ccm p|cncs oe css|ncIu|c
espec|c|s.
dmc ocs fc|mcs oe
I|ccc| nc| ccm p| cncs
o|fe|enc|cocs e cI|cves oc
usc oe f||I|cs oc I|pc I|cp.
dm f| | I|c I|cp cfe|ece
cIenucces mu|Ic e|evcocs
em umc fc|xc espec|f|cc oe
f|equenc|c.
/ f| gu|c oc cu| vc oe
|espcsIc oe um f||I|c I|cp
pcoe se| v| suc| | zcoc cc
| coc, ccm e| evcoc
cIenuccc nc f|equenc|c
|no|ccoc pe|c mc|cc 3.
/ mc|cc 3 |no|cc c cenI|c
oc ccnc|.
EsIes f||I|cs pcoem se| ccnsI|u|ocs pc|c quc|que|
ccnc| oenI|c oc ccnoc oe C/!\.
Supcnncmcs, pc| exemp| c, que cs ccnc| s
espec|c|s sejcm cs segu|nIes: 18, 25, 24, 28 e 75. Se
um css|ncnIe ccmp|cu umc css|ncIu|c s|mp|es, sem
cs ccnc|s espec|c|s, pcoemcs |nsIc|c| nc sc|oc oc
!/P que cIenoe c suc |es|oenc|c, cs I|cps ncs
|especI|vcs ccnc|s.
| || |||cc |cc |cc |cc |cc - c|c.|c |og|esc que
s|go|||cc c|mcc|||c.
Cu|.c ce |escOs|c ce um |||||O ||cc
49
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
Ccmc esIes f||I|cs cfe|ecem cIenucces e|evcocs
ncs ccnc|s cnoe fc|cm cjusIcocs, c css|ncnIe
scmenIe Ie| ccessc cc |esIcnIe oc ccnoc oc
s|sIemc oe C/!\.
EsIc fc|mc oe se|ecc oe ccnc|s
pc|c c css|ncnIe esI cIuc|menIe
senoc sucsI|Iu|oc pe|c cco|f|cccc.
Ccm c cco|f|cccc pcoemcs Ie|
mu| Ics vcnIcgens Ic| s ccmc c
ccnI|c|e oc oeccoe| oc css|ncnIe
o|sInc|c, cI|cves oe cco|gcs o|g|Ic|s,
I|cnsm|I|ocs c pc|I|| oc ecoeno.
|| | I|cs /C || | I|cs /C || | I|cs /C || | I|cs /C || | I|cs /C
Em mu|Ics ccscs necess|Icmcs uI|||zc| f||I|cs /C
que pe|m|Iem c pcsscgem oe s|nc| nc fc|xc oe R|,
mcs ncc oe|xcm c s|nc| /C s|nc| c|Ie|ncoc oe Cz
cu 12CzJ esIc| p|esenIe nc sc| oc, qucnoc
cp||ccoc em suc enI|coc.
Nc|mc|menIe c seu usc e fe|Ic nc ccsc ocs
css|ncnIes, pc|c |mpeo|| que c Ie|ev|sc| |ccc quenIeJ
ncc ccnIcm|ne c o|sI||cu|cc oc MDd, ccm s|nc|
/C.
||| |||
||| ||| |||!RS !RS
!RS !RS !RS
|||||O ||cc
|||||O AC
50
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
C/|Cd|S DE D|S|Bd|/
\e|emcs nesIc pc|Ie oc cu|sc
meIcocs oe c| cu| cs oe
o|sI||cu|cc oe s|nc|s em MDd.
/c |coc, Iemcs um exemp|c oe
o|sI||cu|cc Ie|efcn|cc, que
se| uI| | | zcoc pc|c c
pcsscgem ocs ccccs e
f| xccc ocs ccmpcnenIes
e|eI|cn|ccs.
p|| me| |c pcssc c se|
|ec||zcoc e fcze| um o|cg|cmc
oe o|sI||cu|cc oe ccc|oc ccm
c nume|c oe cpc|IcmenIcs
pc| cnoc|, |no|ccnoc Icmcnnc
e | ccc| | zccc ocs cc| xcs
Ie|efcn|ccs.
Nc exemp|c cc |coc, fc| fe|Ic umc
o|sI||cu|cc uI|||zcnoc c DC4 ncs cc|xcs
p||nc|pc|s e o|v|sc|es oe 1x2 ncs cc|xcs
p||nc|pc|s e secuno||cs oev|oc
| | m| Iccc oe espcc ncs cc| xcs
secuno||csJ, css|m ccmc se cIenoeu
cs cnoc|es oe ccc|oc ccm cs
|nIe|||gcces ocs cc|xcs, fe|Ics pe|cs
Iucu|cces secuno||cs.
Tub . NET
Tub
.
telefone ss
T
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
DG
CATV
2 Apto
2 Apto
2 Apto
2 Apto
2 Apto
2 Apto
2 Apto
2 Apto
40x40
40x40
15x15
15x15
15x15
15x15
15x15
15x15
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
1
1
51
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
Ccns|oe|emcs, nesIe exemp|c, cs n|ve|s m|n|mcs
ncs cnoc|es oe 13oBm\ pc|c cs ccnc|s c|Ics e
oBm\ pc|c cs ccnc|s cc|xcs.
Devemcs |n|c|c| cs c|cu|cs pe|c p|c| ccsc
ccns|oe|cnoc cs pe|ocs oev|oc o|sInc|c e
ccmpcnenIes uI| | | zcocsJ e |eIc|nc| cIe c
cmp||f|ccoc|, ccns|oe|cnoc semp|e cs pe|ocs e
n|ve|s IcnIc pc|c ccnc|s c|Ics, ccmc pc|c cs
cc|xcs.
Pcoe-se ccse| vc| que c p| c| ccsc, nesIe
exemp| c, e c 4

cnoc|, pc|que Ie|emcs cs

mesmcs pe|ocs oe ccmpcnenIes, pc|em umc
mc|c| o|sInc|c oe cccc.
Se nc sc| oc oc o| v| sc| 1x2 oc 4

cnoc|
necess| Icmcs oe 13oBm\ pc|c c ccnc| c| Ic
em 55CMzJ, em suc enI|coc p|ec|scmcs oe
17oBm\, pc|s 17oBm\ n|ve| oe enI|cocJ mencs
4oBm\ pe|oc pc| |nse|cc oc o|v|sc|J ~ 13oBm\.
Pc|em, ccmc c pe o||e|Ic oc MDd e oe 3m,
Ie|emcs umc pe|oc oe cccc oc 4

cnoc| cIe c

J oe C,oB c cccc RC pe|oe 1,C8oB/1CCm
em 55CMzJ que, scmcoc cc n|ve| necess||c nc
enI|coc oc o| v| sc| 1x2, ex| g| | um n| ve| oe
17,oBm\ nc sc|oc oc DC4 oc

cnoc|.
|czenoc cs mesmcs c|cu|cs pc|c c ccnc|
cc|xc 5CMzJ, ve||f|cc|emcs que nc sc|oc oc DC4
oc

cnoc| se| necess||c um n|ve| oe 13,12oBm\.
\e||f|ccmcs, ncs Icce|cs oc cnexc 1, c menc|
vc|c| oe DC4 e c oe 8oB ncIe que c sc|oc oc
DC4-8 e Ie|m|ncoc em 75 nms, ncc pcoenoc
se| uI|||zcoc qucnoc que|emcs p|cssegu|| ccm c
s|nc|, cI|cves oe suc sc|oc d!J. NesIe ccsc, c n|ve|
em suc enI|coc oeve| se| oe 25,oBm\ pc|c c
ccnc| c|Ic, e 21,12oBm\ pc|c c cc|xc.
C/|Cd|S DE D|S|Bd|/
52
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
/ vcnIcgem oe se cc|cu|c| pc|c c p|c| ccsc
gc|cnIe que cs cuI|cs pcnIcs cIeno|ocs pe|c DC4-8
nesIe ccscJ Ie|cc n| ve| s oe ccc|oc ccm c
espec|f|cccc.
\cmcs, enIcc, cc c|cu|c oe DC4 pc|c c 2

cnoc|. menc| vc|c| que pcoemcs uI|||zc| e c oe
12oB c oe 8oB e Ie|m|ncocJ. Pc|IcnIc, pc|c que nc
Ie||ec p|c| ccscJ Ienncmcs 13oBm\/oBm\, nc
enI|coc oc DC4-12 oevemcs o| spcn| c| | | zc|
2,oBm\/25,12oBm\, nc enI|coc oc DC4-12
oeve|emcs o|spcn|c|||zc| 2,oBm\/25,12oBm\.
Segu|noc ccm cs c|cu|cs, ve||f|cc|emcs que
necess|Ic|emcs oe 3C,oBm\/2,C4oBm\ c|Ic/
cc|xcJ nc enI|coc oc DC4-12, pc|c que Ienncmcs
cs n|ve|s espec|f|ccocs pc|c c 4

cnoc|.
Escc| nenoc, enI|e cs oucs necess| ocoes
esIcce|ec|ocs nc enI|coc oc DC4-12 oc 4

cnoc|
e oc Ie||ecJ, cs n|ve|s que cIenocm c oe p|c| ccsc,
|efczenoc cs c|cu|cs pc|c cs pcnIcs que I|ve|cm
cs n|ve|s c|Ie|cocs e segu|noc c o|cnIe, ve||f|cc|emcs
c necess|ocoe oe 32,2oBm\/2,7oBm\ nc sc|oc
oc cmp||f|ccoc|.
Senoc css| m, pcoe-se o| ze| que pc|c cs
p|cceo|menIcs oe c|cu|c oe o|sI||cu|cc oeve-se
segu|| cs segu|nIes pcsscs:
3 Escc|ne| quc| c I|pc oe ccmpcnenIe oeve| se|
uI|||zcoc,
3 Desennc| c esquemc oe o|sI||cu|cc,
3 dsc|, |n|c|c|menIe, cccc RC ncc uI|||zc|emcs
c R 5 em MDdsJ,
3 EsIcce|ece| n|ve|s |eque||ocs ncs cnoc|es nc
sc|oc oc ccmpcnenIeJ,
C/|Cd|S DE D|S|Bd|/
53
|nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/ |nI|coucc C/!\ !\ !\ !\ !\
3 |cze| cs c|cu|cs oc p|c| ccsc pc|c I|s,
uI|||zcnoc ccmpcnenIes ccm c menc| pe|oc
pcss|ve|,
3 \e|| f| cc| quc| se| c n| ve| |eque|| oc oc
cmp||f|ccoc|,
3 Se c n|ve| |eque||oc fc| cc|mc oc espec|f|cccc
oc cmp||f|ccoc|, se| necess||c |efcze| cs c|cu|cs,
|eo|mens|cncnoc cs ccmpcnenIes, ccccs cu
esquemc oe o|sI||cu|cc escc|n|ocs.
C/|Cd|S DE D|S|Bd|/