CH 05 HW

Ch 05 HW
Due: 11:59pm on Thursday, September 25, 2014

You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy
Boat Statics
A boat owner pulls her boat into the dock shown, where there are
six capstans to which to tie the boat. She has three ropes. She can
tie the boat from the boat's center (A) to any of the capstans (B
through G) along the dotted arrows shown.
Suppose the owner has tied three ropes: one rope runs to A from
B, another to A from D, and a final rope from A to F. The ropes are
tied such that .
The following notation is used in this problem: When a question refers to, for example, , this quantity is taken to mean
the force acting on the boat due to the rope running to A from B, while is the magnitude of that force.
Part A
What is the magnitude of the force provided by the third rope, in terms of ?
Hint 1. Find the forces in the x direction
What is the component of in the x direction (call it simply ), in terms of and ?
Positive x is to the right in the diagram.
ANSWER:
Hint 2. Using algebra and trigonometry
Recalling that , you can find the x component of the net force due to and . How does this
relate to the force provided by the third rope?
ANSWER:
= F
AB
F
AD
F

AB
F
AB
F

AB
F
x
F
AB

= F
x
cos() F
AB
= F
AB
F
AD
F

AB
F

AD
Correct
Atwood Machine Special Cases
An Atwood machine consists of two blocks (of masses and
) tied together with a massless rope that passes over a fixed,
perfect (massless and frictionless) pulley. In this problem you'll
investigate some special cases where physical variables
describing the Atwood machine take on limiting values. Often,
examining special cases will simplify a problem, so that the
solution may be found from inspection or from the results of a
problem you've already seen.
For all parts of this problem, take upward to be the positive
direction and take the gravitational constant, , to be positive.
Part A
Consider the case where and are both nonzero, and . Let be the magnitude of the tension in the
rope connected to the block of mass , and let be the magnitude of the tension in the rope connected to the block
of mass . Which of the following statements is true?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B

cos() F
AB
2 cos() F
AB
2 sin() F
AB
sin() F
AB
m
1
m
2
g
m
1
m
2
> m
2
m
1
T
1
m
1
T
2
m
2
is always equal to .
is greater than by an amount independent of velocity.
is greater than but the difference decreases as the blocks increase in velocity.
There is not enough information to determine the relationship between and .
T
1
T
2
T
2
T
1
T
2
T
1
T
1
T
2
T
Now, consider the special case where the block of mass is not present. Find the magnitude, , of the tension in the
rope. Try to do this without equations; instead, think about the physical consequences.
Hint 1. How to approach the problem
If the block of mass is not present, and the rope connecting the two blocks is massless, will the motion of the
block of mass be any different from free fall?
Hint 2. Which physical law to use
Use Newton's 2nd law on the block of mass .
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
For the same special case (the block of mass not present), what is the acceleration of the block of mass ?
Express your answer in terms of , and remember that an upward acceleration should be positive.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part D
Next, consider the special case where only the block of mass is present. Find the magnitude, , of the tension in
the rope.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part E
For the same special case (the block of mass not present) what is the acceleration of the end of the rope where the
block of mass would have been attached?
m
1
T
m
1
m
2
m
2
= 0 T
m
1
m
2
g
= -9.80 a
2
m
1
T
= 0 T
m
2
m
2
Express your answer in terms of , and remember that an upward acceleration should be positive.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part F
Next, consider the special case . What is the magnitude of the tension in the rope connecting the two
blocks?
Use the variable in your answer instead of or .
ANSWER:
Correct
Part G
For the same special case ( ), what is the acceleration of the block of mass ?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part H
Finally, suppose , while remains finite. What value does the the magnitude of the tension approach?
Hint 1. Acceleration of block of mass
As becomes large, the finite tension will have a neglible effect on the acceleration, . If you ignore , you
can pretend the rope is gone without changing your results for . As , what value does approach?
ANSWER:
Hint 2. Acceleration of block of mass
g
= 9.80 a
2
= = m m
1
m
2
m m
1
m
2
= T
mg
= = m m
1
m
2
m
2
= 0 a
2
m
1
m
2
m
1
m
1
T a
1
T
a
1
m
1
a
1
= -9.80 a
1
m
2
As , what value will the acceleration of the block of mass approach?
ANSWER:
Hint 3. Net force on block of mass
What is the magnitude of the net force on the block of mass .
Express your answer in terms of , , , and any other given quantities. Take the upward direction to
be positive.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Correct
Imagining what would happen if one or more of the variables approached infinity is often a good way to investigate
the behavior of a system.
PhET Tutorial: The Ramp
Learning Goal:
To understand how the forces exerted on an object on an inclined plane affect the objects motion.
For this tutorial, use the PhET simulation The Ramp. This simulation allows you to place a variety of objects on an inclined
ramp and look at the resulting forces and motion.
Start the simulation. When you click the simulation link, you may be asked whether to run, open, or save the file. Choose to
m
1
m
2
= 9.80 a
2
m
2
F
net
m
2
T m
2
g
= F
net
T g m
2
= T 2 g m
2
run or open it.
Select an object to place on the ramp by clicking on any object under the Choose Object section of the right panel. To
change the ramp angle, you can adjust the Ramp Angle slider bar in the right panel or you can click on the ramp and drag it
up or down. To turn off friction, you can click on the Frictionless option that is above the Position setting. You can have the
person pushing on the object by setting an Applied Force that is nonzero (you can type in a value in the Applied Force box
on the left, drag the big vertical slider bar to the left of the parallel-force graph, or you can click and drag on the object). While
the simulation is running, a graph shows the parallel forces (i.e., the components of the forces along the ramp) as a function
of time.
Feel free to play around with the simulation. When you are done, click Reset before beginning Part A.
Part A
The first thing you will investigate is static friction. The force of static friction is the parallel force exerted on a stationary
object by the ramp. This force is always directed opposite the direction the object would slide if there were no friction.
Select the crate as the object for the ramp. Then, slowly increase the ramp angle. The individual forces acting on the
crate are shown. Theyll look something like this:
Watch what happens to the force of friction (the red vector in the picture or the red plot in the graph) before the crate
starts to slide down the ramp.
As the ramp angle increases, the force of static friction
ANSWER:
increases.
remains the same.
decreases.
Correct
In order for the crate to remain at rest, the force of static friction must be equal in magnitude to the component of
the force of gravity parallel to the ramp. As the ramp angle increases, this component of the force of gravity
increases.
Part B
With the crate stationary on a horizontal ramp, the force of static friction is
ANSWER:
Correct
Since the force of gravity is vertical, it has no component parallel to the horizontal ramp. This means that there is no
force along the ramp that friction has to oppose.
Part C
What is the maximum ramp angle that still allows the crate to remain at rest? (Make sure the coefficient of friction is 0.7.)
Express your answer to the nearest degree.
Slowly increase the ramp angle, and look at the value of the angle once the crate begins to slide. Your graph will
look something like this, and the slipping occurs when the red curve flattens out:
ANSWER:
directed to the left.
zero.
directed to the right.
Correct
The crate accelerates when the component of the force of gravity along the ramp is greater than the maximum force
of static friction. The component of the force of gravity along the ramp is , where is the weight of the
object and is the ramp angle. The maximum force of static friction is , where is the normal
force and is the coefficient of static friction. The maximum angle can be determined by equating these two forces,
which gives , or
Part D
In the previous part, you determined the maximum angle that still allows the crate to remain at rest. If the coefficient of
friction is less than 0.7, what happens to this angle? (Note that you can adjust the coefficient of friction by clicking on the
More Features tab near the top of the window and then using the slider bar in the right panel.)
The maximum force of static friction is given by , where is the normal force acting on the crate
and is the coefficient of static friction. Think about what happens to this maximum force when the coefficient of
friction decreases.
ANSWER:
Correct
Since the maximum force of static friction decreases due to the smaller coefficient of friction, a smaller component
of the force of gravity along the ramp is required to make the crate accelerate.
Part E
The mass of the crate can also be adjusted by clicking on the More Features tab and then using the slider bar in the
right panel.
How does the maximum angle for which the crate can remain at rest on the ramp depend on the mass of the crate?
Hint 1. How to approach this part
Think about how the maximum force of static friction depends on the mass of the object, and compare that to how
the force of gravity depends on the mass. Keep in mind that the file cabinet will begin slipping when the maximum
force of static friction is equal to the component of the force of gravity along the ramp.
= 35

mg sin() mg
n = mg cos() n
sin() = cos() = atan() = 35 .
= n f
s, max
n
The maximum angle remains the same.

The maximum angle increases.
The maximum angle decreases.
ANSWER:
Correct
Although the normal force and thus the maximum force of static friction increases with increasing mass, the
component of the force of gravity parallel to the ramp increases at the same rate. The maximum angle is therefore
independent of the mass.
The next three parts deal with the forces on the crate while the person is pushing on it.
Part F
Click Reset, and then adjust the ramp angle to . Compare the force of static friction when there is no applied force to
when there is an applied force of 100 (pushing up the ramp).
How do the two forces of static friction compare?
ANSWER:
Correct
In order for the crate to be stationary, the sum of the applied force and the force of static friction must have the
same magnitude as the component of gravity parallel to the ramp (so that the net force is zero). Thus, the force of
friction decreases by 100 when the applied force goes from zero to 100 .
Part G
For a stationary crate (with a coefficient of friction of 0.7) on the ramp, can the force of static friction ever be zero?
Hint 1. How to approach the problem using the simulation
Adjust the applied force while watching the force of static friction in the parallel-force graph. Determine if you can
make the force of static friction go to zero.
Hint 2. How to approach the problem using physics reasoning
Think about what would be required for the cabinet to be at rest on a frictionless surface. In which direction is the
force of gravity? In which direction would the applied force have to be exerted to balance the force of gravity
The maximum angle decreases as the mass increases.
The maximum angle increases as the mass increases.
The maximum angle does not depend on the mass.
15
N
The force of static friction when there is no applied force is less than the case when there is an applied force.
The force of static friction when there is no applied force is greater than the case when there is an applied
force.
The force of static friction when there is no applied force is equal to the case when there is an applied force.
N N
15
along the ramp?

ANSWER:
Correct
When the applied force has the same strength as the component of the force of gravity parallel to the ramp, then
the net force on the crate would be zero if the surface were frictionless. This means friction doesnt have to help,
and so the force of friction is zero (this is similar to Part B, where the crate is sitting on a horizontal surface with no
applied forces). Notice that if the applied force is greater than this value, the force of static friction is directed down
the ramp.
Part H
Slowly adjust the applied force (pushing both up and down the ramp) until the crate begins to move. Determine the
minimum strength of the pushing force needed to accelerate the crate up the ramp and the minimum strength of the
pushing force needed to accelerate the crate down the ramp.
How do these two minimum strengths compare to each other?
ANSWER:
No
Yes, but only for a specific applied force directed up the ramp.
Yes, but only for a specific applied force directed down the ramp.
The minimum push needed to get the crate to slide up the ramp is greater than that to get the crate to slide
down the ramp.
The minimum push needed to get the crate to slide up the ramp is less than that to get the crate to slide down
the ramp.
The minimum push needed to get the crate to slide up the ramp is the same as that to get the crate to slide
down the ramp.
Correct
When pushing up the ramp, the applied force is opposing not only the static friction force (which is directed down
the ramp) but also the component of the force of gravity along the ramp. When pushing down the ramp, the applied
force is being helped by the component of the force of gravity down the ramp in opposing the friction force (directed
up the ramp), and so doesnt need to be as strong.
This should be consistent with your own experiences trying to move things up and down slopes.
PhET Interactive Simulations
University of Colorado
http://phet.colorado.edu
Two Masses, a Pulley, and an Inclined Plane
Block 1, of mass , is connected over an ideal (massless and
frictionless) pulley to block 2, of mass , as shown. Assume that
the blocks accelerate as shown with an acceleration of magnitude
and that the coefficient of kinetic friction between block 2 and the
plane is .
m
1
m
2
a
Part A
Find the ratio of the masses .
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables , , and , as well as the magnitude of the
acceleration due to gravity .
Hint 1. Draw a free-body diagram
Which figure depicts the correct free-body diagrams for the blocks in this problem?
Figure a)

Figure b)

Figure c)
/ m
1
m
2
a
g

ANSWER:
Hint 2. Apply Newton's 2nd law to block 2 in the direction parallel to the incline
What is Newton's 2nd law for block 2 in the direction parallel to the incline? (Assume the positive direction is
going up the incline.)
Express your answer in terms of , , , and , as well as the magnitude of the acceleration due to
gravity .
ANSWER:
Hint 3. Find an expression for the friction force
What is the magnitude of the friction force acting on block 2?
ANSWER:
Hint 4. Find the normal force
a
b
c
m
2
T f
g
= a m
2
T f gsin() m
2
f

f = n/
f = /n
f = n
= f

n
By applying Newton's 2nd law to block 2 in the direction perpendicular to the incline determine the magnitude of
the normal force .
Express your answer in terms of and , as well as the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity .
ANSWER:
Hint 5. Apply Newton's 2nd law to block 1 in the vertical direction
Write an expression for Newton's 2nd law in the vertical direction for block 1. Take the positive direction to point
downward.
Express your answer in terms of the variables and/or , as well as the magnitude of the acceleration
due to gravity .
ANSWER:
Hint 6. Solve for the unknown tension
Using your result from the previous hint, express in terms of , , and .
ANSWER:
Hint 7. Putting it all together
By applying Newton's law to both block 1 and block 2, as you did in Hints 2 and 4, you found two equations where
the masses , , the tension , and the acceleration , all appear, along with and . (Note that the friction
force can be expressed in terms of the normal force, which, in turn, can be written as , as you found
in Hint 3.) Choose one of the two equation and solve for ; substitute this result into the other equation. You will
then have an equation with factors of and . You can then deduce the ratio.
ANSWER:
Correct
Contact Forces Introduced
Learning Goal:
n
m
2
g
= n gcos() m
2
m
1
T
g
= a m
1
g T m
1
T
T g a m
1
= T (g a) m
1
m
1
m
2
T a g
gcos() m
2
T
m
1
m
2
= / m
1
m
2
a+gsin()+gcos()
ga
To introduce contact forces (normal and friction forces) and to understand that, except for friction forces under certain
circumstances, these forces must be determined from: net Force = ma.
Two solid objects cannot occupy the same space at the same time. Indeed, when the objects touch, they exert repulsive
normal forces on each other, as well as frictional forces that resist their slipping relative to each other. These contact forces
arise from a complex interplay between the electrostatic forces between the electrons and ions in the objects and the laws of
quantum mechanics. As two surfaces are pushed together these forces increase exponentially over an atomic distance
scale, easily becoming strong enough to distort the bulk material in the objects if they approach too close. In everyday
experience, contact forces are limited by the deformation or acceleration of the objects, rather than by the fundamental
interatomic forces. Hence, we can conclude the following:
The magnitude of contact forces is determined by , that is, by the other forces on, and acceleration of, the
contacting bodies. The only exception is that the frictional forces cannot exceed (although they can be smaller than this
or even zero).
Normal and friction forces
Two types of contact forces operate in typical mechanics problems, the normal and frictional forces, usually designated by
and (or , or something similar) respectively. These are the components of the overall contact force: perpendicular to
and parallel to the plane of contact.
Kinetic friction when surfaces slide
When one surface is sliding past the other, experiments show three things about the friction force (denoted ):
1. The frictional force opposes the relative motion at the point of contact,
2. is proportional to the normal force, and
3. the ratio of the magnitude of the frictional force to that of the normal force is fairly constant over a wide range of
speeds.
The constant of proportionality is called the coefficient of kinetic friction, often designated . As long as the sliding
continues, the frictional force is then
(valid when the surfaces slide by each other).
Static friction when surfaces don't slide
When there is no relative motion of the surfaces, the frictional force can assume any value from zero up to a maximum ,
where is the coefficient of static friction. Invariably, is larger than , in agreement with the observation that when a
force is large enough that something breaks loose and starts to slide, it often accelerates.
The frictional force for surfaces with no relative motion is therefore
(valid when the contacting surfaces have no relative motion).
The actual magnitude and direction of the static friction force are such that it (together with other forces on the object) causes
the object to remain motionless with respect to the contacting surface as long as the static friction force required does not
exceed . The equation is valid only when the surfaces are on the verge of sliding.
Part A
When two objects slide by one another, which of the following statements about the force of friction between them, is
true?
= m F

a
n
n
f F
fric
n
f
f
k
f
k
k
= n f
k

k
n
s
s

s

k
n f
s

s
n
s
= n f
s

s
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
When two objects are in contact with no relative motion, which of the following statements about the frictional force
between them, is true?
ANSWER:
Correct
For static friction, the actual magnitude and direction of the friction force are such that it, together with any other
forces present, will cause the object to have the observed acceleration. The magnitude of the force cannot exceed
. If the magnitude of static friction needed to keep acceleration equal to zero exceeds , then the object will
slide subject to the resistance of kinetic friction. Do not automatically assume that unless you are
considering a situation in which the magnitude of the static friction force is as large as possible (i.e., when
determining at what point an object will just begin to slip). Whether the actual magnitude of the friction force is 0,
less than , or equal to depends on the magnitude of the other forces (if any) as well as the acceleration of
the object through .
Part C
When a board with a box on it is slowly tilted to larger and larger angle, common experience shows that the box will at
some point "break loose" and start to accelerate down the board.
The box begins to slide once the component of gravity acting parallel to the board just begins to exceeds the
maximum force of static friction. Which of the following is the most general explanation for why the box accelerates down
the board?
ANSWER:
The frictional force is always equal to .
The frictional force is always less than .
The frictional force is determined by other forces on the objects so it can be either equal to or less than .
n
k
n
k
n
k
The frictional force is always equal to .
The frictional force is always less than .
The frictional force is determined by other forces on the objects so it can be either equal to or less than .
n
s
n
s
n
s
n
s
n
s
= n f
s

s
n
s
n
s
= m F

a
F
g
Correct
At the point when the box finally does "break loose," you know that the component of the box's weight that is
parallel to the board just exceeds (i.e., this component of gravitational force on the box has just reached a
magnitude such that the force of static friction, which has a maximum value of , can no longer oppose it.) For
the box to then accelerate, there must be a net force on the box along the board. Thus, the component of the box's
weight parallel to the board must be greater than the force of kinetic friction. Therefore the force of kinetic friction
must be less than the force of static friction which implies , as expected.
Part D
Consider a problem in which a car of mass is on a road tilted at an angle . The normal force
Select the best answer.
ANSWER:
Correct
The key point is that contact forces must be determined from Newton's equation. In the problem described above,
there is not enough information given to determine the normal force (e.g., the acceleration is unknown). Each of the
answer options is valid under some conditions ( , the car is sliding down an icy incline, or the car is going
around a banked turn), but in fact none is likely to be correct if there are other forces on the car or if the car is
accelerating. Do not memorize values for the normal force valid in different problems--you must determine from
.
Centripetal Acceleration Explained
Learning Goal:
To understand that centripetal acceleration is the acceleration that causes motion in a circle.
Acceleration is the time derivative of velocity. Because velocity is a vector, it can change in two ways: the length (magnitude)
The force of kinetic friction is smaller than that of maximum static friction, but remains the same.
Once the box is moving, is smaller than the force of maximum static friction but larger than the force of
kinetic friction.
Once the box is moving, is larger than the force of maximum static friction.
When the box is stationary, equals the force of static friction, but once the box starts moving, the sliding
reduces the normal force, which in turn reduces the friction.
F
g
F
g
F
g
F
g
n
s
n
s
n
k
n
s
<
k

s
M

is found using
n = Mg
n = Mgcos()
n =
Mg
cos()
= M F

a
= 0
n
= m F

a
can change and/or the direction can change. The latter type of change has a special name, the centripetal acceleration. In
this problem we consider a mass moving in a circle of radius with angular velocity ,

.
The main point of the problem is to compute the acceleration using geometric arguments.
Part A
What is the velocity of the mass at a time ? You can work this out geometrically with the help of the hints, or by
differentiating the expression for given in the introduction.
Express this velocity in terms of , , , and the unit
vectors and .
Hint 1. Direction of the velocity
What is the angle between and ? As shown in the figure, this angle is directly related to the
direction of the velocity vector. Keep in mind that when , .
Express your result in terms of quantities given in the problem introduction.
R
(t) = R[cos(t) +sin(t) ] r i
^
j
^
= Rcos(t) +Rsin(t) i
^
j
^
t
(t) r
R t
i
^
j
^
(t = 0) r (t) r
t = 0 (t = 0) = R r i
^
ANSWER:
Hint 2. Speed
What is , the speed (magnitude of velocity) of the mass at time ?
Express in terms of and .
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Correct
Assume that the mass has been moving along its circular path for some time. You start timing its motion with a stopwatch
when it crosses the positive x axis, an instant that corresponds to . [Notice that when , .] For the
remainder of this problem, assume that the time is measured from the moment you start timing the motion. Then the time
refers to the moment a time before you start your stopwatch.
Part B
What is the velocity of the mass at a time ?
Express this velocity in terms of , , , and the unit vectors and .
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
What is the average acceleration of the mass during the time interval from to ?
Express this acceleration in terms of , , , and the unit vectors and .
= t
v(t) t
v(t) R
= v(t) R
= (t) v R(sin(t) +cos(t) ) i
^
j
^
t = 0 t = 0 (t = 0) = R r i
^
t
t t
t
R t i
^
j
^
= (t) v
Rsin(t) +Rcos(t) i
^
j
^
t t
R t i
^
j
^
Hint 1. Average acceleration
The definition of average acceleration over the interval from to is
.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part D
What is the magnitude of this acceleration in the limit of small ? In this limit, the average acceleration becomes the
instantaneous acceleration.
Express your answer in terms of and .
Hint 1. Expansion of
For small times (or more precisely when ), what is the first term in the Taylor series expansion for
?
Express your answer in terms of and .
Hint 1. Taylor series expansion
The Taylor series expansion of is
t
1
t
2
[ , ] = a
avg
t
1
t
2
( ) ( ) v t
2
v t
1
t
2
t
1
= [t, t] a
avg
2Rsin(t)i
^
t+t
t
R
sin(x)
t t 1
sin(t)
t
sin(x)
sinx =x + +
3 5 7
.
ANSWER:
Answer Requested
ANSWER:
Answer Requested
Part E
Consider the following statements:
a. The centripetal acceleration might better be expressed as because it is a vector.
b. The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration is .
c. The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration is .
d. A particle that is going along a path with local radius of curvature at speed experiences a centripetal
acceleration .
e. If you are in a car turning left, the force you feel pushing you to the right is the force that causes the
centripetal acceleration.
In these statements refers to the component of the velocity of an object in the direction toward or away from the
origin of the coordinate system or the rotation axis. Conversely, refers to the component of the velocity
perpendicular to .
Identify the statement or statements that are false.
ANSWER:
sinx =x + +
x
3
3!
x
5
5!
x
7
7!
= sin(t) t
= a
centripl R
2
(t)
2
r
/R v
2
radial
/R v
2
tangential
R s
/R s
2
v
radial
v
tangential
v
radial
a only
b only
c only
d only
e only
b and e
c and e
d and e
Correct
That's right; the true statements are therefore:
a. The centripetal acceleration might better be expressed as because it is a vector.
c. The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration is .
d. A particle that is going along a path with local radius of curvature at speed experiences an
acceleration .
There is so much confusion about centripetal force that you should probably ban this term from your vocabulary and
thought processes. If you are in a car turning left, your centripetal acceleration is to the left (i.e., inward) and some
real force must be applied to you to give you this acceleration--typically this would be provided by friction with the
seat. The force you "feel" pushing you to the right is not a real force but rather a "fictitious force" that is present if
you are in an accelerating coordinate system (in this case the car). It is best to stick to inertial (i.e., nonaccelerating)
coordinate systems when doing kinematics and dynamics (i.e., calculations).
Video Tutor: Ball Leaves Circular Track
First, launch the video below. You will be asked to use your knowledge of physics to predict the outcome of an experiment.
Then, close the video window and answer the questions at right. You can watch the video again at any point.
Part A
Consider the video demonstration that you just watched. Which of the following changes would make it more likely for
the ball to hit both the white can and the green can?
To answer this question, you first have to decide whether changing the balls mass or its speed can change the
path it follows after it leaves the track.
Newtons second law says that a net force acting on the ball will change the balls motionthat is, its speed
and/or direction. Newtons first law says that, in the absence of a net force, the balls motion wont change.
After the ball leaves the track, does a net force act on it? Draw a free-body diagram for the ball if youre not sure.
To hit the green can, the ball must continue following a curved path. What would be needed to make that
happen?
(t)
2
r
/R v
2
tangential
R s
/R s
2
= m F

a
ANSWER:
Correct
By Newtons first law, after it has left the circular track, the ball will travel in a straight line until it is subject to a
nonzero net force. Thus, the ball can only hit the white can, because that is the only can in the balls straight-line
path.
Banked Frictionless Curve, and Flat Curve with Friction
A car of mass = 1100 traveling at 40.0 enters a banked turn covered with ice. The road is banked at an
angle , and there is no friction between the road and the car's tires. . Use = 9.80 throughout this problem.
Part A
What is the radius of the turn if = 20.0 (assuming the car continues in uniform circular motion around the turn)?
Express your answer in meters.
You need to apply Newton's 2nd law to the car. Because you do not want the car to slip as it goes around the
curve, the car needs to have a net acceleration of magnitude pointing radially inward (toward the center of
the curve).
Roll the ball faster.
Use a ball that is heavier than the original ball.
Roll the ball slower.
Use a ball that is lighter than the original ball, but still heavier than an empty can.
None of the above
M kg km/hour
g m/s
2
r

/r v
2
Hint 2. Identify the free-body diagram and coordinate system
Which of the following diagrams represents the forces acting on the car and the most appropriate choice of
coordinate axes?
ANSWER:
Hint 3. Calculate the normal force
Find , the magnitude of the normal force between the car and the road. Take the positive x axis to point
horizontally toward the center of the curve and the positive y axis to point vertically upward.
Express your answer in newtons.
Hint 1. Consider the net force
The only forces acting on the car are the normal force and gravity. There must be a net acceleration in the
horizontal direction, but because the car does not slip, the net acceleration in the vertical direction must be
zero. Use this fact to find .
Hint 2. Apply Newton's 2nd law to the car in the y direction
Which equation accurately describes the equation for the net force acting on the car in the y direction?
ANSWER:
Figure A
Figure B
Figure C
n
n
= ncos +Mg F
y
= nsin +Mg F
y
= ncos Mg F
y
= nsin Mg F
y
ANSWER:
Hint 4. Determine the acceleration in the horizontal plane
Take the y axis to be vertical and let the x axis point horizontally toward the center of the curve. By applying
in the horizontal direction, determine , the magnitude of the acceleration, using your result for the
normal force.
Express your answer in meters per second squared.
Hint 1. Apply Newton's 2nd law to the car in the x direction
Which equation accurately describes the equation for the net force acting on the car in the x direction?
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Now, suppose that the curve is level ( ) and that the ice has melted, so that there is a coefficient of static friction
between the road and the car's tires. What is , the minimum value of the coefficient of static friction between the
tires and the road required to prevent the car from slipping? Assume that the car's speed is still 40.0 and that
the radius of the curve is given by the value you found for in Part A.
Express your answer numerically.
=
1.15!10
4
n N
= Ma F
x
a
= ncos F
x
= nsin F
x
=ncos + F
x
Mv
2
r
=ncos F
x
Mv
2
r
= 3.57 a m/s
2
= 34.6 r m
= 0
min
km/hour
r
curve, the car needs to have a net acceleration of magnitude pointing radially inward (toward the center of
the curve).
Hint 2. Identify the correct free-body diagram
Which of the following diagrams represents the forces acting on the car as it goes around the curve?
represents the friction force.
ANSWER:
/r v
2
F
fr
Figure A
Figure B
Figure C
Figure D
Hint 3. Calculate the net force
What is the net force that acts on the car?
Hint 1. How to determine the net force
Newton's 2nd law tells you that
.
Because you do not want the car to slip as it goes around the curve, the car needs to have a net
acceleration of magnitude pointing radially inward (toward the center of the curve).
ANSWER:
Hint 4. Calculate the friction force
If the coefficient of friction were equal to , what would be , the magnitude of the force provided by friction?
Let be the mass of the car and be the acceleration due to gravity.
Hint 1. Equation for the force of friction
The force of friction is given by
.
What is the normal force acting on the car?
Enter your answer in newtons.
Hint 1. Acceleration in the y direction
Because the car is neither sinking into the road nor levitating, you can conclude that .
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
F
net
= m F

a
/r v
2
= 3920 F
net
N
min
F
fr
m g
= n F
fr
n
= 0 a
y
=
1.08!10
4
n N
ANSWER:
Correct
Problem 5.56
An adventurous archaeologist crosses between two rock cliffs by slowly going hand-over-hand along a rope stretched
between the cliffs. He stops to rest at the middle of the rope . The
rope will break if the tension in it exceeds 2.50!10
4
, and our
hero's mass is 81.3 .
Part A
If the angle between the rope and the horizontal is = 11.2 , find the tension in the rope.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
What is the smallest value the angle can have if the rope is not to break?
ANSWER:
= F
fr
min
Mg
= Mg F
fr

min
= 0.364
min
N
kg

2050 N
Correct
Exercise 5.15
A load of bricks with mass = 14.6 hangs from one end of a rope that passes over a small, frictionless pulley. A
counterweight of mass = 27.6 is suspended from the other end of the rope, as shown in the figure. The system is
released from rest. Use = 9.80 for the magnitude of the
acceleration due to gravity.
Part A
What is the magnitude of the upward acceleration of the load of bricks?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
What is the tension in the rope while the load is moving?
ANSWER:
Correct
0.913
m
1
kg
m
2
kg
g m/s
2
3.02 m/s
2
187 N
Enhanced EOC: Exercise 5.39
A large crate with mass rests on a horizontal floor. The static and kinetic coefficients of friction between the crate and the
floor are and , respectively. A woman pushes downward on the crate at an angle below the horizontal with a force .
You may want to review ( pages 146 - 154) .
For help with math skills, you may want to review:
Vector Components
Limits Involving Infinity
For general problem-solving tips and strategies for this topic, you may want to view a Video Tutor Solution of Minimizing
kinetic friction.
Part A
What is the magnitude of the force vector required to keep the crate moving at constant velocity?
Express your answer in terms of , , , and .
Consider that the crate is moving at constant velocity. What does this imply about the forces on the crate in any
direction?
Start by drawing a free-body diagram showing all the forces acting on the crate, including a coordinate system of
your choice.
Resolve these forces into components in accordance with your coordinate system, being careful to ensure that
the directions (i.e., signs) are correct.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
If is greater than some critical value, the woman cannot start the crate moving no matter how hard she pushes.
Calculate this critical value of .
Express your answer in terms of .
Since the woman cannot move the crate, no matter how large a force she applies, the variable must not
appear in the solution.
m
s

k
F

F

m g
k
= F
mg
k
cos sin
k
F
How can you eliminate the force from the set of equations you identified in Part A?
How can you find the value of at which the horizontal component of the force exerted on the crate by the
woman is always smaller in magnitude than the maximum frictional force exerted on the crate by the floor?
ANSWER:
Correct
Exercise 5.46
The "Giant Swing" at a county fair consists of a vertical central shaft with a number of horizontal arms attached at its upper
end. Each arm supports a seat suspended from a cable 5.00 long, the upper end of the cable being fastened to the arm at
a point 3.00 from the central shaft.
Part A
Find the time of one revolution of the swing if the cable supporting a seat makes an angle of with the vertical.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Does the angle depend on the weight of the passenger for a given rate of revolution?
ANSWER:
s
=
s
cot
m
m
30.0
= 6.19 T s
Correct
Problem 5.73
Block A in the figure weighs 1.30 and block B weighs 3.57 .
The coefficient of kinetic friction between all surfaces is 0.304.
Part A
Find the magnitude of the horizontal force necessary to drag block to the left at constant speed if rests on and
moves with it (figure (a)).
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Find the magnitude of the horizontal force necessary to drag block to the left at constant speed if is held at rest
(figure (b)).
ANSWER:
Yes.
No.
N N
F

B A B
= 1.48 F N
F

B A
= 1.88 F N
Correct
Problem 5.120
A small remote-control car with a mass of 1.56 moves at a constant speed of = 12.0 in a vertical circle inside a
hollow metal cylinder that has a radius of 5.00 .
Part A
What is the magnitude of the normal force exerted on the car by the walls of the cylinder at point A (at the bottom of the
vertical circle)?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
What is the magnitude of the normal force exerted on the car by the walls of the cylinder at point B (at the top of the
vertical circle)?
ANSWER:
Correct
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 96.6%.
You received 13.52 out of a possible total of 14 points.
kg v m/s
m
60.2 N
29.6 N
Ch 05 HW
Due: 11:59pm on Thursday, September 25, 2014
You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy
Boat Statics
A boat owner pulls her boat into the dock shown, where there are
six capstans to which to tie the boat. She has three ropes. She can
tie the boat from the boat's center (A) to any of the capstans (B
through G) along the dotted arrows shown.
Suppose the owner has tied three ropes: one rope runs to A from
B, another to A from D, and a final rope from A to F. The ropes are
tied such that \(F_{\rm AB} = F_{\rm AD}\).
The following notation is used in this problem: When a question refers to, for example, \(\texttip{\vec{F}_{\rm AB}}
{F_AB_vec}\), this quantity is taken to mean the force acting on the boat due to the rope running to A from B, while \
(\texttip{F_{\rm AB}}{F_AB}\) is the magnitude of that force.
Part A
What is the magnitude of the force provided by the third rope, in terms of \(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\)?
Hint 1. Find the forces in the x direction
What is the component of \(\texttip{\vec{F}_{\rm AB}}{F_AB_vec}\) in the x direction (call it simply
\(\texttip{F_{\mit x}}{F_x}\)), in terms of \(\texttip{F_{\rm AB}}{F_AB}\) and \(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\)?
Positive x is to the right in the diagram.
ANSWER:
Hint 2. Using algebra and trigonometry
Recalling that \(F_{\rm AB} = F_{\rm AD}\), you can find the x component of the net force due to
\(\texttip{\vec{F}_{\rm AB}}{F_AB_vec}\) and \(\texttip{\vec{F}_{\rm AD}}{F_AD_vec}\). How does this relate to the
force provided by the third rope?
ANSWER:
\(\texttip{F_{\mit x}}{F_x}\) = \(-F_{\rm{AB}} {\cos}\left({\theta}\right)\)
Correct
Atwood Machine Special Cases
An Atwood machine consists of two blocks (of masses \
(\texttip{m_{\rm 1}}{m_1}\) and \(\texttip{m_{\rm 2}}{m_2}\)) tied
together with a massless rope that passes over a fixed, perfect
(massless and frictionless) pulley. In this problem you'll investigate
some special cases where physical variables describing the
Atwood machine take on limiting values. Often, examining special
cases will simplify a problem, so that the solution may be found
from inspection or from the results of a problem you've already
seen.
For all parts of this problem, take upward to be the positive
direction and take the gravitational constant, \(\texttip{g}{g}\), to be
positive.
Part A
Consider the case where \(\texttip{m_{\rm 1}}{m_1}\) and \(\texttip{m_{\rm 2}}{m_2}\) are both nonzero, and
\(m_2 > m_1\). Let \(\texttip{T_{\rm 1}}{T_1}\) be the magnitude of the tension in the rope connected to the block of mass
\(\texttip{m_{\rm 1}}{m_1}\), and let \(\texttip{T_{\rm 2}}{T_2}\) be the magnitude of the tension in the rope connected to
the block of mass \(\texttip{m_{\rm 2}}{m_2}\). Which of the following statements is true?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
\(F_{\rm AB}\cos(\theta)\)
\(2 F_{\rm AB}\cos(\theta)\)
\(2 F_{\rm AB}\sin(\theta)\)
\(F_{\rm AB}\sin(\theta)\)
\(T_1\) is always equal to \(T_2\).
\(T_2\) is greater than \(T_1\) by an amount independent of velocity.
\(T_2\) is greater than \(T_1\) but the difference decreases as the blocks increase in velocity.
There is not enough information to determine the relationship between \(T_1\) and \(T_2\).
Now, consider the special case where the block of mass \(m_1\) is not present. Find the magnitude, \(\texttip{T}{T}\), of
the tension in the rope. Try to do this without equations; instead, think about the physical consequences.
If the block of mass \(m_1\) is not present, and the rope connecting the two blocks is massless, will the motion of
the block of mass \(\texttip{m_{\rm 2}}{m_2}\) be any different from free fall?
Hint 2. Which physical law to use
Use Newton's 2nd law on the block of mass \(\texttip{m_{\rm 2}}{m_2}\).
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
For the same special case (the block of mass \(m_1\) not present), what is the acceleration of the block of mass
\(\texttip{m_{\rm 2}}{m_2}\)?
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{g}{g}\), and remember that an upward acceleration should be positive.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part D
Next, consider the special case where only the block of mass \(m_1\) is present. Find the magnitude, \(\texttip{T}{T}\), of
the tension in the rope.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part E
For the same special case (the block of mass \(m_2\) not present) what is the acceleration of the end of the rope where
\(\texttip{T}{T}\) = 0
\(\texttip{a_{\rm 2}}{a_2}\) = -9.80
\(\texttip{T}{T}\) = 0
the block of mass \(m_2\) would have been attached?
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{g}{g}\), and remember that an upward acceleration should be positive.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part F
Next, consider the special case \(m_1 = m_2 = m\). What is the magnitude of the tension in the rope connecting the two
blocks?
Use the variable \(\texttip{m}{m}\) in your answer instead of \(\texttip{m_{\rm 1}}{m_1}\) or
\(\texttip{m_{\rm 2}}{m_2}\).
ANSWER:
Correct
Part G
For the same special case (\(m_1 = m_2 = m\)), what is the acceleration of the block of mass \(\texttip{m_{\rm 2}}{m_2}\)
?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part H
Finally, suppose \(m_1 \rightarrow \infty\), while \(\texttip{m_{\rm 2}}{m_2}\) remains finite. What value does the the
magnitude of the tension approach?
Hint 1. Acceleration of block of mass \(\texttip{m_{\rm 1}}{m_1}\)
As \(\texttip{m_{\rm 1}}{m_1}\) becomes large, the finite tension \(\texttip{T}{T}\) will have a neglible effect on the
acceleration, \(\texttip{a_{\rm 1}}{a_1}\). If you ignore \(\texttip{T}{T}\), you can pretend the rope is gone without
changing your results for \(\texttip{a_{\rm 1}}{a_1}\). As \(m_1 \rightarrow \infty\), what value does
\(\texttip{a_{\rm 1}}{a_1}\) approach?
\(\texttip{a_{\rm 2}}{a_2}\) = 9.80
\(\texttip{T}{T}\) = \(mg\)
\(\texttip{a_{\rm 2}}{a_2}\) = 0
ANSWER:
Hint 2. Acceleration of block of mass \(\texttip{m_{\rm 2}}{m_2}\)
As \(m_1 \rightarrow \infty\), what value will the acceleration of the block of mass \(\texttip{m_{\rm 2}}{m_2}\)
approach?
ANSWER:
Hint 3. Net force on block of mass \(\texttip{m_{\rm 2}}{m_2}\)
What is the magnitude \(\texttip{F_{\rm net}}{F_net}\) of the net force on the block of mass
\(\texttip{m_{\rm 2}}{m_2}\).
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{T}{T}\), \(\texttip{m_{\rm 2}}{m_2}\), \(\texttip{g}{g}\), and any
other given quantities. Take the upward direction to be positive.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Correct
Imagining what would happen if one or more of the variables approached infinity is often a good way to investigate
the behavior of a system.
PhET Tutorial: The Ramp
Learning Goal:
To understand how the forces exerted on an object on an inclined plane affect the objects motion.
For this tutorial, use the PhET simulation The Ramp. This simulation allows you to place a variety of objects on an inclined
ramp and look at the resulting forces and motion.
\(\texttip{a_{\rm 1}}{a_1}\) = -9.80
\(\texttip{a_{\rm 2}}{a_2}\) = 9.80
\(\texttip{F_{\rm net}}{F_net}\) = \(T-m_{2} g\)
\(\texttip{T}{T}\) = \(2m_{2} g\)
Start the simulation. When you click the simulation link, you may be asked whether to run, open, or save the file. Choose to
run or open it.
Select an object to place on the ramp by clicking on any object under the Choose Object section of the right panel. To
change the ramp angle, you can adjust the Ramp Angle slider bar in the right panel or you can click on the ramp and drag it
up or down. To turn off friction, you can click on the Frictionless option that is above the Position setting. You can have the
person pushing on the object by setting an Applied Force that is nonzero (you can type in a value in the Applied Force box
on the left, drag the big vertical slider bar to the left of the parallel-force graph, or you can click and drag on the object). While
the simulation is running, a graph shows the parallel forces (i.e., the components of the forces along the ramp) as a function
of time.
Feel free to play around with the simulation. When you are done, click Reset before beginning Part A.
Part A
The first thing you will investigate is static friction. The force of static friction is the parallel force exerted on a stationary
object by the ramp. This force is always directed opposite the direction the object would slide if there were no friction.
Select the crate as the object for the ramp. Then, slowly increase the ramp angle. The individual forces acting on the
crate are shown. Theyll look something like this:
Watch what happens to the force of friction (the red vector in the picture or the red plot in the graph) before the crate
starts to slide down the ramp.
As the ramp angle increases, the force of static friction
ANSWER:
Correct
In order for the crate to remain at rest, the force of static friction must be equal in magnitude to the component of
the force of gravity parallel to the ramp. As the ramp angle increases, this component of the force of gravity
increases.
Part B
With the crate stationary on a horizontal ramp, the force of static friction is
ANSWER:
Correct
Since the force of gravity is vertical, it has no component parallel to the horizontal ramp. This means that there is no
force along the ramp that friction has to oppose.
Part C
What is the maximum ramp angle that still allows the crate to remain at rest? (Make sure the coefficient of friction is 0.7.)
Express your answer to the nearest degree.
Slowly increase the ramp angle, and look at the value of the angle once the crate begins to slide. Your graph will
look something like this, and the slipping occurs when the red curve flattens out:
increases.
remains the same.
decreases.
directed to the left.
zero.
directed to the right.
ANSWER:
Correct
The crate accelerates when the component of the force of gravity along the ramp is greater than the maximum force
of static friction. The component of the force of gravity along the ramp is \(mg~\rm sin (\theta)\), where \(mg\) is the
weight of the object and \(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\) is the ramp angle. The maximum force of static friction is
\(\mu n =\mu mg~\rm cos(\theta)\), where \(\texttip{n}{n}\) is the normal force and \(\texttip{\mu }{mu}\) is the
coefficient of static friction. The maximum angle can be determined by equating these two forces, which gives
\(\rm sin (\theta) =\) \(\mu \cos(\theta)\), or \(\theta = \rm atan(\mu)=35\degree.\)
Part D
In the previous part, you determined the maximum angle that still allows the crate to remain at rest. If the coefficient of
friction is less than 0.7, what happens to this angle? (Note that you can adjust the coefficient of friction by clicking on the
More Features tab near the top of the window and then using the slider bar in the right panel.)
The maximum force of static friction is given by \(f_{\rm s, ~ max} = \mu n\), where \(\texttip{n}{n}\) is the normal
force acting on the crate and \(\texttip{\mu }{mu}\) is the coefficient of static friction. Think about what happens to
this maximum force when the coefficient of friction decreases.
ANSWER:
\(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\) = 35 \(\degree\)
The maximum angle remains the same.
The maximum angle increases.
The maximum angle decreases.
Correct
Since the maximum force of static friction decreases due to the smaller coefficient of friction, a smaller component
of the force of gravity along the ramp is required to make the crate accelerate.
Part E
The mass of the crate can also be adjusted by clicking on the More Features tab and then using the slider bar in the
right panel.
How does the maximum angle for which the crate can remain at rest on the ramp depend on the mass of the crate?
Hint 1. How to approach this part
Think about how the maximum force of static friction depends on the mass of the object, and compare that to how
the force of gravity depends on the mass. Keep in mind that the file cabinet will begin slipping when the maximum
force of static friction is equal to the component of the force of gravity along the ramp.
ANSWER:
Correct
Although the normal force and thus the maximum force of static friction increases with increasing mass, the
component of the force of gravity parallel to the ramp increases at the same rate. The maximum angle is therefore
independent of the mass.
The next three parts deal with the forces on the crate while the person is pushing on it.
Part F
Click Reset, and then adjust the ramp angle to \(15\degree\). Compare the force of static friction when there is no
applied force to when there is an applied force of 100 \(\rm N\) (pushing up the ramp).
How do the two forces of static friction compare?
ANSWER:
The maximum angle decreases as the mass increases.
The maximum angle increases as the mass increases.
The maximum angle does not depend on the mass.
The force of static friction when there is no applied force is less than the case when there is an applied force.
The force of static friction when there is no applied force is greater than the case when there is an applied
force.
The force of static friction when there is no applied force is equal to the case when there is an applied force.
Correct
In order for the crate to be stationary, the sum of the applied force and the force of static friction must have the
same magnitude as the component of gravity parallel to the ramp (so that the net force is zero). Thus, the force of
friction decreases by 100 \(\rm N\) when the applied force goes from zero to 100 \(\rm N\).
Part G
For a stationary crate (with a coefficient of friction of 0.7) on the \(15\degree\) ramp, can the force of static friction ever
be zero?
Hint 1. How to approach the problem using the simulation
Adjust the applied force while watching the force of static friction in the parallel-force graph. Determine if you can
make the force of static friction go to zero.
Hint 2. How to approach the problem using physics reasoning
Think about what would be required for the cabinet to be at rest on a frictionless surface. In which direction is the
force of gravity? In which direction would the applied force have to be exerted to balance the force of gravity
along the ramp?
ANSWER:
Correct
When the applied force has the same strength as the component of the force of gravity parallel to the ramp, then
the net force on the crate would be zero if the surface were frictionless. This means friction doesnt have to help,
and so the force of friction is zero (this is similar to Part B, where the crate is sitting on a horizontal surface with no
applied forces). Notice that if the applied force is greater than this value, the force of static friction is directed down
the ramp.
Part H
Slowly adjust the applied force (pushing both up and down the ramp) until the crate begins to move. Determine the
minimum strength of the pushing force needed to accelerate the crate up the ramp and the minimum strength of the
pushing force needed to accelerate the crate down the ramp.
How do these two minimum strengths compare to each other?
ANSWER:
No
Yes, but only for a specific applied force directed up the ramp.
Yes, but only for a specific applied force directed down the ramp.
Correct
When pushing up the ramp, the applied force is opposing not only the static friction force (which is directed down
the ramp) but also the component of the force of gravity along the ramp. When pushing down the ramp, the applied
force is being helped by the component of the force of gravity down the ramp in opposing the friction force (directed
up the ramp), and so doesnt need to be as strong.
This should be consistent with your own experiences trying to move things up and down slopes.
PhET Interactive Simulations
University of Colorado
http://phet.colorado.edu
Two Masses, a Pulley, and an Inclined Plane
The minimum push needed to get the crate to slide up the ramp is greater than that to get the crate to slide
down the ramp.
The minimum push needed to get the crate to slide up the ramp is less than that to get the crate to slide down
the ramp.
The minimum push needed to get the crate to slide up the ramp is the same as that to get the crate to slide
down the ramp.
Block 1, of mass \(\texttip{m_{\rm 1}}{m_1}\), is connected over an
ideal (massless and frictionless) pulley to block 2, of mass \
(\texttip{m_{\rm 2}}{m_2}\), as shown. Assume that the blocks
accelerate as shown with an acceleration of magnitude \(\texttip{a}
{a}\) and that the coefficient of kinetic friction between block 2 and
the plane is \(\texttip{\mu }{mu}\).
Part A
Find the ratio of the masses \(m_1/m_2\).
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables \(\texttip{a}{a}\), \(\texttip{\mu }{mu}\), and
\(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\), as well as the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity \(\texttip{g}{g}\).
Hint 1. Draw a free-body diagram
Which figure depicts the correct free-body diagrams for the blocks in this problem?
Figure a)

Figure b)

Figure c)

ANSWER:
Hint 2. Apply Newton's 2nd law to block 2 in the direction parallel to the incline
What is Newton's 2nd law for block 2 in the direction parallel to the incline? (Assume the positive direction is
going up the incline.)
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{m_{\rm 2}}{m_2}\), \(\texttip{T}{T}\), \(\texttip{f}{f}\), and
\(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\), as well as the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity \(\texttip{g}{g}\).
ANSWER:
a
b
c
Hint 3. Find an expression for the friction force
What is the magnitude \(\texttip{f}{f}\) of the friction force acting on block 2?
ANSWER:
By applying Newton's 2nd law to block 2 in the direction perpendicular to the incline determine the magnitude of
the normal force \(\texttip{n}{n}\).
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{m_{\rm 2}}{m_2}\) and \(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\), as well as the
magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity \(\texttip{g}{g}\).
ANSWER:
Hint 5. Apply Newton's 2nd law to block 1 in the vertical direction
Write an expression for Newton's 2nd law in the vertical direction for block 1. Take the positive direction to point
downward.
Express your answer in terms of the variables \(\texttip{m_{\rm 1}}{m_1}\) and/or \(\texttip{T}{T}\), as well
as the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity \(\texttip{g}{g}\).
ANSWER:
Hint 6. Solve for the unknown tension \(\texttip{T}{T}\)
Using your result from the previous hint, express \(\texttip{T}{T}\) in terms of
\(\texttip{g}{g}\), \(\texttip{a}{a}\), and \(\texttip{m_{\rm 1}}{m_1}\).
ANSWER:
\(m_2 a\) = \(T-f-m_{2} g {\sin}\left({\theta}\right)\)
\(f=n/\mu\)
\(f=\mu/n\)
\(f=\mu n\)
\(\vec{f}=\mu\vec{n}\)
\(\texttip{n}{n}\) = \(m_{2} g {\cos}\left({\theta}\right)\)
\(m_1a\) = \(m_{1} g-T\)
\(\texttip{T}{T}\) = \(m_{1} \left(g-a\right)\)
Hint 7. Putting it all together
By applying Newton's law to both block 1 and block 2, as you did in Hints 2 and 4, you found two equations where
the masses \(\texttip{m_{\rm 1}}{m_1}\), \(\texttip{m_{\rm 2}}{m_2}\), the tension \(\texttip{T}{T}\), and the
acceleration \(\texttip{a}{a}\), all appear, along with \(\texttip{g}{g}\) and \(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\). (Note that the
friction force can be expressed in terms of the normal force, which, in turn, can be written as \(m_2g\cos(\theta)\),
as you found in Hint 3.) Choose one of the two equation and solve for \(\texttip{T}{T}\); substitute this result into
the other equation. You will then have an equation with factors of
\(\texttip{m_{\rm 1}}{m_1}\) and \(\texttip{m_{\rm 2}}{m_2}\). You can then deduce the ratio.
ANSWER:
Correct
Contact Forces Introduced
Learning Goal:
To introduce contact forces (normal and friction forces) and to understand that, except for friction forces under certain
circumstances, these forces must be determined from: net Force = ma.
Two solid objects cannot occupy the same space at the same time. Indeed, when the objects touch, they exert repulsive
normal forces on each other, as well as frictional forces that resist their slipping relative to each other. These contact forces
arise from a complex interplay between the electrostatic forces between the electrons and ions in the objects and the laws of
quantum mechanics. As two surfaces are pushed together these forces increase exponentially over an atomic distance
scale, easily becoming strong enough to distort the bulk material in the objects if they approach too close. In everyday
experience, contact forces are limited by the deformation or acceleration of the objects, rather than by the fundamental
interatomic forces. Hence, we can conclude the following:
The magnitude of contact forces is determined by \(\sum\vec{F}=m\vec{a}\), that is, by the other forces on, and acceleration
of, the contacting bodies. The only exception is that the frictional forces cannot exceed \(\mu n\) (although they can be
smaller than this or even zero).
Normal and friction forces
Two types of contact forces operate in typical mechanics problems, the normal and frictional forces, usually designated by \
(\texttip{n}{n}\) and \(\texttip{f}{f}\) (or \(\texttip{F_{\rm fric}}{F_fric}\), or something similar) respectively. These are the
components of the overall contact force: \(\texttip{n}{n}\) perpendicular to and \(\texttip{f}{f}\) parallel to the plane of contact.
Kinetic friction when surfaces slide
When one surface is sliding past the other, experiments show three things about the friction force (denoted \(\texttip{f_{\rm k}}
{f_k}\)):
1. The frictional force opposes the relative motion at the point of contact,
2. \(\texttip{f_{\rm k}}{f_k}\) is proportional to the normal force, and
3. the ratio of the magnitude of the frictional force to that of the normal force is fairly constant over a wide range of
speeds.
\(m_1/m_2\) = \(\large{\frac{a+g {\sin}\left({\theta}\right)+{\mu}g {\cos}\left({\theta}\right)}{g-a}}\)
The constant of proportionality is called the coefficient of kinetic friction, often designated \(\texttip{\mu _{\rm k}}{mu_k}\). As
long as the sliding continues, the frictional force is then
\(f_{\rm k} = \mu_{\rm k} n\) (valid when the surfaces slide by each other).
Static friction when surfaces don't slide
When there is no relative motion of the surfaces, the frictional force can assume any value from zero up to a maximum \
(\mu_{\rm s}n\), where \(\texttip{\mu _{\rm s}}{mu_s}\) is the coefficient of static friction. Invariably, \(\texttip{\mu _{\rm s}}
{mu_s}\) is larger than \(\texttip{\mu _{\rm k}}{mu_k}\), in agreement with the observation that when a force is large enough
that something breaks loose and starts to slide, it often accelerates.
The frictional force for surfaces with no relative motion is therefore
\(f_{\rm s} \leq \mu_{\rm s}n\) (valid when the contacting surfaces have no relative motion).
The actual magnitude and direction of the static friction force are such that it (together with other forces on the object) causes
the object to remain motionless with respect to the contacting surface as long as the static friction force required does not
exceed \(\mu_{\rm s} n\). The equation \(f_{\rm s} = \mu_{\rm s} n\) is valid only when the surfaces are on the verge of sliding.
Part A
When two objects slide by one another, which of the following statements about the force of friction between them, is
true?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
When two objects are in contact with no relative motion, which of the following statements about \(\) the frictional force
between them, is true?
ANSWER:
The frictional force\(\) is always equal to \(\mu_{\rm k}n\).
The frictional force\(\) is always less than \(\mu_{\rm k}n\).
The frictional force\(\) is determined by other forces on the objects so it can be either equal to or less than
\(\mu_{\rm k}n\).
The frictional force\(\) is always equal to \(\mu_{\rm s}n\).
The frictional force is always less than \(\mu_{\rm s}n\).
The frictional force is determined by other forces on the objects so it can be either equal to or less than
\(\mu_{\rm s}n\).
Correct
For static friction, the actual magnitude and direction of the friction force are such that it, together with any other
forces present, will cause the object to have the observed acceleration. The magnitude of the force cannot exceed
\(\mu_{\rm s} n\). If the magnitude of static friction needed to keep acceleration equal to zero exceeds
\(\mu_{\rm s} n\), then the object will slide subject to the resistance of kinetic friction. Do not automatically assume
that \(f_{\rm s} = \mu_{\rm s}n\) unless you are considering a situation in which the magnitude of the static friction
force is as large as possible (i.e., when determining at what point an object will just begin to slip). Whether the
actual magnitude of the friction force is 0, less than \(\mu_{\rm s}n\), or equal to \(\mu_{\rm s} n\) depends on the
magnitude of the other forces (if any) as well as the acceleration of the object through \(\sum \vec{F} = m \vec{a}\).
Part C
When a board with a box on it is slowly tilted to larger and larger angle, common experience shows that the box will at
some point "break loose" and start to accelerate down the board.
The box begins to slide once the component of gravity acting parallel to the board \(\texttip{F_{\rm g}}{F_g}\) just begins
to exceeds the maximum force of static friction. Which of the following is the most general explanation for why the box
accelerates down the board?
ANSWER:
Correct
At the point when the box finally does "break loose," you know that the component of the box's weight that is
parallel to the board just exceeds \(\mu_{\rm s}n\) (i.e., this component of gravitational force on the box has just
reached a magnitude such that the force of static friction, which has a maximum value of \(\mu_{\rm s} n\) , can no
longer oppose it.) For the box to then accelerate, there must be a net force on the box along the board. Thus, the
component of the box's weight parallel to the board must be greater than the force of kinetic friction. Therefore the
force of kinetic friction \(\mu_{\rm k} n\) must be less than the force of static friction \(\mu_{\rm s} n\) which implies
\(\mu_{\rm k} <\mu_{\rm s}\), as expected.
Part D
Consider a problem in which a car of mass \(\texttip{M}{M}\) is on a road tilted at an angle \(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\). The
normal force
Select the best answer.
ANSWER:
The force of kinetic friction is smaller than that of maximum static friction, but \(\texttip{F_{\rm g}}{F_g}\)
remains the same.
Once the box is moving, \(\texttip{F_{\rm g}}{F_g}\) is smaller than the force of maximum static friction but
larger than the force of kinetic friction.
Once the box is moving, \(\texttip{F_{\rm g}}{F_g}\) is larger than the force of maximum static friction.
When the box is stationary, \(\texttip{F_{\rm g}}{F_g}\) equals the force of static friction, but once the box starts
moving, the sliding reduces the normal force, which in turn reduces the friction.
Correct
The key point is that contact forces must be determined from Newton's equation. In the problem described above,
there is not enough information given to determine the normal force (e.g., the acceleration is unknown). Each of the
answer options is valid under some conditions (\(\theta=0\), the car is sliding down an icy incline, or the car is going
around a banked turn), but in fact none is likely to be correct if there are other forces on the car or if the car is
accelerating. Do not memorize values for the normal force valid in different problems--you must determine
\(\texttip{\vec{n}}{n_vec}\) from \(\sum \vec{F} = m\vec{a}\).
Centripetal Acceleration Explained
Learning Goal:
To understand that centripetal acceleration is the acceleration that causes motion in a circle.
Acceleration is the time derivative of velocity. Because velocity is a vector, it can change in two ways: the length (magnitude)
can change and/or the direction can change. The latter type of change has a special name, the centripetal acceleration. In
this problem we consider a mass moving in a circle of radius \(\texttip{R}{R}\) with angular velocity \(\texttip{\omega }
{omega}\),
\(\vec{r}(t)= R\left[\cos(\omega t)\hat{i} + \sin(\omega t)\hat{j}\right]\)
\(= R\cos(\omega t)\hat{i} + R\sin(\omega t)\hat{j}\).
The main point of the problem is to compute the acceleration using geometric arguments.
Part A
What is the velocity of the mass at a time \(\texttip{t}{t}\)? You can work this out geometrically with the help of the hints,
\(n=Mg\)
\(n=Mg \cos(\theta)\)
\(\large{n=\frac{Mg}{\cos(\theta)}}\)
is found using \(\sum \vec{F}=M \vec{a}\)
or by differentiating the expression for \(\texttip{\vec{r}\left(t\right)}{r_vec(t)}\) given in the introduction.
Express this velocity in terms of \(\texttip{R}{R}\),
\(\texttip{\omega }{omega}\), \(\texttip{t}{t}\), and the unit
vectors \(\texttip{\hat{i}}{i_unit}\) and
\(\texttip{\hat{j}}{j_unit}\).
Hint 1. Direction of the velocity
What is the angle between \(\vec{r}(t=0)\) and \(\texttip{\vec{r}\left(t\right)}{r_vec(t)}\)? As shown in the figure, this
angle is directly related to the direction of the velocity vector. Keep in mind that when \(t = 0\),
\(\vec{r}(t = 0) = R\hat{i}\).
Express your result in terms of quantities given in the problem introduction.
ANSWER:
Hint 2. Speed
What is \(\texttip{v\left(t\right)}{v(t)}\), the speed (magnitude of velocity) of the mass at time \(\texttip{t}{t}\)?
Express \(\texttip{v\left(t\right)}{v(t)}\) in terms of \(\texttip{\omega }{omega}\) and \(\texttip{R}{R}\).
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Correct
\(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\) = \({\omega} t\)
\(\texttip{v\left(t\right)}{v(t)}\) = \({\omega} R\)
\(\texttip{\vec{v}\left(t\right)}
{v_vec(t)}\)
=
\(R{\omega}\left(-{\sin}\left({\omega}t\right)\hat{i}+
{\cos}\left({\omega}t\right)\hat{j}\right)\)
Assume that the mass has been moving along its circular path for some time. You start timing its motion with a stopwatch
when it crosses the positive x axis, an instant that corresponds to \(t = 0\). [Notice that when \(t = 0\), \(\vec{r}(t = 0) =
R\hat{i}\).] For the remainder of this problem, assume that the time \(\texttip{t}{t}\) is measured from the moment you start
timing the motion. Then the time \(-\) \(\texttip{t}{t}\) refers to the moment a time \(\texttip{t}{t}\) before you start your
stopwatch.
Part B
What is the velocity of the mass at a time \(-\) \(\texttip{t}{t}\)?
Express this velocity in terms of \(\texttip{R}{R}\), \(\texttip{\omega }{omega}\), \(\texttip{t}{t}\), and the unit
vectors \(\texttip{\hat{i}}{i_unit}\) and \(\texttip{\hat{j}}{j_unit}\).
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
What is the average acceleration of the mass during the time interval from \(-\) \(\texttip{t}{t}\) to \(\texttip{t}{t}\)?
Express this acceleration in terms of \(\texttip{R}{R}\),
\(\texttip{\omega }{omega}\), \(\texttip{t}{t}\), and the unit
vectors \(\texttip{\hat{i}}{i_unit}\) and
\(\texttip{\hat{j}}{j_unit}\).
Hint 1. Average acceleration
The definition of average acceleration over the interval from \(\texttip{t_{\rm 1}}{t_1}\) to \(\texttip{t_{\rm 2}}{t_2}\)
is
\(\large{\vec{a}_{\rm avg}[t_1,t_2]=\frac{\vec{v}(t_2)-\vec{v}(t_1)}{t_2-t_1}}\).
ANSWER:
\(\texttip{\vec{v}\left(-t\right)}{v_vec(-
t)}\)
=
\(R{\omega}{\sin}\left({\omega}t\right)\hat{i}+R{\omega}
{\cos}\left({\omega}t\right)\hat{j}\)
Correct
Part D
What is the magnitude of this acceleration in the limit of small \(\texttip{t}{t}\)? In this limit, the average acceleration
becomes the instantaneous acceleration.
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{R}{R}\) and \(\texttip{\omega }{omega}\).
Hint 1. Expansion of \(\sin(x)\)
For small times \(\texttip{t}{t}\) (or more precisely when \(\omega t \ll 1\)), what is the first term in the Taylor series
expansion for \(\sin(\omega t)\)?
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{\omega }{omega}\) and \(\texttip{t}{t}\).
Hint 1. Taylor series expansion
The Taylor series expansion of \(\sin (x)\) is
\(\large{\sin x = x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac {x^5}{5!} - \frac{x^7}{7!} + \dots}\).
ANSWER:
Answer Requested
ANSWER:
Answer Requested
Part E
Consider the following statements:
a. The centripetal acceleration might better be expressed as \(- \omega^2 \vec{r}(t)\) because it is a vector.
b. The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration is \(v_{\rm{radial}}^2/R\).
c. The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration is \(v_{\rm{tangential}}^2/R\).
\(\vec{a}_{\rm avg}[-t,t]\) = \(\large{\frac{-2R{\omega}{\sin}\left({\omega}t\right)\hat{i}}{t+t}}\)
\(\sin(\omega t)\) = \({\omega} t\)
\(\texttip{a_{\rm centrip\eta l}}{a_centripetal}\) = \({\omega}^{2} R\)
d. A particle that is going along a path with local radius of curvature \(\texttip{R}{R}\) at speed \(\texttip{s}{s}\)
experiences a centripetal acceleration \(- s^2/R\).
e. If you are in a car turning left, the force you feel pushing you to the right is the force that causes the
centripetal acceleration.
In these statements \(\texttip{v_{\rm radial}}{v_radial}\) refers to the component of the velocity of an object in the
direction toward or away from the origin of the coordinate system or the rotation axis. Conversely,
\(\texttip{v_{\rm tangential}}{v_tangential}\) refers to the component of the velocity perpendicular to
\(\texttip{v_{\rm radial}}{v_radial}\).
Identify the statement or statements that are false.
ANSWER:
Correct
That's right; the true statements are therefore:
a. The centripetal acceleration might better be expressed as \(- \omega^2 \vec{r}(t)\) because it is a
vector.
c. The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration is \(v_{\rm{tangential}}^2/R\).
d. A particle that is going along a path with local radius of curvature \(\texttip{R}{R}\) at speed
\(\texttip{s}{s}\) experiences an acceleration \(-s^2/R\).
There is so much confusion about centripetal force that you should probably ban this term from your vocabulary and
thought processes. If you are in a car turning left, your centripetal acceleration is to the left (i.e., inward) and some
real force must be applied to you to give you this acceleration--typically this would be provided by friction with the
seat. The force you "feel" pushing you to the right is not a real force but rather a "fictitious force" that is present if
you are in an accelerating coordinate system (in this case the car). It is best to stick to inertial (i.e., nonaccelerating)
coordinate systems when doing kinematics and dynamics (i.e., \(\vec{F}=m \vec{a}\) calculations).
Video Tutor: Ball Leaves Circular Track
First, launch the video below. You will be asked to use your knowledge of physics to predict the outcome of an experiment.
Then, close the video window and answer the questions at right. You can watch the video again at any point.
a only
b only
c only
d only
e only
b and e
c and e
d and e
Part A
Consider the video demonstration that you just watched. Which of the following changes would make it more likely for
the ball to hit both the white can and the green can?
To answer this question, you first have to decide whether changing the balls mass or its speed can change the
path it follows after it leaves the track.
Newtons second law says that a net force acting on the ball will change the balls motionthat is, its speed
and/or direction. Newtons first law says that, in the absence of a net force, the balls motion wont change.
After the ball leaves the track, does a net force act on it? Draw a free-body diagram for the ball if youre not sure.
To hit the green can, the ball must continue following a curved path. What would be needed to make that
happen?
ANSWER:
Correct
By Newtons first law, after it has left the circular track, the ball will travel in a straight line until it is subject to a
nonzero net force. Thus, the ball can only hit the white can, because that is the only can in the balls straight-line
path.
Banked Frictionless Curve, and Flat Curve with Friction
A car of mass \(\texttip{M}{M}\) = 1100\({\rm kg}\) traveling at 40.0\({\rm km/hour}\) enters a banked turn covered with ice. The
road is banked at an angle \(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\), and there is no friction between the road and the car's tires. . Use \
(\texttip{g}{g}\) = 9.80\({\rm m/s^2}\) throughout this problem.
Roll the ball faster.
Use a ball that is heavier than the original ball.
Roll the ball slower.
Use a ball that is lighter than the original ball, but still heavier than an empty can.
None of the above
Part A
What is the radius \(\texttip{r}{r}\) of the turn if \(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\) = 20.0\({\rm ^\circ}\) (assuming the car continues
in uniform circular motion around the turn)?
Express your answer in meters.
curve, the car needs to have a net acceleration of magnitude \(v^2/r\) pointing radially inward (toward the center
of the curve).
Hint 2. Identify the free-body diagram and coordinate system
Which of the following diagrams represents the forces acting on the car and the most appropriate choice of
coordinate axes?
ANSWER:
Hint 3. Calculate the normal force
Find \(\texttip{n}{n}\), the magnitude of the normal force between the car and the road. Take the positive x axis to
point horizontally toward the center of the curve and the positive y axis to point vertically upward.
Hint 1. Consider the net force
The only forces acting on the car are the normal force and gravity. There must be a net acceleration in the
horizontal direction, but because the car does not slip, the net acceleration in the vertical direction must be
zero. Use this fact to find \(\texttip{n}{n}\).
Hint 2. Apply Newton's 2nd law to the car in the y direction
Which equation accurately describes the equation for the net force acting on the car in the y direction?
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Hint 4. Determine the acceleration in the horizontal plane
Take the y axis to be vertical and let the x axis point horizontally toward the center of the curve. By applying
\(\sum F_x = Ma\) in the horizontal direction, determine \(\texttip{a}{a}\), the magnitude of the acceleration, using
your result for the normal force.
Express your answer in meters per second squared.
Hint 1. Apply Newton's 2nd law to the car in the x direction
Which equation accurately describes the equation for the net force acting on the car in the x direction?
ANSWER:
Figure A
Figure B
Figure C
\(\sum F_y = n\cos\theta + Mg\)
\(\sum F_y = n\sin\theta + Mg\)
\(\sum F_y = n\cos\theta - Mg\)
\(\sum F_y = n\sin\theta - Mg\)
\(\texttip{n}{n}\) =
1.15!10
4
\(\rm N\)
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Now, suppose that the curve is level (\(\theta = 0\)) and that the ice has melted, so that there is a coefficient of static
friction \(\texttip{\mu }{mu}\) between the road and the car's tires. What is \(\texttip{\mu _{\rm min}}{mu_min}\), the
minimum value of the coefficient of static friction between the
tires and the road required to prevent the car from slipping?
Assume that the car's speed is still 40.0\({\rm km/hour}\) and
that the radius of the curve is given by the value you found for
\(\texttip{r}{r}\) in Part A.
Express your answer numerically.
curve, the car needs to have a net acceleration of magnitude \(\texttip{v^2/r}{v^2/r}\) pointing radially inward
(toward the center of the curve).
Hint 2. Identify the correct free-body diagram
Which of the following diagrams represents the forces acting on the car as it goes around the curve?
\(\sum F_x = n\cos\theta\)
\(\sum F_x = n\sin\theta\)
\(\large{\sum F_x = n\cos\theta + \frac{Mv^2}{r}}\)
\(\large{\sum F_x = n\cos\theta- \frac{Mv^2}{r}}\)
\(\texttip{a}{a}\) = 3.57 \(\rm m/s^2\)
\(\texttip{r}{r}\) = 34.6 \(\rm m\)
\(\texttip{F_{\rm fr}}{F_fr}\) represents the friction force.
ANSWER:
Hint 3. Calculate the net force
What is the net force \(\texttip{F_{\rm net}}{F_net}\) that acts on the car?
Hint 1. How to determine the net force
Newton's 2nd law tells you that
\(\sum \vec F = m \vec a\).
Because you do not want the car to slip as it goes around the curve, the car needs to have a net
acceleration of magnitude \(\texttip{v^2/r}{v^2/r}\) pointing radially inward (toward the center of the curve).
ANSWER:
Hint 4. Calculate the friction force
If the coefficient of friction were equal to \(\texttip{\mu _{\rm min}}{mu_min}\), what would be
\(\texttip{F_{\rm fr}}{F_fr}\), the magnitude of the force provided by friction? Let \(\texttip{m}{m}\) be the mass of
the car and \(\texttip{g}{g}\) be the acceleration due to gravity.
Figure A
Figure B
Figure C
Figure D
\(\texttip{F_{\rm net}}{F_net}\) = 3920 \(\rm N\)
Hint 1. Equation for the force of friction
The force of friction is given by
\(F_{\rm fr} = \mu n\).
What is the normal force \(\texttip{n}{n}\) acting on the car?
Enter your answer in newtons.
Hint 1. Acceleration in the y direction
Because the car is neither sinking into the road nor levitating, you can conclude that \(a_y = 0\).
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Correct
Problem 5.56
An adventurous archaeologist crosses between two rock cliffs by slowly going hand-over-hand along a rope stretched
between the cliffs. He stops to rest at the middle of the rope . The rope will break if the tension in it exceeds 2.50!10
4
\({\rm
N}\) , and our hero's mass is 81.3\({\rm kg}\) .
\(\texttip{n}{n}\) =
1.08!10
4
\(\rm N\)
\(\large{F_{\rm fr}=\frac{\mu_{\rm min}}{Mg}}\)
\(F_{\rm fr}=\mu_{\rm min}Mg\)
\(\texttip{\mu _{\rm min}}{mu_min}\) = 0.364
Part A
If the angle between the rope and the horizontal is \(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\) = 11.2\({\rm ^\circ}\), find the tension in the
rope.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
What is the smallest value the angle \(\theta\) can have if the rope is not to break?
ANSWER:
Correct
Exercise 5.15
A load of bricks with mass \(\texttip{m_{\rm 1}}{m_1}\) = 14.6\({\rm kg}\) hangs from one end of a rope that passes over a
small, frictionless pulley. A counterweight of mass \(\texttip{m_{\rm 2}}{m_2}\) = 27.6\({\rm kg}\) is suspended from the other
end of the rope, as shown in the figure. The system is released from rest. Use \(\texttip{g}{g}\) = 9.80\({\rm m/s^2}\) for the
magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity.
2050 \({\rm N}\)
0.913 \(^\circ\)
Part A
What is the magnitude of the upward acceleration of the load of bricks?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
What is the tension in the rope while the load is moving?
ANSWER:
Correct
Enhanced EOC: Exercise 5.39
A large crate with mass \(m\) rests on a horizontal floor. The static and kinetic coefficients of friction between the crate and
the floor are \(\mu _{\rm{s}}\) and \(\mu _{\rm{k}}\), respectively. A woman pushes downward on the crate at an angle \
(\theta\) below the horizontal with a force \(\vec F\).
You may want to review ( pages 146 - 154) .
For help with math skills, you may want to review:
Vector Components
3.02 \(\rm{m/s^{2}}\)
187 \({\rm N}\)
Limits Involving Infinity
For general problem-solving tips and strategies for this topic, you may want to view a Video Tutor Solution of Minimizing
kinetic friction.
Part A
What is the magnitude of the force vector \(\vec F\) required to keep the crate moving at constant velocity?
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{m}{m}\), \(\texttip{g}{g}\), \(\theta\), and \(\mu_k\).
Consider that the crate is moving at constant velocity. What does this imply about the forces on the crate in any
direction?
Start by drawing a free-body diagram showing all the forces acting on the crate, including a coordinate system of
your choice.
Resolve these forces into components in accordance with your coordinate system, being careful to ensure that
the directions (i.e., signs) are correct.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
If \(\mu _{\rm{s}}\) is greater than some critical value, the woman cannot start the crate moving no matter how hard she
pushes. Calculate this critical value of \(\mu _{\rm{s}}\) .
Express your answer in terms of \(\theta\).
Since the woman cannot move the crate, no matter how large a force she applies, the variable \(F\) must not
appear in the solution.
How can you eliminate the force from the set of equations you identified in Part A?
How can you find the value of \(\mu_{\rm{s}}\) at which the horizontal component of the force exerted on the crate
by the woman is always smaller in magnitude than the maximum frictional force exerted on the crate by the floor?
ANSWER:
\(F\) = \(\large{\frac{{\mu}_{k} mg}{{\cos}{\theta}-{\mu}_{k} {\sin}{\theta}}}\)
\(\mu _{\rm{s}}\) = \({\cot}{\theta}\)
Correct
Exercise 5.46
The "Giant Swing" at a county fair consists of a vertical central shaft with a number of horizontal arms attached at its upper
end. Each arm supports a seat suspended from a cable 5.00 \({\rm m}\) long, the upper end of the cable being fastened to
the arm at a point 3.00 \({\rm m}\) from the central shaft.
Part A
Find the time of one revolution of the swing if the cable supporting a seat makes an angle of \(30.0^\circ\) with the
vertical.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Does the angle depend on the weight of the passenger for a given rate of revolution?
ANSWER:
Correct
\(T\) = 6.19 \({\rm s}\)
Yes.
No.
Problem 5.73
Block A in the figure weighs 1.30\({\rm N}\) and block B weighs
3.57\({\rm N}\) . The coefficient of kinetic friction between all
surfaces is 0.304.
Part A
Find the magnitude of the horizontal force \(\vec{F}\) necessary to drag block \(B\) to the left at constant speed if \(A\)
rests on \(B\) and moves with it (figure (a)).
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Find the magnitude of the horizontal force \(\vec{F}\) necessary to drag block \(B\) to the left at constant speed if \(A\) is
held at rest (figure (b)).
ANSWER:
Correct
Problem 5.120
A small remote-control car with a mass of 1.56\({\rm kg}\) moves at a constant speed of \(\texttip{v}{v}\) = 12.0\({\rm m/s}\) in
a vertical circle inside a hollow metal cylinder that has a radius of 5.00\({\rm m}\) .
\(F\) = 1.48 \({\rm N}\)
\(F\) = 1.88 \({\rm N}\)
Part A
What is the magnitude of the normal force exerted on the car by the walls of the cylinder at point A (at the bottom of the
vertical circle)?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
What is the magnitude of the normal force exerted on the car by the walls of the cylinder at point B (at the top of the
vertical circle)?
ANSWER:
Correct
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 96.6%.
You received 13.52 out of a possible total of 14 points.
60.2 \({\rm N}\)
29.6 \({\rm N}\)

CH 05 HW

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

CH 05 HW

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Ch 05 HW

Due: 11:59pm on Thursday, September 25, 2014

sin() = cos() = atan() = 35 .

The maximum angle remains the same.

along the ramp?

Você também pode gostar