Prelogue A. Greeks First to try to explain how chemical changes occur All matter composed of four substances Prelogue A. Greeks First to try to explain how chemical changes occur All matter composed of four substances Fire, earth, air, water B. Alchemy Tried to turn cheap metals into ______ Positives Discovered new elements, new equipment and lab techniques, and how to prepare many acids
C. Robert Boyle First to use careful measurements father of chemistry I. elements A. about 115 elements, 88 natural B. abundances Earth Human body Air Solar system/universe -
I. elements A. about 115 elements, 88 natural B. abundances Earth O, Si, Al Human body Air Solar system/universe -
I. elements A. about 115 elements, 88 natural B. abundances Earth O, Si, Al Human body O, C, H Air Solar system/universe -
I. elements A. about 115 elements, 88 natural B. abundances Earth O, Si, Al Human body O, C, H Air N, O, Ar Solar system/universe - H, He, O
I. elements A. about 115 elements, 88 natural B. abundances Earth O, Si, Al Human body O, C, H Air N, O, Ar Solar system/universe -
A. about 115 elements, 88 natural B. abundances Earth O, Si, Al Human body O, C, H Air N, O, Ar Solar system/universe H, He, O C. elements may be discussed in microscopic or macroscopic terms II. Symbols for the elements A. named for various things People, places, ancient names B. 1-2 letters 1 st letter is always capitalized, second is not May be 1 st (and 2 nd ) letters of the element 1 st letter and a prominent letter Letters from ancient names III. Daltons Atomic Theory A.first atomic theory based on experiments B. Five premises Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms Atoms of the same element are identical Atoms of different elements are different Atoms of different elements combine chemically to form cpds Atoms are not created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction
IV. -later
V. Structure of the atom A. electrons Exactly one unit of negative charge Discovered using a cathode ray tube by JJ Thomson in the late 1890s Negligible mass e- Determines the chemical behavior of the atom CRT
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CsjLYLW_3 G0 0:54-electron in crt 3:44 - paddlewheel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBgIMRV895 w 0-3:13- electron 7:35 Chadwick-neutron 3:10 rutherford gold foil B. proton Exactly one unit of positive charge Discovered using a cathode ray tube in 1918- 19 by Earnest Rutherford Mass of 1 amu (atomic mass unit), about 1800X the mass of an e- p+
C. neutron No charge
Proposed by Rutherford, discovered by Chadwick in 1932 using Berylium-9 Mass of 1 amu, relatively the same as a p+ n 0
D. How is the atom put together? 1. William Thomson, aka Lord Kelvin (Rutherford) Plum pudding model E- embedded in a mass of + charge 2. nuclear atom Atom w/ a dense center of positive charge (nucleus) Rutherfords gold foil experiment (Marsden) www.learnerstv.com/animation/animation. php?ani=121&cat=Chemistry
3. Bohrs model Nuclear atom E- orbit the nucleus like planets around the sun
4. Quantum mechanical model Modern theory Nuclear atom e- are found in regions of space called electron clouds VI. Modern concept 1. tiny positive nucleus w/ p + and n 0
2. e- fairly far from the nucleus randomly moving about in electron clouds 3. e- arrangement accounts for chemical properties VII. isotopes A. neutral atom #p + = atomic number = whole # on PT Atom is neutral, so #p + = # e-
VII. isotopes A. neutral atom #p + = atomic number = whole # on PT Atom is neutral, so #p + = # e- Mass number = decimal on the PT Round to the nearest whole # Mass # - atomic # = #n 0
B. A Z X A = mass # Z = atomic # X = elements symbol C. isotopes 1. Atoms with the same number of p+ but a different # of n 0
at num mass num #p #n #e hydrogen-1 hydrogen-2 hydrogen-3 3. In nature, elements are found as a mixture of their isotopes VIII. Intro to the PT A. arranged by Mendeleev in 1869 B. arranged by increasing Atomic # and properties
C. period = rows = 1-7 D. Groups or families = columns Similar chemical properties Group IA -alkali metals Group IIA alkaline earth metals Group VIIA halogens Group VIIIA noble or inert gases Group Bs- transition metals or inner transition metals E. metals 1. most elements 2. left of the staircase 3. properties Good conductors Malleable Ductile Lustrous Mostly solids at room temp F. nonmetals Right of the staircase Lack the properties of metals Mostly gases at room temp G. metalloids or semimetals Along the staircase May show the properties of both IX. Natural states of the elements A. most elements are found in nature in cpds Exceptions Noble gases Noble metals (Au, Ag, Pt, etc) 7 diatomics
H 2 and N 2 O 2 F 2
Cl 2
Br 2
I 2
B. 2 elemental liquids C. solid metals atoms packed together like marbles in a jar
D. solid nonmetals 1. varied structures 2. allotropes are different forms of the same substance 3. allotrope of carbon D 1320F G Fullerenes - buckminsterfullerene
X. ions A. An ion is an atom with a charge B. If an atom loses e-, it will have a + charge 1. Na Ca 2. called a cation 3. Group IA =1+; Group IIA=2+; Group IIIA=3+ 4. cations in groups IA,IIA,and IIIA are named using the name of the parent ion
C. If an atom gains e-, it will have a charge 1. Cl + 1e- O + 2e- 2. called an anion 3. Group VA = 3-; group VIA = 2-; group VIIA= 1- 4. Named using the root of the element with -ide
D. ions are never formed by changing the number of p+ E. Periodic trends 1. metals form cations 2. transition metals form cations with various charges ( exc Ag+; Cd 2+ ; Zn 2+ ) 3. nonmetals form anions