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Chapter 3

Elements , Atoms, and Ions


Prelogue
A. Greeks
First to try to explain how chemical changes
occur
All matter composed of four substances
Prelogue
A. Greeks
First to try to explain how chemical changes
occur
All matter composed of four substances
Fire, earth, air, water
B. Alchemy
Tried to turn cheap metals into ______
Positives
Discovered new elements, new equipment and lab
techniques, and how to prepare many acids

C. Robert Boyle
First to use careful measurements
father of chemistry
I. elements
A. about 115 elements, 88 natural
B. abundances
Earth
Human body
Air
Solar system/universe -

I. elements
A. about 115 elements, 88 natural
B. abundances
Earth O, Si, Al
Human body
Air
Solar system/universe -

I. elements
A. about 115 elements, 88 natural
B. abundances
Earth O, Si, Al
Human body O, C, H
Air
Solar system/universe -

I. elements
A. about 115 elements, 88 natural
B. abundances
Earth O, Si, Al
Human body O, C, H
Air N, O, Ar
Solar system/universe - H, He, O

I. elements
A. about 115 elements, 88 natural
B. abundances
Earth O, Si, Al
Human body O, C, H
Air N, O, Ar
Solar system/universe -

A. about 115 elements, 88 natural
B. abundances
Earth O, Si, Al
Human body O, C, H
Air N, O, Ar
Solar system/universe H, He, O
C. elements may be discussed in
microscopic or macroscopic terms
II. Symbols for the elements
A. named for various things
People, places, ancient names
B. 1-2 letters
1
st
letter is always capitalized, second is not
May be
1
st
(and 2
nd
) letters of the element
1
st
letter and a prominent letter
Letters from ancient names
III. Daltons Atomic Theory
A.first atomic theory based on experiments
B. Five premises
Elements are made of tiny particles called
atoms
Atoms of the same element are identical
Atoms of different elements are different
Atoms of different elements combine
chemically to form cpds
Atoms are not created nor destroyed in a
chemical reaction

IV. -later

V. Structure of the atom
A. electrons
Exactly one unit of negative charge
Discovered using a cathode ray tube by JJ
Thomson in the late 1890s
Negligible mass
e-
Determines the chemical behavior of the atom
CRT

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CsjLYLW_3
G0
0:54-electron in crt
3:44 - paddlewheel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBgIMRV895
w
0-3:13- electron
7:35 Chadwick-neutron
3:10 rutherford gold foil
B. proton
Exactly one unit of positive charge
Discovered using a cathode ray tube in 1918-
19 by Earnest Rutherford
Mass of 1 amu (atomic mass unit), about
1800X the mass of an e-
p+


C. neutron
No charge

Proposed by Rutherford, discovered by
Chadwick in 1932 using Berylium-9
Mass of 1 amu, relatively the same as a p+
n
0

D. How is the atom put together?
1. William Thomson, aka Lord Kelvin
(Rutherford)
Plum pudding model
E- embedded in a mass of + charge
2. nuclear atom
Atom w/ a dense center of positive charge
(nucleus)
Rutherfords gold foil experiment (Marsden)
www.learnerstv.com/animation/animation.
php?ani=121&cat=Chemistry

3. Bohrs model
Nuclear atom
E- orbit the nucleus like planets around the sun

4. Quantum mechanical model
Modern theory
Nuclear atom
e- are found in regions of space called electron
clouds
VI. Modern concept
1. tiny positive nucleus w/ p
+
and n
0

2. e- fairly far from the nucleus randomly
moving about in electron clouds
3. e- arrangement accounts for chemical
properties
VII. isotopes
A. neutral atom
#p
+
= atomic number = whole # on PT
Atom is neutral, so #p
+
= # e-

VII. isotopes
A. neutral atom
#p
+
= atomic number = whole # on PT
Atom is neutral, so #p
+
= # e-
Mass number = decimal on the PT
Round to the nearest whole #
Mass # - atomic # = #n
0

B.
A
Z
X
A = mass #
Z = atomic #
X = elements symbol
C. isotopes
1. Atoms with the
same number of p+
but a different # of n
0

2. X-A
Hydrogen -1;
hydrogen
Hydrogen -2;
deuterium
Hydrogen -3; tritium

at num mass num #p #n #e
hydrogen-1
hydrogen-2
hydrogen-3
3. In nature, elements are found as a
mixture of their isotopes
VIII. Intro to the PT
A. arranged by Mendeleev in 1869
B. arranged by increasing
Atomic # and properties

C. period = rows = 1-7
D. Groups or families = columns
Similar chemical properties
Group IA -alkali metals
Group IIA alkaline earth metals
Group VIIA halogens
Group VIIIA noble or inert gases
Group Bs- transition metals or inner transition
metals
E. metals
1. most elements
2. left of the staircase
3. properties
Good conductors
Malleable
Ductile
Lustrous
Mostly solids at room temp
F. nonmetals
Right of the staircase
Lack the properties of metals
Mostly gases at room temp
G. metalloids or semimetals
Along the staircase
May show the properties of both
IX. Natural states of the elements
A. most elements are found in nature in
cpds
Exceptions
Noble gases
Noble metals (Au, Ag, Pt, etc)
7 diatomics

H
2
and
N
2
O
2
F
2

Cl
2

Br
2

I
2

B. 2 elemental liquids
C. solid metals atoms packed together
like marbles in a jar

D. solid nonmetals
1. varied structures
2. allotropes are different forms of the same
substance
3. allotrope of carbon
D 1320F
G
Fullerenes - buckminsterfullerene


X. ions
A. An ion is an atom with a charge
B. If an atom loses e-, it will have a +
charge
1. Na
Ca
2. called a cation
3. Group IA =1+; Group IIA=2+; Group IIIA=3+
4. cations in groups IA,IIA,and IIIA are named
using the name of the parent ion

C. If an atom gains e-, it will have a
charge
1. Cl + 1e-
O + 2e-
2. called an anion
3. Group VA = 3-; group VIA = 2-; group VIIA= 1-
4. Named using the root of the element with -ide

D. ions are never formed by changing the
number of p+
E. Periodic trends
1. metals form cations
2. transition metals form cations with various
charges ( exc Ag+; Cd
2+
; Zn
2+
)
3. nonmetals form anions

at num mass num #p #n #e
P
3-


Ba
2+

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