Journal Entry 1

What do you know about DNA?

Tell me at least
two things you know
about DNA.
Journal Entry 2
Draw a picture of DNA and label
Nucleotide
adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine
sugar
phosphate
hydrogen bond
Journal Entry 3
Summarize and explain the process of
DNA replication.
Chapter 10 Objectives
By the end of this unit I will be able to
Describe the three parts of a nucleotide
Relate the role of base pairing rules to the
structure of DNA
Summarize and explain the process of
DNA replication
Chapter 10 Objectives
By the end of this unit I will be able to
Identify the role of enzymes in the
replication of DNA
Outline the flow of genetic information in
cells from DNA to protein
Compare the structure of DNA with that of
RNA
Summarize the process of transcription.

Chapter 10
Nucleic Acids and Protein
Synthesis
What is a nucleic acid?
A complex organic (carbon)
macromolecule
DNA= Deoxyribonucleic Acid
RNA= Ribonucleic Acid
What are the two main
functions of DNA?
1. To store information and to direct
activities of the cell.
-tells which proteins to make
2. To copy itself exactly for new cells that
are created
What are DNA molecules
made of?
Two strands of repeating nucleotides
A nucleotide has three parts:
1. Deoxyribose =a sugar
2. Phosphate =PO4
3. Nitrogen Base

What are DNA molecules
made of?
A= Adenine
T= Thymine
C= Cytosine
G= Guanine
Adenine and Guanine have two rings of
carbon and are called Purines
Thymine and Cytosine have one ring of
carbon and are called Pyrimidines
What does the DNA molecule
look like?
A twisted ladder (double helix) helical
What are the base pairing
rules?
Adenine always bonds with Thymine
Cytosine always bonds with Guanine
Who discovered the structure
of DNA?
In 1953 Francis Crick and
James Watson
They proposed a model of
DNA in which two nucleotide
chains wrap around each
other to form a double spiral-
similar to a spiral staircase
They called it a Double Helix
Who discovered the
structure of DNA?
They relied heavily on scientific evidence
reported by other scientists to construct
their model. Evidence like the X-ray
diffraction photo of DNA studied by
Rosaline Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
Crick, Watson, & Wilkins received the
Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1962
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PKj
F7OumYo
What is DNA replication and
what happens during it?
The process of copying DNA in a cell is
called replication.
What is DNA replication and
what happens during it?
1. The two chains of DNA separate at
the replication fork by enzymes
called Helicase. They break the
hydrogen bonds between the
complementary base pairs.
What is DNA replication and
what happens during it?
2. Enzymes called DNA Polymerase move
down each half strands and binds the new
nucleotides to the existing DNA chains.
What is DNA replication and
what happens during it?
3. When replication is
completed, two new exact
copies of the original DNA
molecule are produced
and the cell is ready to
divide.

What is a mutation?
A mistake in the nucleotide sequence at even
one location will cause a mutation and can
have serious effects in new cells.
Chemicals and ultraviolet radiation from the
sun can damage DNA which can lead to
cancer.
Enzymes called DNA polymerase are
constantly proofreading and repairing errors
that occur.
What are some differences
between RNA and DNA?
RNA DNA
1. Sugar is ribose
2. One strand
3. Uracil
4. Can be found in the
nucleus or the
cytoplasm
1. Sugar is deoxyribose
2. Two strands
3. Thymine
4. Can only be found in
the nucleus
What are the three kinds of RNA?
1. Messenger RNA
2. Transfer RNA
3. Ribosomal RNA
What is Protein Synthesis and
where does it take place?
The making of proteins and it takes
place on the ribosomes
How does Protein Synthesis
occur?
1. Transcription- genetic information is
copied from DNA to mRNA
2. Messenger RNAs code is in three
base groups called codons
3. Codons attach to ribosomes and each
one codes for an amino acid.
How does Protein Synthesis
occur?
4. Translation- the process of assembling
the protein from information encoded in
Messenger RNA. This process begins
when the mRNA leaves the nucleus
through pores in the nuclear membrane
and then migrates to a ribosome.

How does Protein Synthesis
occur?
5. Amino acids floating freely in the
cytosol are transported to the
ribosome by the tRNA.
6. The tRNA has a sequence of three
nucleotides called an anti-codon which
is complementary to and pairs with its
corresponding codons.
Protein Synthesis
http://www.dnai.org/a/index.html
Lets watch this in action!
What joins the amino acids
together to form a protein?
A peptide bond joins amino acids to
make a polypeptide chain.
Where do the amino acids come
from floating in the cytosol of
our cells?
The food we eat
(proteins)
What are some important
proteins that we make?
Functional Proteins
1. Hemoglobin -found in our red blood
cells; function in carrying oxygen
2. Antibodies -help fight off viruses and
bacteria that invade the body.
3. Enzymes -control chemical reactions
in the body.
What are some important
proteins that we make?
Structural Proteins
1. Keratin -water proofing protein on our
skin.
2. Actin and Myosin -proteins which
make up our muscles
3. Collagen- found in cartilage and other
connective tissue
The Human Genome
The Human Genome