Forestry

- Ecosystem-based Forest Management

o Goal: Harvest resources while minimizing effects on the rest of the ecosystem
o Ecologically sensitive areas are carefully monitored and protects; resources are
harvested selectively
o Ecosystems are complex, so choosing which areas to protect and which to harvest is a
challenge
- Forests vary in their makeup, age, and origins
o Old growth or primary forests
36% of the Worlds forests
o Second growth forests
60% of the Worlds forests
o Tree plantation, tree farm, or commercial forest
4% of the Worlds forests
May supply most of the industrial wood
- Value of Forests
o Ecological Value
Provide habitats
Source of biodiversity
Prevent erosion
Purify water
Store carbon and release oxygen
o Economic Value
Timber for lumber and fuel
Source of food
Raw materials for many medicines
A source of recreation
Tourism business
- Timber Harvesting Methods
o Clear-Cutting
o Seed-tree
o Shelter wood
- Clear Cutting
o Involves cutting down all trees in a region, resulting in even-ages stands of regrowth
o Changes abiotic conditions in the area, including light penetration, precipitation, wind,
and temperature
o Benefit: Cost efficient
o Costs: Entire communities destroyed or displaced, Causes excess soil erosion.
- Seed- tree
o Small numbers of mature, healthy trees are left standing to reseed the area.
o Benefit: Less damaging than clear cutting
o Costs: As with clear-cutting, leads to mostly even-aged regrowth
- Shelter wood
Forestry
o Involves leaving a few mature trees standing to provide shelter for seedlings.
o Benefit: Less damaging than clear cutting
o Costs: As with clear-cutting, leads to mostly even-aged regrowth
- Selection Systems
o Relatively few trees are cut at once under a selection system
o Selection can involve widely spaced single trees or groups
o Benefits:
More biodiversity, uneven aged growth
Less overall environmental damage
o Costs:
Machinery disturbs forest interior
Expensive process
More dangerous to workers
- Strip Cutting
o Cutting out forests in strips.
o The strips refill after time.
- Unsustainable Logging is a Major Threat to Forest Ecosystems
o Increased erosion
o Sediment runoff
o Habitat fragmentation
o Loss of biodiversity
- Deforestation
o Unlike timber harvesting, deforestation replaces forested areas with some other land
use, such as commercial or residential property
o Deforestation in tropical and arid regions has the most negative effects due to loss of
biodiversity and desertification risk respectively
o Globally, deforestation adds C0
2
to the environment
- Deforestation in Developing Nations
o Timber from old-growth tropical rain forests is a source of income in developing nations
o Advanced technology enables deforestation to occur far faster than it has in the United
States.
o Deforestation of tropical rain forests has an enormously negative effect on global
species diversity.
- US National Forests
o National forest system established in 1905
o Originally set aside to grow trees for timber and to protect watersheds
o Today, managed by the US Forest Service, for timber, recreation, wildlife, habitat, and
mining
- Logging on Private Land
o Most logging in the U.S. takes place on privately owned tree plantations.
o A tree plantation is typically an even-aged monoculture with little habitat variety or
biodiversity.
Forestry
o Use of plantations for timber protects National Forests from being logged.
- Fire, Insects, and Climate Change Can Threaten Forest Ecosystems
o Surface fires
Usually burn leaf litter and undergrowth
May provide food in the form of vegetation that sprouts after fire
o Crown fires
Extremely hot: burns whole trees
Kill wildlife
Increase soil erosion

o Introduction of foreign diseases and insects
Accidental
Deliberate
o Global warming
Rising temperatures
Trees more susceptible to diseases and pests
Drier forests: more fires
More greenhouse gases
- Healthy Forests Restoration Act (2003)
o Encourages prescribed burns
o Promotes salvage loggingremoval of small trees, underbrush, and snags by timber
companies
o Seen as harmful by many scientists and environmental advocates
o Salvage logging can slow forest regrowth, promotes wildfires, and destroys snags
habitat for wildlife.
- Sustainable Forestry Products
o Independent organizations certify that wood products are produced sustainably.
o Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has the strictest standards and most widely accepted
certification process.
o Certified wood costs more to produce, but will be supplied by timber companies if there
is demand.