Cells, tissues, organs

Read the passage below and highlight or underline any keywords.

Answer the following questions:
1. Which of the following would contain the most cells a single celled organism, a tissue, or
an organ? ___________________________________
2. Write an example of: a tissue _______________________________
An organ _______________________________
3. List three types of tissue you might find in the stomach.
________________________________________________________________________
4. A group of similar cells is called a ___________________________ and, in complex
organisms, various tissues are often arranged in a body called an ____________________.
5. Nerve tissue in the spinal cord is made from _____________________________________.
6. A group of organs is called a _________________________________. All the organs work
together to carry out a particular _____________________________ .

Our bodies are made of cells, tissues, and organs. The cell is the
smallest unit of life. All living things are made of cells. One kind of cell
makes one kind of tissue, i.e. only nerve cells can make nerve tissue. Only sweat gland
cells can make sweat gland tissue. Our bodies have many different kinds of cells because
we have many different kinds of tissue.

Tissues are large groups of cells all doing the same job. The different
kinds of tissues are classified into four groups, epithelial tissue, connective
tissue, nerve tissue, and muscle tissue. Within each group are many kinds of
tissue, but they are similar in the job they do. E.g. nerve tissues, which are also called
ganglia, are the information networks for our bodies. Nerves send information from one
part of our bodies to another.

Organs are groups of tissues that work together to do a job. The stomach is an organ
whose function is to break down food. It contains gland tissue, which produces
substances that chemically break down foods, muscle tissue which churns the food, and
connective tissue which holds the tissue together.

Often in a multicellular organism there are a group of organs which carry out a particular
function, this is called an organ system. For example, the stomach, small intestine and
large intestine help make up the digestive system which is responsible for the digestion
and absorption of food into the body.

Flow charts (2)
Read the passage below about the journey of air to the lungs. Highlight or underline any
keywords.










Using the information above draw a flow chart in the space below to show how air travels into the
lungs.












The diaphragm is a big sheet-like muscle that's at the bottom of your chest cavity. The
diaphragm helps you get air in and out of your lungs by moving up and down. When your
diaphragm moves down, the lungs are stretched and air is drawn into the lungs, you breathe
in. When your diaphragm moves up, the lungs are compressed, pushing the air out, you
breathe out.
The air you breathe in goes from your mouth and nose, past small hairs on the inside of your
nose which catch dirt and other large particles, down into the pharynx found at the back of
your throat. From the pharynx, air meets two passageways. The front passageway is the
trachea (or windpipe), which is the path to the lungs. In behind the trachea is the
oesophagus, which leads down to the stomach. A little flap called the epiglottis covers the
trachea when you eat so that food does not go to the lungs.
The air follows the trachea, which branches in two, to form the bronchi . Each bronchus
continues to branch out until, at the end of each bronchiole, we reach a cluster of alveoli (air
sacs). Alveoli are small sacs where gas-exchange takes place (oxygen enters the blood
stream and carbon dioxide exits the bloodstream and enters the lungs to be breathed out).

Paragraph writing
Using your knowledge of the human circulatory system complete the sentences below, using a
variety of linking words or phrases. (Refer to the chart given on page 13 for linking words)
There are three types of vessel that transport blood in the circulatory system - arteries, veins and
capillaries. Arteries carry oxygenated blood _____________________________ it is red in
colour. ______________________________ veins which carry deoxygenated blood are blue in
colour. Capillaries are small blood vessels which join the arteries and veins.
The following bullet points give information about blood. Write a paragraph linking these notes
into an explanation about what blood is made of.
Blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, digested food, wastes and other materials around the
body.
Blood contains many cells.
Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
White blood cells are larger than red blood cells.
White blood cells engulf and destroy foreign matter, such as chemicals and bacteria.
Platelets are tiny discs in the blood that help it clot.
Plasma is a straw coloured liquid that carries the blood cells, nutrients, wastes, hormones,
salts and vitamins around your body.
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Defining
Read the passage below about digestion. Highlight or underline any keywords.











A definition is a group of words which has the following pattern:
A (word to be defined) is a (larger group to which it belongs) which/that/who (list the
characteristics which make the word different from the rest of the group). An example is
.. . (An example may not need to be added.)
Use this pattern to complete the definitions for the following:
1. Digestion is a bodily process that _____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Physical breakdown is a form of digestion that ___________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Chemical digestion is _______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. An enzyme is a substance that _______________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. A protease is an enzyme ____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Digestion is the breakdown of food into particles small enough to be absorbed into the
blood. Breakdown can be physical or chemical. Food can be physically broken down by the
grinding action of teeth. Chemical breakdown occurs when large food molecules are broken
down into smaller soluble molecules with the help of substances called enzymes. An
example of chemical breakdown occurs in the mouth where saliva mixes with the food.
Enzymes speed up the chemical breakdown of food. An example of an enzyme is amylase
which breaks down carbohydrates; another is protease which breaks down proteins.
Writing in role
One way to understand ideas is to create stories where you write in the role of something that is
going through a sequence of actions.
Imagine you a potato chip. Using the flow chart on the left to
help you, describe your journey, and what is happening to you
at each location from beginning to end. The first part has been
started for you.
I am a delicious fried potato chip. Right now, I am inside a
mouth where I am being ____________________________
________________________________________________
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The writing frame below has parts missing from it. Complete the sentences so that they are true.
The vocabulary list will help but you will need to use other words as well.

Vocab List: protect skeleton skeletal jellyfish blood ribcage cranium marrow
shape tendon ligaments move bones minerals


There are around 206 ________________ in the adult human body. These bones plus the
connecting tissue make up the _______________ system.
The skeletal system is very important for many reasons. Some bones help _____________ our
organs. The _____________, for example, protects our brains and the ________________
protects our lungs.
The skeletal system also gives us our _______________. Without a ______________, we would
be shapeless blobs like a ______________ or an earthworm. Our bones, which are connected by
______________, provide a frame for the rest of the organs, giving us our unique body shape.
The skeletal system also helps us ______________. Muscles, which are attached to bones by
_______________, cause the bones to move, which makes our bodies move.
Bones also help your body store ________________ such as calcium. If there is too much calcium
in the blood, some of it becomes bone. If there is not enough calcium, then the bones gives some
to the blood.
Finally, another important function of bones is to produce ________________. Inside bones there
is a soft substance called ________________, which is used to make blood cells.



First Defence
Read the following passage to find out how pathogens can enter the body and what the body does
to stop their entry. Highlight or underline any keywords.



















The writing frame below has parts missing from it. Complete the sentences so that they are true.
Use the text box above to help you.
The _____________________ is the first defence against pathogens. Its ________________,
_________________, and dryness makes it an inhospitable place for most pathogens. If the
________________ becomes broken then pathogens can enter the body where they will find
ideal conditions on which to ___________________.
Body openings like the eyes and ears are protected by ____________ and _______________.
The mouth produces ___________________. The other openings the ______________,
vagina, urethra and ______________ are protected by _____________________. All of these
substances are designed to _______________ pathogens. Most pathogens in food and drink
are destroyed by _____________________________, if they reach the stomach.
We are constantly breathing, eating, drinking and
touching microbes many of them disease causing
(pathogens) yet most of the time we do not get sick.
Our bodies have a way of trying to stop the microbes
entering. Most pathogens find it difficult to grow on the
skin because it is oily, salty and dry. Although thousands
of bacteria survive on each square centimetre of skin,
they do not normally cause problems unless the skin is
broken, allowing them free entry to warm, moist cells
underneath.
Body openings eyes, ears, mouth, nose, vagina,
urethra and anus are vulnerable areas, each needing
special protection. Tears, ear-wax, saliva and mucus all
contain ingredients designed to kill pathogens. Stomach
acid also kills most of the micro-organisms in our food
and drink.
Read the following passage to find out what happens if pathogens do entre the body.









Now answer the questions that follow.
1. What are the two main types of cell which make up the second line of defence in the body?
________________________________________________________________________
2. Where are these cells made? ________________________________________________
3. What is the role (job) of the phagocytes?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. What signs would you see on your skin if your phagocytes are fighting an infection?
________________________________________________________________________
5. What are the two things that an antibody can do?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. What makes antibodies? _________________________________________________

If pathogens do entre the body, the inner defence system takes over. White blood cells,
produced by the bone marrow form part of the second line of defence. There are two main
types of white blood cells phagocytes and lymphocytes. Phagocytes are constantly on
patrol, searching out and engulfing all foreign invaders. When a phagocyte engulfs a
pathogen it calls other phagocytes to the area to help. This makes the area swell and it may
become hot to touch.
Lymphocytes are involved in the production of antibodies. Antibodies are special made to
measure proteins designed to destroy one specific pathogen. The antibody recognises the
pathogen by the chemicals on its surface. It then joins onto these chemicals rather like a
jigsaw puzzle piece. Sometimes the antibodies kill the invading pathogen, while other times
they make the pathogens clump together and allow the phagocytes to engulf them.
Question 4
Body Systems

In class you have studied different types of body systems that carry out important processes
in your body. Some of the body systems that you have studied in class are listed below:





Respiratory system
Circulatory system
Digestive system
Reproductive system









Choose one body system from the list above and discuss how the body system helps the
individual to survive.
In your answer you should:

Name the parts that make up the body system
Explain the function of the named parts in the body system
Explain what the body system does and how this helps an individual to survive

You may include a diagram to help explain any of the points above.


Question Four
The human body relies on many different systems to carry out the life processes it requires for
survival.

You have studied a number of different organ systems in class that help to carry out a particular
life process. Eg. Circulatory System, Immune System, Digestive System. For one of the systems
you have studied:
Name your chosen system
Describe the function of your chosen system
Identify the main organs in your chosen system and explain their function
Explain how this organ system contributes to the survival of a human, in terms of
MRS GREN.
You may draw a diagram to help you answer this question.

Question 4 The Body Bonanza

In class you have learnt about a range of organ systems. Choose two of these systems and explain how they
depend on each other.

In your answer you should:
Name your TWO chosen systems
Describe what each system does for the body
Identify the main organs present in BOTH of your chosen systems
Explain any similarities and/or differences between your two chosen systems
Explain the links between the two system
Question 4 The Human Body
The human body depends on many different systems to carry out the life processes it requires for
survival.

You have studied a number of different organ systems in class that help to carry out a particular
life process from MRS GREN, eg. Circulatory System, Immune System, Digestive System.
Choose ONE system you have studied and discuss how that system helps the human body to
carry out its particular life process. In your answer you should:
Name your chosen system
Describe the function (job) of your chosen system
Identify the main organs in your chosen system and explain what they do
State what part(s) of MRS GREN your system contributes to
Explain how this organ system contributes to the survival of a human, in terms of
MRS GREN.
You may draw a diagram to help you answer this question.