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=0
B
!
"
= B
E
t
= J +
H
D
E
B
H
J
D
t
#
'
= 4
D
=0
B
= 1 B
E
c t
=
H
4
J
c
1 D
c t
2
) E(statvolt/cm)
B(gauss)
H(oersted)
(statcoulomb)
D(statcoul/cm
J(statamp)
E D B
H
D B !
= 0 E
+ P
D
= 0 H
+M
B
0
"
E H
1
D = 0 E
= 0 E
+ P = 0 E
+ 0 E
D
= E
= 0 (1 + )E
2
n=
= r
0
4
2
& $
% 2
' 2
0
2 = 0 J = 0
5
2 = 0
6 72
! 2
=0
E
=0
B
= B
E
t
= E
B
t
D = E B = H
(3)
D = 0 E + (2) E E +
E
+
E E
5
7
B !
E ! 1
,
E $
% 4
B
= ( B ) = ( B)
( E)
t
t
= t
( tE )
= ( E)
2 E
= 0
E
( E)
2
= E2
2 E
t
= B2
2 B
t
1 2 f (r, t)
v 2 t2
v8
$ ./% f (r, t)8 $ %
!
4
v = 1/
1
c
=
0 0 r
n
6
kr)
r , t) = E0 ei(t
E(
k
* ! 7
*
r , t)
E(
r, t)
E(
9
r)
= E0 2 ei(tk
2 E
= E0 [ikei(tkr) ]
= k 2 E0 ei(tkr)
= k 2 E
2E
= 2 E
t2
k =
"
=0
E
[E0 ei(tkr) ] = E0 ei(tkr) = ik E0 ei(tkr) = 0
k E0 = 0
!
$ B
= B
E
t
= i B
ik E
!%
:
k E
= B
"
B !
0
|k|
n
|B| =
|E| =
|E| = |E|
Z
9
;
S 9
!
!
=E
H
S
9
J/(m2 sec)
7
!
<
E
+B
H)
U = 12 (D
B = nc E
1
n2
r 0 0 2
B2
1
1
) = ( + 2 )E 2 = ( +
)E
U = (E 2 +
2
2
c
2
9
2
Wmech U
dA
+
= S
t
t
s
Sin
Wmech
Sout
9
;
$Sout Sin%
A
,
V
! $U %
Wmech
9
= v U v
U 7
|S|
$
9
S
J
U
%
; S
.7
/ S
I 7
;
$W/m2 %
=I k =In
S
=
=E
H
= (E0 H
0 ) cos2 (t k r)
S
# k E = B H = 1 k E k =
= E0 ( 1 k E0 ) cos2 (t k r) =
S
2
E0 cos2 (t k r) n
I S
=
=
1 t0 +T
2
E cos2 (t k r) dt n
T t0
0
1
2 t0 +T
E
cos2 (t k r) dt n
T
0 t0
2
E
0
(t0 +T )
t0
1
cos d =
2T
1
2T
2
E
0
(t0 +T )
(1 + cos 2)d
t0
1 (t0 +T )
2
cos 2d2)
E0 (T +
2 t0
2
1
E0 {1 +
[sin 2(t0 + T k r)
2T
sin 2(t0 k r)]}
1
2
=
I S
1
2
2
E
0
= 12 ( Z1 )E02
A
;
7
>? F = qE + qv B +
>? 7
>?
J = qv
$)% F1 = E + J B -
J
= /0 , B
= 0 J + 0 0 E/t
E
-
E
+ 1 ( B)
B
0 E B
F1 = 0 ( E)
0
t
= E B
+ E
B
(E B)
t
t
t
= 0 ( E)
( E)
+ 1 ( B)
( B)
E
0 E
B
1B
B)
F1 + 0 (E
t
0
0
Pf ield =
1
B)dV
0 (E
= 2
c
v
SdV
2
g = S/c
&B
4 r.h.s.
T dV
T ds
1 0 2 B 2
T = 0 E E + B
B I( E +
)
0
2
20
t
ct V
P =
|
g |Act
t
= |g | c =
= Act
S
C
/c = I/c
P = S
#
1.34 103J/m2 s #
4.46 106 N/m2
105 N/m2
=E
0 exp i(k r t)
E
=H
0 exp i(k r t)
H
&&
H
D
? E0 ?
7
, 2 !
= E0 [
E
x exp i(kz t) + y exp i(kz t )]
2
ei/2 = i
= E0 (
x y) exp i(kz t)
E
&'
H
"
?
?
? ! !
$ ?% "
D ?
? - ! E
E 1 E 2 E 1
?
&0
(Incident wave)
E2
Transmitted axis
of polarizer
(Transmitted wave)
E
7
!
E1 = E cos
Ipol
Ipol + Iunpol
Imax Imin
Imax + Imin
&5
Fast
Fast
Slow
Slow
Fast
Fast
Slow
/2
Slow
/2
Half waveplate
Quarter waveplate
?
0 = xE0x + yE0y
E
E0x
E0y
|E0x |eix
|E0y |eiy
1
i
1
i
=2
1
0
A
>
B
a b
c d
A
B
A
B
E
A
B
a b
c d
&6
E
2
atotal btotal
ctotal dtotal
an bn
cn d n
a1 b1
c1 d 1
E
7
?
?
> 9 ?
45
1
0
1
0
# ?
# 45
* 7
G
G
>
1
2
1 0
0 1
eix 0
0 eiy
0
0
0
1
1 1
1 1
0
i
0
i
1 i
i 1
ei 0
0 ei
1
0
0
0
1
2
#
F 7
1 i
1
2
i 1
1 i
1
2
i 1
&:
i
ki
Bi
kt
i, i
Bt
t, t
!"
Incident
ni
kr
Reflected
x
kt
Transmitted
t
y
z
nt
&<
;
$ %
t
= k r t
exp(iki r it)
exp(ikr r it)
exp(ikt r it)
" z = 0
kyi = kyr
kyi = ( nnti )kyt
;
x
y 4
!
ki
ki
y
ki
kt
x
kr
plane of incident
&=
# kx ky kz
> ! x z 4
z
ki
kr
i
Incident
n
i
Reflected
x
t
t
Transmitted
kt
kyi = 0
kyr = 0
kyr = 0
kzi = cos i
kzr = cos r
kzt = cos t
kxi = kxr !
;
i = r
"
#
&A
ds = 0
D
s=0
s B d
dl = B
ds
E
t s
dl =
ds
H
D
s
t s
dh
t
n
i n
t n
D
=D
Bi n
= Bt n
dh
t
n
i t = E
t t
E
i t = H
t t
H
s
ds = 0
B
'B
.
E H
/ E i H i E t H t !
! i n
Bi
Er
i
ni
kr
Br
y(y)
t
nt
x(x)
Et
Bt
kt
z(z)
%!
'&
2
i = yEi exp i(t ki r)
E
ki = ni (
x sin i + z cos i )
c
B i = 1 ki E i
i = ni (
B
x cos i + z sin i )Ei exp i(t ki r)
c
; 2
kr = ni (
x sin i z cos i )
c
r = yEr exp i(t ki r)
E
r = ni (
x cos i + z sin i )Er exp i(t ki r)
B
c
kt = nt (
x sin t + z cos t )
c
t = yEt exp i(t kt r)
E
t = nt (
x cos t + z sin t )Et exp i(t kt r)
B
c
$ r = 0% #
-
7
! ?
D !
! #
- $z% B 2
$x% H 2
nt
ni
sin i (Ei + Er ) =
sin t Et
c
c
ni
nt
cos i (Ei Er ) =
cos t Et
i c
t c
+
! Ei + Er = Et
Et
ni
nt
cos i (Ei Er ) =
cos t (Ei + Er )
i
t
"
!
( nii cos i
Er
rs
= ni
Ei
( i cos i +
nt
t
nt
t
cos t )
cos t )
!"
''
C
nt = ni sin i / sin t
ni sin i
ni
cos i (Ei Er ) =
cos t (Ei + Er )
i
t sin t
t tan t (Ei Er ) = i tan i (Ei + Er )
rs
Er
(i tan i + t tan t )
=
Ei
(i tan i + t tan t )
Ei + Er = Et
ts
!
Et
2t tan t
=
Ei
(i tan i + t tan t )
'0
Ei
Bi
Er
ki
kr
Br
ni
y(y)
nt
x(x)
Et
Bt
kt
z(z)
#
rp =
tp =
i t 1
i tan i + t tan t
i tan i + t tan t
2i sin i
cos t (i tan i + t tan t )
rp = tan(i t )/ tan(i + t )
Ai
Sr
Si
ni
i i
Ao
nt
t S
t
At
'5
# I
7
! E ! E
*
;
?
I
nt
I ni *
!
I
./
7
.
/
A W
9
S $
%
1 W
A
W = S A
#
Wi =
ni
2
# ;
Wr =
ni
2
#
Wt =
nt
2
? %
0 2
E A
o i 0
0 2
E A
o r 0
cos i
0 2
E A
o t 0
cos t
R
T
cos i
$ 9
Wr
E2
= r2 = |r|2
Wi
Ei
Wt
nt cos t Ei2
nt cos t 2
=
=
|t|
2
Wi
ni cos i Er
ni cos i
!
&
#
! ;
2
'6
n =1, n =1.5
i
r
0.2
1.0
Brewster Angle
0.0
0.8
Glancing incident
Power Reflectivity (R)
P
-0.2
S
-0.4
0.6
S
0.4
-0.6
P
0.2
-0.8
-1.0
Brewster Angle
0.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
20
incident angle
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
incident angle
1.0
0.8
0.8
Total Internal
Reflection
Total Internal
Reflection
Power Reflectivity (R)
0.6
0.4
S
0.2
0.6
0.4
Brewster Angle
S
0.2
0.0
Brewster Angle
Critical Angle
Critical Angle
-0.2
0.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
incident angle
80
90
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
incident angle
= 0
!
! 9 ?
;
9 ? < 10
;
I = 0
I 0
sin(i + t ) = sin i cos t + cos i sin t
':
2 sin t cos i
sin i cos t + cos i sin t
ts =
+
> sin i = nn
t
i
sin t
ts =
nt
ni
2 cos i
cos t + cos i
2ni
ni +nt
T = ( n2n+n )2
i
+
r=
ni nt
ni +nt
R = ( nn n
)2
+n
i
? tp rp
;
?
?
.+
/ #
; I ?
)
rp = tan(
0
i + t = 90
tan( + )
i
nt
sin i
sin i
=
=
ni
sin(90 i )
cos i
+
!
+
B
B = tan1 ( nnti )
'<
i
t
i
t
ni
sin i )
nt
sin i > 1
c = sin1 ( nnti )
"
t = 90
4
4
sin t =
ni
sin i
sin i =
nt
sin c
cos t = 1 sin2 t = 1 (
sin i 2
)
sin c
cos t = i (
sin i 2
) 1 i
sin c
c < <
sin i 2
) 1
sin c
Et eikt (x sin t +z cos t )
Et = ekt z eikt x
1+2
$
x %
z $
%
H
'=
z
1
;
!
!
9
# ! E H
$7
9
%
= 1 Re(E
H
)
I n
= S
2
#
;
kt E t
1
t H
t ) n
Re[(E
I = St n
=
]
2
1
t )] n
t ( 1 kt E
=
}
Re{[E
2
t
1
=
Re[Et2 (kt n
)]
2t
kt n
= kt cos t = ikt
St n = 0
4 ! z = 1/ z
1/e
1
1
1
=
kt
Variable attenuator
Prism coupler
'A
! ; I
9 ?
cos t = i sin t = 1 + 2
# ?
sin(i t )
sin(i + t )
sin i cos t cos i sin t
=
sin i cos t + cos i sin t
1 + 2 cos i i sin i
=
= eis
1 + 2 cos i + i sin i
rs =
) + sin( + )}
rp =
=
=
=
=
tan(i t )
tan(i + t )
sin(i t ) cos(i + t )
sin(i + t ) cos(i t )
sin 2t + sin 2i
sin 2t + sin 2i
sin i cos i sin t cos t
sin i cos i + sin t cos t
sin i cos i i 1 + 2
= eip
sin i cos i + i 1 + 2
1 + 2
sin i cos i
s = 2 tan1
p = 2 tan1
0B
180
160
Phase change ()
140
120
100
S
80
60
40
20
0
40
50
60
70
80
90
Incident angle ()
4
90
;
& ni nt
! ;
9 ?
D
4
90
!
7
; !
;
;
7
#
& $
&M%
7
(
;
C
7
$
i & '
90% 7
;
.
/
7
0&
. /
D = E B = H
B
t
= E
+
B
E
t
E
2E
+
t2
t
#
r, t) = E(
r)eit
E(
i
)E(r) = 0
i
k = ( ) =
1
0'
n = n(1 i)
!
d = c/n . /
n k
n2 =
c2
[ 2 2 + ( )2 + ]
2
c2
n = [ 2 2 + ( )2 ]
2
2 2
d
4
# ;
&% '%
# ;
# ! ;
t
ni
sin t =
sin i
n
t
(n1)2 +(n)2
(n+1)2 +(n)2
00
-
R=
n
= in
(in 1)(in 1)
=1
(in + 1)(in + 1)