Yvonne Choo Shuen Lann

Definitions for Chemistry SPM ( Form 5 )

Rate of Reaction

- The change in quantity of the reactant or products per time unit

- Is a measure of how quickly a chemical reaction happens

Fast Reaction

- The conversion of reactant to products takes place in a short time

Slow Reaction

- The conversion of reactant to products takes more time to complete

Observable Change

- A change that can be observed by our senses

Average Rate of Reaction

- The rate of reaction over an interval of time

Instantaneous rate of reaction

- Rate of reaction at any given time

Catalyst

- A substance that changes the rate of reaction. It does not undergo any chemical change

Decomposition

- A chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down into simpler substances

Effective Collision

- A collision between reactant particles that result in reaction between them

Activation Energy, EA

- The minimum energy the colliding particles must have before collision between them can
result in chemical reaction

Energy Profile Diagram

- A graph that represents the energy change that occurs in a chemical reaction

Collision Frequency

- The number of collisions per unit time

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Effective Collision Frequency

- The number of effective collisions per unit time

Collision Theory

- Theory used to explain chemical reactions in terms of collisions between particles, effective
collisions, and activation energy

Carbon Compound

- A compound that contains carbon, C combined with other elements

Organic Compound

- A carbon compound found in, produced by, or derived from living organisms

Hydrocarbon

- An organic compound that contains only carbon, C and hydrogen, H

Saturated Hydrocarbon

- A hydrocarbon that has only single covalent bonds

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

- A hydrocarbon that has double or triple covalent bonds

Alkane

- A group of saturated hydrocarbons

Structural Formula

- A formula that shows which atoms are bonded to each other in a molecule of the organic
compound

General Formula

- A formula that shows the general form of the molecular formula of a homologous series

Straight-chain Alkane

- An alkane in which the carbon, C atoms are joined in a continuous straight line

Substitution Reaction

- A reaction in which one atom replaces another atom within a molecule

Alkene

- A group of unsaturated hydrocarbons

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Addition Reaction

- A reaction in which a molecule adds to the two carbon, C atoms of a double bond

Homologous Series

- A group of organic compounds in which each member differs from the next one in the series
by a fixed unit of structure

Isomers

- Compounds with the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae

Isomerism

- The phenomenon of organic compounds existing as isomers

Alkyl Group

- A side-chain containing only carbon, C and hydrogen, H atoms joined by single bonds

Alcohol

- A homologous series containing the hydroxyl group (-OH)

Functional Group

- An atom or a group of atoms that is responsible for the similar chemical properties of a
homologous series

Hydroxyl Group

- The functional group of alcohols

Hydration

- A reaction in which water is added to a compound

Fermentation

- The reaction in which yeast converts glucose, C6H12O6, into ethanol, C2H5OH

Distillation

- The process of extracting a substance by vaporizing it then condensing the vapour

Carboxylic Acid

- A homologous series containing the carboxyl group (-COOH)

Carboxyl Group

- The functional group of carboxylic acids

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Esterification

- The reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to form an ester and water. The
reaction is catalyzed by hydrogen ion, H+

Ester

- A homologous series containing the carboxylate functional group

Extraction of Ester

- To take out the ester from its natural sources (fragrant plants)

Oils and Fats

- Natural Esters

Fatty Acid

- A carboxylic acid that has a long chain of about 10 to 20 carbon, C atoms. It has only one
carboxyl group

1,2,3-propanetriol/ glycerol

- An alcohol that has three hydroxyl groups

Saturated Fat

- Has a higher proportion of saturated fat molecules than unsaturated fat molecules

Unsaturated Fat

- Has a higher proportion of unsaturated fat molecules than saturated fat molecules

Hydrogenation

- The addition of hydrogen, H2 to the double bond between two carbon, C atoms

Natural Rubber

- Polymer obtained from the latex of the rubber tree

Elasticity

- The ability to return to the original shape after being stretched, compressed, or bent

Latex

- A milk- like colloid obtained from the rubber tree

Coagulation of Latex

- The separation of rubber particles from the water in the latex

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Redox Reaction

- A reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur at the same time

Oxidizing Agent

- Oxidizes a substance. It is reduced in the redox reaction

Reducing Agent

- Reduces a substance. It is oxidized in the redox reaction

Oxidation Number/ Oxidation State

- The imaginary charge of an atom if it exists as an ion

Oxidation

- A chemical reaction in which a substance gains oxygen, O; loses hydrogen, H; loses

electrons; or undergoes an increase in oxidation number

Reduction

- A chemical reaction in which a substance loses oxygen, O; gains hydrogen, H; gains

electrons; or undergoes a decrease in oxidation number

Corrosion of a Metal

- The oxidation of the metal through the action of water, air, and/or electrolytes

Rusting of Iron, Fe

- The corrosion of iron, Fe. It is a redox reaction in which iron, Fe is oxidized to form hydrated
iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3.3H2O or rust

Reactivity Series of Metals

- An arrangement of metals in the order of their reactivity towards oxygen, O2

Vigour of a Chemical Reaction

- Shows how reactive the reaction is

The Extraction of Metal

- The process of obtaining a metal from its ore

Electrolytic Cell

- An electrochemical cell that uses electricity to produce a chemical change

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Chemical/ Voltaic Cell

- An electrochemical cell that produces electricity from a chemical change

Exothermic Reaction

- A chemical reaction that releases energy (in the form of heat) to the surroundings

Endothermic Reaction

- A chemical reaction that absorbs energy (in the form of heat) to the surroundings

Energy Level Diagram

- A graph that shows the energy change of a chemical reaction

Heat of Reaction, ∆H

- The energy change of a chemical reaction. It is the difference between the energy of the
reactants and the energy of the products

Thermochemical Equation

- A chemical equation with the heat of reaction, ∆H written at the end of the equation

Heat of Precipitation

- The energy change when one mole of precipitate is formed from its ions

Heat of Displacement

- The energy change when one mole of metal is displaced from its salt solution by a more
electropositive metal

Heat of Neutralization

- The energy change when one mole of water is formed from the neutralization between one
mole of hydrogen ions, H+ from an acid and one mole of hydroxide ions, OH- from an alkali

Heat of Combustion

- The heat given off when one mole of substance is burnt completely in excess oxygen, O2

Fuel Value/ Heat Value

- The amount of energy (measured in kilojoules) that can be obtained when 1g of fuel is burnt

Soap

- The salt formed when a fatty acid is neutralized by an alkali

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Detergent

- The salt formed when an alkyl hydrogen sulphate is neutralized by an alkali

Additives

- Substances added to a detergent to increase its effectiveness

Biological Enzyme

- An organic catalyst

Whitening Agent

- An additive that makes clothes whiter and cleaner

Saponification

- The hydrolysis of an ester. The catalyst is an alkali

Hydrolysis

- A reaction of a compound with water

Surface Tension

- The attractive force between water molecules. This force prevents water from wetting the
surface

Food Additive

- Any substance that is added to food to preserve it or improve its flavour and appearance

Preservative

- Food additives that prevent or slow down spoilage of food

Antioxidant

- Food Additives that prevent oxidation of food

Flavouring Agent

- Food additives that give flavour to food or enhance its natural flavour

Stabilizers and Thickening Agents

- Food additives that improve the texture and consistency of food

Dyes

- Food additives that colour food or replace lost colours

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Drug

- Any natural or artificial made chemical that is ue=sed as a medicine

Traditional Medicines

- Medicines that are derived from plants and animals

Modern Medicines

- Medicines that are manufactured on a large-scale for consumers

Analgesic

- Modern medicines that relieve pain

Antibiotics

- Modern medicines that kill bacteria

Psychotherapeutic Medicine

- Modern medicines used to treat mental illness

Side Effects of a Drug

- The undesirable effects that the drug produces in addition to that intended