EXTERNAL FORCED

CONVECTION
Prepared by
NURHASLINA CHE RADZI
FKK, UITM

Flat Plate in Parallel Flow

1) Laminar Flow over an isothermal Plate

 Boundary layer thickness as that value of y for which (u/u) = 0.99

=

5.0
= 5x
(u/x) Rex

Rex = ux

From the above equation, increases with increasing x and but

decreases with increasing u
The larger free stream velocity, the thinner the boundary layer
The wall shear stress may be expressed as
s = u
= u (u/x) d2f
y y=0
d2 =0

value of , f , df/d and d2f/d2 can get from Table 7.1

s = 0.332 u ( u /x)

The local friction is then

Cf,x = s,x = 0.664 Rex-1/2
u2/2

For problems involving the formation of boundary layer, a nondimensional form for the heat transfer coefficient is :

- Local Nusselt number

Nux = f (x*,Rex , Pr)

Nu x

hx x
0.332 Re1x/ 2 Pr1/ 3 , Pr 0.6
k

- the ratio of the velocity to thermal boundary layer thickness is

1

Pr 3
t

From the foregoing local result , average boundary layer

parameters may be determined . With the average friction
coefficient defined as
s, x
Cf , x 2
u / 2
where
1 x
s, x
dx
x 0 s, x

Cf , x = 1.328Re x-1 2

The average heat transfer coefficient for laminar flow is

1 x
k
hx =
h x dx = 0.332
x 0
x

hx = 2hx

13

Pr

(u / )1 2
0

dx
x1 2

 Average Nusselt number:

Nu x

hx x
0.664 Re1x/ 2 Pr1/ 3 , Pr 0.6
k

A single correlating equation, which applies for all Prandtl numbers

for laminar flow over an isothermal plate, the local convection
coefficient may be obtained from (Churchill and Ozoe):
Nux = 0.3387 Rex1/2 Pr1/3
, Pex 100
[1 + (0.0468/Pr)2/3]1/4
Pex = Pr Rex
Nux = 2Nux
Fluid properties are usually evaluated at the film temperature:

Tf

Ts T
2

2)

Turbulent Flow over an isothermal Plate

Local friction coefficient is

Cf,x = 0.0592 Rex-1/5

Rex,c Rex 108

The velocity boundary layer thickness is

= 0.37 x Rex-1/5

Local Nusselt number for turbulent flow (Chilton-Colburn) is

Nu x 0.0296Re 4x / 5 Pr1/ 3 , 0.6 Pr 60

Fluid properties are usually evaluated at the film temperature:

Tf

Ts T
2

3)

Mixed Boundary Layer Conditions

In the mixed boundary layer, average convection coefficient may

be expressed as
NuL = hLL = (0.037 ReL4/5 A) Pr1/3
k
0.6 Pr 60
Rex,c = critical Reynolds number
Rex,c Rex,L 108
A = 0.037 Rex,c 4/5 0.664 Rex,c1/2

Average friction coefficient for mixed boundary layer

Cf,L = 0.074 ReL-1/5 ( 2A/Rel)
[Rex,c ReL 108]

For completely turbulent boundary layer

-

Rex,c = 0
A = 0

For a transition Reynolds number

-

Rex,c = 5 x 105
A = 871

Fluid properties are

usually evaluated at the
film temperature:

Ts T
Tf
2

4) Unheated Starting Length ( Ts = T)

u , T

T s = T

Ts > T

qs

X=L

From the figure above, velocity boundary layer growth begins at x=0
Thermal boundary layer development begins at x =
No heat transfer for 0 x
For laminar flow:
Nux =
Nux =0
[1 (/x)3/4]1/3
For turbulent flow
Nux =
Nux =0
[1 (/x)9/10]1/9
For a plate of total length L, with laminar or turbulent flow:
NuL =
NuL =0 L [1 (/L)(P + 1)(P + 2)]P/(P +1)
L
P = 2 for laminar flow

P = 8 for turbulent flow

NuL = hL

, L=L-

5) Flat Plates with constant Heat Flux Conditions

For laminar flow:
Nux = 0.453 Rex1/2 Pr1/3

Pr 0.6

For turbulent flow:

Nux = 0.0308 Rex4/5 Pr1/3

0.6 Pr 60

If the heat flux is known, the convection coefficient may be used to

determine the local surface temperature
Ts(x) = T + qs
hx
Average surface temperature
(Ts - T) = qsL
,
k NuL

NuL = 0.680 ReL1/2 Pr1/3

PROBLEM 7.1

Consider the following fluids at a film temperature of 300k in

parallel flow over a flat plate with velocity of 1 m/s. atmospheric air,
water, engine oil, and mercury.
a) For each fluid, determine the velocity and thermal boundary layer
thickness at a distance of 40mm from the leading edge.
b) If a flow is laminar, the following expressions may be used to
compute and t respectively
= 5x
t =
Rex1/2
Pr1/3

PROBLEM 7.2
Engine oil at 100c and a velocity of 0.1m/s flows over both
surfaces of a 1m flat plate maintained at 20c.
Determine:
a)

The velocity and thermal boundary layer thickness at the trailing

edge

b)

The local heat flux and surface shear stress at the trailing edge

c)

The total drag force and heat transfer per unit width of the plate

PROBLEM 7.10

Consider atmospheric air at 25c and a velocity of 25m/s

flowing over both surface of a 1m long flat plate that is
maintained at 125c. Determine the rate of heat transfer per
unit width from the plate for values of the critical Reynolds
number corresponding to 105 , 5 x 105 and 106

PROBLEM 7.15

Air at pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of 50c is in

parallel flow over the top surface of a flat plate that is heated
to a uniform temp. of 100c. The plate has or length of
0.20m and a width of 0.10m. The Reynoldsnumber based on
the plate length is 40,000. What is the rate of heat transfer
from the plate to the air? If the free stream velocity of the air
doubled and the pressure is increased to 10 atm, what is the
rate of heat transfer?

PROBLEM 7.11
Consider a flat plate subjects to parallel flow (top and bottom)
characterized by u = 5m/s, T = 20c
a)

Determine the average convective heat transfer coefficient,

convective heat transfer rate and drag force associated with a L =
2m long, w = 2m wide flat plate for air flow and surface temp. of
Ts = 50c and 80c

b)

Determine the average convective heat transfer coefficient,

convective heat transfer rate and drag force witk a L = 0.1m long,
w = 0.1m wide flat plate for water flow and surface temp. of Ts =
50c and 80c

Flow around Cylinders and Spheres

Flow around cylinders and spheres is characterized by boundary
layer development and separation.
Heat transfer coefficients are strongly influenced by the nature of
boundary layer development at the surface.

 For the circular cylinder, the characteristic length is the diameter

and the Reynolds number is defined as
Red = vD = vD

For laminar boundary layer :

Red 2 x 105
= 80c
For transition boundary layer :
Red 2 x 105
= 140c

CROSSFLOW AROUND CYLINDERS

1)

2)

3)

Hilpert Correlation
Can be used for cross flow around other non-circular shapes
See Table 7.2 for values of C and m
NuD = hD CReDm Pr1/3
k
Zukaukas Correlation

hD
m
n Pr
Nu D
C Re D Pr
k
Prs

0.7 Pr 500,1 Re D 106

C and m are listed in Table 7.4

Churchill and Bernstein correlation, for all ReD and Pr > 0.2

Nu D 0.3

1/ 4

0.62 Re 1D/ 2

1/ 3

Pr

1 0.4 / Pr

Drag Coefficient:
CD = FD
Af(v2/2)

2 / 3 1/ 4

Re

D
1

282,000

5/8

FD = drag force
Af = cylinder frontal area

4/5

CROSSFLOW AROUND SPHERES

1)

Whitaker correlation:

Nu D

1/ 2
2/3
0.4
2 (0.4 Re D 0.06 Re D ) Pr

1/ 4

All properties are evaluated at T except s which is evaluated at Ts

2)

Correlation by Ranz and Marshall for heat transfer from freely

falling liquid drops:
Nu D 2 0.6 Re 1D/ 2 Pr1/ 3

3)

At ReD = 0 , equations above reduce to:

Nu D 2

For Whitaker correlation:

0.71 Pr 380

3.5 ReD 7.6 x 104

1.0 (/s ) 3.2
Drag coefficient:
CD = 24/ReD
,
ReD 0.5

FLOW ACROSS BANKS OF TUBES

SD

SL

Tube arrangements in bank

SL

v,T

ST

D
A1

Aligned
Grimison correlation
NuD = C1 ReDm, max
C1 and m are listed in Table 7.5
ReD , max = vmaxD
,

NuD = 1.13 C1 ReDm, max Pr1/3

v,T

ST

A1
A2

Staggered
NL 10 , Pr = 0.7
2000 ReD , max 40,000
vmax =

ST v
ST - D
NL 10 , Pr 0.7
2000 ReD , max 40,000
All properties are evaluated at film temperature

 If NL < 10
NuD = C2 NuD NL 10
C2 is given Table 7.6
Zukauskas correlation
NuD = C ReDm, max Pr0.36 (Pr/Prs)1/4
NL 20
C and m are listed in Table 7.7 . All properties
0.7 Pr 500
except Prs are evaluated at the arithmetic
1000 ReD , max 2 x 106
mean of the fluid inlet and outlet temperature
If NL < 20
NuD = C2 NuD NL 20
C2 is given Table 7.8

Since the fluid may experienced a large change in temperature as

it moves through the tube bank, the heat transfer rate could be
significantly over predicted by using T = Ts - T

From of T is shown to be a log-mean temperature difference

T = (Ts - Ti) - (Ts To)
ln Ts Ti
Ts To
Ti = temperature of the fluid enters the bank
To = temperature of the fluid leaves the bank
Ts To = exp - DNh
Ts Ti
VNTSTCP
N = total number of tubes in the bank
NT = total number of tubes in the transverse plane

 The heat transfer rate per unit length of the tubes:

q = N(hDT1m)
Pressure drop:
P = NLx V2max f
2

PROBLEM 7.41
Consider the following fluids, each with velocity of v = 5 m/s and a
temp. of T = 20c , in cross flow over a 10mm diameter cylinder
maintained at 50c : atmospheric air, saturated water and engine
oil.
a) Calculate the rate of heat transfer per unit length, q , using the
Churchill-Bernstein correlation.

PROBLEM 7.68

Atmospheric air at 25c and a velocity of 0.5 m/s flows

over a 50W incandescent bulb whose surface temp. is at
140c. The bulb may be approximated as a sphere
50mm diameter. What is the rate of heat loss by
convection to the air?

PROBLEM 7.88

A tube bank uses an aligned arrangement of 30mm diameter

tubes with ST = SL = 60mm and a tube length of 1m. There are
10 tube rows in the flow direction (NL = 10) and 7 tubes per row
(N7 = 7). Air with upstream conditions of T = 27c and V = 15
m/s is in cross flow over the tubes while a tube wall temp. of
100c is maintained by steam condensation inside the tubes.
Determine the temp. of air leaving the tube bank, the pressure
drop across the bank and the fan power requirement.