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Review Question:
6.What are the advantages of user-defined enumeration types?
-The Enumeration types can provide advantages in both readability and
reliability.
7.In what ways are the user-defined enumeration types of C# more reliable
than those of C++?
-They are never coerced to integer. So, operations on enumeration types
are restricted to those that make sense. Also, the range of values is
restricted to that of the particular enumeration type.
8.What are the design issues for arrays?
-What types are allowed for subscripts?
-Can arrays be initialized when they have their storage allocated?
-When are subscript ranges bound?
-When does array allocation take place?
-What kinds of slices are allowed, if any?
-Are subscripting expressions in element references range checked?
-Are ragged or rectangular multidimensioned arrays allowed, or both?
9.Define static, fixed stack-dynamic, stack-dynamic, fixed heap-dynamic,
and heap dynamic arrays. What are the advantages of each?
-A static array is one in which the subscript ranges are statically bound and
storage allocation is static (done before run time). The advantage of
static arrays is efficiency: No dynamic allocation or deallocation is required.
-A fixed stack-dynamic array is one in which the subscript ranges are
statically bound, but the allocation is done at declaration elaboration time
during execution. The advantage of fixed stack-dynamic arrays over static
arrays is space
efficiency. A large array in one subprogram can use the same space as a
large array in a different subprogram, as long as both subprograms are not
active at the same time. The same is true if the two arrays are in different
blocks that are not active at the same time.
The types of variables of these two derived types are not equivalent,
although their structures are identical. Furthermore, variables of both types
are not type equivalent with any other floating-point type. Derived types can
also include range constraints on the parent type, while still inheriting all of
the parents operations.
On the other hand Ada subtype is a possibly range-constrained version of
an existing type. A subtype is type equivalent with its parent type.
Adas derived types are very different from Adas subrange types.
For example, consider the following type declarations:
type Derived_Small_Int is new Integer range 1..100; subtype
Subrange_Small_Int is Integer range 1..100;
Variables of both types, Derived_Small_Int and Subrange_Small_Int, have
the same range of legal values and both inherit the operations of Integer.
However, variables of type Derived_Small_Int are not compatible with any
Integer type. On the other hand, variables of type Subrange_Small_Int are
compatible with variables and constants of Integer type and any subtype of
Integer.
7. What significant justification is there for the -> operator in C and C++?
8. What are all of the differences between the enumeration types of C++
and those of Java?
In Java they can include fields, constructors, and methods. The possible
values of an enumeration are the only possible instances of the class. All
enumeration types inherit toString, as well as a few other methods. An
array of the instances of an enumeration type can be fetched with the static
method values. The internal numeric value of an enumeration variable can
be fetched with the ordinal method. No expression of any other type can be
assigned to an enumeration variable. Also, an enumeration variable is
never coerced to any other type.
9.The unions in C and C++ are separate from the records of those
languages, rather than combined as they are in Ada. What are the
advantages and disadvantages to these two choices?