Algunas Consideraciones Sobre La Tolerancia y La Discriminación en Chile, Mayo de 2003 - Unidad de Apoyo Al Proceso Legislativo - Biblioteca Del Congreso Nacional 307

%LEOLRWHFDGHO&RQJUHVR1DFLRQDOGH&KLOH
8QLGDGGH$SR\RDO3URFHVR/HJLVODWLYR
$/*81$6&216,'(5$&,21(6
62%5(/$72/(5$1&,$</$
',6&5,0,1$&,Ï1(1&+,/(
9$/3$5$Ë62
PD\RGH
6HULH8$352/%&1$f2,,,1
&RS\ULJKW%LEOLRWHFDGHO&RQJUHVR1DFLRQDOGH&KLOH
7RGRVORV'HUHFKRV5HVHUYDGRV
7$%/$'(&217(1,'2
, $17(&('(17(6*(1(5$/(6
,, 3/$11$&,21$/3$5$683(5$5/$',6&5,0,1$&,Ï1(1&+,/(

,,, ',6&5,0,1$&,Ï1$/$08-(5
,9 ,*8$/'$'<12',6&5,0,1$&,Ï1(1/$/(*,6/$&,Ï1
1$&,21$/
D ,JXDOGDGGHGHUHFKRVFLYLOHV
E 1RUPDWLYDVREUHH[WUDQMHURV
F ,JXDOGDGGHILOLDFLyQ\GHORVGHUHFKRVGHORVKLMRV
G ,JXDOGDGHQWUHORVFyQ\XJHV
H ,JXDOGDGHQWUHODVLJOHVLDV\HQWUHODVSHUVRQDVTXHSURIHVDQ
GLYHUVRVFXOWRV
I ,JXDOGDGHQODOHJLVODFLyQODERUDO
J 1RGLVFULPLQDFLyQHQODHGXFDFLyQ
K 3URWHFFLyQ\SURPRFLyQGHORVLQGtJHQDV
L 3URWHFFLyQGHORVFRQVXPLGRUHV
M ,QWHJUDFLyQGHODVSHUVRQDVFRQGLVFDSDFLGDG
N 3HUVRQDVKRPRVH[XDOHV\RWUDVPLQRUtDVVH[XDOHV
O 3HUVRQDVRYLYLHQGRFRQ9,+6,'$
P 'LVFULPLQDFLyQSRUDVSHFWRRDSDULHQFLDItVLFD
9 */26$5,2
5HVXPHQ
/RV FRQFHSWRV GH WROHUDQFLD \ GLVFULPLQDFLyQ QR
GLVFULPLQDFLyQHQWHQGLGDVFRPRFRQGXFWDVVRFLDOHV VRQ SRUOR JHQHUDO
DQDOL]DGDVFRQXQHQIRTXHGHFDUiFWHUYDOyULFR\FRPRWDOFRQVLGHUDGDV
HVHQFLDOHVSDUDODSD]\OD GHPRFUDFLD (Q HVWH VHQWLGR HO JRELHUQR GH
&KLOHKDLPSOHPHQWDGR HO ³3ODQ QDFLRQDO SDUD VXSHUDU OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ
HQ&KLOH´FX\RSURSyVLWRHVFRQWULEXLUDODGLVPLQXFLyQGHOD
GLVFULPLQDFLyQ FRQ HO ILQ GH GHVDUUROODU XQ DPELHQWH UHVSHWXRVR GH ODV
GLIHUHQFLDVVRFLDOHV\FXOWXUDOHV(QODOHJLVODFLyQQDFLRQDOVHHVWDEOHFHQ
XQD VHULH GH GLVSRVLFLRQHV HQ PDWHULD GH LJXDOGDG \ QR GLVFULPLQDFLyQ
HQ DVSHFWRV WDOHV FRPR LJXDOGDG \ GHUHFKRV FLYLOHV QRUPDWLYD VREUH
H[WUDQMHURV LJXDOGDG GH ILOLDFLyQ QR GLVFULPLQDFLyQ HGXFDFLRQDO
LJXDOGDGGHFXOWRSURWHFFLyQGHORVFRQVXPLGRUHVHWF 3RU RWUD SDUWH
OD OHJLVODFLyQ QR FRQWHPSOD SURWHFFLyQ SDUD GLVFULPLQDFLRQHV SRU
DSDULHQFLDItVLFDSDUDHQIHUPRVGH6LGDSDUDPLQRUtDVVH[XDOHVHWF
, $17(&('(17(6*(1(5$/(6
/D 7ROHUDQFLD \ OD 'LVFULPLQDFLyQ VRQ DPERV FRQFHSWRV TXH JHQHUDQ
XQDJUDQGLVFXVLyQHQODTXHVHYHQLQYROXFUDGRVWDQWRHO(VWDGRFRPROD6RFLHGDG
&LYLO \ TXH JLUD HQ WRUQR D OD SDUDGRMD GH DPERV FRQFHSWRV $ PRGR GH HMHPSOR
DOJXQRVVRVWLHQHQ TXH HVWRVFRQFHSWRVVRQHQ VtXQD YLUWXG RWURV HQ FDPELR GLFHQ
TXH QR SXHV OD 7ROHUDQFLD SRU HMHPSOR VH HMHUFH VREUH ODV DFWLWXGHV GH ODV
SHUVRQDVODVFXDOHVSXHGHQVHUQHJDWLYDVRSRVLWLYDV\DSDUWLUGHODFRQVLGHUDFLyQ
GH HVWH ~OWLPR SXQWR OD DFWLWXG SRVLWLYD ORV TXH VRVWLHQHQ TXH HV XQD YLUWXG OR
KDFHQVREUHODEDVHGHODDFHSWDFLyQGHXQDWULEXWRGHRWURTXHQRQRVDJUDGDSHUR
TXHHVHQWHQGLGRFRPRSRVLWLYRFRPRHVODLGHRORJtD\ODFLHQFLD
2
&RQ HO ILQ GH ]DQMDU HVWD GLVFXVLyQ HV LPSRUWDQWH HQ SULPHU OXJDU
GHWHUPLQDU TXH VH HQWLHQGH SRU 7ROHUDQFLD \ 'LVFULPLQDFLyQ 3DUD HVWRV HIHFWRV
WRPDPRV ODV GHILQLFLRQHV HQWUHJDGDV SRU HO ³3URJUDPD 7ROHUDQFLD \ 1R
'LVFULPLQDFLyQ´GHSHQGLHQWHGHOD'LYLVLyQGH2UJDQL]DFLRQHV6RFLDOHVGHO0LQLVWHULR
6HFUHWDUtD*HQHUDOGH*RELHUQRTXHQRVGLFHORVLJXLHQWH
/D 7ROHUDQFLD HQWHQGLGD FRPR YLUWXG FRQVLVWH HVHQFLDOPHQWH HQ HO
UHVSHWR GH WRGDV ODV GLIHUHQFLDV IRUPDGDV SRU ODV GLVWLQWDV LGHQWLGDGHV GH ODV
SHUVRQDV\JUXSRVTXHFRPSRQHQXQDVRFLHGDGRXQDFRPXQLGDG(V OD VXSUHPDFtD
GHO YDORU GH ODV SHUVRQDV GH VX GLJQLGDG VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HVSHFtILFDV SRU OR
WDQWR LPSOLFD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ D VXV RSLQLRQHV FUHHQFLDV R SUiFWLFDV DXQTXH QR VH
FRPSDUWDQFRQVLGHUDFLyQTXHQRGHEHVXSRQHUDFHSWDUODYLRODFLyQ GHORV GHUHFKRV
IXQGDPHQWDOHVGHODSHUVRQD6HSXHGHQGLVWLQJXLUGRVFODVHVGHWROHUDQFLDSRUXQD
SDUWH OD WROHUDQFLD KDFLD ODV FUHHQFLDV \ RSLQLRQHV GLIHUHQWHV TXH LPSOLFD XQD
UHIOH[LyQ VREUH OD YHUGDG \ SRU RWUD OD WROHUDQFLD DVRFLDGD DO UHVSHWR SRU ODV
SHUVRQDVTXHVRQGLVWLQWDVSRUUD]RQHVItVLFDVVRFLDOHV R VH[XDOHV TXHLPSOLFDXQD
UHIOH[LyQVREUHHOWHPDGHORVSUHMXLFLRV\HYHQWXDOPHQWHGHODGLVFULPLQDFLyQ
/D 'LVFULPLQDFLyQ HQ FDPELR HV HQWHQGLGD FRPR WRGD IRUPD GH
PHQRVSUHFLR GLVWLQFLyQ R H[FOXVLyQ UHVWULFFLyQ R SUHIHUHQFLD KHFKD FRQ R VLQ
GLVWLQFLyQSRUSHUVRQDJUXSRRLQVWLWXFLyQEDVDGDHQODUD]DFRORUVH[RUHOLJLyQ
GHVFHQGHQFLD RULJHQ pWQLFR HGDG RULHQWDFLyQ VH[XDO R FXDOTXLHU FDUDFWHUtVWLFD
DQiORJD TXH DQXOH R PHQRVFDEH HO UHFRQRFLPLHQWR JRFH R HMHUFLFLR HQ FRQGLFLRQHV
GH LJXDOGDG GH ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV \ ODV OLEHUWDGHV IXQGDPHQWDOHV WDQWR HQ ODV
HVIHUDVSROtWLFDVVRFLDOHVHFRQyPLFDVFXOWXUDOHVFRPRHQFXDOTXLHURWUD
(QHVWHFRQWH[WROD7ROHUDQFLD\OD1R'LVFULPLQDFLyQVRQHQWHQGLGDV
FRPR FRQGXFWDV VRFLDOHV SRU OR TXH JHQHUDOPHQWH VRQ DQDOL]DGDV FRQ XQ HQIRTXH
GH FDUiFWHU YDOyULFR GDGR TXH SRU XQD SDUWH OD 7ROHUDQFLD HV HQWHQGLGD FRPR XQD
FRQGLFLyQ HVHQFLDO SDUD OD SD] UHVSHWR SRU ODV GLIHUHQFLDV \ SRU RWUD OD 1R
'LVFULPLQDFLyQ WUDWR LJXDOLWDULR HV FRQVLGHUDGD XQD FRQGLFLyQ HVHQFLDO SDUD OD
GHPRFUDFLD
3
8Q VHJXQGR HQIRTXH GH DQiOLVLV VXHOH FHQWUDUVH HQ ORV VLJXLHQWHV
WySLFRV
• /DSROtWLFD\
• 'LVFULPLQDFLRQHV SRU UD]RQHV GH JpQHUR HGDG RULJHQ pWQLFR QDFLRQDOLGDG
HQIHUPHGDG GLVFDSDFLGDG LGHQWLGDG VH[XDO \ FRQGLFLyQ VRFLRHFRQyPLFD
HQWUHRWURV
/DVRFLHGDGPRGHUQDVHKDYLVWRHQIUHQWDGDHQODV~OWLPDVGpFDGDVD
WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV SURIXQGDV H[SUHVDGDV HQ OD JOREDOL]DFLyQ \ ORV DYDQFHV
WHFQROyJLFRVORTXHKDGDGRFRPRUHVXOWDGRJUDQGHVFDPELRVHQORFXOWXUDOVRFLDO
SROtWLFR\HFRQyPLFR
$QWH HVWD UHDOLGDGVHJ~Q HO GLDJQyVWLFR GHO JRELHUQR H[LVWH HQ &KLOH
³XQ DJRWDPLHQWR \ FULVLV GH ORV HVSDFLRV GH SDUWLFLSDFLyQ WDQWR GH ORV HVSDFLRV
S~EOLFRV FRPR GH ORV JHQHUDGRV SRU OD FLXGDGDQtD \ HVWD FULVLV VH HQPDUFDUtD HQ
ODVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV TXH OD VRFLHGDG DFWXDO SUHVHQWD \ FX\RV pQIDVLV VH GDQ HQ XQ
SURFHVR GH JOREDOL]DFLyQ GH LQGLYLGXDOL]DFLyQ \ UHIRUPXODFLyQ GH ODV LGHQWLGDGHV
FROHFWLYDV 'HVGH XQD SHUVSHFWLYD GH GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV \ GHVDUUROOR VRFLDO OR TXH
RFXUUHHVTXHOD VRFLHGDG DIURQWDXQ UHWR TXH HPHUJH GH VX SURSLR FUHFLPLHQWR GH
VX LQFOXVLyQ HQ QXHYRV HVFHQDULRV GH PRGHUQLGDG GH VX SURFHVR GH E~VTXHGD GH

ORJURV\WDPELpQGHFHUWLGXPEUHV\FRQILDQ]DV´

3URJUDPDGH7ROHUDQFLD\1R'LVFULPLQDFLyQ
4
,, 3/$1 1$&,21$/ 3$5$ 683(5$5 /$ ',6&5,0,1$&,Ï1 (1 &+,/(

(V XQ ³LQVWUXPHQWR GH RUJDQL]DFLyQ SDUD OD DFFLyQ PHGLDQWH OD
SURSXHVWD GH HVWUDWHJLDV \ UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV SUHFLVDV SDUDORV RUJDQLVPRV S~EOLFRV

UHVSHFWRGHORVSUREOHPDVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODVGLVFULPLQDFLRQHV´
(O SURSyVLWR IXQGDPHQWDO GHO 3ODQ HV FRQWULEXLU D OD GLVPLQXFLyQ
SURJUHVLYD GH ODV GLVWLQWDV IRUPDV GH GLVFULPLQDFLyQ \ D GHVDUUROODU XQ DPELHQWH
UHVSHWXRVRGHODVGLIHUHQFLDVVRFLDOHV\FXOWXUDOHV&RQHOVHSUHWHQGHTXH
• /RV GLVWLQWRV VHFWRUHV GH OD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ S~EOLFD KDJDQ VX\D OD WDUHD GH
WUDQVIRUPDU OD VLWXDFLyQ GH GLVFULPLQDFLyQ \ FRQWULEXLU MXQWR FRQ ODV
RUJDQL]DFLRQHV\SHUVRQDVGLVFULPLQDGDVDXQDVRFLHGDGGRQGHODDFHSWDFLyQ
GHODGLYHUVLGDGHVXQDRSRUWXQLGDGSDUDWRGRV
• 'DU UHVSXHVWDV D ODV SURSXHVWDV \ GHPDQGDV GH ORV GLVWLQWRV JUXSRV GH OD
FLXGDGDQtD\SDUDHOORGHEHUiQXWULUVHGHODVH[SHULHQFLDV\ UHFRQRFLPLHQWRV
GHORVGLVWLQWRVHVSDFLRVVRFLDOHVHLQVWLWXFLRQDOHV
3RURWUDSDUWHORVSULQFLSLRVHQORVFXDOHVVHEDVDHO3ODQVRQ
• 3ULQFLSLRGH,JXDOGDG
/RV GHUHFKRV HFRQyPLFRV VRFLDOHV\ FXOWXUDOHVGHEHQ VHU DVHJXUDGRV DWRGD
SHUVRQD LQGHSHQGLHQWH GH VX UD]D FRORU VH[R HGDG GLVFDSDFLGDG DVSHFWR
ItVLFR LGLRPD UHOLJLyQ SRVLFLyQ HFRQyPLFD R FRQGLFLyQ VRFLDO \ RULHQWDFLyQ
VH[XDO
• 3ULQFLSLRGHQRGLVFULPLQDFLyQ
(O (VWDGR GHEH WRPDU WRGDV ODV PHGLGDV QHFHVDULDV FRQWUD WRGD IRUPD GH
GLVFULPLQDFLyQ DGHPiV GH UHVSHWDU \ SUHVHUYDU OD LGHQWLGDG SURSLD GH OD
SHUVRQD

'HILQLFLyQGDGDSRUHO3URJUDPDGH7ROHUDQFLD\1R'LVFULPLQDFLyQ
5
3DUD HO FXPSOLPLHQWR GH HVWRV SURSyVLWRV VH FUHDURQ GRV UHGHV GH
WUDEDMRXQDGHFDUiFWHU,QWHUPLQLVWHULDO\RWUDGH&LXGDGDQtD0XOWLFXOWXUDO
/D 5HG ,QWHUPLQLVWHULDO LQWHJUDGD SRU 0LQLVWHULRV \ 6HUYLFLRV PiV
OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH DFDGpPLFRV GH OD 5HJLyQ 0HWURSROLWDQD VH GHGLFy D DQDOL]DU HO
GHVHPSHxR GH ODV GLVWLQWDV LQLFLDWLYDV GHO (VWDGR HQ PDWHULD GH WROHUDQFLD \
GLVFULPLQDFLyQ FRQ HO ILQ GH LGHQWLILFDU ORV JUXSRV SULRULWDULRV VREUH ORV FXDOHV HO
(VWDGRGHEHILMDUVXDFFLyQ
6XMHWRVGH'LVFULPLQDFLyQ
• 0XMHUHV
• 1LxRV
• $GXOWRV0D\RUHV
• -yYHQHV

&RQGLFLRQHVTXHKDFHQTXHODVSHUVRQDVVHDQGLVFULPLQDGDV
• 3HUVRQDVHQVLWXDFLyQGH3REUH]D
• 3HUVRQDVFRQ'LVFDSDFLGDG
• 3XHEORVRULJLQDULRV
• 3HUVRQDVYLYLHQGRFRQ9,+6,'$
• 3HUVRQDVSULYDGDVGH/LEHUWDG
• 0LJUDQWHV
• 0LQRUtDV6H[XDOHV
• 0LQRUtDV5HOLJLRVDV

(VLQWHUHVDQWHKDFHU QRWDUTXHODJUDQPD\RUtDGHHVWRVJUXSRVUHFRQRFLGRVFRPRSULRULWDULRVSRUHO(VWDGR&KLOHQR
H[FHSWR ORV WUHV ~OWLPRV WLHQHQ XQD H[SUHVLyQ GHQWUR GHO DSDUDWR HVWDWDO TXH GLVHxD SROtWLFDV \ DFFLRQHV HVSHFtILFDV
SDUDFDGDXQRGHHOORV\TXHFDQDOL]DQDOJXQDVGHVXVGHPDQGDV
6

/DV VLWXDFLRQHV GH GLVFULPLQDFLyQ TXH DIHFWDQ D HVWRV JUXSRV
HVSHFtILFRV LQWHQWDQ VHU HQPDUFDGDV GHQWUR GH ODV DFFLRQHV TXH HO SURSLR (VWDGR
SXHGHGHVDUUROODUGHPDQHUDTXHVRQHQWHQGLGDVFRPRGHPDQGDVSRU
• (GXFDFLyQ
• 9LYLHQGD
• 6DOXG
• -XVWLFLD
• 3UHYLVLyQ6RFLDO
• 7UDEDMR
3RURWUDSDUWHOD 5HG &LXGDGDQD 0XOWLFXOWXUDO FRQ OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH
UHSUHVHQWDQWHV GH RUJDQL]DFLRQHV VRFLDOHV UHSUHVHQWDQWHV GH JUXSRV FRQ
GLVFDSDFLGDG HWQLDV DGXOWRV PD\RUHV PLQRUtDV UHOLJLRVDV PLQRUtDV VH[XDOHV
HQIHUPRV FRQ 6,'$ MyYHQHV \ PXMHUHV DQDOL]DURQ GHVGH VX SHUVSHFWLYD ODV
GLVFULPLQDFLRQHVGHODVFXDOHVVRQREMHWR
(Q FRQMXQWR DPEDV UHGHV GH WUDEDMR HODERUDURQ SURSXHVWDV SDUD HO
IRUWDOHFLPLHQWRGHXQDVRFLHGDGWROHUDQWH\QRGLVFULPLQDWRULD
• )RPHQWDU XQD DFWLWXG FUtWLFD HQ OD RSLQLyQ S~EOLFD IUHQWH D ODV
GLVFULPLQDFLRQHV
• (OLPLQDU ORV HVWHUHRWLSRV UDFLVWDV FODVLVWDV VH[LVWDV \ SURPRYHU OD GLIXVLyQ
GH LPiJHQHV H LQIRUPDFLyQ SRVLWLYD GH ORV SXHEORV RULJLQDULRV ODV SHUVRQDV
FRQ GLVFDSDFLGDG ODV PXMHUHV ODV SHUVRQDV HQ VLWXDFLyQ GH SREUH]D ORV
MyYHQHV GH VHFWRUHV SRSXODUHV ODV PLQRUtDV UHOLJLRVDV VH[XDOHV \ ODV
SHUVRQDVTXHYLYHQFRQ9,+6,'$
• 3URPRYHUHQHOVLVWHPDHGXFDWLYROD LQFRUSRUDFLyQ GHQRFLRQHV FRQWHQLGRV \
SUiFWLFDV TXH SHUPLWDQ UHFRQRFHU TXH OD VRFLHGDG FKLOHQD QR HV KRPRJpQHD
ORFXDOGHWHUPLQDPXFKDVYHFHVGHVLJXDOGDGHVVRFLDOHV

(QHVWDViUHDVVHFRQFHQWUDQORVHVIXHU]RVWDQWRGHGLVHxRGHSROtWLFDVFRPRGHLQWHUYHQFLyQVRFLDOTXHEXVFDQSDOLDU
ODVGLIHUHQWHV GHVLJXDOGDGHVSDUDORJUDUODPHWDGHODLJXDOGDGGHRSRUWXQLGDGHVHQOD E~VTXHGDGH XQD VRFLHGDG PiV
WROHUDQWH\QRGLVFULPLQDGRUD
7
• )RPHQWDU HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH ORV GHUHFKRV GH ODV SHUVRQDV DIHFWDGDV SRU OD
GLVFULPLQDFLyQ
• *DUDQWL]DU OD 1R 'LVFULPLQDFLyQ HQ HO WUDEDMR HQ ORV SURFHVRV GH
UHFOXWDPLHQWRFRQWUDWDFLyQSURPRFLyQUHPXQHUDFLyQ\ILQLTXLWR
• 0HMRUDU OD FDOLGDG GH OD DWHQFLyQ HQ VDOXG KDFLD ODV SHUVRQDV \ JUXSRV
DIHFWDGRV SRU OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ SHUVRQDV FRQ GLVFDSDFLGDG HQIHUPRV FRQ
6,'$DGXOWRVPD\RUHVHWF
8
,,, ',6&5,0,1$&,Ï1$/$08-(5
5HVSHFWR D HVWH SXQWR FRQVLGHUDPRV LQWHUHVDQWH UHSURGXFLU HO
3URJUDPDGH1DFLRQHV8QLGDVSDUDHO'HVDUUROORH[SRQHVREUHODPDWHULD
³/D GLVFULPLQDFLyQ GH JpQHUR VH H[SUHVD GH DFXHUGR D P~OWLSOHV HMHV
LQFOX\HQGR HO GH OD UDFLRQDOLGDG HFRQyPLFD /DV PXMHUHV HQ &KLOH SHUFLEHQ PHQRV
LQJUHVRV TXH ORV KRPEUHV SRU VX WLHPSR GH WUDEDMR OHJDOPHQWH WLHQHQ PHQRV
SURSLHGDGHV\HQDOJXQDV]RQDVVLJXHQH[LVWLHQGRSUHMXLFLRVFXOWXUDOHVTXHGLILFXOWDQ
PiVHOFUpGLWREDQFDULRDODVPXMHUHV(OtQGLFH GH SRWHQFLDFLyQ GH JpQHUR FRQWLQ~D
PRVWUDQGR HO KHFKR GH TXH ODV PXMHUHV VRQ DPSOLDPHQWH PLQRULWDULDV HQ ODV
LQVWDQFLDVGHGHFLVLyQSROtWLFD\HFRQyPLFD
(Q HVWD OyJLFD FRQVLGHUDQGR FRPR REMHWLYR SULRULWDULR GHO 318' OD
H[SDQVLyQ GH ODV FDSDFLGDGHV GH ODV SHUVRQDV KDFLD HO 'HVDUUROOR +XPDQR
6RVWHQLEOH HV TXH VH SODQWHD FRPR XQD QHFHVLGDG HO WUDEDMR GHFLGLGR SRU OD
UHGXFFLyQ GH OD SREUH]D FRQ SHUVSHFWLYD GH JpQHUR DVt FRPR OD DPSOLDFLyQ GHO
DFFHVRGHODVPXMHUHVDSURSLHGDG\VHUYLFLRV/DH[SHULHQFLDLQWHUQDFLRQDOKDGDGR
DOJXQDVOHFFLRQHVDOUHVSHFWRFXDQGRHVODGLVFULPLQDFLyQGHJpQHURODTXHSURGXFH
IHPLQL]DFLyQ GH OD SREUH]D \ HV VH[LVWD FRQ UHVSHFWR D OD GLVSDULGDG GH LQJUHVRV
VRQ QHFHVDULDV SHUR QR EDVWD FRQ DFWXDFLRQHV SXQWXDOHV TXH LQFLGHQ VREUH ODV
SHUVRQDV PiV SREUHV HQWUH ODV TXH KD\ XQ Q~PHUR GHVSURSRUFLRQDGR GH PXMHUHV
VLQR TXH VH SODQWHD XQD GHPDQGD GH FXHVWLRQDU OD PLVPD UDFLRQDOLGDG HFRQyPLFD
TXH SULYLOHJLD D XQDV SHUVRQDV VREUH RWUDV \ D KRPEUHV VREUH PXMHUHV (VWD
FRQFHSFLyQH[LJLUtDSURSXHVWDVFRPSUHQVLYDVPiVTXHSDUFLDOHV
/D UHJLyQ ODWLQRDPHULFDQD HV WDPELpQ SDUWtFLSH GHO PRYLPLHQWR GH
GHPDQGD GH 'HUHFKRV (FRQyPLFRV SDUD ODV PXMHUHV (O 318' HQ &KLOH KD
FRQWULEXLGR HQ HVWH FDPLQR D WUDYpV GH YDULDV LQLFLDWLYDV HQWUH ODV TXH SRGHPRV
GHVWDFDUOD ILQDQFLDFLyQ GHXQ HVWXGLR GH SUHVXSXHVWRVPXQLFLSDOHV FRQ SHUVSHFWLYD
GH JpQHUR HQ FXDWUR UHJLRQHV OD FRQYRFDWRULD GH XQ WDOOHU VREUH *pQHUR
*REHUQDELOLGDG\'HVLJXDOGDG\GLYHUVDVFRODERUDFLRQHVHQGLDJQyVWLFR\SURSXHVWD

FRQOD)XQGDFLyQ1DFLRQDOSDUDODVXSHUDFLyQGHODSREUH]D´

KWWSZZZSQXGFOSQXGGKKWPPD\RGH
9

,9 ,*8$/'$'<12',6&5,0,1$&,Ï1(1/$/(*,6/$&,Ï11$&,21$/
$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ SUHVHQWDPRV SDUWH GHO LQIRUPH ³(O 'HUHFKR D OD
,JXDOGDG \ DOD 1R 'LVFULPLQDFLyQ HQ HO 6LVWHPD -XUtGLFR &KLOHQR´ HODERUDGR SRU HO
3URJUDPDGH7ROHUDQFLD\1R'LVFULPLQDFLyQ
(QSULPHUOXJDUHVLPSRUWDQWHGHVWDFDUODQRUPDWLYDFRQVWLWXFLRQDODO
UHVSHFWRDOWHPDGHODLJXDOGDG
• ³/DV SHUVRQDV QDFHQ OLEUHV H LJXDOHV HQ GLJQLGDG \ GHUHFKRV´ $UW LQF
&3(
• ³(V GHEHU GHO (VWDGR UHVJXDUGDU OD VHJXULGDG QDFLRQDO GDU SURWHFFLyQ D OD
SREODFLyQ \ D OD IDPLOLD SURSHQGHU DO IRUWDOHFLPLHQWR GH pVWD SURPRYHU OD
LQWHJUDFLyQDUPyQLFDGHWRGRVORVVHFWRUHVGHODQDFLyQ\DVHJXUDUHOGHUHFKRGH
ODV SHUVRQDV D SDUWLFLSDU FRQ LJXDOGDG GH RSRUWXQLGDGHV HQ OD YLGD QDFLRQDO´
$UWLQFILQDO&3(
• ³(OHMHUFLFLRGHOD VREHUDQtD UHFRQRFH FRPR OLPLWDFLyQ HO UHVSHWR D ORV GHUHFKRV
HVHQFLDOHV TXH HPDQDQ GH OD QDWXUDOH]D KXPDQD (V GHEHU GH ORV yUJDQRV GHO
(VWDGR UHVSHWDU \ SURPRYHU WDOHV GHUHFKRV JDUDQWL]DGRV SRU HVWD &RQVWLWXFLyQ
DVt FRPR SRU ORV WUDWDGRV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV UDWLILFDGRV SRU &KLOH \ TXH VH
HQFXHQWUHQYLJHQWHV´
• ³/D&RQVWLWXFLyQDVHJXUDDWRGDVODV SHUVRQDV /D LJXDOGDG DQWH OD OH\ (Q &KLOH
QRKD\SHUVRQDQLJUXSRSULYLOHJLDGRV(Q&KLOHQRKD\HVFODYRV\HOTXHSLVHVX
WHUULWRULR TXHGD OLEUH +RPEUHV \ PXMHUHV VRQ LJXDOHV DQWH OD OH\ 1L OD OH\ QL
DXWRULGDGDOJXQDSRGUiQHVWDEOHFHUGLIHUHQFLDVDUELWUDULDV´DUW1&3(
(Q &KLOH HQ SULPHU OXJDU HV QHFHVDULR GHVWDFDU XQ FRQMXQWR GH
GLVSRVLFLRQHV GHO &yGLJR &LYLO TXH VLQ SHUMXLFLR GH HQPDUFDUVH HQ XQ FRQWH[WR GH
QRUPDWLYLGDG GHO RUGHQ SULYDGR WLHQH SRU VX JHQHUDOLGDG YDOLGH] SDUD HO RUGHQ
MXUtGLFRFRPRXQWRGR

%DVHVJHQHUDOHVGHOSODQQDFLRQDOSDUDVXSHUDUODGLVFULPLQDFLyQHQ&KLOH(1KWWSZZZWROHUDQFLDFO0D\RGH
10
D ,JXDOGDGGHGHUHFKRVFLYLOHV
/D OH\ FRQWLHQH XQPDQGDWR JHQHUDO GH LJXDOGDG DSOLFDEOH D WRGDV ODV
iUHDV GHO TXHKDFHU SULYDGR (O DUW GHO &yGLJR &LYLO SUHVFULEH TXH ³OD OH\ HV
REOLJDWRULD SDUD WRGRV ORV KDELWDQWHV GH OD 5HS~EOLFD LQFOXVRV ORV H[WUDQMHURV´
VHQWDQGR XQ SULPHU SULQFLSLR GH WHUULWRULDOLGDG SUREDEOHPHQWH HVWD QRUPD EiVLFD
GHO VLVWHPD OHJDO FKLOHQR UHIHULGD D OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH OD OH\ HQ HO WHUULWRULR KD
HMHUFLGRLQIOXHQFLDHQODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQHVWUHFKD TXH EXHQD SDUWH GH ODGRFWULQD \ OD
MXULVSUXGHQFLDQDFLRQDOHVKDKHFKRGHOSULQFLSLRGHLJXDOGDGDQWHODOH\
(O DUW GHO &yGLJR &LYLO GHFODUD TXH ³6RQ SHUVRQDV WRGRV ORV
LQGLYLGXRV GH OD HVSHFLH KXPDQD FXDOTXLHUD TXH VHD VX HGDG VH[R HVWLUSH R
FRQGLFLyQ'LYtGHQVHHQFKLOHQRV\H[WUDQMHURV´
$FRQWLQXDFLyQHO DUW GHO PLVPR FXHUSROHJDO H[SUHVD ³/D OH\QR
UHFRQRFH GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH HO FKLOHQR \ HO H[WUDQMHUR HQ FXDQWR D OD DGTXLVLFLyQ \
JRFHGHORVGHUHFKRVFLYLOHVTXHUHJODHVWH&yGLJR´
E 1RUPDWLYDVREUHH[WUDQMHURV
6LQ SHUMXLFLR GH OR DQWHULRU ODV QRUPDV VREUH LQJUHVR DO SDtV
UHVLGHQFLD SHUPDQHQFLD GHILQLWLYD HJUHVR UHLQJUHVR H[SXOVLyQ \ FRQWURO GH
H[WUDQMHURVHVWiQFRQWHQLGDVHQXQDOH\HVSHFLDOHO'HFUHWR/H\1SXEOLFDGR
HQHO'LDULR2ILFLDOHOGHMXOLRGHPRGLILFDGRSRUOD/H\1SXEOLFDGD
HQHO'LDULR2ILFLDOGHOGHGLFLHPEUHGH (VXVXDO TXH OD QRUPDWLYD HVSHFLDO
TXH GLFWDQ ORV SDtVHV VREUH HVWD PDWHULD GHVGLEXMHQ OD LJXDOGDG SUHYLDPHQWH
GHFODUDGD FRPR UHJOD JHQHUDO 0iV DOOi GH ODV SRWHVWDGHV VREHUDQDV GHO (VWDGR HO
JUDQ ULHVJR TXH VXHOH SURGXFLUVH HQ VX DSOLFDFLyQ HV OD SUiFWLFD GH DFWLWXGHV
FRQGXFWDV \ IRUPDV PiV R PHQRV YHODGDV GH UDFLVPR [HQRIRELD R GLVFULPLQDFLyQ
UDFLDORSRURULJHQpWQLFRRQDFLRQDO
11
(O DUW GHO PHQFLRQDGR '/ VHxDOD TXH ³SDUD LQJUHVDU DO
WHUULWRULR QDFLRQDO ORV H[WUDQMHURV GHEHUiQ FXPSOLU ORV UHTXLVLWRV TXH VHxDOD HO
SUHVHQWH GHFUHWR OH\ \ SDUD UHVLGLU HQ pO GHEHUiQ REVHUYDU VXV H[LJHQFLDV
FRQGLFLRQHV \ SURKLELFLRQHV´ $JUHJD HO LQFLVR TXH ³SRU GHFUHWR VXSUHPR SRGUi
SURKLELUVH HO LQJUHVR DO SDtV GH GHWHUPLQDGRV H[WUDQMHURV SRU UD]RQHV GH LQWHUpV R
VHJXULGDGQDFLRQDOHV´
(O DUW H[SUHVD TXH ³ORV H[WUDQMHURV SRGUiQ LQJUHVDU D &KLOH HQ
FDOLGDG GH WXULVWDV UHVLGHQWHV UHVLGHQWHV RILFLDOHV H LQPLJUDQWHV´ GH DFXHUGR FRQ
ODVQRUPDVUHVSHFWLYDVGHOGHFUHWROH\´7DPELpQFRQWLHQHQRUPDVVREUHODVLWXDFLyQ
GH DVLODGRV SROtWLFRV \ UHIXJLDGRV (Q SDUWLFXODU ORV LQPLJUDQWHV VH UHJLUiQ SRU HO
')/1GHVLQSHUMXLFLRGHODVGLVSRVLFLRQHVGHO '/ TXHOHV VHDQ
DSOLFDEOHV
'H DFXHUGR FRQ HO DUW GHO 'HFUHWR /H\ FRUUHVSRQGH DO 0LQLVWHULR
GHO ,QWHULRU OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH OD QRUPDWLYD VREUH H[WUDQMHURV (Q OR UHODWLYR D
YLVDFLRQHV VXV SUyUURJDV \ OD FRQFHVLyQ GH SHUPDQHQFLD GHILQLWLYD HO 0LQLVWHULR
HMHUFHUi VXV DWULEXFLRQHV GLVFUHFLRQDOPHQWH ³DWHQGLpQGRVH HQ HVSHFLDO D OD
FRQYHQLHQFLD R XWLOLGDG TXH UHSRUWH DO SDtV VX FRQFHVLyQ \ D OD UHFLSURFLGDG
LQWHUQDFLRQDO´ WUDWDPLHQWR TXH Gp HO SDtV GH RULJHQ GHO VROLFLWDQWH D ORV QDFLRQDOHV
GH&KLOH
F ,JXDOGDGGHILOLDFLyQ\GHORVGHUHFKRVGHORVKLMRV
$ SDUWLU GH OD GLFWDFLyQ GH OD /H\ 1 SXEOLFDGD HQ HO 'LDULR
2ILFLDO HO GH RFWXEUH GH TXH PRGLILFy QXPHURVRV DUWtFXORV GHURJy
GLYHUVRV7tWXORVHLQWURGXMRORVQXHYRV7tWXORV9,,D;'HO/LEUR,GHO&yGLJR&LYLOVH
HVWDEOHFLy HQ &KLOHXQ HVWDWXWR GHILOLDFLyQ TXH LJXDOD ORV GHUHFKRV GH ORV KLMRV FRQ
SUHVFLQGHQFLD GH OD H[LVWHQFLD R QR GH PDWULPRQLR GH VXV SDGUHV $QWHV GH HVD
IHFKD H[LVWtD XQD FODUD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ TXH HUD HYLGHQWH GHVGH OD VROD FODVLILFDFLyQ
TXH HO &yGLJR HVWDEOHFtD HQWUH KLMRV OHJtWLPRV H LOHJtWLPRV \ HQ HVWH ~OWLPR FDVR
HQWUH KLMRV QDWXUDOHV H KLMRV VLPSOHPHQWH LOHJtWLPRV GHSHQGLHQGR GH VL KDEtD
RSHUDGRRQRHOPHFDQLVPROHJDOGHUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODSDWHUQLGDG
12
+R\ GtD H[LVWH OD ILOLDFLyQ PDWULPRQLDO OD QR PDWULPRQLDO \ OD
DGRSWLYD SHUR HVWRV DGMHWLYRV QR SDVDQ D FDOLILFDU D ORV KLMRV TXH SDUD OD OH\ VRQ
KLMRV VLQ PiV(OPDWULPRQLR HV XQ HOHPHQWR TXH VLUYH SDUD GHWHUPLQDU OD ILOLDFLyQ
GH XQD SHUVRQD SHUR ORV GHUHFKRV FLYLOHV GH WRGRV ORV KLMRV VRQ LJXDOHV DVt SRU
HMHPSORORV TXH VH UHILHUHQ D VX FXLGDGR FULDQ]D PDQWHQLPLHQWR \ HGXFDFLyQ ORV
DOLPHQWRV\ORVGHUHFKRVKHUHGLWDULRV
G ,JXDOGDGHQWUHORVFyQ\XJHV
1R REVWDQWH OD LQGLVFXWLEOH LJXDOGDG MXUtGLFD GH KRPEUHV \ PXMHUHV
TXHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQUHFRJHH[SUHVDPHQWHDSDUWLUGHODUHIRUPDDSUREDGDSRUOD/H\
1 GH ODV SDXWDV FXOWXUDOHV SUHYDOHFLHQWHV HQ &KLOH GHVGH KDFH FLQFR
VLJORV UHIRU]DGDV SRU OD OHJLVODFLyQ FLYLO \ PDWULPRQLDO KDFH TXH HO SUREOHPD GH OD
LJXDOGDGHQWUHORVFyQ\XJHVVHDXQDPDWHULDDXQSHQGLHQWHGHUHVROXFLyQ
6ROR HQ SRU OD /H\ 1 VH VXSULPLy GHO &yGLJR &LYLO OD
³SRWHVWDG PDULWDO´ TXH FRPSUHQGtD HO FRQMXQWR GH GHUHFKRV TXH HO PDULGR HMHUFtD
VREUH OD SHUVRQD \ ELHQHV GH OD PXMHU /D PLVPD OH\ VXSULPLy R PRGLILFy QRUPDV
TXH DOXGtDQ DO GHEHU GH REHGLHQFLD GH OD PXMHU DO PDULGR \ DO GHEHU GH VHJXLUOR
GRQGHTXLHUD TXH pVWH WUDVODGDUD VX UHVLGHQFLD UHHPSOD]iQGRODV SRU RWUDV TXH
HVWDEOHFHQ GHEHUHV SHUVRQDOHV UHFtSURFRV \ HTXLYDOHQWHV UHVSHWR SURWHFFLyQ
FRQYLYHQFLD
/D /H\ 1 SXEOLFDGD HQ HO 'LDULR 2ILFLDO HO GH VHSWLHPEUH
GHPRGLILFyQXHYDPHQWHHO&yGLJR&LYLOLQWURGXFLHQGRUHJODVPiVHTXLWDWLYDV
SRU HMHPSOR UHVSHFWR GHO DGXOWHULR FRPR LQIUDFFLyQ FLYLO DO GHEHU GH ILGHOLGDG TXH

HVWDED FRQILJXUDGR GHVLJXDOPHQWH VHJ~Q FULWHULRV SDWULDUFDOHV R UHVSHFWR GH OD
LQVWLWXFLyQ GH ORV ELHQHV IDPLOLDUHV TXH SURWHJHQ OD UHVLGHQFLD GHO FyQ\XJH \ VX
IDPLOLD HQ FDVR GH VHSDUDFLyQ $GHPiV FRQ HO PLVPR FULWHULR GH HTXLGDG \
PRGHUQL]DFLyQ LQWURGXMR FRPR RSFLyQ SDUD ORV FRQWUD\HQWHV HO UpJLPHQ GH OD

(QOD PLVPD RSRUWXQLGDG VH PRGLILFy WDPELpQ OD WLSLILFDFLyQ GHO GHOLWR GH DGXOWHULR FRQWHPSODGR HQ HO &yGLJR 3HQDO
TXH HUD LQMXVWDPHQWH GLIHUHQFLDGR VHJ~Q VL HO DXWRU HUD XQ KRPEUH FDVDGR R XQD PXMHU FDVDGD 3DUD TXH OD PXMHU
SXGLHUDVHUDFXVDGDFULPLQDOPHQWHFRPRDG~OWHUDEDVWDEDTXHWXYLHUDUHODFLRQHVVH[XDOHV³\DFLHUD´FRQXQYDUyQTXH
QRIXHVHVX PDULGRHQFDPELRSDUDTXH XQ YDUyQIXHVH DFXVDGRHUDQHFHVDULRTXH WXYLHVH XQD PDQFHED GHQWUR GH OD
FDVDFRQ\XJDOR³IXHUD GH HOOD FRQ HVFiQGDOR´ 'LVFULPLQDFLRQHV DWULEXLEOHV QR D XQ VLPSOH PDFKLVPR GH OD OH\ VLQR D
13
SDUWLFLSDFLyQHQORVJDQDQFLDOHVTXHPLUDDORVFyQ\XJHVFRPRVHSDUDGRVGHELHQHV
GXUDQWH HO PDWULPRQLR \ KDFH QDFHU XQD FRPXQLGDG FRQ HO SURGXFWR FRP~Q DO
WLHPSRGHODGLVROXFLyQGHOPDWULPRQLR
6LQ HPEDUJR OD LQFRUSRUDFLyQ GHO UpJLPHQ GH SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ ORV
JDQDQFLDOHV QR WXYR WRGR HO HIHFWR GHVHDEOH WRGD YH] TXH HO &yGLJR PDQWXYR OD
VRFLHGDGFRQ\XJDOFRPRUpJLPHQOHJDOVXSOHWRULRHVGHFLUORVFRQWUD\HQWHVVLQDGD
GLFHQ H[SUHVDPHQWH VH HQWLHQGHQ FDVDGRV EDMR VRFLHGDG FRQ\XJDO (VWH VLVWHPD
SUHVHQWD GLYHUVRV FXHVWLRQDPLHQWRV HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ OD LJXDOGDG GH ORV FyQ\XJHV
SDUWLHQGR SRU HO KHFKR GH FRQVDJUDU OD OH\ DO PDULGR FRPR VX MHIH \ DGPLQLVWUDGRU
RUGLQDULR FRQ DWULEXFLRQHV QR VyOR VREUH ORV ELHQHV VRFLDOHV FRPR \D VH GLMR VLQR
WDPELpQ VREUH ORV SURSLRV GH OD PXMHU SRU HMHPSOR ORV TXH HOOD KD UHFLELGR SRU
KHUHQFLD
'HVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD LQWHUQDFLRQDO HO DUW GHO 3DFWR
,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH 'HUHFKRV &LYLOHV \ 3ROtWLFRV 3,'&3 SUHVFULEH TXH ³ORV (VWDGRV
3DUWHV HQ HO SUHVHQWH 3DFWR WRPDUiQ ODV PHGLGDV DSURSLDGDV SDUD DVHJXUDU OD
LJXDOGDG GH GHUHFKRV \ GH UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV GH DPERV HVSRVRV HQ FXDQWR DO
PDWULPRQLR GXUDQWH HO PDWULPRQLR \ HQ FDVR GH GLVROXFLyQ GHO PLVPR (Q FDVR GH
GLVROXFLyQ VH DGRSWDUiQ GLVSRVLFLRQHV TXH DVHJXUHQ OD SURWHFFLyQ QHFHVDULD GH ORV
KLMRV´
(O DUW GH OD &RQYHQFLyQ VREUH OD (OLPLQDFLyQ GH WRGDV ODV )RUPDV
GH 'LVFULPLQDFLyQ FRQWUD OD 0XMHU &('$: VH UHILHUH SRUPHQRUL]DGDPHQWH D ODV
PHGLGDV TXH ORV (VWDGRV GHEHQ DGRSWDU SDUD HOLPLQDU OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ FRQWUD OD
PXMHU HQ WRGRV ORV DVXQWRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HO PDWULPRQLR \ ODV UHODFLRQHV
IDPLOLDUHV (QWUH RWURV DVHJXUDU ORV PLVPRV GHUHFKRV \ UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV FRPR
SURJHQLWRUHV FXDOTXLHUD TXH VHD VX HVWDGR FLYLO HQ PDWHULDV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ VXV
KLMRV ORV PLVPRV GHUHFKRV D GHFLGLU OLEUH \ UHVSRQVDEOHPHQWH HO Q~PHUR GH VXV
KLMRV \ HO LQWHUYDOR HQWUH ORV QDFLPLHQWRV \ D WHQHU DFFHVR D OD LQIRUPDFLyQ OD
HGXFDFLyQ \ ORV PHGLRV TXH OHV SHUPLWDQ HMHUFHU HVWRV GHUHFKRV ORV PLVPRV
GHUHFKRV\UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHVUHVSHFWRGHODWXWHODFXUDWHODFXVWRGLD\DGRSFLyQGH
XQDVRFLHGDGSDWULDUFDOYDULDVYHFHVFHQWHQDULD
14
ORV KLMRV ORV PLVPRV GHUHFKRV D FDGD XQR GH ORV FyQ\XJHV HQ PDWHULD GH
SURSLHGDGFRPSUDVJHVWLyQDGPLQLVWUDFLyQJRFH\GLVSRVLFLyQGHORVELHQHVWDQWR
DWtWXORJUDWXLWRFRPRRQHURVR
H ,JXDOGDG HQWUH ODV LJOHVLDV \ HQWUH ODV SHUVRQDV TXH SURIHVDQ
GLYHUVRVFXOWRV
(VWD LJXDOGDG SURFHGH GH OD OLEHUWDG UHOLJLRVD \ GH FXOWR TXH OD
FRQVWLWXFLyQDVHJXUDDWRGDVODVSHUVRQDVDUW\TXHHVH[SUHVLyQGHODOLEHUWDG
GHFRQFLHQFLD
'HVSXpV GH ODUJD WUDPLWDFLyQ HQ HO &RQJUHVR OD /H\ 1
SXEOLFDGD HQ HO 'LDULR 2ILFLDO HO GH RFWXEUH GH HVWDEOHFLy QRUPDV VREUH OD
FRQVWLWXFLyQMXUtGLFDGHODVLJOHVLDV\RUJDQL]DFLRQHVUHOLJLRVDV
(QHOGHEDWHSDUODPHQWDULRGHODOH\HOSUREOHPDGHODLJXDOGDGGHODV
LJOHVLDV WXYR HO UHSDUR GH ORV UHSUHVHQWDQWHV GH OD ,JOHVLD &DWyOLFD SRU OD HYHQWXDO
DOWHUDFLyQ GH VX SHUVRQDOLGDG MXUtGLFD GH GHUHFKR S~EOLFR UHODFLRQDGD FRQ VX
QDWXUDOH]D³HVSHFLDOtVLPD´\GHVXH[LVWHQFLDDQWHULRUDO(VWDGRGH&KLOH$IDYRU GH
OD QXHYD OH\ VH DUJXPHQWy TXH VXV QRUPDV QR SUHWHQGtDQ SHUMXGLFDU D LJOHVLD R
FRQIHVLyQ DOJXQD VLQR SRU HO FRQWUDULR IDYRUHFHU D ODV TXH KDEtDQ HVWDGR
SRVWHUJDGDV
/D OH\ UHVROYLy HVWRV SUREOHPDV GH XQ PRGR PX\ DFRUGH FRQ OD
LGLRVLQFUDVLD QDFLRQDO 1R GLFH H[SUHVDPHQWH TXH WRGDV ODV LJOHVLDV JR]DQ
LJXDOPHQWH GH SHUVRQDOLGDG MXUtGLFD GH GHUHFKR S~EOLFR SHUR HQ ODV DFWDV GH OD
GLVFXVLyQ SDUODPHQWDULD VH GHMy FRQVWDQFLD TXH HVR HUD OR TXH OD OH\ TXHUtD GHFLU
(VWDEOHFLy XQ PHFDQLVPR GH FRQVWLWXFLyQ GH HQWLGDGHV UHOLJLRVDV PiV H[SHGLWR TXH
DTXHO D TXH HVWDEDQ VRPHWLGDV SUHFHGHQWHPHQWH VREUH OD EDVH GH XQ UHJLVWUR
S~EOLFR HQ YH] GH OD FRQFHVLyQ GH SHUVRQDOLGDG MXUtGLFD SRU GHFUHWR VXSUHPR GHO
(MHFXWLYRSHURQRREOLJyDTXHSRUHMHPSOROD,JOHVLDFDWyOLFDOD,JOHVLDRUWRGR[D
GH $QWLRTXtD R ODV GHQRPLQDFLRQHV HYDQJpOLFDV MXGtDV LVOiPLFDV X RWUDV
SUHH[LVWHQWHV VH VXMHWHQ D pO (O DUW GH OD OH\ GLVSRQH ³(O (VWDGR UHFRQRFH HO
15
RUGHQDPLHQWR OD SHUVRQDOLGDG MXUtGLFD VHD HVWD GH GHUHFKR S~EOLFR R GH GHUHFKR
SULYDGR X OD SOHQD FDSDFLGDG GH JRFH \ HMHUFLFLR GH ODV LJOHVLDV FRQIHVLRQHV H
LQVWLWXFLRQHV UHOLJLRVDV TXH ORV WHQJDQ D OD IHFKD GH SXEOLFDFLyQ GH HVWD OH\
HQWLGDGHV TXH PDQWHQGUiQ HO UpJLPHQ MXUtGLFR TXH OHV HV SURSLR VLQ TXH HOOR VHD
FDXVD GH WUDWR GHVLJXDO HQWUH GLFKDV HQWLGDGHV \ ODV TXH VH FRQVWLWX\DQ HQ
FRQIRUPLGDGDHVWDOH\´
5HVSHFWRGHEHQHILFLRVHFRQyPLFRVHODUWGHODOH\DFODUDTXH³ODV
SHUVRQDV MXUtGLFDV GH HQWLGDGHV UHOLJLRVDV UHJLGDV SRU HVWD OH\ WHQGUiQ ORV PLVPRV
GHUHFKRV H[HQFLRQHV \ EHQHILFLRV WULEXWDULRV TXH OD &RQVWLWXFLyQ 3ROtWLFD GH OD
5HS~EOLFDODVOH\HV\UHJODPHQWRV YLJHQWHV RWRUJXHQ \ UHFRQR]FDQ D RWUDVLJOHVLDV
FRQIHVLRQHVHLQVWLWXFLRQHVUHOLJLRVDVH[LVWHQWHVHQHOSDtV´
)LQDOPHQWHODLJXDOGDGGHORVFXOWRVVHH[SUHVDD QLYHO LQGLYLGXDO FRQ
OD H[SUHVD SURKLELFLyQ GH GLVFULPLQDU SRU PRWLYRV UHOLJLRVRV VHxDODGD HQ HO DUW
GH OD OH\ ³1LQJXQD SHUVRQD SRGUi VHU GLVFULPLQDGD HQ YLUWXG GH VXV FUHHQFLDV
UHOLJLRVDVQLWDPSRFRSRGUiQpVWDVLQYRFDUVHFRPRPRWLYRSDUD VXSULPLU UHVWULQJLU
RDIHFWDUODLJXDOGDGFRQVDJUDGDHQOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ\ODOH\´
I ,JXDOGDGHQODOHJLVODFLyQODERUDO
(O DUW LQF GHO &yGLJR GHO 7UDEDMR GLVSRQH ³6RQ FRQWUDULDV D
ORV SULQFLSLRV GH ODVOH\HVODERUDOHV ODV GLVFULPLQDFLRQHV H[FOXVLRQHV R SUHIHUHQFLDV
EDVDGDV HQ PRWLYRV GH UD]D FRORU VH[R VLQGLFDFLyQ UHOLJLyQ RSLQLyQ SROtWLFD
QDFLRQDOLGDGX RULJHQ VRFLDO (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD QLQJ~Q HPSOHDGRU SRGUi FRQGLFLRQDU
ODFRQWUDWDFLyQGHWUDEDMDGRUHVDHVDVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV´
(VWDQRUPDSDUHFH VHU PiV TXHXQD FRUUHFWD GHFODUDFLyQ DO FRPLHQ]R
GHO&yGLJRGHO7UDEDMR/DUHDOL]DFLyQGHDOJXQDGHODVGLVFULPLQDFLRQHVHQXPHUDGDV
FRQVWLWX\H XQD LQIUDFFLyQ FRQFUHWD D OD OH\ ODERUDO PiV DOOi GH FRQWUDYHQLU VXV
SRVLEOHV SULQFLSLRV 3RU VX SDUWH OD VHJXQGD SDUWH GHO PHQFLRQDGR DUW LQF
FRQWLHQH XQD HVSHFtILFD QRUPD SURKLELWLYD SDUD ORV HPSOHDGRUHV FRQVLVWHQWH HQ QR
FRQGLFLRQDU OD FHOHEUDFLyQ GH FRQWUDWRV GH WUDEDMR D DOJXQD GH HVDV FDWHJRUtDV
16
SURKLELGDV $XQ PiV OD OH\ GHQRPLQD ³HPSOHDGRU´ DO VXMHWR TXH UHTXLHUH ORV
VHUYLFLRV GH WUDEDMDGRUHV DQWHV GH TXH VH SURGX]FD XQD UHODFLyQ FRQWUDFWXDO
GHWHUPLQDGD SRU OR TXH VX DFWXDFLyQ TXHGD HQ HVWRV FDVRV LJXDOPHQWH UHJLGD SRU
ODVOH\HVODERUDOHV\VXMHWDDODILVFDOL]DFLyQGHODVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDXWRULGDGHV
5HVSHFWR GH ORV GHUHFKRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD PDWHUQLGDG TXH HO
&yGLJR GHO 7UDEDMR UHFRQRFH HQ FRQVRQDQFLD FRQ ORV SULQFLSLRV GH OD OHJLVODFLyQ
VRFLDO \ OD QHFHVLGDG GH DFFLRQHV SRVLWLYDV GHO (VWDGR OD PXMHU WLHQH GHUHFKR D
GHVFDQVR PDWHUQDO SUH \ SRVQDWDO VHLV VHPDQDV DQWHV GHO SDUWR \ GRFH VHPDQDV
GHVSXpV GHO SDUWR UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH SHUPLVR SDUD DPDPDQWDU \ SRU HQIHUPHGDG
GHO KLMR PHQRU GH XQ DxR \ IXHUR ODERUDO TXH VH H[WLHQGH SRU XQ DxR D FRQWDU GHO
WpUPLQRGHOGHVFDQVRSRVQDWDO
6LQ HPEDUJR OD H[SHULHQFLD ODERUDO LQGLFD TXH DO LJXDO TXH HQ RWURV
FDVRV OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ FRQWUD OD PXMHU VXHOH SURGXFLUVH HQ OD HWDSD SUHYLD D OD
FRQWUDWDFLyQEDMRHOVXSXHVWRTXHQRHV FRQYHQLHQWH FRQWUDWDU D PXMHUHV SXHV VRQ
³PiV FDUDV´ R SUHVHQWDQ PD\RU DXVHQWLVPR HQWUH RWURV PRWLYRV $O HIHFWR OD /H\
1 SXEOLFDGD HQ HO 'LDULR 2ILFLDO HO GH QRYLHPEUH GH DJUHJy OD
VLJXLHQWHGLVSRVLFLyQDO&yGLJRGHO7UDEDMR³1LQJ~QHPSOHDGRUSRGUiFRQGLFLRQDUOD
FRQWUDWDFLyQ GH WUDEDMDGRUDV VX SHUPDQHQFLD R UHQRYDFLyQ GH FRQWUDWR R OD
SURPRFLyQ R PRYLOLGDG HQ VX HPSOHR D OD DXVHQFLD R H[LVWHQFLD GH HPEDUD]R QL
H[LJLUSDUDGLFKRVILQHVFHUWLILFDGRRH[DPHQDOJXQRSDUDYHULILFDUVLVHHQFXHQWUDR
QRHQHVWDGRGHJUDYLGH]´
J 1RGLVFULPLQDFLyQHQODHGXFDFLyQ
/DQRGLVFULPLQDFLyQHQPDWHULDHGXFDFLRQDOHVGHFLUHOKHFKRTXHQR
VH KDJD GLIHUHQFLD DUELWUDULD QL PHQRVFDER HQ ORV GHUHFKRV GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV D
FDXVD GH FRQVLGHUDFLRQHV LQMXVWLILFDGDV FRPR OD UD]D FRORU VH[R OHQJXD UHOLJLyQ
RSLQLyQ RULJHQ QDFLRQDO R VRFLDO FRQGLFLyQ HFRQyPLFD QDFLPLHQWR X RWUD FRQGLFLyQ
SHUVRQDORVRFLDOTXHWHQJDHOSURSyVLWRRHIHFWRGHGHVWUXLURDOWHUDUODLJXDOGDGGH
WUDWRHQPDWHULDGHHQVHxDQ]DQRWLHQHXQD FRQVDJUDFLyQ H[SUHVD HQ OD OHJLVODFLyQ
FKLOHQD DXQTXH VH GHVSUHQGH GHO FRQWH[WR JHQHUDO GH OD OHJLVODFLyQ D SDUWLU GH OD
17
JDUDQWtD GH LJXDOGDG DQWH OD OH\ \ GH ORV WUDWDGRV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV TXH VH UHILHUHQ
H[SUHVDPHQWHDHVWDPDWHULD
6H SXHGH DILUPDU TXH HO GHUHFKR D QR VHU GLVFULPLQDGR HQ HO iPELWR
GH ODHGXFDFLyQ HV SDUWH GHO PLVPR GHUHFKR D OD HGXFDFLyQ FRQVDJUDGR HQ HO DUW
1GHOD&3(SXHVWDOGHUHFKRQRSXHGHVHUFRQFHELGRVLQRFRPR HO GHUHFKR
LJXDO GH WRGRV GH DFFHVR SHUPDQHQFLD \ FRQWLQXLGDG HQ HO VLVWHPD HGXFDFLRQDO
$OJXQRVDVSHFWRVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHHVWHGHUHFKR\DIXHURQGHVWDFDGRV DO H[DPLQDU
OD &RQYHQFLyQ UHODWLYD D OD OXFKD FRQWUD OD 'LVFULPLQDFLyQ HQ OD (VIHUD GH OD
(QVHxDQ]DDGRSWDGDSRUOD&RQIHUHQFLD*HQHUDOGHOD81(6&2HQ\UDWLILFDGD
SRU&KLOHHQ
/D GLVFULPLQDFLyQHQ ODHGXFDFLyQ SXHGH GDUVH HQ YDULDGRV iPELWRV \
QLYHOHV GHVGH ORV PLVPRV WH[WRV GH HVWXGLR KDVWD ORV PRGRV GH UHODFLRQDUVH
SURIHVRUHV \ DOXPQRV SDVDQGR SRU HO FXUUtFXOXP GH HQVHxDQ]D ORV PpWRGRV
SHGDJyJLFRV HO LGLRPD HQ TXH GHEH DSUHQGHUVH ODV SUXHEDV \ IRUPDV GH
HYDOXDFLyQ OD GLVFLSOLQD HVFRODU OD GLVSRVLFLyQ GH OD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD \ HO
HTXLSDPLHQWR \ RWURV DVSHFWRV GH OD FXOWXUD HVFRODU &RQ WRGR OD SUREOHPiWLFD HQ
&KLOH VH KD H[SUHVDGR PiV LQWHQVDPHQWH HQ OR UHIHULGR DO GHUHFKR D LQJUHVDU
SHUPDQHFHU \ HJUHVDU GH ORV HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRV HGXFDFLRQDOHV \ HQ HO GHUHFKR D
H[SUHVDUDVSHFWRVSURSLRVGHODLGHQWLGDGGHQLxRV\MyYHQHVVLQVXIULUSRUHOORDOJ~Q
WLSR GH VDQFLyQ GLVFLSOLQDULD TXH HQ HO H[WUHPR SXHGH LPSOLFDU OD H[SXOVLyQ GHO
VLVWHPDHVFRODU
6REUHHVWHSXQWRVHKDGDGRXQD SXJQD XQWDQWR DUWLILFLRVD GHULYDGD
GH XQD HUUDGD FRQWUDSRVLFLyQ HQWUH OD OLEHUWDG GH HQVHxDQ]D TXH H[LJH TXH HO
(VWDGR VH DEVWHQJD GH FXDOTXLHU LQMHUHQFLD LQGHELGD HQ WRGR OR TXH VH UHILHUH DO
GHUHFKRDDEULURUJDQL]DU\PDQWHQHUHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRVHGXFDFLRQDOHVSULYDGRV\HO
GHUHFKR D OD HGXFDFLyQ GH WRGDV ODV SHUVRQDV UHVSHFWR GHO FXDO FRUUHVSRQGH DO
(VWDGR HVSHFLDOHV GHEHUHV GH SURWHFFLyQ \ IRPHQWR D VX HMHUFLFLR 6LQ HPEDUJR OD
H[LJHQFLD GH QR GLVFULPLQDFLyQ QR SXHGH VHU FRQVLGHUDGD FRPR XQD LQWURPLVLyQ
LQGHELGD GHO (VWDGR VLQR TXH VH WUDWD GH XQD FRQGLFLyQ H[LJLGD SRU OD &RQVWLWXFLyQ
DO JDUDQWL]DU HO GHUHFKR D OD LJXDOGDG 'H HVWH PRGR HO GHUHFKR SUHIHUHQWH GH ORV
18
SDGUHV D HGXFDU D VXV KLMRV HQ FROHJLRV TXH SRVHDQ GHWHUPLQDGDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV \
ODOLEHUWDGGHORV GXHxRV \ JHVWRUHV GH FUHDU\ VRVWHQHU GLFKRVFROHJLRV HQFXHQWUDQ
OtPLWH HQ HO UHVSHWR GH ORV GHUHFKRV IXQGDPHQWDOHV GH OD SHUVRQD KXPDQD
JDUDQWL]DGRVSRUOD&RQVWLWXFLyQHQWUHHOORVHOGHUHFKRDQRVHUGLVFULPLQDGR
1R HV HO ILQDQFLDPLHQWR HVWDWDO FRPR VH KD FUHtGR OD UD]yQ TXH
DXWRUL]DUtD OD ³LQWHUYHQFLyQ´ GHO OHJLVODGRU SDUD SURKLELU ODV GLVFULPLQDFLRQHV HQ XQ
VHJPHQWR GHO VLVWHPD HVFRODU HGXFDFLyQ PXQLFLSDO \ SDUWLFXODU VXEYHQFLRQDGD \
SHUPLWLUODV HQ RWUR OD HGXFDFLyQ SDUWLFXODU SDJDGD /D H[FOXVLyQ GH OD
GLVFULPLQDFLyQ \ VX UHJXODFLyQ OHJDO \ UHJODPHQWDULD QR SXHGH VHU HQWHQGLGD FRPR
SDUWH GH ORV FULWHULRV SDUWLFXODUHV FRQIRUPH FRQ ORV FXDOHV HO (VWDGR DGPLQLVWUD ORV
HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRV HGXFDFLRQDOHV TXH GLUHFWD R LQGLUHFWDPHQWH WLHQH D VX FDUJR VLQR
TXHHVODIRUPDFRPRDTXpOFXPSOH VX GHEHU GHSURWHJHU\ JDUDQWL]DU HO GHUHFKR D
OD LJXDOGDG FRQWHQLGR HQ OD &RQVWLWXFLyQ OD TXH FRPR VDEHPRV REOLJD QR VyOR DO
(VWDGR VLQR D WRGD SHUVRQD LQVWLWXFLyQ R JUXSR LQFOX\HQGR D VRVWHQHGRUHV
GLUHFWLYRV\SURIHVRUHVGHHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRVSULYDGRV
/D /H\ 2UJiQLFD &RQVWLWXFLRQDO GH (QVHxDQ]D 1 SXEOLFDGD HQ
HO'LDULR2ILFLDOHOGHPDU]RGHQRFRQWHPSODEDQRUPDVH[SOtFLWDVVREUHQR
GLVFULPLQDFLyQ KDVWD OD PRGLILFDFLyQ LQWURGXFLGD SRU OD /H\ 1 'LDULR 2ILFLDO
GHO GH DJRVWR GH TXH LQWHUFDOy XQ QXHYR LQFLVR D VX DUW HO FXDO
SUHVFULEH³(OHPEDUD]R\ODPDWHUQLGDG QRFRQVWLWXLUiQLPSHGLPHQWR SDUD LQJUHVDU
\SHUPDQHFHUHQORVHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRVGHHGXFDFLyQGHFXDOTXLHUQLYHO(VWRV~OWLPRV
GHEHUiQDGHPiVRWRUJDUODVIDFLOLGDGHVDFDGpPLFDVGHOFDVR´(VGHVWDFDEOHTXHHO
OHJLVODGRU FKLOHQR KD\D LQFRUSRUDGR HVWD FDXVD GH GLVFULPLQDFLyQ TXH QR DSDUHFH
PHQFLRQDGD H[SUHVDPHQWH HQ OD &RQYHQFLyQ UHODWLYD D OD OXFKD FRQWUD OD
'LVFULPLQDFLyQHQODHVIHUDGHOD(QVHxDQ]DQLHQRWURVLQVWUXPHQWRVSHUWLQHQWHV
19
K 3URWHFFLyQ\SURPRFLyQGHORVLQGtJHQDV
7RGR HO FRQMXQWR GH OD /H\ VREUH 3URWHFFLyQ )RPHQWR \
'HVDUUROOR GHORV ,QGtJHQDV SXEOLFDGD HQ HO 'LDULR 2ILFLDO HO GH RFWXEUH GH
SDUHFH VHU XQ HVIXHU]R GHO (VWDGR FKLOHQR SRU UHFRQRFHU OD LGHQWLGDG FXOWXUD \
SDWULPRQLR GHORVLQGtJHQDV \KDFHU MXVWLFLD D XQD VLWXDFLyQ KLVWyULFD \ SHUPDQHQWH
GH GHVSRMR SRVWHUJDFLyQ \ GLVFULPLQDFLyQ +DFLD DOOi DSXQWDQ ODV QRUPDV VREUH
SURWHFFLyQ GH WLHUUDV HGXFDFLyQ LQWHUFXOWXUDO SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH ODV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV
LQGtJHQDV\UHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODFRVWXPEUHFRPRSDUWHGHOGHUHFKRLQGtJHQDHQWUH
RWUDVDGHPiVGHODFUHDFLyQGHXQVHUYLFLRS~EOLFRFRPROD&RUSRUDFLyQ1DFLRQDOGH
'HVDUUROOR,QGtJHQD&21$',
6LQ HPEDUJR HVWH FXHUSR OHJDO QR KD ORJUDGR UHYHUWLU OD LQWHJUDFLyQ
VXERUGLQDGD D TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ VRPHWLGRV ORV SXHEORV RULJLQDULRV HQ &KLOH 0iV
DXQ VH FXHVWLRQD OD HIHFWLYD DSOLFDFLyQ GH OD OH\ SRU SDUWH GH ODV DXWRULGDGHV
HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ VLWXDFLRQHV GH FRQIOLFWRV GH WLHUUDV GRQGH H[LVWLUtD XQD DSDUHQWH
FROLVLyQ FRQ OD OHJLVODFLyQ FRP~Q \ GRQGH SDUHFHQ SULPDU GH KHFKR ORV LQWHUHVHV
FRPHUFLDOHV \ SDWULPRQLDOHV UHODWLYRV DO GRPLQLR LQPRELOLDULR SULYDGR ODV
LQYHUVLRQHVODVFRQFHVLRQHVHOpFWULFDVODUHSUHVLyQSHQDO
3RU RWUD SDUWH KDVWD DKRUD QR KD H[LVWLGR YROXQWDG SROtWLFD SDUD
DSUREDU XQ UHFRQRFLPLHQWRFRQVWLWXFLRQDO GHORV SXHEORV LQGtJHQDV \ GH &KLOH FRPR
XQD QDFLyQ SOXULpWQLFD TXH FRPSURPHWHUtD DO (VWDGR GH XQ PRGR FXDOLWDWLYDPHQWH
PD\RUFRQVXVFRPXQLGDGHV
&RPRHOHPHQWRFRQFUHWRUHIHUHQWHDODGLVFULPLQDFLyQHODUWGHOD
/H\ GLVSRQH ³6H FRQVLGHUDUi IDOWD OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ PDQLILHVWD H LQWHQFLRQDGD HQ
FRQWUDGHORVLQGtJHQDVHQUD]yQGHVXRULJHQRVXFXOWXUD(OTXHLQFXUULHUHHQHVWD
FRQGXFWDVHUiVDQFLRQDGRFRQPXOWDGHXQRDFLQFRLQJUHVRVPtQLPRV´
/D OH\ UHFXUULy D OD IRUPD PiV VLPSOH \ WRVFD GH HQIUHQWDU OD
GLVFULPLQDFLyQFRQWUDORVLQGtJHQDVVDQFLRQDUODFRQXQDSHQD6HWUDWDGHXQKHFKR
LOtFLWRSHQDOGHFDUiFWHUOHYHSXHVPHQRVTXHXQGHOLWRSURSLDPHQWHWDOVHWUDWDGH
20
XQD IDOWD 3UREDEOHPHQWH HO 0LQLVWHULR 3~EOLFR GH YHUVH HQIUHQWDGR D XQD GHQXQFLD
SRU GLVFULPLQDFLyQ FRQWUD LQGtJHQDV RSWDUi SRU QR SHUVHJXLUOD GDGD VX EDMD
LPSRUWDQFLDFULPLQyJHQD6LRSWDSRUSHUVHJXLUODVHWRSDUiFRQXQJUDYHGHIHFWRGH
OD WpFQLFD OHJLVODWLYD GHO PHQFLRQDGR DUW pVWH QR GHVFULEH HO WLSR SHQDO
FRQVWLWXWLYRGHGLVFULPLQDFLyQORTXHSXHGHDIHFWDULQFOXVRVXFRQVWLWXFLRQDOLGDG
(QRWURRUGHQGHFRVDVODFXDOLILFDFLyQGH³PDQLILHVWDHLQWHQFLRQDGD´
TXH UHTXLHUH OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ SDUD VHU FDVWLJDGD VHJ~Q HVWD OH\ LQFXUUH HQ GRV
HUURUHV 8QR OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ ³QR PDQLILHVWD´ HV GHFLU DTXHOOD TXH HV YHODGD
RFXOWDRLQGLUHFWDHVWDQ LQMXVWD SDUD HO GHUHFKR FRPROD TXH HVPDQLILHVWD\ GRV
OD LQWHQFLyQ QR HV GHWHUPLQDQWH HQ OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ VHJ~Q ORV &RQYHQLRV GH ORV
'HUHFKRV+XPDQRVSHUWLQHQWHVHQODPDWHULDDSOLFDEOHVHQYLUWXGGHODUWLQF
&3( SXHV OD LQWHQFLyQ SXHGH QR H[LVWLU \ GH WRGRV PRGRV HO DFWR GLVFULPLQDWRULR
WHQGUi HO UHSURFKH GH VHU FRQWUDULR DO SULQFLSLR GH LJXDOGDG $Vt OR SUHVFULEH GHVGH
KDFH PiV GH WUHLQWD DxRV OD &RQYHQFLyQ ,QWHUQDFLRQDO VREUH (OLPLQDFLyQ GH 7RGDV
ODV )RUPDV GH 'LVFULPLQDFLyQ 5DFLDO SDUD OD FXDO pVWD H[LVWLUi FXDQGR OD GLVWLQFLyQ
LQGHELGDKD\DWHQLGR³SRUREMHWRRSRUUHVXOWDGR´XQPHQRVFDERHQORVGHUHFKRVGHO
DIHFWDGR
L 3URWHFFLyQGHORVFRQVXPLGRUHV
(ODUWOHWUDFGHOD/H\1SXEOLFDGDHQHO'LDULR2ILFLDOHO
GH PDU]R GH GLVSRQH ³6RQ GHUHFKRV \ GHEHUHV EiVLFRV GHO FRQVXPLGRU
³F (O QR VHU GLVFULPLQDGR DUELWUDULDPHQWH SRU SDUWH GH SURYHHGRUHV GH ELHQHV \
VHUYLFLRV´
/D QRUPD DQWHULRU SXHGH VHU FRQHFWDGD FRQ OD GHO DUW GHO PLVPR
FXHUSROHJDO TXH GLVSRQH TXH ³/RVSURYHHGRUHV QR SRGUiQ QHJDULQMXVWLILFDGDPHQWH
OD YHQWD GH ELHQHV R OD SUHVWDFLyQ GH VHUYLFLRV FRPSUHQGLGRV HQ VXV UHVSHFWLYRV
JLURVHQODVFRQGLFLRQHVRIUHFLGDV´(Q HVWD~OWLPD GLVSRVLFLyQ HV SRVLEOH UHODFLRQDU
GLUHFWDPHQWH H LGHQWLILFDU OD QHJDWLYD LQMXVWLILFDGD GH YHQWD R GH SUHVWDFLyQ GH XQ
VHUYLFLRFRQXQDFRQGXFWDGLVFULPLQDWRULDFXDQGRGLFKDQHJDWLYDVHUHODFLRQDFRQOD
21
FRQVLGHUDFLyQ GH OD SHUVRQD GHO FOLHQWH \ FRQ VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SHUVRQDOHV R
VRFLDOHV
M ,QWHJUDFLyQGHODVSHUVRQDVFRQGLVFDSDFLGDG
/D /H\ 1 SXEOLFDGD HQ HO 'LDULR 2ILFLDO HO GH HQHUR GH
FRQWLHQHQRUPDVTXHFRPRVHxDODVXDUW³WLHQHQSRUREMHWRHVWDEOHFHUOD
IRUPD \ FRQGLFLRQHV TXH SHUPLWDQ REWHQHUOD SOHQDLQWHJUDFLyQ GHODV SHUVRQDVFRQ
GLVFDSDFLGDG HQ OD VRFLHGDG \ YHODU SRU HO SOHQR HMHUFLFLR GH ORV GHUHFKRV TXH OD

&RQVWLWXFLyQ\ODVOH\HVUHFRQRFHQDWRGDVODVSHUVRQDV´
&RPR IRUPD GH HOLPLQDU OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ \ GH DOFDQ]DU VX DGHFXDGD
SDUWLFLSDFLyQHLQWHJUDFLyQODOH\SUHVFULEHREOLJDFLRQHVGHHQWHVS~EOLFRV\SULYDGRV
TXH DSXQWDQ D XQD GHELGD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ \ UHVSHWR GH ODV SHUVRQDV FRQ
GLVFDSDFLGDG$VtHQPDWHULDHGXFDFLRQDO\ODERUDOHODUWGHODOH\SUHVFULEH
³/RV HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRV HGXFDFLRQDOHV RUJDQLVPRV S~EOLFRV \ SULYDGRV
GH FDSDFLWDFLyQ HPSOHDGRUHV \ HQ JHQHUDO WRGD SHUVRQD R LQVWLWXFLyQ FXDOTXLHUD
TXH IXHUH VX QDWXUDOH]D TXH RIUH]FD FXUVRV HPSOHRV VHUYLFLRV OODPDGRV D
FRQFXUVRV \ RWURV VLPLODUHV H[LJLHQGR OD UHQGLFLyQ GH H[iPHQHV X RWURV UHTXLVLWRV
DQiORJRV GHEHUiQ DGHFXDU ORV PHFDQLVPRV GH VHOHFFLyQ HQ WRGR FXDQWR VHD
QHFHVDULR SDUD SHUPLWLU OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH ODV SHUVRQDV FRQ GLVFDSDFLGDG HQ
LJXDOGDGGHRSRUWXQLGDGHV´
/D OH\ SUHVFULEH XQ HVSHFLDO GHEHU GHO (VWDGR UHIHULGR D OD DGHFXDGD
LQWHJUDFLyQDOWUDEDMRGHODVSHUVRQDVFRQGLVFDSDFLGDG6HWUDWDGHXQDGLVSRVLFLyQ
TXH DSXQWD SDUWLFXODUPHQWH D OD DGRSFLyQ GH PHGLGDV HVSHFLDOHV \ JHQHUDFLyQ GH
SROtWLFDV S~EOLFDV VREUH OD PDWHULD ³(O (VWDGR D WUDYpV GH VXV RUJDQLVPRV
SHUWLQHQWHVFUHDUiFRQGLFLRQHV\YHODUiSRUODLQVHUFLyQODERUDOGHODVSHUVRQDVFRQ

6LQSHUMXLFLRGHODVGLVSRVLFLRQHVGHODOHJLVODFLyQLQWHUQDOD$VDPEOHD *HQHUDOGHOD2($DSUREyHQ-XOLRGH OD
&RQYHQFLyQ ,QWHUDPHULFDQD SDUD OD (OLPLQDFLyQ GH WRGDV ODV )RUPDV GH 'LVFULPLQDFLyQ HQ FRQWUD GH ODV 3HUVRQDV FRQ
'LVFDSDFLGDGTXHGDQGR HOLQVWUXPHQWRGLVSRQLEOHSDUDODUDWLILFDFLyQR DGKHVLyQGHORV(VWDGRV+DVWD HVWDIHFKDVROR
KDQ UDWLILFDGR HVWD &RQYHQFLyQ $UJHQWLQD &RVWD 5LFD \ 0p[LFR )XHQWH 0DUtD 6ROHGDG &LVWHUQDV 'LUHFWRUD 3URJUDPD
-XUtGLFRVREUH'LVFDSDFLGDG8QLYHUVLGDG'LHJR3RUWDOHV
22
GLVFDSDFLGDG D REMHWR GH DVHJXUDU VX LQGHSHQGHQFLD GHVDUUROOR SHUVRQDO HMHUFLFLR
GHOGHUHFKRDFRQVWLWXLUXQDIDPLOLD\DJR]DUGHXQDYLGDGLJQD´$UW
)LQDOPHQWH HO DUW DERUGD HVSHFtILFDPHQWH HO SUREOHPD GH DFWRV R
VLWXDFLRQHV FRQFUHWRV GH GLVFULPLQDFLyQ TXH VHD QHFHVDULR HOLPLQDU \ VDQFLRQDU
(VWDEOHFH XQD HVSHFLH GH ³DFFLyQ GH SURWHFFLyQ´ GH FDUiFWHU XUJHQWH \ FDXWHODU
GHGXFLEOH DQWH ORV MX]JDGRV GH SROLFtD ORFDO FX\R REMHWR HV TXH HO WULEXQDO DGRSWH
WRGDV ODV PHGLGDV D VX DOFDQFH SDUD GHVPRQWDU OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ \ DVHJXUDU HO
GHUHFKR DOD LJXDOGDG GH WUDWR GH ODV SHUVRQDV FRQ GLVFDSDFLGDG ³6LQ SHUMXLFLR GH
ODV QRUPDV DGPLQLVWUDWLYDV \ SHQDOHV H[LVWHQWHV WRGD SHUVRQD TXH SRU FDXVD GH
DFWR X RPLVLyQ DUELWUDULD R LOHJDO VXIUD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ R DPHQD]D HQ HO HMHUFLFLR GH
ORV GHUHFKRV \ EHQHILFLRV FRQVDJUDGRV HQ HVWD OH\ SRGUi UHFXUULU SRU Vt R SRU
FXDOTXLHUD D VX QRPEUH DO -XH] GH 3ROLFtD /RFDO FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D VX GRPLFLOLR HO
TXH GHEHUi DGRSWDU GH LQPHGLDWR ODV SURYLGHQFLDV SDUD DVHJXUDU \ UHVWDEOHFHU VX
GHUHFKRDIHFWDGR´
6LODGLVFULPLQDFLyQWXYLHUHUHODFLyQFRQGHUHFKRVQRFRQWHPSODGRVHQ
OD /H\ VREUH 'LVFDSDFLGDG ODV SHUVRQDV FXHQWDQ FRQ ODV KHUUDPLHQWDV OHJDOHV GHO
GHUHFKRFRP~QHQSDUWLFXODUHOUHFXUVRGHSURWHFFLyQHVWDEOHFLGRHQHODUWGHOD
&RQVWLWXFLyQ HO FXDO HV DSWR SDUD LPSXJQDU WRGR WLSR GH FRQGXFWDV LOHJDOHV R
DUELWUDULDVTXHDWHQWHQFRQWUDHOGHUHFKRDODLJXDOGDGDQWHODOH\\HOGHUHFKRDQR
VHUREMHWRGHGLIHUHQFLDVDUELWUDULDV
N 3HUVRQDVKRPRVH[XDOHV\RWUDVPLQRUtDVVH[XDOHV
1R H[LVWHQRUPD DOJXQD HQ HO RUGHQDPLHQWR OHJDO FKLOHQR TXH SURWHMD
DODVPLQRUtDVVH[XDOHV(QODVQRUPDVGHGHUHFKRLQWHUQRFRPRHQORVLQVWUXPHQWRV
LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV TXH VH UHILHUHQ D OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ \ TXH XWLOL]DQ OD WpFQLFD GH OD
³FODVLILFDFLyQ VRVSHFKRVD´ HV GHFLU TXH HQXPHUDQ FDWHJRUtDV GH GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ
SURKLELGDVQRVHPHQFLRQDODRULHQWDFLyQ VH[XDOFRPRXQD GH HOODV $KRUD ELHQ HV
SRVLEOH HQWHQGHUOD LQFRUSRUDGD D ODV QRUPDV VREUH GLVFULPLQDFLyQ SRU DSOLFDFLyQ GH
IyUPXODV DELHUWDV FRPR ³FXDOTXLHU RWUD FRQGLFLyQ VRFLDO´ XWLOL]DGD HQ ORV 3DFWRV
,QWHUQDFLRQDOHV GH 'HUHFKRV &LYLOHV \ 3ROtWLFRV 3,'&3 \ GH 'HUHFKRV (FRQyPLFRV
23
6RFLDOHV \ &XOWXUDOHV 3,'(6& \ HQ OD &RQYHQFLyQ $PHULFDQD GH 'HUHFKRV
+XPDQRV
(Q HO &yGLJR 3HQDO FKLOHQR HV SRVLEOH HQFRQWUDU XQD GLVSRVLFLyQ FX\D
DSOLFDFLyQ UHVXOWD DOWDPHQWH GLVFULPLQDWRULD \ DEXVLYD FRQWUD ODV SHUVRQDV
KRPRVH[XDOHVTXHHMHUFHQHOFRPHUFLRVH[XDORFRQWUDODVSHUVRQDVWUDYHVWLV(QHO
3DUiJUDIR GHO 7tWXOR 9,, GHQRPLQDGR ³'H ORV XOWUDMHV S~EOLFRV D ODV EXHQDV
FRVWXPEUHV´HODUWGHO&yGLJR3HQDOGLVSRQH
³/RV TXH GH FXDOTXLHU PRGR RIHQGLHUHQ HO SXGRU R ODV EXHQDV
FRVWXPEUHV FRQ KHFKRV GH JUDYH HVFiQGDOR R WUDVFHQGHQFLD QR FRPSUHQGLGRV
H[SUHVDPHQWHHQRWURVDUWtFXORVGHHVWH&yGLJRVXIULUiQODSHQDGHUHFOXVLyQPHQRU
HQVXVJUDGRVPtQLPRDPHGLR´
6HWUDWDGHXQGHOLWRGHSHQDOLGDGHLPSRUWDQFLDVRFLDOPiVELHQEDMD
SHURTXHVLUYHGHMXVWLILFDFLyQSDUDODUHSUHVLyQGHFRQGXFWDVVH[XDOHVFRQVLGHUDGDV
³DQyPDODV´ 'LFKD UHSUHVLyQ OD HMHUFH OD SROLFtD SDUWLFXODUPHQWH &DUDELQHURV HQ
HMHUFLFLRGHVXVIXQFLRQHVGHFRQWUROGHORUGHQS~EOLFR(QJHQHUDOQRVHSHUVLJXHD
ODV WUDEDMDGRUDV VH[XDOHV PXMHUHV TXH VH XELFDQ HQ OD YtD S~EOLFD SHUR Vt D ORV
YDURQHV HQ ODV PLVPDV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV \ D ORV WUDYHVWLV SRU VX VROD DSDULHQFLD
HMHU]DQ RQR FRPHUFLR VH[XDO /D LQYRFDFLyQ GHO DUW GHO &yGLJR 3HQDO QR WLHQH
MXVWLILFDFLyQ HQ XQD VRFLHGDG FDGD YH] PiV DELHUWD \ WROHUDQWH HQ OD TXH OD
LQVWLWXFLyQ SROLFLDO QR SDUHFH XVDU HOHPHQWRV GH MXLFLR REMHWLYRV SDUD SRQGHUDU TXp
KHFKRV HQ HVWH FDVR SXHGHQ UHYHVWLU ³JUDYH HVFiQGDOR R WUDVFHQGHQFLD´ VDOYR OD
PRUDOLGDGSHUVRQDOGHORVIXQFLRQDULRVDFWXDQWHVRGHVXV MHIHV 3RUOR GHPiV HVWD
FODVHGH³RIHQVDV´QRWLHQHQXQDWLSLILFDFLyQFODUDHQODQRUPDVXFRQWHQLGRHVYDJR
\ SHUPLWH XQD JUDQ GLVFUHFLRQDOLGDG D ORV DJHQWHV GH FRQWURO GHPRVWUDQGR OD
H[SHULHQFLDTXHHOODVHFRQYLHUWHKDELWXDOPHQWHHQDUELWUDULHGDG\GLVFULPLQDFLyQ
24
O 3HUVRQDVRYLYLHQGRFRQ9,+6,'$
(Q JHQHUDO QRH[LVWH SURWHFFLyQOHJDO HQ &KLOH SDUD ODV SHUVRQDV TXH
YLYHQFRQHO YLUXV GH LQPXQRGHILFLHQFLDKXPDQD 9,+ R TXH KDQ HQIHUPDGR FRQ HO
6LGD([LVWHXQD SROtWLFD VDQLWDULD \ GH LQWHJUDFLyQ VRFLDO HMHFXWDGD SRU OD &RPLVLyQ
1DFLRQDO GHO 6LGD &21$6,'$ RUJDQLVPR S~EOLFR TXH QR WLHQH HVWDWXV OHJDO VLQR
TXH IXH FUHDGR SRU GHFUHWR VXSUHPR 'LFKD SROtWLFD KD VLGR FRQVLGHUDGD FRPR
DEVROXWDPHQWH LQVXILFLHQWH \ SDUFLDO FRQFHQWUDGD HQ ORV DVSHFWRV VDQLWDULRV SHUR
GHILFLWDULD HQ WpUPLQRV GH UHFXUVRV \ GH DFFLRQHV HQ iUHDV FRPR HGXFDFLyQ VH[XDO
SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH OD FRPXQLGDG VROLGDULGDG VRFLDO H LJXDOGDG GH RSRUWXQLGDGHV (O
0LQLVWHULRGH6DOXGKDDSUREDGRGRFXPHQWRVFRPR³3ROtWLFDGHSUHYHQFLyQ\FRQWURO
GHO9,+6LGD´³(O0LQLVWHULRGH6DOXG\ODVWHUDSLDV9,+6LGD´\³3URWRFROR1DFLRQDO
GH 7HUDSLD $QWLUHWURYLUDO´ TXH RULHQWDQ OD FRQGXFWD GH OD DXWRULGDG \ GH ODV
LQVWLWXFLRQHVFRQFHUQLGDV3HURHOORVQRFRQILHUHQGHUHFKRVDORVDIHFWDGRVVLQRTXH
VH WUDWD GH VLPSOHV GLUHFWULFHV GH SROtWLFD S~EOLFD FULWHULRV SDUD HO RWRUJDPLHQWR GH
EHQHILFLRV\UHFRPHQGDFLRQHVSDUDODSUHYHQFLyQGLDJQyVWLFR\WUDWDPLHQWR
([LVWH XQ 5HJODPHQWR VREUH (QIHUPHGDGHV GH 7UDQVPLVLyQ 6H[XDO
FRQWHQLGR HQ HO 'HFUHWR 6XSUHPR 1 GHO 0LQLVWHULR GH 6DOXG GH TXH
HQXPHUD WDOHV HQIHUPHGDGHV FRPSUHQGLHQGR DO 6LGD HQWUH HOODV $WULEX\H DO
0LQLVWHULRGH6DOXGDWUDYpVGHORVRUJDQLVPRVTXHLQWHJUDQHO6LVWHPD1DFLRQDOGH
6HUYLFLRV GH 6DOXG OD IXQFLyQ GH SURPRYHU \ RUJDQL]DU ODV DFFLRQHV VDQLWDULDV GH
DVLVWHQFLD VRFLDO HGXFDWLYDV GH GLIXVLyQ \ DWHQFLyQ PpGLFD SUHYHQWLYD \ FXUDWLYD
WHQGLHQWHV D FRPEDWLU GLFKDV HQIHUPHGDGHV (O DUW GHO PHQFLRQDGR '6
GHFODUD TXH ³OD DWHQFLyQ TXH SUHVWHQORVVHUYLFLRV GH VDOXG HQ VXV HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRV
SDUD FRPEDWLU ODV HQIHUPHGDGHV GH WUDQVPLVLyQ VH[XDO VHUi WRWDOPHQWH JUDWXLWD
FRPSUHQGLpQGRVHHQHOODVHOGLDJQyVWLFRGHODHQIHUPHGDGVXWUDWDPLHQWR\FRQWURO
\ ORV H[iPHQHV GH ODERUDWRULR FOtQLFR \ GHPiV HOHPHQWRV QHFHVDULRV´
5HFLHQWHPHQWH OD &RUWH 6XSUHPD UHFKD]y XQ UHFXUVR GH SURWHFFLyQ D IDYRU GH
SHUVRQDV YLYLHQGR FRQ 9,+6,'$ HQ TXH SDUWH LPSRUWDQWH GHO DUJXPHQWR FRQVLVWLy
HQ HO LQFXPSOLPLHQWR SRU HO 0LQLVWHULR GH ODV QRUPDV GH HVWH UHJODPHQWR
SDUWLFXODUPHQWHKDEHUQHJDGRDWHQFLyQDSDFLHQWHVFRQULHVJRYLWDO
25
0iV DOOi GH ODV FRQVLGHUDFLRQHV WpFQLFDV VREUH VL OD FRQGXFWD GH OD
DXWRULGDG KD VLGR R QR DUELWUDULD R LOHJDO \ VL KD KDELGR R QR GLVFULPLQDFLyQ HQ HO
FDVRFRQFUHWRSODQWHDGRORTXHTXHGDSDWHQWHHQODVHQWHQFLDGHOD&RUWHHVTXHHQ
&KLOHWRGDYtDQRKDOOHJDGRODKRUDHQTXHODSURWHFFLyQGHOD YLGD\OD VDOXG GHODV
SHUVRQDV TXH YLYHQFRQHO 9,+6,'$VHDYHUGDGHUDPHQWH XQD SUHRFXSDFLyQ GH ODV
DXWRULGDGHVDXQTXHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQODVOH\HV\HQHVWHFDVRKDVWDXQUHJODPHQWR
GHO(MHFXWLYRDVtORRUGHQDQ
(Q HIHFWR XQ DVSHFWR IXQGDPHQWDO SHUR TXH QR QHFHVDULDPHQWH
HQJOREDQLUHVXPHODFRPSOHMDSUREOHPiWLFDDQWURSROyJLFDVRFLDOFXOWXUDO\YDOyULFD
TXH VXE\DFH DO IHQyPHQR GHO 6LGD HV OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ TXH H[SHULPHQWD OD
SREODFLyQDIHFWDGD
/D GLVFULPLQDFLyQ HQ UD]yQ GHO 9,+6,'$ SXHGH GDUVH HQ HO iPELWR
ODERUDO FXDQGR OD SUHVHQFLD GHO YLUXV HV WRPDGD FRPR FRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR GH OD
FRQWUDWDFLyQ GH WUDEDMDGRUHV VX SHUPDQHQFLD R SURPRFLyQ HQ HO HPSOHR OD
UHQRYDFLyQGHFRQWUDWRRFRPRPRWLYRPDQLILHVWRRYHODGRGHOGHVSLGR7DPELpQVH
FRQVLGHUD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ VL SRU OD PLVPD FDXVD VH JHQHUDQ SUiFWLFDV GH
VHJUHJDFLyQ X KRVWLJDPLHQWR ODERUDO (Q HVSHFLDO HV GLVFULPLQDWRULR H[LJLU HO
H[DPHQ SDUD GHWHFWDU HO YLUXV R DWHQHUVH D VXV UHVXOWDGRV FRPR IDFWRU GH GHFLVLyQ
SDUD OD LQLFLDFLyQ R WHUPLQDFLyQ GH UHODFLRQHV ODERUDOHV (Q HO iPELWR GH OD
HGXFDFLyQGHLJXDOPDQHUDKDEUtDTXH GHFLU TXHQR SXHGH FRQGLFLRQDUVH HO LQJUHVR
D XQ HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR HGXFDFLRQDO QL OD SHUPDQHQFLD GH VXV DOXPQRV D OD
FLUFXQVWDQFLDGHQRHQFRQWUDUVHDIHFWDGRVSRUHO9,+6,'$QLH[LJLUVHODSUXHEDGHO
9,+6,'$ SDUD WDOHV HIHFWRV $ QXHVWUR MXLFLR HVWDV IRUPDV GH GLVFULPLQDFLyQ
SXHGHQ LPSXJQDUVH FRQ ORV PHGLRV OHJDOHV RUGLQDULRV TXH DFWXDOPHQWH RIUHFH OD
OHJLVODFLyQ\HQHVSHFLDO FRQ HO UHFXUVR GH SURWHFFLyQ LQYRFDQGROD YLRODFLyQ GHOD
JDUDQWtDGHQRGLVFULPLQDFLyQDUELWUDULDGHODUW1&3(
26
P 'LVFULPLQDFLyQSRUDVSHFWRRDSDULHQFLDItVLFD
(VWH IDFWRU GH GLVFULPLQDFLyQ QR DSDUHFH HQ JHQHUDO H[SUHVDPHQWH
WUDWDGR HQ ODV QRUPDV GH ODV FRQVWLWXFLRQHV OH\HV \ WUDWDGRV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV SHUR
HV XQ iUHD VHQVLEOH GH GLVWLQFLyQ PDUJLQDFLyQ \ PHQRVFDER TXH DIHFWD D PXFKDV
SHUVRQDV3UHVHQWD]RQDVFRPXQHVFRQODGLVFULPLQDFLyQSRUGLVFDSDFLGDG\SRUUD]D
XRULJHQpWQLFRSHURHVHQVtPLVPDXQDFDWHJRUtDSURSLDH LQGHSHQGLHQWHGH HOODV
\ GH RWUDV ELHQ UHFRQRFLGDV /D DSDULHQFLD ItVLFD SXHGH VHU IUXWR GH OD DFFLyQ
YROXQWDULD GHO LQGLYLGXR R ELHQ VHU XQD FRQGLFLyQ DGVFULWD GH OD TXH pVWH QR WLHQH
FRQWURO QL UHVSRQVDELOLGDG (Q HO SULPHU FDVR WLHQH TXH YHU FRQ IRUPDV GH
FRQILJXUDFLyQ GH OD SURSLD LGHQWLGDG \ VH H[SUHVD HQ HO YHVWXDULR TXH SXHGH WHQHU
TXHYHUFRQHO RULJHQQDFLRQDO R VRFLDO HO FRORU \ODIRUPD GH OOHYDU HO FDEHOOR ORV
DGRUQRV \ RWURV HOHPHQWRV GH OD SUHVHQWDFLyQ SHUVRQDO (Q HO VHJXQGR FDVR WLHQH
TXH YHU FRQ OD HVWUXFWXUD \ UDVJRV FRUSRUDOHV \ IDFLDOHV LQFOX\HQGR HVWDWXUD \
JRUGXUDFRORUGHODSLHOH[LVWHQFLDGHOXQDUHVHWF
/D GLVFULPLQDFLyQ SRU DSDULHQFLD ItVLFD REHGHFH D SUHMXLFLRV \
HVWHUHRWLSRV SUHGRPLQDQWHV HQ OD FXOWXUD UHVSHFWR GHO FDQRQ HVWpWLFR TXH FRQYLHQH
DGRSWDUHOFXDOVXHOHHQFXEULUIRUPDVPiVRPHQRVVXWLOHVGHGLVFULPLQDFLyQpWQLFD
\ UDFLDO (VWH FDVR VH GD SRU HMHPSOR HQ OD SRVWXODFLyQ D HPSOHRV GRQGH EDMR HO
FRQFHSWR³EXHQDSUHVHQFLD´VHFRQGLFLRQDODSRVWXODFLyQDOHVWiQGDUItVLFRGHVHDEOH
TXHSRUORJHQHUDOFRLQFLGHFRQODH[FOXVLyQGHODVSHUVRQDVFRQUDVJRVLQGtJHQDVR
PHVWL]RV SHUVRQDV TXH VXIUHQ HQDQLVPR REHVLGDG R LQFOXVR TXH VLQ HVWDU
HQIHUPDVVRQPiVEDMDVRFRUSXOHQWDVTXHORKDELWXDO
7DPELpQVHGDHOFDVRGHDOXPQRVTXHVRQVDQFLRQDGRVLQFOXVRFRQOD
H[SXOVLyQ GHO FROHJLR SRU H[KLELUVH FRQ DWXHQGRV \ ILVRQRPtDV TXH HVFDSDQ D OD
QRUPD UHJXODU SHOR ODUJR R SLQWDGR YHVWLPHQWDV H[FpQWULFDV HWF R HO FDVR GH
SRWHQFLDOHV FOLHQWHV TXH VRQ LQYLWDGRV D GHVLVWLUVH GH LQJUHVDU D FLHUWRV
HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRV DELHUWRV DO S~EOLFR FRPR UHVWRUDQHV GLVFRWHFDV FOXEHV \ RWURV
HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRV FRQ SUHWHQVLyQ GH H[FOXVLYLGDG TXH VH DXWRFRQFHGHQ XQ VXSXHVWR
GHUHFKRGHVHOHFFLRQDUVXFOLHQWHOD
27
(Q JHQHUDO OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ SRU DSDULHQFLD ItVLFD FRLQFLGD R QR FRQ
RWUDV IRUPDV GH GLVFULPLQDFLyQ \D UHFRQRFLGDV HV XQD YLRODFLyQ GHO SULQFLSLR GH
LJXDOGDGHQIRFDGRGHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGHOGHUHFKRGHODVSHUVRQDVDVHUGLIHUHQWHV
D VHU WROHUDGDV H LQWHJUDGDV VLQ TXH HOOR VLJQLILTXH GDxR DOJXQR D VX GLJQLGDG \ D
SDUWLFLSDUGHODYLGDVRFLDO\VXVEHQHILFLRVFRQODVPLVPDVRSRUWXQLGDGHVTXHWRGRV
ORVGHPiV\VLHQGRDVtWDOGLVFULPLQDFLyQDUELWUDULDHVVXVFHSWLEOHGHVHUDWDFDGD\
HOLPLQDGDSRUODVYtDVFRQVWLWXFLRQDOHV\OHJDOHVSHUWLQHQWHV
28
9 */26$5,2
/D 'LYLVLyQ GH 2UJDQL]DFLRQHV 6RFLDOHV D WUDYpV GH VX ³3URJUDPD GH
7ROHUDQFLD\1R'LVFULPLQDFLyQ´HQWUHJDDOJXQRVFRQFHSWRVLPSRUWDQWHVGHFRQRFHU
DILQGHHQWHQGHUGHPHMRUIRUPDODWHPiWLFDSUHVHQWDGD
$VLPLODFLyQ
3URFHVR VRFLRFXOWXUDO TXH LPSOLFD HO DEDQGRQR GH OD LGHQWLGDG SURSLD
HQ IXQFLyQ GH RWUD /D DVLPLODFLyQ SXHGH VHU XQD RSFLyQ GH ORV TXH VH DVLPLODQ R
ELHQFRPRRFXUUHHQODPD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVXQDH[LJHQFLDGHXQDFXOWXUDTXHSRU
VHUODRILFLDORGRPLQDQWHWLHQHODFDSDFLGDGGHLPSRQHUODDVLPLODFLyQ
(VWHUHRWLSR
&ODVLILFDFLyQVRFLDOSDUWLFXODUL]DGDGHJUXSRV\SHUVRQDVSRUPHGLR GH
VLJQRV D PHQXGR PX\ VLPSOLILFDGRV \ JHQHUDOL]DGRV TXH LPSOtFLWD R H[SOtFLWDPHQWH
UHSUHVHQWDQ XQ FRQMXQWR GH YDORUHV MXLFLRV \ VXSRVLFLRQHV DFHUFD GH VX FRQGXFWD
VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV R VX KLVWRULD /RV HVWHUHRWLSRV LGHQWLILFDQ QR VyOR FDWHJRUtDV
JHQHUDOHV GH SHUVRQDV SREODFLRQHV QDFLRQDOHV FODVHV HWQLDV VLQR TXH VRQ
GLVWLQWLYRV WDPELpQ HQ WDQWR SRUWDGRUHV GH MXLFLRV LQGLIHUHQFLDGRV DFHUFD GH VXV
UHIHUHQWHV < VL ELHQ SXHGHQ YDULDU PXFKR HQ VX DSHODFLyQ HPRFLRQDO \ VX
LQWHQVLGDG JHQHUDOPHQWH UHSUHVHQWDQ UHODFLRQHV WHQVLRQHV R FRQIOLFWRV GH SRGHU
VXE\DFHQWHVSRUHMHPSORORV GHJHQHUDGRV KRPRVH[XDOHVORV VXFLRV SREUHV OD
ERQLWD WRQWD HO DQFLDQR DEXUULGR HO JLWDQR ODGUyQ (Q RWUDV SDODEUDV ORV
HVWHUHRWLSRVIXQFLRQDQSDUDGHILQLUHLGHQWLILFDUJUXSRVGH SHUVRQDV FRPR SDUHFLGRV
HQ FLHUWRV DVSHFWRV FRPSURPHWLGRV FRQ YDORUHV SDUWLFXODUHV PRWLYDGRV SRU
REMHWLYRV VHPHMDQWHV SRVHHGRUHV GH XQD SHUVRQDOLGDG \ XQD DSDULHQFLD VLPLODUHV
HWF/RVHVWHUHRWLSRVIRPHQWDQXQDFUHHQFLDLQWXLWLYDHQODVVXSRVLFLRQHVHQODVTXH
VH EDVDQ \ FXPSOHQ XQDIXQFLyQ FHQWUDOHQ OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GHO GLVFXUVR GH VHQWLGR
FRP~Q
29
,JXDOGDG
(O SULQFLSLR GH TXH WRGRV ORV VHUHV KXPDQRV VRQ LJXDOHV HV HO
IXQGDPHQWRpWLFR\SROtWLFRGHXQDVRFLHGDGGHPRFUiWLFD6HODSXHGHHQWHQGHUDOR
PHQRV HQ GRV DVSHFWRV JHQHUDOHV GH OD PLVPD OD LJXDOGDG GH FLXGDGDQtD
GHPRFUiWLFD \ OD LJXDOGDG GH FRQGLFLyQ R GH H[SHFWDWLYDV GH YLGD /D SULPHUD
GLPHQVLyQVHYLQFXODFRQODLGHDGHTXHDFDGDPLHPEURGHODVRFLHGDG OH GHEHVHU
DVHJXUDGR GH PRGR LJXDOLWDULR XQ FLHUWR FDWiORJR GH GHUHFKRV EiVLFRV FRQ HO
REMHWR GH TXH MXQWR FRQ GHVDUUROODU VX UHVSHFWLYR SUR\HFWR GH YLGD SXHGD KDFHU
HMHUFLFLR GH VX FRQGLFLyQ GH DJHQWH GHPRFUiWLFR /D VHJXQGD GLPHQVLyQ DSXQWD D
TXH XQD LJXDOGDG UHDO LPSRUWD QHFHVDULDPHQWH HO HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH XQ HVWDGR GH
FRVDV PRUDOPHQWH GHVHDEOH TXH JDUDQWLFH HO TXH FDGD VHU KXPDQR JRFH GH D OR
PHQRV XQ PtQLPR FRP~Q GH EHQHILFLRV VRFLDOHV \ HFRQyPLFRV (Q RWUDV SDODEUDV
FXDQGRKDFHPRVUHIHUHQFLDDODLGHDGHLJXDOGDGWHQHPRVODLJXDOGLJQLGDGGHWRGR
LQGLYLGXRODLJXDO SDUWLFLSDFLyQ LJXDOGDG DQWHODOH\ LJXDOGDG SROtWLFDLJXDOGDG HQ
ODVFRQGLFLRQHVPDWHULDOHVGHYLGD\ODLJXDOGDGGHRSRUWXQLGDGHV
,QWHUFXOWXUDOLVPR
6LWXDFLyQ VRFLDO GH FRQWDFWR GH GLYHUVDV FXOWXUDV UHJXODGD SRU HO
GLiORJR \ HO UHFRQRFLPLHQWR PXWXR &RQQRWD XQD UHODFLyQ GH LJXDOGDG
KRUL]RQWDOLGDG GH LQWHUFDPELR GH GLiORJR GH SDUWLFLSDFLyQ \ FRQYLYHQFLD GH
DXWRQRPtD\UHFLSURFLGDGGHDFWXDUSDUDHOFRQMXQWR GH OD FRPXQLGDG6XSRQHXQD
E~VTXHGD FRRSHUDWLYD H LQWHQFLRQDO GH XQ QXHYR HVSDFLR VRFLRFXOWXUDO FRP~Q VLQ
UHQXQFLDUDODHVSHFLILFLGDGGLIHUHQFLDOGHFDGDXQDGHODVSDUWHV
0LQRUtD
*UXSRTXHVHDVRFLDFRQXQDIDOWDGHSRGHURWURV DXWRUHV VH UHILHUHQ
DHOORVFRPRJUXSRVRSULPLGRV(VHUUDGRVXSRQHUTXHODVPLQRUtDVVHFDUDFWHUL]DQ
VyOR SRU VX Q~PHUR DXQTXH VLQ GXGD FXDQWR PHQRV PLHPEURV WHQJD XQ JUXSR
PiV SUREDELOLGDGHV KDEUi GH TXH FRQIRUPH XQD EDVH GH SRGHU LQIHULRU 8QD
FRQVLGHUDFLyQFUXFLDOHVODTXHORVJUXSRVPLQRULWDULRVFRPSDUWHQYDORUHVFUHHQFLDV
30
\ SHUFHSFLRQHV VL HVWRVQR HVWiQ SUHVHQWHV GH PDQHUD FRQVFLHQWHOD H[LVWHQFLD GH
HVH JUXSR VHUi SVLFROyJLFDPHQWH SUHFDULD DXQTXH VRFLROyJLFDPHQWH UHDO (V D
PHQXGR HO UHFODPR FRQWUD ODV LQMXVWLFLDV \ ORV DEXVRV OR TXH DXPHQWD OD
FRPXQLFDFLyQ HQWUH ORV PLHPEURV DVt DOFDQ]DQ XQD SRVLFLyQ GH VROLGDULGDG 6HJ~Q
,ULV<RXQJORVJUXSRVRSULPLGRVHQORV(VWDGRV8QLGRVSDUHFHLQFOXLU DO GHOD
SREODFLyQ <RXQJ VRVWLHQH TXH VXIUHQ XQD R PiV IRUPDV GH RSUHVLyQ ORV VLJXLHQWHV
JUXSRV R PLQRUtDV ODV PXMHUHV ORV QHJURV OD SREODFLyQ DXWyFWRQD RULJLQDULD ORV
FKLFDQRV SRUWRUULTXHxRV \ RWURV HVWDGRXQLGHQVHV GH KDEOD KLVSDQD ORV
HVWDGRXQLGHQVHVGHRULJHQDVLiWLFRORVKRPRVH[XDOHVODVOHVELDQDVODFODVHREUHUD
ORV SREUHV ORV DQFLDQRV \ ODV SHUVRQDV PHQWDO \ ItVLFDPHQWH GLVFDSDFLWDGDV (Q
UHVXPHQVHWUDWDGHXQDPD\RUtDFRPSXHVWDSRUPLQRUtDV
3UHMXLFLR
$FWLWXG QHJDWLYD SUHGLVSRVLFLyQ D DGRSWDU XQ FRPSRUWDPLHQWR
QHJDWLYR KDFLD XQ JUXSR R KDFLD ORV PLHPEURV GH HVWH JUXSR TXH GHVFDQVD VREUH
XQD JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ HUUyQHD \ UtJLGD SRUTXH SRU XQD SDUWH QR FRQVLGHUD ODV
GLIHUHQFLDV LQGLYLGXDOHV H[LVWHQWHV HQ HO LQWHULRU GH FDGD JUXSR \ SRU RWUD HV XQD
DFWLWXG TXH HV PX\ GLItFLO GH HUUDGLFDU )UHFXHQWHPHQWH ORV SUHMXLFLRV VH FODVLILFDQ
VHJ~Q OD FDWHJRUtD VRFLDO TXH HV HO REMHWR GH OD JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ 3RU HMHPSOR HO
VH[LVPRHVHOSUHMXLFLRKDFLDODVPXMHUHVRKDFLDORVKRPEUHVHODQWLVHPLWLVPRHVHO
SUHMXLFLRKDFLDORVMXGtRV
5DFLVPR
&XDOTXLHU DFWLWXG R PDQLIHVWDFLyQ DFDGpPLFD SROtWLFD R FRWLGLDQD TXH
VXSRQJD DILUPDU R UHFRQRFHU GH IRUPD H[SOtFLWD R LPSOtFLWD WDQWR OD LQIHULRULGDG GH
DOJXQRV FROHFWLYRV pWQLFRV FRPR OD VXSHULRULGDG GHO FROHFWLYR SURSLR (O UDFLVPR
DGRSWDIRUPDVGLYHUVDVHQGLVWLQWRVSDtVHVHQIXQFLyQGHODKLVWRULDFXOWXUDXRWURV
IDFWRUHV DXQTXH FRPR QH[R FRP~Q VXHOH FRQOOHYDU GLVFULPLQDFLyQ VHJUHJDFLyQ
UHFKD]RDODFXOWXUDRORVYDORUHVDMHQRVSUDFWLFDQGRDELHUWDPHQWHODKRVWLOLGDGROD
YLROHQFLDKDFLDODYtFWLPDRVXFROHFWLYRPRVWUDQGRHQHOHVFODYLVPRJHQRFLGLR\HO
DSDUWKHLGVXVH[SUHVLRQHVPiVFULPLQDOHV

Algunas Consideraciones Sobre La Tolerancia y La Discriminación en Chile, Mayo de 2003 - Unidad de Apoyo Al Proceso Legislativo - Biblioteca Del Congreso Nacional 307

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Algunas Consideraciones Sobre La Tolerancia y La Discriminación en Chile, Mayo de 2003 - Unidad de Apoyo Al Proceso Legislativo - Biblioteca Del Congreso Nacional 307

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

%LEOLRWHFDGHO&RQJUHVR1DFLRQDOGH&KLOH

/RV FRQFHSWRV GH WROHUDQFLD \ GLVFULPLQDFLyQ QR

GLVFULPLQDFLyQ HQWHQGLGDVFRPRFRQGXFWDVVRFLDOHV VRQ SRUOR JHQHUDO

HVHQFLDOHVSDUDODSD]\OD GHPRFUDFLD (Q HVWH VHQWLGR HO JRELHUQR GH

&KLOHKDLPSOHPHQWDGR HO ³3ODQ QDFLRQDO SDUD VXSHUDU OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ

HQ DVSHFWRV WDOHV FRPR LJXDOGDG \ GHUHFKRV FLYLOHV QRUPDWLYD VREUH

H[WUDQMHURV LJXDOGDG GH ILOLDFLyQ QR GLVFULPLQDFLyQ HGXFDFLRQDO

LJXDOGDGGHFXOWRSURWHFFLyQGHORVFRQVXPLGRUHVHWF 3RU RWUD SDUWH

OD OHJLVODFLyQ QR FRQWHPSOD SURWHFFLyQ SDUD GLVFULPLQDFLRQHV SRU

/D 7ROHUDQFLD \ OD 'LVFULPLQDFLyQ VRQ DPERV FRQFHSWRV TXH JHQHUDQ

DOJXQRVVRVWLHQHQ TXH HVWRVFRQFHSWRVVRQHQ VtXQD YLUWXG RWURV HQ FDPELR GLFHQ

WRPDPRV ODV GHILQLFLRQHV HQWUHJDGDV SRU HO ³3URJUDPD 7ROHUDQFLD \ 1R

/D 7ROHUDQFLD HQWHQGLGD FRPR YLUWXG FRQVLVWH HVHQFLDOPHQWH HQ HO

SHUVRQDV\JUXSRVTXHFRPSRQHQXQDVRFLHGDGRXQDFRPXQLGDG(V OD VXSUHPDFtD

WDQWR LPSOLFD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ D VXV RSLQLRQHV FUHHQFLDV R SUiFWLFDV DXQTXH QR VH

FRPSDUWDQFRQVLGHUDFLyQTXHQRGHEHVXSRQHUDFHSWDUODYLRODFLyQ GHORV GHUHFKRV

SHUVRQDVTXHVRQGLVWLQWDVSRUUD]RQHVItVLFDVVRFLDOHV R VH[XDOHV TXHLPSOLFDXQD

/D 'LVFULPLQDFLyQ HQ FDPELR HV HQWHQGLGD FRPR WRGD IRUPD GH

PHQRVSUHFLR GLVWLQFLyQ R H[FOXVLyQ UHVWULFFLyQ R SUHIHUHQFLD KHFKD  FRQ R VLQ

GHVFHQGHQFLD RULJHQ pWQLFR HGDG RULHQWDFLyQ VH[XDO R FXDOTXLHU FDUDFWHUtVWLFD

'LVFULPLQDFLyQ WUDWR LJXDOLWDULR HV FRQVLGHUDGD XQD FRQGLFLyQ HVHQFLDO SDUD OD

• 'LVFULPLQDFLRQHV SRU UD]RQHV GH JpQHUR HGDG RULJHQ pWQLFR QDFLRQDOLGDG

HQIHUPHGDG GLVFDSDFLGDG LGHQWLGDG VH[XDO \ FRQGLFLyQ VRFLRHFRQyPLFD

WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV SURIXQGDV H[SUHVDGDV HQ OD JOREDOL]DFLyQ \ ORV DYDQFHV

SURFHVR GH JOREDOL]DFLyQ GH LQGLYLGXDOL]DFLyQ \ UHIRUPXODFLyQ GH ODV LGHQWLGDGHV

,, 3/$1 1$&,21$/ 3$5$ 683(5$5 /$ ',6&5,0,1$&,Ï1 (1 &+,/(

(V XQ ³LQVWUXPHQWR GH RUJDQL]DFLyQ SDUD OD DFFLyQ PHGLDQWH OD

SURSXHVWD GH HVWUDWHJLDV \ UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV SUHFLVDV SDUDORV RUJDQLVPRV S~EOLFRV

(O SURSyVLWR IXQGDPHQWDO GHO 3ODQ HV FRQWULEXLU D OD GLVPLQXFLyQ

WUDQVIRUPDU OD VLWXDFLyQ GH GLVFULPLQDFLyQ \ FRQWULEXLU MXQWR FRQ ODV

/RV GHUHFKRV HFRQyPLFRV VRFLDOHV\ FXOWXUDOHVGHEHQ VHU DVHJXUDGRV DWRGD

ItVLFR LGLRPD UHOLJLyQ SRVLFLyQ HFRQyPLFD R FRQGLFLyQ VRFLDO \ RULHQWDFLyQ

GLVFULPLQDFLyQ DGHPiV GH UHVSHWDU \ SUHVHUYDU OD LGHQWLGDG SURSLD GH OD

/D 5HG ,QWHUPLQLVWHULDO LQWHJUDGD SRU  0LQLVWHULRV \ 6HUYLFLRV PiV

3RURWUDSDUWHOD 5HG &LXGDGDQD 0XOWLFXOWXUDO FRQ OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH

GLVFDSDFLGDG HWQLDV DGXOWRV PD\RUHV PLQRUtDV UHOLJLRVDV PLQRUtDV VH[XDOHV

(Q FRQMXQWR DPEDV UHGHV GH WUDEDMR HODERUDURQ SURSXHVWDV SDUD HO

• (OLPLQDU ORV HVWHUHRWLSRV UDFLVWDV FODVLVWDV VH[LVWDV \ SURPRYHU OD GLIXVLyQ

MyYHQHV GH VHFWRUHV SRSXODUHV ODV PLQRUtDV UHOLJLRVDV VH[XDOHV \ ODV

• 3URPRYHUHQHOVLVWHPDHGXFDWLYROD LQFRUSRUDFLyQ GHQRFLRQHV FRQWHQLGRV \

DIHFWDGRV SRU OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ SHUVRQDV FRQ GLVFDSDFLGDG HQIHUPRV FRQ

5HVSHFWR D HVWH SXQWR FRQVLGHUDPRV LQWHUHVDQWH UHSURGXFLU HO

PiVHOFUpGLWREDQFDULRDODVPXMHUHV(OtQGLFH GH SRWHQFLDFLyQ GH JpQHUR FRQWLQ~D

(Q HVWD OyJLFD FRQVLGHUDQGR FRPR REMHWLYR SULRULWDULR GHO 318' OD

/D UHJLyQ ODWLQRDPHULFDQD HV WDPELpQ SDUWtFLSH GHO PRYLPLHQWR GH

GHVWDFDUOD ILQDQFLDFLyQ GHXQ HVWXGLR GH SUHVXSXHVWRVPXQLFLSDOHV FRQ SHUVSHFWLYD

$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ SUHVHQWDPRV SDUWH GHO LQIRUPH ³(O 'HUHFKR D OD

SREODFLyQ \ D OD IDPLOLD SURSHQGHU DO IRUWDOHFLPLHQWR GH pVWD SURPRYHU OD

• ³(OHMHUFLFLRGHOD VREHUDQtD UHFRQRFH FRPR OLPLWDFLyQ HO UHVSHWR D ORV GHUHFKRV

(VWDGR UHVSHWDU \ SURPRYHU WDOHV GHUHFKRV JDUDQWL]DGRV SRU HVWD &RQVWLWXFLyQ

• ³/D&RQVWLWXFLyQDVHJXUDDWRGDVODV SHUVRQDV /D LJXDOGDG DQWH OD OH\ (Q &KLOH

HMHUFLGRLQIOXHQFLDHQODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQHVWUHFKD TXH EXHQD SDUWH GH ODGRFWULQD \ OD

$FRQWLQXDFLyQHO DUW GHO PLVPR FXHUSROHJDO H[SUHVD ³/D OH\QR

UHVLGHQFLD SHUPDQHQFLD GHILQLWLYD HJUHVR UHLQJUHVR H[SXOVLyQ \ FRQWURO GH

HQHO'LDULR2ILFLDOGHOGHGLFLHPEUHGH   (VXVXDO TXH OD QRUPDWLYD HVSHFLDO

FRQGXFWDV \ IRUPDV PiV R PHQRV YHODGDV GH UDFLVPR [HQRIRELD R GLVFULPLQDFLyQ

')/1GHVLQSHUMXLFLRGHODVGLVSRVLFLRQHVGHO '/  TXHOHV VHDQ

HMHUFHUi VXV DWULEXFLRQHV GLVFUHFLRQDOPHQWH ³DWHQGLpQGRVH HQ HVSHFLDO D OD

+R\ GtD H[LVWH OD ILOLDFLyQ PDWULPRQLDO OD QR PDWULPRQLDO \ OD

1R REVWDQWH OD LQGLVFXWLEOH LJXDOGDG MXUtGLFD GH KRPEUHV \ PXMHUHV

HVWDEOHFHQ GHEHUHV SHUVRQDOHV UHFtSURFRV \ HTXLYDOHQWHV UHVSHWR SURWHFFLyQ

IDPLOLDUHV (QWUH RWURV DVHJXUDU ORV PLVPRV GHUHFKRV \ UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV FRPR

H ,JXDOGDG HQWUH ODV LJOHVLDV \ HQWUH ODV SHUVRQDV TXH SURIHVDQ

GLVFULPLQDFLyQHQWHQGLGDVFRPRFRQGXFWDVVRFLDOHV VRQ SRUOR JHQHUDO

HVHQFLDOHVSDUDODSD]\OD GHPRFUDFLD (Q HVWH VHQWLGR HO JRELHUQR GH

&KLOHKDLPSOHPHQWDGR HO ³3ODQ QDFLRQDO SDUD VXSHUDU OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ

HQ DVSHFWRV WDOHV FRPR LJXDOGDG \ GHUHFKRV FLYLOHV QRUPDWLYD VREUH

H[WUDQMHURV LJXDOGDG GH ILOLDFLyQ QR GLVFULPLQDFLyQ HGXFDFLRQDO

LJXDOGDGGHFXOWRSURWHFFLyQGHORVFRQVXPLGRUHVHWF 3RU RWUD SDUWH

/D 7ROHUDQFLD \ OD 'LVFULPLQDFLyQ VRQ DPERV FRQFHSWRV TXH JHQHUDQ

DOJXQRVVRVWLHQHQ TXH HVWRVFRQFHSWRVVRQHQ VtXQD YLUWXG RWURV HQ FDPELR GLFHQ

/D 7ROHUDQFLD HQWHQGLGD FRPR YLUWXG FRQVLVWH HVHQFLDOPHQWH HQ HO

SHUVRQDV\JUXSRVTXHFRPSRQHQXQDVRFLHGDGRXQDFRPXQLGDG(V OD VXSUHPDFtD

WDQWR LPSOLFD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ D VXV RSLQLRQHV FUHHQFLDV R SUiFWLFDV DXQTXH QR VH

FRPSDUWDQFRQVLGHUDFLyQTXHQRGHEHVXSRQHUDFHSWDUODYLRODFLyQ GHORV GHUHFKRV

SHUVRQDVTXHVRQGLVWLQWDVSRUUD]RQHVItVLFDVVRFLDOHV R VH[XDOHV TXHLPSOLFDXQD

/D 'LVFULPLQDFLyQ HQ FDPELR HV HQWHQGLGD FRPR WRGD IRUPD GH

PHQRVSUHFLR GLVWLQFLyQ R H[FOXVLyQ UHVWULFFLyQ R SUHIHUHQFLD KHFKD FRQ R VLQ

GHVFHQGHQFLD RULJHQ pWQLFR HGDG RULHQWDFLyQ VH[XDO R FXDOTXLHU FDUDFWHUtVWLFD

• 'LVFULPLQDFLRQHV SRU UD]RQHV GH JpQHUR HGDG RULJHQ pWQLFR QDFLRQDOLGDG

HQIHUPHGDG GLVFDSDFLGDG LGHQWLGDG VH[XDO \ FRQGLFLyQ VRFLRHFRQyPLFD

WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV SURIXQGDV H[SUHVDGDV HQ OD JOREDOL]DFLyQ \ ORV DYDQFHV

SURFHVR GH JOREDOL]DFLyQ GH LQGLYLGXDOL]DFLyQ \ UHIRUPXODFLyQ GH ODV LGHQWLGDGHV

,, 3/$1 1$&,21$/ 3$5$ 683(5$5 /$ ',6&5,0,1$&,Ï1 (1 &+,/(

(V XQ ³LQVWUXPHQWR GH RUJDQL]DFLyQ SDUD OD DFFLyQ PHGLDQWH OD

WUDQVIRUPDU OD VLWXDFLyQ GH GLVFULPLQDFLyQ \ FRQWULEXLU MXQWR FRQ ODV

/RV GHUHFKRV HFRQyPLFRV VRFLDOHV\ FXOWXUDOHVGHEHQ VHU DVHJXUDGRV DWRGD

ItVLFR LGLRPD UHOLJLyQ SRVLFLyQ HFRQyPLFD R FRQGLFLyQ VRFLDO \ RULHQWDFLyQ

GLVFULPLQDFLyQ DGHPiV GH UHVSHWDU \ SUHVHUYDU OD LGHQWLGDG SURSLD GH OD

/D 5HG ,QWHUPLQLVWHULDO LQWHJUDGD SRU 0LQLVWHULRV \ 6HUYLFLRV PiV

3RURWUDSDUWHOD 5HG &LXGDGDQD 0XOWLFXOWXUDO FRQ OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH

GLVFDSDFLGDG HWQLDV DGXOWRV PD\RUHV PLQRUtDV UHOLJLRVDV PLQRUtDV VH[XDOHV

(Q FRQMXQWR DPEDV UHGHV GH WUDEDMR HODERUDURQ SURSXHVWDV SDUD HO

• (OLPLQDU ORV HVWHUHRWLSRV UDFLVWDV FODVLVWDV VH[LVWDV \ SURPRYHU OD GLIXVLyQ

MyYHQHV GH VHFWRUHV SRSXODUHV ODV PLQRUtDV UHOLJLRVDV VH[XDOHV \ ODV

• 3URPRYHUHQHOVLVWHPDHGXFDWLYROD LQFRUSRUDFLyQ GHQRFLRQHV FRQWHQLGRV \

DIHFWDGRV SRU OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ SHUVRQDV FRQ GLVFDSDFLGDG HQIHUPRV FRQ

5HVSHFWR D HVWH SXQWR FRQVLGHUDPRV LQWHUHVDQWH UHSURGXFLU HO

PiVHOFUpGLWREDQFDULRDODVPXMHUHV(OtQGLFH GH SRWHQFLDFLyQ GH JpQHUR FRQWLQ~D

(Q HVWD OyJLFD FRQVLGHUDQGR FRPR REMHWLYR SULRULWDULR GHO 318' OD

$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ SUHVHQWDPRV SDUWH GHO LQIRUPH ³(O 'HUHFKR D OD

SREODFLyQ \ D OD IDPLOLD SURSHQGHU DO IRUWDOHFLPLHQWR GH pVWD SURPRYHU OD

(VWDGR UHVSHWDU \ SURPRYHU WDOHV GHUHFKRV JDUDQWL]DGRV SRU HVWD &RQVWLWXFLyQ

• ³/D&RQVWLWXFLyQDVHJXUDDWRGDVODV SHUVRQDV /D LJXDOGDG DQWH OD OH\ (Q &KLOH

$FRQWLQXDFLyQHO DUW GHO PLVPR FXHUSROHJDO H[SUHVD ³/D OH\QR

UHVLGHQFLD SHUPDQHQFLD GHILQLWLYD HJUHVR UHLQJUHVR H[SXOVLyQ \ FRQWURO GH

HQHO'LDULR2ILFLDOGHOGHGLFLHPEUHGH (VXVXDO TXH OD QRUPDWLYD HVSHFLDO

FRQGXFWDV \ IRUPDV PiV R PHQRV YHODGDV GH UDFLVPR [HQRIRELD R GLVFULPLQDFLyQ

')/1GHVLQSHUMXLFLRGHODVGLVSRVLFLRQHVGHO '/ TXHOHV VHDQ

HMHUFHUi VXV DWULEXFLRQHV GLVFUHFLRQDOPHQWH ³DWHQGLpQGRVH HQ HVSHFLDO D OD

+R\ GtD H[LVWH OD ILOLDFLyQ PDWULPRQLDO OD QR PDWULPRQLDO \ OD

1R REVWDQWH OD LQGLVFXWLEOH LJXDOGDG MXUtGLFD GH KRPEUHV \ PXMHUHV

HVWDEOHFHQ GHEHUHV SHUVRQDOHV UHFtSURFRV \ HTXLYDOHQWHV UHVSHWR SURWHFFLyQ

IDPLOLDUHV (QWUH RWURV DVHJXUDU ORV PLVPRV GHUHFKRV \ UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV FRPR

H ,JXDOGDG HQWUH ODV LJOHVLDV \ HQWUH ODV SHUVRQDV TXH SURIHVDQ

FRQVWLWXFLyQDVHJXUDDWRGDVODVSHUVRQDVDUW\TXHHVH[SUHVLyQGHODOLEHUWDG

GH $QWLRTXtD R ODV GHQRPLQDFLRQHV HYDQJpOLFDV MXGtDV LVOiPLFDV X RWUDV

GHUHFKRV H[HQFLRQHV \ EHQHILFLRV WULEXWDULRV TXH OD &RQVWLWXFLyQ 3ROtWLFD GH OD

5HS~EOLFDODVOH\HV\UHJODPHQWRV YLJHQWHV RWRUJXHQ \ UHFRQR]FDQ D RWUDVLJOHVLDV

)LQDOPHQWHODLJXDOGDGGHORVFXOWRVVHH[SUHVDD QLYHO LQGLYLGXDO FRQ

UHOLJLRVDVQLWDPSRFRSRGUiQpVWDVLQYRFDUVHFRPRPRWLYRSDUD VXSULPLU UHVWULQJLU

ORV SULQFLSLRV GH ODVOH\HVODERUDOHV ODV GLVFULPLQDFLRQHV H[FOXVLRQHV R SUHIHUHQFLDV

QDFLRQDOLGDGX RULJHQ VRFLDO (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD QLQJ~Q HPSOHDGRU SRGUi FRQGLFLRQDU

5HVSHFWR GH ORV GHUHFKRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD PDWHUQLGDG TXH HO

GHVSXpV GHO SDUWR UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH SHUPLVR SDUD DPDPDQWDU \ SRU HQIHUPHGDG

FRQWUDWDFLyQEDMRHOVXSXHVWRTXHQRHV FRQYHQLHQWH FRQWUDWDU D PXMHUHV SXHV VRQ

FRQWUDWDFLyQ GH WUDEDMDGRUDV VX SHUPDQHQFLD R UHQRYDFLyQ GH FRQWUDWR R OD

RSLQLyQ RULJHQ QDFLRQDO R VRFLDO FRQGLFLyQ HFRQyPLFD QDFLPLHQWR X RWUD FRQGLFLyQ

WUDWRHQPDWHULDGHHQVHxDQ]DQRWLHQHXQD FRQVDJUDFLyQ H[SUHVD HQ OD OHJLVODFLyQ

1GHOD&3(SXHVWDOGHUHFKRQRSXHGHVHUFRQFHELGRVLQRFRPR HO GHUHFKR

HYDOXDFLyQ OD GLVFLSOLQD HVFRODU OD GLVSRVLFLyQ GH OD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD \ HO

6REUHHVWHSXQWRVHKDGDGRXQD SXJQD XQWDQWR DUWLILFLRVD GHULYDGD

HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRV HGXFDFLRQDOHV TXH GLUHFWD R LQGLUHFWDPHQWH WLHQH D VX FDUJR VLQR

(VWDGR VLQR D WRGD SHUVRQD LQVWLWXFLyQ R JUXSR LQFOX\HQGR D VRVWHQHGRUHV

/D /H\ 2UJiQLFD &RQVWLWXFLRQDO GH (QVHxDQ]D 1 SXEOLFDGD HQ

SUHVFULEH³(OHPEDUD]R\ODPDWHUQLGDG QRFRQVWLWXLUiQLPSHGLPHQWR SDUD LQJUHVDU

SURWHFFLyQ GH WLHUUDV HGXFDFLyQ LQWHUFXOWXUDO SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH ODV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV

FRPHUFLDOHV \ SDWULPRQLDOHV UHODWLYRV DO GRPLQLR LQPRELOLDULR SULYDGR ODV

/H\ GLVSRQH ³6H FRQVLGHUDUi IDOWD OD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ PDQLILHVWD H LQWHQFLRQDGD HQ

RFXOWDRLQGLUHFWDHVWDQ LQMXVWD SDUD HO GHUHFKR FRPROD TXH HVPDQLILHVWD\ GRV

JLURVHQODVFRQGLFLRQHVRIUHFLGDV´(Q HVWD~OWLPD GLVSRVLFLyQ HV SRVLEOH UHODFLRQDU

³/RV HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRV HGXFDFLRQDOHV RUJDQLVPRV S~EOLFRV \ SULYDGRV

GLVFDSDFLGDG D REMHWR GH DVHJXUDU VX LQGHSHQGHQFLD GHVDUUROOR SHUVRQDO HMHUFLFLR