I.

Introduction
1. Foundations of Physiology

II. Physiology of Cells and Molecules

2. Functional Organization of the Cell
A. STRUCTURE OF BIOLOGIC MEMBRANES
B. FUNCTION OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS
C. CELLULAR ORGANELLES AND THE CYTOSKELETON
D. SYNTHESIS AND RECYCLING OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS
E. SPECIALIZED CELL TYPES

3. Physiology of Membranes
A. THE INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS
B. TRANSPORT OF SOLUTES AND WATER ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES
C. REGULATION OF INTRACELLULAR ION CONCENTRATIONS
D. WATER TRANSPORT AND THE REGULATION OF CELL VOLUME
E. EPITHELIAL TRANSPORT

4. Signal Transduction
A. MECHANISMS OF CELLULAR COMMUNICATION
B. RECEPTORS THAT ARE ION CHANNELS
C. RECEPTORS LINKED TO G PROTEINS

i) General Properties of G Proteins

ii) G-Protein Second Messengers: Cyclic Nucleotides
iii) G-Protein Second Messengers: Products of Phosphoinositide Breakdown
iv) G-Protein Second Messengers: Arachidonic Acid Metabolites
D. RECEPTORS THAT ARE CATALYTIC
E. INTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS

5. Regulation of Gene Expression

A. FROM GENES TO PROTEINS
B. GENE STRUCTURE
C. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
D. REGULATION OF INDUCIBLE GENE EXPRESSION BY SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION
PATHWAYS
E. REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY CHANGES IN DNA STRUCTURE
F. POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION

6. Electrophysiology of the Cell Membrane

A. IONIC BASIS OF MEMBRANE POTENTIALS
B. ELECTRICAL MODEL OF A CELL MEMBRANE
C. MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY OF ION CHANNELS

7. Electrical Excitability and Action Potentials

A. MECHANISMS OF NERVE AND MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIALS
B. PHYSIOLOGY OF VOLTAGE-GATED CHANNELS
C. PROPAGATION OF ACTION POTENTIALS

8. Synaptic Transmission and the Neuromuscular Junction

A. MECHANISMS OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
B. SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AT THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
C. TOXINS AND DRUGS AFFECTING SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION

9. Cellular Physiology of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle

A. EXCITATION OF MUSCLE CELLS
B. MUSCLE CONTRACTION
C. EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING
D. TERMINATING CONTRACTION
E. REGULATING MUSCLE CONTRACTION
F. DIVERSITY AMONG MUSCLES

III. Cellular Physiology of the Nervous System

10. Organization of the Nervous System
A. CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
B. DEVELOPMENT OF NEURONS AND GLIAL CELLS
C. SUBDIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

11. Physiology of Neurons

A. SIGNAL CONDUCTION IN DENDRITES
B. CONTROL OF SPIKING PATTERNS IN THE SOMA
C. AXONAL CONDUCTION

12. Synaptic Transmission in the Nervous System

A. NEURONAL SYNAPSES
B. NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS OF THE BRAIN
C. FAST, AMINO ACID-MEDIATED SYNAPSES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
D. PLASTICITY OF CENTRAL SYNAPSES

13. Sensory Transduction

A. CHEMORECEPTION
B. VISUAL TRANSDUCTION
C. AUDITORY AND VESTIBULAR TRANSDUCTION: HAIR CELLS
D. SOMATIC SENSORY RECEPTORS, PROPRIOCEPTION, AND PAIN

14. Circuits of the Central Nervous System

A. ELEMENTS OF NEURAL CIRCUITS
B. SIMPLE, STEREOTYPED RESPONSES: SPINAL REFLEX CIRCUITS
C. RHYTHMIC ACTIVITY: CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATORS
D. SPATIAL REPRESENTATIONS: SENSORY AND MOTOR MAPS IN THE BRAIN
E. TEMPORAL REPRESENTATIONS: TIME-MEASURING CIRCUITS

15. The Autonomic Nervous System

A. ORGANIZATION OF THE VISCERAL CONTROL SYSTEM
B. SYNAPTIC PHYSIOLOGY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
C. CNS CONTROL OF THE VISCERA

16. The Neuronal Microenvironment

A. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
B. BRAIN EXTRACELLULAR SPACE
C. THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
D. GLIAL CELLS

IV. The Cardiovascular System

17. Organization of the Cardiovascular System
A. ELEMENTS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
B. HEMODYNAMICS
C. HOW BLOOD FLOWS
D. ORIGINS OF PRESSURE IN THE CIRCULATION
E. HOW TO MEASURE BLOOD PRESSURE, BLOOD FLOW, AND CARDIAC
VOLUMES
F. HEMOSTASIS AND FIBRINOLYSIS

18. Arteries and Veins

A. THE ARTERIAL-DISTRIBUTION AND VENOUS-COLLECTION SYSTEMS
B. ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF BLOOD VESSELS

19. The Microcirculation

A. CAPILLARY EXCHANGE OF SOLUTES
B. CAPILLARY EXCHANGE OF WATER
C. LYMPHATICS
D. REGULATION OF THE MICROCIRCULATION

20. Cardiac Electrophysiology and the Electrocardiogram

A. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIAC CELLS
B. THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
C. CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS

21. The Heart as a Pump

A. THE CARDIAC CYCLE
B. CARDIAC DYNAMICS
C. FROM CONTRACTILE FILAMENTS TO A REGULATED PUMP

22. Regulation of Arterial Pressure and Cardiac Output

A. SHORT-TERM REGULATION OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE
B. REGULATION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT
C. MATCHING OF VENOUS RETURN AND CARDIAC OUTPUT
D. INTERMEDIATE AND LONG-TERM CONTROL OF THE CIRCULATION

23. Special Circulations

A. THE BRAIN
B. THE HEART
C. THE SKELETAL MUSCLE
D. THE SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION
E. THE SKIN

24. Integrated Control of the Cardiovascular System

A. INTERACTION AMONG THE DIFFERENT CARDIOVASCULAR CONTROL
SYSTEMS
B. RESPONSE TO ERECT POSTURE
C. RESPONSES TO ACUTE EMOTIONAL STRESS
D. RESPONSE TO EXERCISE
E. RESPONSE TO HEMORRHAGE

V. The Respiratory System

25. Organization of the Respiratory System
A. COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION
B. ORGANIZATION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS

26. Mechanics of Respiration

A. LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES
B. STATIC PROPERTIES OF THE LUNG
C. DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE LUNG

27. Acid-Base Physiology

A. pH AND BUFFERS
B. ACID-BASE CHEMISTRY WHEN IS THE ONLY BUFFER
C. ACID-BASE CHEMISTRY IN THE PRESENCE OF AND BUFFERS-THE
DAVENPORT DIAGRAM
D. pH REGULATION OF INTRACELLULAR FLUID

28. Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood

A. CARRIAGE OF O2
B. CARRIAGE OF CO2

29. Gas Exchange in the Lungs

A. DIFFUSION OF GASES
B. DIFFUSION AND PERFUSION LIMITATIONS ON GAS TRANSPORT

30. Ventilation and Perfusion of the Lungs

A. VENTILATION
B. PERFUSION OF THE LUNG
C. MATCHING VENTILATION AND PERFUSION

31. Control of Ventilation

A. OVERVIEW OF THE RESPIRATORY CONTROL SYSTEM

B. LOCATION OF NEURONS THAT CONTROL RESPIRATORY OUTPUT

C. MECHANISMS OF GENERATION OF RHYTHMIC RESPIRATORY OUTPUT
D. CHEMICAL CONTROL OF VENTILATION

i) Peripheral Chemoreceptors
ii) Central Chemoreceptors
E. INTEGRATED RESPONSES TO HYPOXIA, HYPERCAPNIA, AND ACIDOSIS
F. MODULATION OF RESPIRATORY OUTPUT

VI. The Urinary System

32. Organization of the Urinary System
A. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEY
B. MAIN ELEMENTS OF RENAL FUNCTION
C. MEASURING RENAL CLEARANCE AND TRANSPORT
D. THE URETERS AND BLADDER

33. Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow

A. GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
B. RENAL BLOOD FLOW
C. CONTROL OF RENAL BLOOD FLOW AND GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

34. Transport of Sodium and Chloride

A. Na+ AND Cl- TRANSPORT BY THE NEPHRON
B. REGULATION OF Na+ AND Cl- TRANSPORT

35. Transport of Urea, Glucose, Phosphate, Calcium, Magnesium, and Organic

Solutes
A. UREA
B. GLUCOSE
C. OTHER ORGANIC SOLUTES
D. CALCIUM
E. MAGNESIUM

36. Transport of Potassium

A. POTASSIUM BALANCE AND THE OVERALL RENAL HANDLING OF
POTASSIUM
B. POTASSIUM HANDLING BY DIFFERENT SEGMENTS OF THE NEPHRON
C. POTASSIUM TRANSPORT AT THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LEVEL
D. REGULATION OF RENAL POTASSIUM EXCRETION

37. Urine Concentration and Dilution

A. SITES OF WATER MOVEMENT
B. GENERATING A HYPEROSMOTIC MEDULLA AND URINE
C. REGULATION BY ARGININE VASOPRESSIN

38. Transport of Acids and Bases

A. ACID-BASE BALANCE AND THE OVERALL RENAL HANDLING OF H+
B. ACID-BASE HANDLING BY DIFFERENT SEGMENTS OF THE NEPHRON
C. ACID-BASE TRANSPORT AT THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LEVEL
D. REGULATION OF RENAL ACID SECRETION

39. Integration of Salt and Water Balance

A. CONTROL OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME
B. CONTROL OF WATER CONTENT

VII. The Gastrointestinal System

40. Organization of the Gastrointestinal System
A. OVERVIEW OF DIGESTIVE PROCESSES
B. REGULATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION
C. GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY

41. Gastric Function

A. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE STOMACH
B. ACID SECRETION

C. PEPSINOGEN SECRETION
D. PROTECTION OF THE GASTRIC SURFACE EPITHELIUM AND
NEUTRALIZATION OF ACID IN THE DUODENUM
E. FILLING AND EMPTYING OF THE STOMACH

42. Pancreatic and Salivary Glands

A. OVERVIEW OF EXOCRINE GLAND PHYSIOLOGY
B. PANCREATIC ACINAR CELL
C. PANCREATIC DUCT CELL
D. COMPOSITION, FUNCTION, AND CONTROL OF PANCREATIC SECRETION
E. SALIVARY ACINAR CELL
F. SALIVARY DUCT CELL
G. COMPOSITION, FUNCTION, AND CONTROL OF SALIVARY SECRETION

43. Intestinal Fluid and Electrolyte Movement

A. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
B. OVERVIEW OF FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE MOVEMENT IN THE INTESTINES
C. CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF Na+ ABSORPTION
D. CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF Cl- ABSORPTION AND SECRETION
E. CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF K+ ABSORPTION AND SECRETION
F. REGULATION OF INTESTINAL ION TRANSPORT

44. Nutrient Digestion and Absorption

A. CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION
B. CARBOHYDRATE ABSORPTION
C. PROTEIN DIGESTION
D. PROTEIN, PEPTIDE, AND AMINO ACID ABSORPTION
E. LIPID DIGESTION
F. LIPID ABSORPTION
G. DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS AND
MINERALS

45. Hepatobiliary Function

A. OVERVIEW OF LIVER PHYSIOLOGY
B. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE LIVER AND BILIARY TREE
C. UPTAKE, PROCESSING, AND SECRETION OF COMPOUNDS BY HEPATOCYTES
D. BILE FORMATION
E. ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION OF BILE ACIDS
F. THE LIVER AS A METABOLIC ORGAN

VIII. The Endocrine System

46. Organization of Endocrine Control
A. PRINCIPLES OF ENDOCRINE FUNCTION
B. PEPTIDE HORMONES
C. AMINE HORMONES
D. STEROID AND THYROID HORMONES

47. The Endocrine Regulation of Growth

A. GROWTH HORMONE
B. GROWTH-PROMOTING HORMONES

48. The Thyroid Gland

A. SYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONES
B. ACTION OF THYROID HORMONES
C. THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-THYROID AXIS

49. The Adrenal Gland

A. THE ADRENAL CORTEX: CORTISOL
B. THE ADRENAL CORTEX: ALDOSTERONE
C. THE ADRENAL MEDULLA

50. The Endocrine Pancreas

A. INSULIN

B. GLUCAGON
C. SOMATOSTATIN

51. The Parathyroid Glands and Vitamin D

A. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE
B. PARATHYROID HORMONE
C. VITAMIN D
D. CALCITONIN AND OTHER HORMONES

IX. The Reproductive System

52. Sexual Differentiation
A. GENETIC ASPECTS OF SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION
B. DIFFERENTIATION OF THE GONADS
C. DIFFERENTIATION OF THE INTERNAL GENITAL DUCTS
D. DIFFERENTIATION OF THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA
E. ENDOCRINE AND PARACRINE CONTROL MECHANISMS IN SEXUAL
DIFFERENTIATION

53. The Male Reproductive System

A. PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT AND MALE SECONDARY SEXUAL
CHARACTERISTICS
B. HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-GONADAL AXIS AND CONTROL OF MALE
SEXUAL FUNCTIONS
C. THE PRODUCTION, METABOLISM, AND ACTION OF TESTOSTERONE
D. BIOLOGY OF SPERMATOGENESIS AND SEMEN
E. MALE SEX ACT

54. The Female Reproductive System

A. PUBERTY
B. HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-GONADAL AXIS AND CONTROL OF THE
FEMALE MENSTRUAL RHYTHM
C. THE OVARIAN STEROIDS

D. THE OVARIAN CYCLE: FOLLICULOGENESIS, OVULATION, AND FORMATION

OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM
E. THE ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE
F. THE FEMALE SEX ACT
G. MENOPAUSE

55. Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Lactation

A. TRANSPORT OF GAMETES AND FERTILIZATION
B. IMPLANTATION OF THE DEVELOPING EMBRYO
C. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PLACENTA
D. THE MATERNAL-PLACENTAL-FETAL UNIT
E. RESPONSE OF THE MOTHER TO PREGNANCY
F. PARTURITION
G. LACTATION

56. Fetal and Neonatal Physiology

A. BIOLOGY OF FETAL GROWTH
B. DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION OF THE CARDIOPULMONARY SYSTEM
C. CARDIOPULMONARY ADJUSTMENTS AT BIRTH
D. NEONATAL PHYSIOLOGY

X. The Physiology of Everyday Life

57. Metabolism and Nutrition
A. ENERGY BALANCE
B. ENERGY STORAGE
C. ENERGY LIBERATION
D. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
E. REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE

58. Regulation of Body Temperature

A. HEAT AND TEMPERATURE: THE ADVANTAGES OF HOMEOTHERMY

B. MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

C. ACTIVE REGULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER
D. HYPERTHERMIA, HYPOTHERMIA, AND FEVER

59. Exercise Physiology and Sports Science

A. MUSCLE WORK AND FATIGUE
B. CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY TO MECHANICAL WORK
C. FACTORS LIMITING MAXIMAL O2 UPTAKE
D. INTERACTION BETWEEN EXERCISE AND CONTROL OF EFFECTIVE
CIRCULATING VOLUME AND TEMPERATURE
E. AEROBIC TRAINING

60. Environmental Physiology

A. DIVING PHYSIOLOGY
B. HIGH-ALTITUDE PHYSIOLOGY
C. FLIGHT AND SPACE PHYSIOLOGY