Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Çivasütras
The sütras below are called Çivasütras. According to tradition, these sütras
came out of Lord Çiva's òamaru (drum) during his täëòava (dance of ecstasy)
and Mahaåñi Päëini recorded them. The entire Sanskrit grammar is based on
these Çivasütras.
1. A # % ([! )
2. \ ¤ (k! )
3. @ Aae ('! )
4. @e AaE (c! )
5. h y v r (q! )
6. l ([! )
7. | m ' [ n (m! )
8. H É (|! )
9. " F x (;! )
10. j b g f d (z! )
11. o ) D Q w c q t (v! )
12. k p (y! )
13. z ; s (r! )
14. h (l! )
Birds Eye View
13. zaSÇai[
Scriptures
12. siNx> 1. A]rai[
Combination Alphabets
Almost all the consonants drop their vertical line and the slanting line that
are below them to form half consonants. Note that their pronunciation does
not change due to this modification.
1. k! = K 18. d! = -
2. o! = O 19. x! = X
3. g! = G 20. n! = N
4. "! = ¸ 21. p! = P
5. '! = - 22. )! = á
6. c! = C 23. b! = B
7. D! = - 24. É! = _
8. j! = J 25. m! = M
9. H! = H 26. y! = Y
10. |! = Á 27. r! = R
11. q! = - 28. l! = L
12. Q! = - 29. v! = V
13. f! = - 30. z! = Z
14. F! = - 31. ;! = :
15. [! = { 32. s! = S
16. t! = T 33. h! = -
17. w! = W
Observe that some of consonants do not have any vertical lines in them and
therefore do not change. For example: q! Q! F! and d! .
Textbook 5
k! + A = k
k! + Aa = ka
k! + # = ik
k! + $ = kI
k! + % = k
k! + ^ = kª
k! + \ = k«
k! + § = k©
k! + ¤ =
k! + @ = ke
k! + @e = kE
k! + Aae = kae
k! + AaE = kaE
With anusvära ( . ) and visarga (> ), the forms are:
k! + A< = k<
k! + A> = k>
³
6 Sulabha Saàskåtam
g! g ga ig gI gu gU g& g¨ g
¤ ge gE gae gaE g< g>
"! " "a i" "I "u "U "& "¨ " "e "E "ae "aE "< ">
¤
'! ' 'a i' 'I 'u 'U '& '¨ '
¤ 'e 'E 'ae 'aE '< '>
1. k + k = Kk 18. c! + D = CD
2. k + t = Kt 19. c! + m = Cm
3. k + n = Kn 20. c! + y = Cy
4. k + m = Km 21. j! + j = Jj
5. k + y = Ky 22. j! + v = Jv
6. k + l = Kl 23. j! + y = Jy
7. k + v = Kv 24. |! + D = ÁD
8. o! + y = Oy 25. Q!! + y = Q(
9. g! + [ = G[ 26. f!! + y = f!y
10. g! + x = Gx 27. F!! + y = F!y
11. g! + n = Gn 28. [!! + q = {q
12. g! + m = Gm 29. [!! + Q = {Q
13. g! + y = Gy 30. [!! + f = {f
14. g! + l = Gl 31. [!! + F = {F
15. g! + v = Gv 32. [!! + [ = {[
16. "! + n = ¸n 33. [! + m = {m
17. c! + c = Cc 34. [!! + y = {y
Textbook 9
Note the following conjunct consonants. Their forms make them unique.
177. k + ; = ] 179. j! + | = }
178. t!! + r = Ç
Given below are a few conjunct consonants that are formed by the combination
of three consonants.
Based on their gender, nouns are classified into three types masculine,
feminine and neuter. The specific mention of the nouns gender is found in
texts such as Amara-koça. However, some rules are given here for the students
easy comprehension.
zBda>
Nouns
2.3 npus
< kil¼> Neuter Gender Nouns
Words that end with Am! are usually neuter gender nouns (akäränta-
napuàsakaliìga).
³
Masculine Gender Nouns
Words ending with A> Words ending with #> Words ending with %>
³
)lain Fruits
1. kdlI)lm! Banana 6. Anans)lm! Pineapple
5. pns)lm! Jackfruit
³
m&ga> Animals
1. xen>u Cow 4. majaRr> Cat
2. k
Kk
r> Dog 5. is<h> Lion
3. gj> Elephant 6. vanr> Monkey
22 Sulabha Saàskåtam
pi][> Birds
1. h<s> Swan 7. k
Kk
qI Hen
6. k Kk q> Cock
v[aR> Colours
1. k«:[> Black 2. ñet> White
Textbook 23
v&]a> Trees
1. Aaèv&]> Mango tree 5. vqv&]> Banyan tree
pu:pai[ Flowers
1. kmlm! Lotus 4. miLlka Jasmine
2. jpak
summ! Hibiscus 5. sUyRkaiNt> Sunflower
3. gulavpu:pm! Rose
³
24 Sulabha Saàskåtam
rsa> Tastes
1. mxur> Sweet 4. AMl> Sour
idza> Directions
1. %Ära North 3. piZcma West
vasra> Days
1. rivvasr> Sunday 5. guévasr> Thursday
4. buxvasr> Wednesday
vahnain Vehicles
1. kar!yanm! Car 5. iÇci³ka Auto
4. laekyanm! Bus
g&hm! House
1. iÉiÄ> Wall 3. #iòka Brick
iv*aly> - School
1. AXyapk> Teacher (M) 7. k«:[)lkm! Blackboard
6. AasNd> Chair
\tu Season
1. hemNt> Winter 4. ¢I:m> Summer
³
26 Sulabha Saàskåtam
mas> Month
1. magRzI;R> 7. Jyeó>
2. paE;> 8. Aa;aF>
3. ma"> 9. ïav[>
4. )aLgun> 10. ÉaÔpd>
Words that remain unchanged in all numbers, cases and genders are known as
indeclinables (avyaya).
5. pUvm
! Before 25. inTyz> Daily
There are about 2200 verb roots (dhätu) in Sanskrit. These roots are classified
into three types (1) parasmaipada (2) ätmanepada and (3) ubhayapada.
Ubhayapada has not been dealt with in this book.
xatv>
prSmEpdI AaTmnepdI
Parasmai means for other and ätmane means for oneself. Thus, when
actions are done for others sake, parasmaipadé roots are used. And, when the
actions are done for one's own sake, ätmanepadé roots are used. This
differentiation is mainly to indicate the intention of the doer. Please note that
this rule is not followed presently in Sanskrit.
Parasmaipadé is dealt in detail while ätmanepadé is dealt briefly at the end
of the course.
The verbal root is termed dhätu. It is used to form the 'verbal base'. Many
examples for verbal root and verb base have been given in the next two pages.
You may notice that some verbal roots change completely when they become
verbal bases.
³
30 Sulabha Saàskåtam
³
32 Sulabha Saàskåtam
Each of the verb root has ten lakäras (daça-lakäräù). Of these ten lak äras, six
indicate tenses (kälaväcakäù) and four indicate moods (prakära-bodhakäù).
Besides the ten lakäras, there is one more lakära which is called leq! . This is
used only in the Vedas, and is termed 'Vedic Subjunctive'.
³
Out of the six tenses, there is only one type in the present tense, three varia-
tions for past tense, and two variations for the future tense.
Let us take the root ÉU (Év) and see the variations:
To explain further:
1. In vartamäna (present tense), Év becomes Évit.
Textbook 33
Now let us go through the terminations of the three basic tenses: (1) present
(2) future and (3) past. Even though, as mentioned before, there are three
variations in the past tense and two variations in the future tense, we will be
studying only one from each of the past tense and future tense.
There are nine terminations for each of the lakäras. The different
terminations indicate the different person and number (Refer to Chapter 5).
The verb base pQ is taken as an example here (see next page) to illustrate
the terminations taken by the verb in the present, future and the past tenses.
34 Sulabha Saàskåtam
here too, there are different terminations to indicate the different person and
number.
The verb base pQ is taken for illustration.
Imperative Potential
laeq! il'!
In Sanskrit, just as in many other languages like English, there are three persons
( puruñäù ) . They are: (1) àwmpu é ;> Third person, (2) mXympu é ;>
Second person and (3) %Ämpué;> First person.
Sanskrit permits three numbers : (1) @kvcnm! - Singular, (2) iÖvcnm! Dual
and (3) b÷vcnm! Plural.
The dual number is unique to Sanskrit.
mXympué;>
Tvm! You yuvam! You two yUym! You all
II Person
Please note that the verbal terminations depend on the person, number and
tense/mood.
Textbook 37
The present tense verbal formations for the various persons and numbers have
been indicated below with the example of the verb pQ.
Simple sentences can be formed using person, number and verb terminations.
s> taE te
pQit pQt> pQiNt
sa te ta>
tt! te tain
+ pQis pQw> pQw
Tvm! yuvam! yUym!
³
III Person
s> taE te
sa pQit te pQt> ta> pQiNt
tt! te tain
³
³
Textbook 39
II Person
Tv< pQis, yuva< pQw>, yUy< pQw,
You read. You (two) read. You (all) read.
I Person
Ah< pQaim, Aava< pQav>, vy< pQam>,
I read. We (two) read. We (all) read.
III Person
s>
sa
tt!
ipbit
taE
te ]Irm! ipbt>
te
ipbiNt
te
ta>
tain
II Person
Tvm! gCDis
yUym! gCDw
I Person
Ahm! pQaim
vym! pQam>
³
Textbook 41
55. )l< kSmat! ptit, Where does the fruit fall from?
58. AcRk> ikmw< miNdr< gCDit, Why does the priest go to the
temple?
44 Sulabha Saàskåtam
78. prI]a prñ> Éiv:yit, The exam will be the day after
tomorrow.
Textbook 45
answers.
of Räma.
3. mat&dv
e ae Év, Worship mother as God.
4. ipt&dv
e ae Év, Worship father as God.
5. Aacaydv
e aee Év, Worship teacher as God.
of his intellect.
is the fruit.
fight!
nature.
imponderable.
knowledge.
impartially.
38. tSmat! zaSÇ< àma[< te, Therefore let the scriptures be your
authority.
meritorious.
instrument.
Textbook 49
zBd> ivÉiKtí
Nouns and Cases
zBda>
Nouns
³
50 Sulabha Saàskåtam
³
Textbook 51
3 . Aj> Goat
4. gj> Elephant
5. d{f> Stick
6. rw> Chariot
7. dIp> Lamp
8. pvRt> Hill
³
Textbook 53
³
54 Sulabha Saàskåtam
³
Textbook 55
1. devI Goddess
2. mhI Earth
3 . gaErI Parvaté
4. narI Woman
5. leonI Pen
6. jnnI Mother
7. mNdaiknI Hevenly Gangas
8. ÿaidnI Thunder-bolt
9. pavRtI Consort of Lord Çiva
10. lúmI Consort of Lord Viñëu
³
56 Sulabha Saàskåtam
³
Textbook 57
svRnamzBda>
³
58 Sulabha Saàskåtam
³
Textbook 59
Upasargas or prefixes are added to the verb roots, to modify, intensify and
sometimes to alter the original sense of the roots. Sometimes they are prefixed
without any alteration to the root sense. There are twenty two upasargas in all.
1. à More, higher
2. pra Opposite, against
3. Ap Away, separation
4. sm! Coincide, congruently
5. Anu Favourable, after, according to
6. Av Downwards
7. ins! Low
8. inr! Low
9. Ês! Wicked
10. Êr! Bad
11. iv More, opposite, divergent
12. Aa On this side
13. in To vacate, to empty
14. Aix In, on, above, over
15. Aip Moreover
16. Ait Very much
17. su Best
18. %t! On, above, over
19. AiÉ In front of
20. àit Contrary to
21. pir Everywhere
22. %p Near, more
Textbook 61
Note how the meaning of the root ù (to take away) changes when it combines
with various upasargas:
à + ù = àhrit beats
s< + ù = s<hrit kills
Aa + ù = Aahrit brings
iv + ù = ivhrit plays
pir + ù = pirhrit removes
à + ÉU = àÉUtm! abundant
= àÉv> birth
= àÉav> prowess
= àÉu> lord, husband
pra + ÉU = praÉv> defeat
Ap + ÉU = ApÉUit> ruin
sm! + ÉU = sMÉvit creation
Anu + ÉU = AnuÉv> experience
iv + ÉU = ivÉv> wealth
Ait + ÉU = AitÉvnm! being the greatest of all
%d! + ÉU = %Ñvm!! birth
pir + ÉU = pirÉvm! insult
The following sentences are given as examples to illustrate how the upasargas
are used in constructing sentences:
Pratyaya or suffix is added at the end of verbal root to transform the verbal
root into indeclinable, imperfect verb, definite verb, past tense of verb, present
continuous tense of verb and so on.
The following are some important suffixes:
1. tumn
u ! àTyya> 8. zt&
2. KTva 7. Kt
3. Lyp! 6. Ktvt!
4. AnIyr! 5. tVyt!
9.1 tumn
u -
! àTyy>
The suffix tum! is added to the verbs to indicate the purpose of action.
Example: ram> piQtu< iv*aly< gCDit, Räma goes to school in order to study.
Once the tu mu n ! - àTyy is added to the verbal derivative, it becomes an
indeclinable, which means that the word will be the same in all genders, cases
and numbers.
Textbook 65
9.2 KTva-àTyy>
The suffix Tva is added only to roots that are not prefixed by upasarga. It
denotes the sense of adverbial past participle (prefix). After having completed
66 Sulabha Saàskåtam
an action, if the subject does another action, then, the KTva suffix is added to
the completed action.
Example: ram> piQTva ³Iiftu< gCDit, Having read, Räma goes to play.
The verbal forms formed with KTva suffix are also indeclinables.
9.3 Lyp!-àTyy>
Lyp!-àTyy has the same function as KTva-àTyy, but the only difference is that, in
Lyp!-àTyy (y) is suffixed when the verbal form has an upasarga prefixed to it.
Example: When the Lyp! is added to }a, which has the iv upasarga, it becomes
iv}ay.
iv + }a + Lyp! = iv}ay Having known
Without upasarga, }a becomes }aTva.
9.4 AnIyr!-
! àTyy>
When the AnIyr!!-àTyy is added to the verbal root, the potential passive participle
is formed. It conveys a sense of 'necessity' or 'command'.
Example: ïImÚaray[> Smr[Iy>, Lord Näräyaëa is to be remembered.
The derivatives formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in gender,
number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender − pQnIy>
Feminine Gender − pQnIya
Neuter Gender − pQnIym!
Here are a few more examples:
9.5 tVyt!-àTyy>
The usage of tVyt!-àTyy is similar to AnIyr!-àTyy. The only speciality is that
the aspects of 'necessity' and 'command' are stressed more in the tVyt!-àTyy
than AnIyr!-àTyy.
Example: ktRVy< dEvmaiûkm! , The religious rites ought to be done.
The derivatives formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in gender,
number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender piQtVy>
Feminine Gender piQtVya
Neuter Gender piQtVym!
Here are a few examples:
³
9.6 Ktvt!-àTyy>
The past active participle is formed by adding the suffix Ktvt! to the verbal
root and has the same meaning as that of the verbal past tense.
Example: ram> iv*aly< gtvan! (AgCDt! ), Räma went to school.
Thus gtvan! and AgCDt! mean one and the same.
The derivates formed using this suffix agree with the noun in gender, number
and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender piQtvan!
Feminine Gender piQtvtI
Neuter Gender piQtvt!!
Here are a few examples:
1. gtvan! Went 4. p&óvan! Asked
³
9.7 Kt-àTyy>
The past passive participle is formed by adding Kt-àTyy to the transitive verbal
roots.
Example: rav[> ht>, Rävaëa has been killed.
The verbal derivative formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in
gender, number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender k«t>
Feminine Gender k«ta
Neuter Gender k«tm!
Here are a few examples:
1. k«t> Has been done 3. gt> Has been gone
2. ïut> Has been heard 4. ò> Has been looked
72 Sulabha Saàskåtam
³
9.8 zt&-àTyy>
The present participle is formed by adding zt&-àTyy to the verbal root. This
has the sense of present continuous tense.
Example: ram> gayn! gCDit, Räma goes singing.
The verbal derivative formed using this suffix agrees with the noun
in gender, number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender k
vRn!
Feminine Gender k
vRNtI
Neuter Gender k
vRt!
Here are a few examples:
1 @km! 1 12 Öadz 12
2 Öe 2 13 Çyaedz 13
3 ÇIi[ 3 14 ctudz
R 14
4 cTvair 4 15 pÂdz 15
5 p 5 16 ;aefz 16
6 ;q! 6 17 sPtdz 17
7 sÝ 7 18 Aòadz 18
8 Aò 8 19 nvdz/ 19
9 nv 9 @kaeniv<zit
10 dz 10 20 iv<zit> 20
11 @kadz 11
Note that the number nineteen has two appellations nvdz and @kaeniv<zit>
^n means less. @k - ^n - iv<zit> means, 1 less than 20. This applies for 29, 39,
49 and so on.
21 @kiv<zit> 21 28 Aòaiv<zit> 28
22 Öaiv<zit> 22 29 nviv<zit>/ 29
23 Çyaeiv<z
< it> 23 @kaeniÇ<zt!
24 ctuiv<zit> 24 30 iÇ<zt! 30
25 pÂiv<zit> 25 31 @kiÇ<zt! 31
26 ;f!iv<zit> 26 32 ÖaiÇ<zt! 32
27 sPtiv<zit> 27 33 ÇyiSÇ<zt! 33
74 Sulabha Saàskåtam
34 ctuiSÇ<zt! 34 55 pÂpÂazt! 55
35 pÂiÇ<zt! 35 56 ;q!pÂazt! 56
36 ;q!iÇ<zt! 36 57 sPtpÂazt! 57
37 sPtiÇ<zt! 37 58 AòpÂazt! 58
38 AòaiÇ<zt! 38 59 nvpÂazt!/ 59
39 nviÇ<zt!/ 39 @kaen;i:q>
<
@kaencTvair zt! 60 ;iò> 60
40 cTvair<zt! 40 61 @k;i:q> 61
41 < t!
@kcTvair z 41 62 iÖ;i:q> 62
42 < t!
iÖcTvairz 42 63 iÇ;i:q> 63
43 < t!
iÇcTvairz 43 64 ctu>i:q> 64
44 ctuZcTvair<zt! 44 65 pÂ;i:q> 65
45 pÂcTvair<zt! 45 66 ;q!;i:q> 66
46 ;q!cTvair<zt! 46 67 sPt;i:q> 67
47 sPtcTvair<zt! 47 68 Aò;i:q> 68
48 AòcTvair<zt! 48 69 nv;i:q>/ 69
49 nvcTvair<zt!/ 49 @kaensPtit>
@kaenpÂazt! 70 sPtit> 70
50 pÂazt! 50 71 @ksPtit> 71
51 @kpÂazt! 51 72 iÖsPtit> 72
52 iÖpÂazt! 52 73 iÇsPtit> 73
53 iÇpÂazt! 53 74 ctu>sPtit> 74
54 ctu>pÂazt! 54 75 pÂsPtit> 75
Textbook 75
76 ;q!sPtit> 76 95 pÂnvit> 95
77 sPtsPtit> 77 96 ;{[vit> 96
78 AòsPtit> 78 97 sPtnvit> 97
79 nvsPtit>/ 79 98 Aònvit> 98
@kaenazIit> 99 nvnvit>/ 99
80 AzIit> 80 @kaenztm!
81 @kazIit> 81 100 ztm! 100
82 Ö(zIit> 82 200 iÖztm! 200
83 ÈyzIit> 83 300 iÇztm! 300
84 cturzIit> 84 400 ctu>ztm! 400
85 pÂazIit> 85 500 pÂztm! 500
86 ;fzIit> 86 600 ;q!ztm! 600
87 sPtazIit> 87 700 sPtztm! 700
88 AòazIit> 88 800 Aòztm! 800
89 nvazIit>/ 89 900 nvztm! 900
@kaennvit> 1,000 shöm! 1000
90 nvit> 90 10,000 Ayutm! 10000
91 @knvit> 91 1,00,000 l]m! 100000
92 iÖnvit> 92 10,00,000 inyutm! 1000000
93 iÇnvit> 93 1,00,00,000 kaeiq> 10000000
94 ctunRvit> 94
76 Sulabha Saàskåtam
àyaeg>
Voice
Sanskrit language permits three kinds of voice: (1) ktRiràyaeg> (2) kmRi[àyaeg>
and (3) Éaveàyaeg>. We will be studying only the first two voices in this course.
(1) ktRiràyaeg> or Active Voice In this the subject (kartä) is principal and the
verb agrees with the subject in person, number and gender.
(2) kmRi[àyaeg> or Passive Voice In this the object (karma) is principal and the
verb agrees with the object in person, number and gender.
àyaeg>
Voice
ktRiràyaeg> kmRi[àyaeg>
Active Voice Passive Voice
AaTmnepdI Terminations
In order to change active voice verb into passive voice verb, y is added to the
verbal root and then the AaTmnepdI terminations are added.
Example:
Active Voice : pcit
Passive Voice: pCyte
Thus, in order to change the active voice pcit into passive voice, the verbal
root pc! (to cook) is taken, y is added, and then the present tense termination
of AaTmnepdI is added.
In passive voice, the subject takes the third case and the object takes the first
case. The verb must agree with the object in number and person.
Example:
ÉKt> dev< nmit , The devotee worships the Lord. (A.V.)
ÉKten dev> nMyte , The Lord is being worshipped by the devotee. (P.V.)
In order to change the active voice sentence ÉKt> dev< nmit into a passive
voice sentence, change the subject ÉKt> to its third case and the object dev< to its
first case, and the verb into its passive form. Then we get the passive voice
sentence ÉKten dev> nMyte,
When two words come together, the last letter of the first word and the first
letter of the second word are combined together using certain rules. The
combination of these letters is known as sandhi.
There are three kinds of sandhis:
(1) Svr-siNx> When two vowels are combined together it is known as
svara-sandhi.
(2) VyÃn-siNx> When two consonants are combined together it is known as
vyaïjana-sandhi.
(3) ivsg-siNx> When visarga (:) is joined with any vowel or a consonant it is
known as visarga-sandhi.
³
The following table gives a complete classification of all the letters of the
Sanskrit alphabet. This table will be useful while learning sandhis especially
vyaïjana-sandhi.
VyÃnain Consonants
kQaerVyÃnain m&ÊVyÃnain
Svra> Hard Consonants Soft Consonants
Vowels ^:ma[> ALpàa[ mhaàa[ ALpàa[ mhaàa[ Anunaisk ANt>Sw mhaàa[
Sibilants Unaspirate Aspirate Unaspirate Aspirate Nasals Semivowels Aspirate
A Aa k o! g! "! '! h!
#$ z! c! D! j! H! |! y!
\§ ;! q! Q! f! F! [! r!
¤ s! t! w! d! x! n! l!
%^ p! )! b! É! m! v!
@ and @e are both guttural and palatal; Aae and AaE are guttural and labial; and v
is both dental and labial.
80 Sulabha Saàskåtam
The following table gives the three types of sandhis and their subdivisions.
siNx>
5. AyaidsiNx> 5. prsv[siNx>
6. pUvê
psiNx> 6. íuTvsiNx>
7. prêpsiNx> 7. òuTvsiNx>
8 . àg&ýsiNx> 8. pUvsv[RsiNx>
9. DTvsiNx>
10. 'mufagmsiNx>
³
Textbook 81
12.1 Svr-siNx>
4. y[! 5. Ayaid
3. v&i 6. pUvê
R p
2. gu[ 7. prêp
12.1.1 dI"Rs
R iNx>
Ak> sv[eR dI"R> Päëini Sütra (6.1.101)
If A, #, %, and \ short or long, are followed by the same vowel short or long
they are combined to make the long vowel Aa, $, ^ and §.
A + A = Aa Aa + A = Aa
(A)
A + Aa = Aa Aa + Aa = Aa
(B) # + # = $ # + $ = $
$ + # = $ $ + $ = $
% + % = ^ % + ^ = ^
(C)
^ + % = ^ ^ + ^ = ^
\ + \ = § \ + § = §
(D)
§ + \ = § § + § = §
12.1.2 gu[siNx>
Ade¼[
> Päëini Sütra (1.1.2)
If the vowels # , % , \ and ¤ short or long, follow A or Aa , then they are
substituted with @ , Aae, Ar! and Al! respectively.
(A) A + # = @ A + $ = @
Aa + # = @ Aa + $ = @
The vowel # in the second word #NÔ> follows A in the first word %p. A single
vowel @ is substituted in the place of both A and #. Thus, we have %p + #NÔ> =
%peNÔ>
Here are some more examples:
$ñr + #CDa = $ñreCDa
lta + #v = ltev
pU[R + #NÊ> = pU[NRe Ê>
84 Sulabha Saàskåtam
g[ + $z> = g[ez>
A + % = Aae A + ^ = Aae
(B)
Aa + % = Aae Aa + ^ = Aae
pr + %pkar> = praepkar>
sUyR + %dy> = sUyaeRdy>
dez + %Úit> = dezaeÚit>
g¼a + %dkm! = g¼aedkm!
iht + %pdez> = ihtaepdez>
mha + ^imR> = mhaeimR>
cNÔ + %dy> = cNÔaedy>
g&h + ^XvRm! = g&haeXvRm!
A + \ = Ar! A + § = Ar!
(C)
Aa + \ = Ar! Aa + § = Ar!
12.1.3 v&isiNx>
(A)
A + @ = @e A + @e = @e
Aa + @ = @e Aa + @e = @
Example: mm + @v = mmEv
In mm + @v note that the vowel @ follows A in mm. The vowel @e is
@k + @km! = @kEkm!
sda + @v = sdEv
ivñ + @kta = ivñEkta
mt + @eKym! = mtEKym!
dev + @eñyRm! = devEñyRm!
xn + @eñyRm! = xnEñyRm!
mha + @eñyRm! = mhEñyRm!
12.1.4 y[!siNx>
12.1.5 AyaidsiNx>
12.1.6 pUvê
R psiNx>
@'> pdaNtadit Päëini Sütra (6. 1. 109)
If @ or Aae at the end of a word is followed by A, the A disappears and the sign
= (avagraha) is placed instead. This sandhi being an exception to Ayaid-siNx
³
Textbook 89
12.1.7 prêpsiNx>
³
90 Sulabha Saàskåtam
12.2 VyÃnsiNx>
5. prsv[R 6. íuTv
4. AnuSvar 7. òuTv
3. Anunaisk 8. pUvs
R v[R
2. jZTv 9. DTv
12.2.1 cTvRsiNx>
12.2.2. jZTvsiNx>
³
92 Sulabha Saàskåtam
12.2.3 AnunaisksiNx>
But when the end consonant of a word is followed by the suffixes my and maÇ,
the change into nasal is compulsory.
Examples:
ict! + mym! = icNmym!
tt! + maÇm! = tNmaÇm!
12.2.4. AnuSvarsiNx>
Examples :
12.2.5 prsv[RsiNx>
Examples:
Tv< + kraei; = Tv'!kraei; / Tv< kraei;
t&[< + crit = t&[Ârit / t&[< crit
¢am< + gCDit = ¢am'!gCDit / ¢am< gCDit
Examples:
tt! + lIn> = tLlIn>
%d! + leo> = %Lleo>
jgt! + lúmI> = jgLlúmI>
ivlst! + l»a = ivlsLl»a
³
Textbook 95
12.2.6 íuTvsiNx>
Examples:
rams! + zete = ramZzete
mns! + cÂlm! = mníÂlm!
rams! + icnaeit = ramiínaeit
izzs! + zete = izzuZzete
Examples:
st! + ict! = si½t!
mht! + c³m! = mh½³m!
b&ht! + DÇm! = b&hCDÇm!
12.2.7 òuTvsiNx>
12.2.8 pUvs
R v[RsiNx>
Hyae hae=NytrSyam! Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 62)
If h! comes after any of the first four letters of a group, the h! is optionally
changed to the fourth letter of that group. The end consonant of the first word
changes into the third letter of its group.
12.2.9 DTvsiNx>
Examples:
tt! + izv> = tiCzv> / tiCDv>
tt! + zIl> = tCzIl> / tCDIl>
jgt! + zr[m! = jgCzr[m! / jgCDr[m!
%t! + iz:q> = %iCz:q> / %iCD:q>
st! + zaSÇm! = sCzaSÇm! / sCDaSÇm!
12.2.10 'mufagmsiNx>
Examples:
àTy'! + AaTma = àTy'!'aTma
xavn! + Añ> = xavÚñ>
hsn! + AiÄ = hsÚiÄ
sug[! + $z> = sug{[Iz>
98 Sulabha Saàskåtam
12.3 ivsgRsiNx>
2. laep> 3. re)>
12.3.1 %kar>
12.3.2 laep>
Examples:
Aña> + AmI = Aña AmI
puÇa> + jata> = puÇa jata>
Aña> + xaviNt = Aña xaviNt
jna> + gCDiNt = jna gCDiNt
tara> + %idta> = tara %idta>
hta> + gja> = hta gja>
(B) If a visarga is preceded by A and is followed by any vowel other than the
short A, the visarga is dropped.
Examples:
k
t> + Aagta> = k
t Aagta>
nr> + #v = nr #v
cNÔ> + %deit = cNÔ %deit
dev> + \i;> = dev \i;>
k«:[> + @it = k«:[ @it
k> + @;> = k @;>
(C) If any consonant or vowel except short A follows s> or @;>, the visarga is
dropped.
100 Sulabha Saàskåtam
Examples:
s> + AagCDit = s AagCDit
s> + zMÉuu> = s zMÉu>u
@;> + iv:[u> = @; iv:[u>
(D) The words Éae> , Égae> and A"ae> lose their visarga if any vowel or soft
consonant follows it.
Éae> + ACyut = Éae ACyut
A"ae> + yaih = A"ae yaih
Égae> + nmSte = Égae nmSte
12.3.3 re)>
Examples:
hir> + Aym! = hirrym!
git> + #ym! = gitirym!
riv> + %deit = rivédeit
muin> + Éjit = muinÉRjit
kve> + bui> = kvebiu >
gurae> + g&hm! = guraeg&Rhm!
(B) Having changed visarga into r! ( > = r! ), if the first letter of the following
word is again r! , the r! of the first word disappears and the short vowels A, # or
% before r! of the first word is then changed to Aa, $ or ^ respectively.
The visarga in hir> is changed into r! and then when it combines with r! of the
following word rMy>, the r! in the hirr! (hir>) is dropped and the vowel is
lengthened. Thus hirr! (hir>) becomes hrI.
12.3.4. skar>
(A) When visarga is followed by t! or w! then the visarga is changed into
s! .
Examples:
Examples:
Examples:
Five well known çlokas from Çrémad Välméki Rämäyaëam, Çrémad Bhagavad Gétä,
Çrémad Bhägavatam, Manusmåti, Upaniñads and Raghuvamça are given below along
with their prose order. With the knowledge that you have gained from this
study of Sanskrit you should be able to grasp the meaning of these verses.
13.1 ïImÖaLmIikramay[m!
Çrémad Välméki Rämäyaëam
5. Sumiträ to Lakñmaëa
ram< dzrw< ivi ma< ivi jnkaTmjam!,
AyaeXyamqvI < ivi gCD tat ywa suom!.
Consider Räma to be Daçaratha, look upon Sétä as myself, experience the forest
as Ayodhyä and depart happily, my dear. (Ayodhyäkäëòa 40.9)
Prose Order:
tat, ram< dzrw< ivi, jnkaTmja< ma< ivi, AqvI < AyaeXya< ivi, ywa suo< gCD,
³
Textbook 105
13.2 ïImÑgvÌIta
Çrémad Bhagavad Gétä
Whoever offers Me with devotion a leaf, a flower, a fruit, water, that I accept,
offered by the pure minded with devotion. (Chapter 9.26)
Prose Order:
y> me pÇ< pu:p< )l< taey< ÉKTya àyCDit àytaTmn>, ÉKTya %pùt< tt! Ahm! AZnaim,
13.3 ïImÑagvtm!
Çrémad Bhägavatam
for the ear, the people leave all other desires. (Skandha 11.6.44)
Prose Order:
he k«:[, n&[a< prmm¼l< k[RpIyU;< tv iv³Iift< jn> AaSva* ANySp&ha< Tyjit,
svvde aNtsar< ih ïIÉagvtim:yte,
tÔsam&tt&PtSy naNyÇ Syad! rit> Kvict! .
This Bhägavata being the essence of all Vedänta, it is natural that one who is
satisfied in its study does not feel interest in any other text. (Skandha 12.13.15)
Prose Order:
ïIÉagvt< svvde aNtsar< ih #:yte, tt!! rsam&tt&PtSy ANyÇ Kvict! rit> n Syat!,
³
108 Sulabha Saàskåtam
13.4 mnuSm&it>
Manusmåti
ïuTva Sp&òv
! a c ò!va c ÉuKTva ºaTva c yae nr>,
n ù:yit Glayit va s iv}eyae ijteiNÔy>.
One who, having heard, having touched, having seen, having tasted and
having smelt does not become joyful nor sink in sorrow, is declared as one
who has conquered his senses. (Chapter 2.98)
Prose Order:
y> nr> ïuTva Sp&òv
! a ò!va ÉuKTva ºaTva n ù:yit Glayit va s> ijteiNÔy> iv}ey>,
sv< prvz< du>o< svmaTmvz< suom!,
@tiÖ*aTsmasen l][< suodu>oyae>.
Sorrow is for one who depends on the external world; joy for one who
depends on one's own self. Know this to be the nature of joy and sorrow.
(Chapter 4.160)
Prose Order:
sv< prvz< du>om!, svm! AaTmvz< suom!, @tt! suodu>oyae> l][< smasen iv*at!,
virtues should not be destroyed. Let not such dharma (which has been
destroyed) destroy us. (Chapter 8.15)
Prose Order:
ht> xmR> @v hiNt, ri]t> xmR> r]it, tSmat! xmR> n hNtVy>, ht> xmR> n> ma
AvxIt! ,
13.5 %pin;d!
Upaniñad
13.6. r"uvz
< >
Raghuvaàça
A a o in son f! ò d in dog
Aa ä in master F! òh dh in godhood
# i in if [! ë n in under
$ é ee in feel t! t
% u u in full w! th th in thumb
^ ü oo in boot d! d th in then
\ å ri in rim x! dh theh in breathe
here
@ e a in evade n! n
@e ai y in my p! p
Aae o )! ph ph in loop hole
AaE au ow in now b! b
k k É! bh bh in abhor
o! kh ckh in blockhead m! m
g! g (hard) y! y
"! gh gh in log-hut r! r
'! ì ng l! l
c! c ch in chuckle v! v in avert
D! ch chh in catch him z! ç sh in shut
j! j ;! ñ s in sugar
H! jh dgeh in hedgehog s! s
|! ï n in banyan h! h
q! ö t in tank < à
Q! öh th in ant-hill > ù (half h)