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x0
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#* .*+('( 6.&% 1.*#6 #;-&: 1+'6 *. 61#)-(# #6 9< 1& 74 -.61/&#8= >.( #&&.
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&' #6+'/1&10'0 0# %* #5%1&1/(1.= @& )<6 +:-1 . 0# #&&.6 #6 #& 61$%1#*+#A
!"#!$% &'(
!"#$%"#& '% %($)*#+#')',
!" x #$ %#$&' (! !)#*+*,-*' (!+ .*.&!/" (*$0/* ' "#&2$'/' xt+1 =

f (xt ) ('$(! f () !. '$&*$#"/!$&! (*3!-!$ *",+! !$ #$" 4! *$("( (! x 5
*6 * |f (x )| < 1 !$&'$ !. x !. ".*$&2&* "/!$&! !.&",+!7
**6 * |f (x )| > 1 !$&'$ !. x !. *$!.&",+!7
***6 8! '&-' +"('9 .* |f (x )| = 1 $! !.*&"/'. /0. *$3'-/" *2$ %"-"

(! *(*- .',-! +" !.&",*+*("( (!+ %#$&' (! !)#*+*,-*' x : '/' 4!-!/'.
/0. "(!+"$&! '$ +'. &!'-!/". ;; < ;=9 < !+ !>!/%+' ?@67
)!$"*+#% -./4
BC4&. -(./'(#).6 18D &' -'(+# 118 5%#0' .). #E#( 1 1. '& &# +.(=
@* -(1)#( &%$'(, 61 |f (x )| < M < 1 -'(' 1#(+. M > 0, #*+.* #6,
-.( &' .*+1*%10'0 0# f , #;16+# %* 1*+#(G'&. I 5%# .*+1#*# ' x +'& 5%#
|f (x)| M < 1 -'(' +.0. x I = >.( #& +#.(#)' 0#& G'&.( )#01. 7G#(
G.&%)#* HH, &# 14* 8 #;16+# #*+(# %'&5%1#( xt0 I ? x +'& 5%#
|xt0 +1 x | = |f (xt0 ) f (x )| = |f ()||xt0 x | M |xt0 x |
>.( 1*0% 14* 6# +#*0(< #*+.* #6 5%#
|xt0 +t x | M t |xt0 x |
?, 0# '&&:, .). |xt0 x | = #*+.* #6 6# +#*0(< 5%# lmt xt = x =
! #$% &' (#)*!+,) -#%.+# /)
!"#$%& '()
!"#$% '()* $# '*+#,%$%-#- -' $)* *%*+'(#* -' $)* '.'(/$)* 012034
5#6 7" '$ *%*+'(# xt+1 = cxt 8 f (x) = cx 9 f (x) = c: ;% c 6= 08 '$ <"% )
'=>%$%,?%) '* x = 0: ;% c > 18 '"+)" '* '*+' '=>%$%,?%) '* %"'*+#,$'@ 9
*% c < 1 '"+)" '* '* #*%"+A+% #('"+' '*+#,$':
5,6 7" '$ *%*+'(# xt+1 = (xt )2 8 f (x) = x2 9 f (x) = 2x: 7$ '=>%$%,?%)
x = 0 '* #*%"+A+% #('"+' '*+#,$'8 />'*+) =>' f (x ) = 0 < 1: B'?)
'$ '=>%$%,?%) x = 1 '* %"'*+#,$'8 />'*+) =>' f (1) = 2 > 1:
5 6 7" '$ *%*+'(# xt+1 = axt + b8 -)"-' 0 < a < 18 b > 08 f (x) =
ax+b 9 f (x) = a: 7$ <"% ) '=>%$%,?%) '* x = ab : !*C8 '$ '=>%$%,?%)
'* #*%"+A+% #('"+' '*+#,$'8 9# =>' |f (x )| = a < 1:
5-6 7" '$ *%*+'(# xt+1 = xt (1 xt ) )" > 08 f (x) = x(1 x) 9
f (x) = (1 2x): D)* '=>%$%,?%)* -' $# ' ># %A" $)EC*+% #
-%* ?'+#
1 = 2 :
*)" x = 0 9 x = 1
: F'()* =>' f (0) = 9 f
7* -' %?8 x = 0 '* #*%"+A+% #('"+' '*+#,$' *% < 18 ' %"'*+#,$' '"
)+?) #*)@ 9 x = 1
'* #*%"+A+% #('"+' '*+#,$' *% 1 < < 38 '
%"'*+#,$' '" )+?) #*): N
D)* *%E>%'"+'* +')?'(#* ")* #9>-#" '" '$ #*) '" =>' |f (x )| = 14
*"&+"#, --)
!"#$%&%'#' !% f (x ) = 1!
"#$ x %& '%&() *# #+%,-,./,) *#- 0,0(#1$ *,&21, ) $%(4&)1)
xt+1 =
f (xt ) *)&*# f () #0 (/#0 5# #0 *,6#/#& ,$.-# )& )&(,&%,*$* #& %&$ 5#7
,&*$* *# x 8 f (x ) = 19
,! ",
,,! ",
,,,! ",
f (x ) 6= 0: #&()& #0 x #0 ,&#0($.-#;
f (x ) = 0 8 f (x ) > 0: #&()& #0 x #0 ,&#0($.-#;
f (x ) = 0 8 f (x ) < 0: #&()& #0 x #0 $0,&(4(, $1#&(# #0($.-#;
."#&/0+, 2340
G;A$) /?),#?'()* %6@ $#* /#?+'* %%6 9 %%%6 =>'-#" )() '.'? % %) #$ $' +)?:
;% f (x ) 6= 0 '"+)" '* $# >?I# '* A" #I# 5f (x) < 06 ) )"I'J#
5f (x) > 06 '" >"# I' %"-#- -' x : B)? '.'(/$)8 *% f (x ) > 08 '"+)" '*
!"#$%"& !( )!*! # +,+$&("!( ---. /)"&$&0! &1, 2 3&,%$& !
f (x) > 1 "# $# %#&"'()*+ ," *) -+'.) (x , x +)/ 0+' $# )'1$."#&+ 2%.%3
*)' )* ,"* &"+'".) 456 "2 -7 %* 9'+:)' ;$" x "2 %#"2&):*"/ < 2% f (x ) < 06
"#&+# "2 f (x) > 1 "# $# %#&"'()*+ ," *) -+'.) (x , x ) =6 #$"()."#&"6
$# )'1$."#&+ +.+ "* ,"* &"+'".) 45 #+2 **"() ) ;$" x "2 %#"2&):*"/
!"#!$% &'(
!"
!"#$%&'&($( "& f (x ) = 1)
#$ %#$&' (! !)#*+*,-*' (!+ .*.&!/" (*$0/* ' xt+1 = f (xt ) ('$(!

! !$ #$" 2! *$("( (! x
f () !. &-!. 2! !. (*3!-!$ *",+! '$ '$&*$#*("(

4 f (x ) = 15
*6 * 2f (x ) < 3 (f (x ))2 7 !$&'$ !. x !. ".*$&8&* "/!$&! !.&",+!9

**6 * 2f (x ) > 3 (f (x ))2 7 !$&'$ !. x !. *$!.&",+!9
)!$"*+#% -./4
>+#2%,"'".+2 %#% %)*."#&" *) +#,% %?#
yt+1 = g(yt )
,+#," g(y) = f 2 (y)
@AB
C:2"'(".+2 ;$" "* 9$#&+ ," ";$%*%:'%+ x ,"* 2%2&".) +'%1%#)* xt+1 =
f (xt ) "2 &).:%D# $# ";$%*%:'%+ ,"* 2%2&".) @ABE = ;$" 2% x "2 )2%#3
&?&% )."#&" "2&):*" @+ %#"2&):*"B +# '"29" &+ )* 2%2&".) @AB6 "#&+#3
"2 &).:%D# *+ "2 +# '"29" &+ )* 2%2&".) +'%1%#)*/
FG+')H #+&".+2 ;$"
2
g (y) = f (f (y))f (y) = )2I g (x ) = f (x ) = 1/ J$"1+ )9*% ).+2 "*
&"+'".) 44 =6 )* .+2&')' ;$"

2
g (y) = f f (y)
= f (y) f f (y) + f f (y) f (y)
"#&+# "2 g (x ) = 0/ K" "2&) .)#"')6 "* 2%1#+ ," g (x ) ,"&"'.%#)'7 *)

"2&):%*%,), )2%#&?&% ) + *) %#"2&):%*%,), ," x / 0"'+
2
g (x ) = 2f (x ) 3 f (x )
= "2&+ L#)*%M) *) ,".+2&') %?#/
N*$2&'".+2 *+ )#&"'%+' .",%)#&" "* 2%1$%"#&" "O".9*+H

!
! "# %&' !( )#& #&* "#&%+*"* #! ,-)%-(*.
! #$% &' (#)*!+,) -#%.+# /)
!"#$%& '()
"#$# %& (&)$#$ *(+ ,-&)(+ .% %/-0*01$0( 2 +- %+)#10*0.#. %& %* +0+)%3#
xt+1 = x3t + xt
( f (xt ))
&()#3(+ ,$03%$( /-% %* 4&0 ( %/-0*01$0( %+ x = 05 #.%36+ f (x) =

3x2 + 17 *-%8( f (0) = 1 2 )#3109& f (0) = 05 ,%$( f (0) = 6: ;-%8(7
,($ %* )%($%3# <<7 x = 0 %+ 0&%+)#1*%: ="(.$># %* *% )($ (3,$(1#$
%+)( (& -& +%& 0**( .0#8$#3# .% ?#+%7 (3%&@#&.( ,($ .01-A#$ *# -$B#
f (x) = x3 + x 2 *# $% )# y = xC
!"# % %&' (
<: D-%+)$% /-% xt = 3t 2t3 7 t = 0, 1, 2, . . .7 +#)0+?# % %* +0+)%3#
.0&630 ( .0+ $%)(
xt+1 = 2xt + 3t
E: D-%+)$% /-% xt = t! 2t 7 t = 0, 1, 2, . . . 7 +#)0+?# % %* +0+)%3# .0&630 (
.0+ $%)(
xt+1 = (t + 1)xt + (t + 1)! 2t
: F%+-%*B#7 ,($ $% -$$%& 0#7 %* +0+)%3# .0&630 ( .0+ $%)(
1
xt+1 = 2 + xt ,
2
x0 .#.(
G: H& -%&)$% *# +(*- 0I& .% #.# -&( .% *(+ +0+)%3#+ .0&630 (+ .0+J
$%)(+K
L#M xt+1 = 5t xt 5
L1M xt+1 =
L M xt+1
x0 = 2
1
2 xt 5
x0 = 1
t
xt 5
=4+
t+1
x0 = 3
!: N-.0)O ,0.% -& ,$9+)#3( .% 50 30**(&%+ #* P#& ( "$%+)#Q#+# # -&#

)#+# .% 0&)%$9+ .%* 10 % #&-#*: H* P#& ( *% ,$(,(&% # N-.0)O *(+
+08-0%&)%+ +0+)%3#+ .% ,#8(K
L#M "#8#$ %& <! #R(+ (& -()#+ SA#+:
!"#$%"& !( )!*! # +,+$&("!( ---. /)"&$&0! &1, 2 3&,%$& !

"#$ %&'&( )& *+,&- -.) /(01,&*2 .3 4 &521 23 72,&1 89&1: ; )&
2,(& *+,&- .3 2,(21 <= &521 23 72,&1 89&1>
" $ ?2*&( 4 &521 -. '(& +& ".1,2 .1: 32 /&'&( 3+3'73& 72,& /2(
4 &521 -.9&3-2 & 7*7)&( +3,.(.1.1: ; -.1/701 -.) /.(+2-2 -.
'(& +&: /&'&( .3 4 &521 23 72,&1 89&1$>
@A7B) .1 )& 72,& &37&) .3 &-& 1+1,.*&C @A7B3,2 -.#. D7-+,E .3
.) ,.( .( &52C @F .3 .) 10/,+*2C
!> G3 )21 1+'7+.3,.1 1+1,.*&1 -+3B*+ 21: -.,.(*+3. "1+ .H+1,.3$ )21
/73,21 -. .I7+)+#(+2: &3&)+ . "1+ .1 /21+#).: & ,(&J01 -. )21 ,.2(.*&1
-. )& /(.1.3,. 1. +K3$ 17 .1,&#+)+-&-: ; -+#79. )&1 ,(&;. ,2(+&1 ;
)21 -+&'(&*&1 -. L&1.M
"&$ xt+1 = x2t 4xt + 4
" $ xt+1 = xt + 1
".$ xt+1 = ln(xt + 1)
"#$ xt+1 = x3t xt

2xt
"-$ xt+1 =
1 + xt
"L$ xt+1 = tan1 xt
! "#$%&'($ )#*+'# -$ .)#$ /&%-$0 &* )-$ )#'&*1

$#-*&$
N+ E.*21 2*/(.3-+-2 )2 I7. .1 73 1+1,.*& -+3B*+ 2 23,+372 .3 -21
-+*.31+23.1: )& 1+'7+.3,. -.83+ +K3 /2-(O& 1.( 3&,7(&)>
!"#$ $&# '() *+$,-!./ 0$#1.$ 2 0$, 3!-24
P&-&1 )&1 23-+ +23.1 +3+ +&).1 x0 , y0 : 73 ! "#$% &!'($! * +&! ,#"*- #'
&* &!$#' !*'# .1 73 /&( -. . 7& +23.1 .3 -+L.(.3 +&1 -. )& L2(*&
xt+1 = f (xt , yt , t)
"Q$
yt+1 = g(xt , yt , t)
-23-. t .1 )& J&(+&#). ,+.*/2: )&1 L73 +23.1 f : A {N {0}} R:
g : B {N {0}} R 123 23,+37&1: ; A, B R2 >
! #$% &' (#)*!+,) -#%.+# /)
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41:;
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+% +) ()/-#- /($#% &#% /-#5+ /(-*#% 6(%*7&+% (xt , yt ) 89+ %#/*%:#;#) %*09&<
/1)+#0+)/+ &#% $(% + 9# *()+% +) $*:+-+) *#%= > #$# 9)# $+ +%/#% /-#<
5+ /(-*#% (xt , yt ) %+ &+ ()( + (0( 9)# !"# %&' #& %*%/+0# $*)10* (=
<=!5>21 ?() *@$/4!56 7$#85$ 1 2$#!62;
?& %*%/+0# $*)10* ( $*% -+/( "%'()", 6#-# a11 , a12 , a21 , a22 R,
xt+1 = a11 xt + a12 yt

yt+1 = a21 xt + a22 yt
$()$+ f (xt , yt , t) = a11 xt + a12 yt , 5 g(xt , yt , t) = a21 xt + a22 yt , %+-1
+%/9$*#$( 01% #$+&#)/+=
!"#$ $&# 'A) *@$/4!56 6-4
?& %*%/+0# $*)10* ( $*% -+/(
xt+1 = f (xt , yt , t)
yt+1 = g(xt , yt , t)
+% )#*&'!+! %*, 5 %@&( %*, f (xt , yt , t) = f (xt , yt ), g(xt , yt , t) = g(xt , yt )
6#-# /($( t = 1, 2 . . .= ?% $+ *-, f (, ) 5 g(, ) )( $+6+)$+) +A6&B */#0+)/+
$+ t=
C7%+-.#0(% 89+ +& %*%/+0# $*)10* ( &*)+#& +% #9/@)(0(=
!"#$ $&# '') *B-#41 7! !C-$2$D0$1 *& !/46 $1#60$1;;
D) 69)/( (x , y ) +% 9) ,#'*! -( (.#%"%/0%! 1& ( *) %!')0%!2 $+& %*%/+0#

$*)10* (
xt+1 = f (xt , yt , t)
yt+1 = g(xt , yt , t)
%*, 5 %@&( %*,
x = f (x , y , t),
6#-# /($( t = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
y = g(x , y , t)
!"#$%"& !( )!*! # +,+$&("!( ---. /)"&$&0! &1, 2 3&,%$& !
"#$%&'%()$ *+%, %- %$.% 0$), xt = x , yt = y 10&0 t = 1, 2, 3,

%$ +-0 $)2+ 34- 02 $3$.%(0 *+%, $3 5$.% 20 02 0-60, 1%&(0-% %&7 0228 1)&
$3%(1&%9
!"#$%& '() * +,-%-./-& 01- &3
:0&0 %2 $3$.%(0 ;3-7(3 )
xt+1 = 2xt + yt
yt+1 = xt 2yt
%2 <-3 ) 1+-.) ;% %*+323#&3) %$ (x , y ) = (0, 0) =*+% %$ ;)-;% 2x + y = x,
x 2y = y >9
!"#$%& '4) *50%6-$%"7 "+,-%-./-&73
:0&0 %2 $3$.%(0 ;3-7(3 )
xt+1 = xt (yt 1)
yt+1 = yt2 xt
2)$ 1+-.)$ ;% %*+323#&3) $)- (x , y ) = (0, 0) ? (x , y ) = (0, 1) =*+% %$

;)-;% x(y 1) = x, y 2 x = y >9
"#$ %&'&( ( ) (& *+ , # (- . #-
@+%'0(%-.% 0&&3#0()$ 0 20 -) 34- ;% %$.0#323;0;, 0A)&0 %- %2 )-.%B.)

;% 2)$ $3$.%(0$ ;3-7(3 )$ ;3$ &%.)$ %- ;)$ ;3(%-$3)-%$9 C%#% 0;'%&.3&$%,
$3- %(#0&D), *+%, 0*+8, 2)$ ;30D&0(0$ ;% E0$% -) .3%-%- 20 )--).0 34;%$ &31.3'0 ;%2 0$) )-.3-+)F 0*+8 $%&7- ;30D&0(0$ $3(12%$ ;%2 ;%$120G
60(3%-.) ;% xt '%&$+$ %2 ;%$12060(3%-.) ;% yt 9
8"91- -:1 4;) * 76<.-%-=<=3

3> C3&%()$ *+% %2 %*+323#&3) (x , y ) ;%2 $3$.%(0 ;3-7(3 )
xt+1 = f (xt , yt , t)
yt+1 = g(xt , yt , t)
%$ !"#$% $3 ;0;) > 0, %B3$.%- > 0 ? t0 > 0 .02%$ *+% $3
||(xt0 , yt0 ) (x , y )|| < , %-.)- %$ ||(xt , yt ) (x , y )|| < 10&0
.);) t > t0 9 H- 0$) )-.&0&3) ;3&%()$ *+% %$ &' !"#$% ) '() !"#$% 9
! #$% &' (#)*!+,) -#%.+# /)
""# $"%&'() *+& &, &*+","-%"( (x , y ) &) !"#$%$" '(#$( (!$ )*( )" &)
&)./-,&0 1 )" lmt (xt , yt ) = (x , y )2 3" ,/ &)./-","4/4 /)"5.6." /
5( 4&8&54& 4& 5"59+5/ (54" "65 "5" "/, (xt0 , yt0 )0 &5.(5 &) 4"%&'()
*+& (x , y ) &) +*,) * - !"#$%$" '(#$( (!$ )*(2
:/ ;9+%/
",+).%/ "# 1 ""#2
yt
yt
yt
(x , y )
(x , y )
xt
<*2 &)./-,&
xt
<*+2 /)"5.2 &)./-,&
(x , y )
xt
<*+2 "5&)./-,&
!"#$% &&'
()*+,-./ 0* */1%2!-!0%0 3,%4*-*/ !56#!*$0% 7 +!1%089 * !4*/1%2!-!0%0 3,%4*0*$* ;%88<
! "#$%&'($ )#*&()&$ +,#$ .&%/$! &* ,/$ ,#'&*$#/*&$

=('&5>/'() 5+&).%( /5?,")") @+54/'&5./, 4& ,() )").&'/) 4") %&.() &5
4() 4"'&5)"(5&) (5 ,() )").&'/) '?) )"'8,&) 8()"-,&)A *,! !"!$(' ! *".
#( *(!/
!"#$ $&# '() *+$,-!./ 0$#!/0 1$, 2!-34
"# B5 !"!$(' 0"! 1($, *"#( * - 2,',+3#(, C3$"):# &) +5 )").&'/ 4& ,/
@(%'/
xt+1 = a11 xt + a12 yt

yt+1 = a21 xt + a22 yt
(0 &5 @(%'/ '?) ('8/ ./0
zt+1 = Azt

a
a12
4(54& zt = (xt , yt )T 0 A = 11
2
a21 a22
C3$"):#
!"#$%"& !( )!*! # +,+$&("!( ---. /)"&$&0! &1, 2 3&,%$& !
!"
##$ %& ! "#$% &! (#") *!+#%* +),-)$)./+#) '( )& (#(*'+, -' ., /01+,
xt+1 = a11 xt + a12 yt + b1

yt+1 = a21 xt + a22 yt + b2
02 '& /01+, +3( 0+5, *,2
zt+1 = Azt + b
-0&-' zt = (xt , yt )T 2 A =

a11 a12
2 b = (b1 , b2 )T 6
a21 a22
7' +,&'1, (#+#.,1 , .0 8)' *'&9,+0( 5,1, '. ,(0 0&*#&)02 50-'+0(
'( 1#:#1 '. (#;)#'&*' *'01'+,<
!"#!$% &'(
!"#" %&#'(" ')* +& ,-./ '-*&,0
A &#* ! "#$% =>7#(?$ "!#+# &) 3%*)(# 4()4!) (#%*#
!0 1! *% $%"(!2
5 &! "!+") 6 #+")+ # *% )*7 !8+ .#+#(%* "!#+# *% 9)($%
xt = c11 t1 + c12 t2
yt = c21 t1 + c22 t2
&)+&#
(c11 , c21 ) # 7+ 3# ")( 4()4!) % ) !%&) % 1 : 5 (c12 , c22 ) # 7+

2 : , R;
3# ")( 4()4!) % ) !%&) %

!!0 1! *% $%"(!2
A &#* ! "#$% =>7#(?$ "!#+# 7+ 3%*)( 4()4!) (#%* (#4#"!&)
<# &# !(6 &# $7*"!4*! !&%& =06 #+")+ # *% )*7 !8+ .#+#(%* "!#+# *%
9)($%
xt = (c11 + c12 )t + c11 tt1

yt = (c21 + c22 )t + c21 tt1
&)+&#
(A I)
5
, R;

c11
=0
c21
(A I)

c12
c
= 11
c22
c21
=@$
! #$% &' (#)*!+,) -#%.+# /)

! "
#$ %$&' (
)*# + +&*%$
!"
#$%&'()
& *,* )-+ .$#-'*+ /'-/ -+ -%1
/#*2-+
1 = r(cos + i sen ),
2 = r(cos i sen )
*,&-, *+ #$ +-#3 4, 5*,*'$# & *,* #$ 6-'%$
xt = c11 r t cos(t) + c12 r t sen(t)

yt = c21 r t cos(t) + c22 r t sen(t)
)-,)*
(c11 , c21 )
*+ 3, .* &-' /'-/ - $+- $)- $
.* &-' /'-/ - $+- $)- $
!"#$%&' )*+0
1 7
(c12 , c22 )
*+ 3,
2 9
&) *+&,&-./012' 0, 30 32 50 670 '& A 0' 78. 1.+/&- 82 '&897,./: 08+28 0'
;7050 '0/ 50' 21;70'+. 212 A = CDC 1 : 52850

c
c
C = 11 12
c21 c22
0' ,. 1.+/&- 9080/.5. ;2/ ,2' <0 +2/0' ;/2;&2' # 2,718.) 2//0';28=
5&08+0' . ,2' <.,2/0' ;/2;&2' 1 , 2 : >

0
D= 1
0 2
?;,& .852 0'+2: +08012' 670
zt = Azt1 = . . . = At z0 = CDt C 1 z0
1 : 08+28 0'
$& c1
ij 0' ,. 08+/.5. ij 50 ,. 1.+/&- C
xt = c11 t1 + c12 t2
yt = c21 t1 + c22 t2
1
1
1
52850 = c1
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415
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425
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435
lm [kt
c2t
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2
445
2" 2)/2"6 2" (1)6 --"7,()# , 8*"
1
t = (0 + 1)( )t 1
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{ct }
t ln ct
t=0
'23&4$ $
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k0 5$5(
lm kT
5$5(
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H = t ln ct + t (w + rkt ct )
(8
1 t
t = 0 [
]
1+r
r
t
1+r
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[(1 + r)] 2
0
r
t1
X
k
1+r
t
tk1
kt = k0 (1 + r) +
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(w
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0
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k=0
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lm H(t) = 0
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< ?2&@ $ '2 *&1@ 8(' ))&*$ $ )$ (850 0A8

t1
lm 0 k0 + 0 [
1 tX
]
(1 + r)tk1 (w
1+r
k=0
k
1+r
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0
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{c(t)}
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T
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v(kt , ct , t)
t=0
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V (kt , t) = m
ax{v(kt , ct , t) + V (kt+1 , t + 1)}
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.9 -375140 . /.6+'()9,
u(c2 ) u(c1 ) < u (c1 )(c2 c1 )
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X
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T
X
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/.1.6'- 23. u (ct ) = E 93.;'
T
X
t=0
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;(, &8 848 -585 5, 7(7<-<( -./ -/<,:<,64):8& 5, )/7(6) ,/<:, 5)7 4,?
:@)5)7 t A t+1 (8&,7;(-,:8+ ,7<% -/B,:786,/<, :,&8 -)/858 )/ &8 8 <-<(5
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86F-)7 ,/ &)7 -/ ,/<-B)7 48:8 38 ,:&)1
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=): 7,: &8 C(/ -./ 5, (<-&-585 6)/.<)/8 :, -,/<, A ./ 8B8 ,7<:- <8+
7, 5,5( , ;(, ,& )/7(6) ,7 )/7<8/<, ,/ ,& <-,64)I ct = c 48:8 <)5)
t = 0, 1, . . . , T 1 2, &8 :,7<:- -./ 5, 4:,7(4(,7<) 7, 7-D(,
#
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r
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,/ &8 )64)7- -./ 5, &8 :-;(,L8 <)<8& ) 5, &8 :-;(,L8 <)<8& 6-768+ /)
7, <-,/,/ ,/ (,/<8 ,/ &8 , (8 -./ #V8*1 =): <8/<)+ (8&;(-,: 86F-) ,/
&8 )64)7- -./ 5, &8 :-;(,L8 ;(, &8 68/<,/D8 -/8&<,:858+ /) 86F-8 &8
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%19>
st = yt ct
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W =
ct 0
!"
T
X
t ln ct
t=0
*+,-./ $
at+1 = (1 + r)(at + yt ct )
/1
a(0) = a0
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4/14- ct -* 6$ 7$)&$86- 4- /1.)/6 2 at -* 6$ 7$)&$86- 4- -*.$4/5

96 3)&1 &3&/ 4- /3.&'$6&4$4 4- :-66'$1 3$)$ 3)/86-'$* /1 4-*;
+-1./ .-'3/)$6 *- 36$*'$ -1 6$ *&<+&-1.- - +$ &=1>
Vt (at ) = m
ax {ln ct + Vt+1
(at+1 )}
ct 0
[(1 + r)(at + yt ct )]}

= max {ln ct + Vt+1
ct 0
?$)$ 4$) */6+ &=1 $6 3)/86-'$ 4- 3)/<)$'$ &=1 4&1@'& $A 1/* *&;
.+$'/* -1 -6 B6.&'/ 3-)C/4/A 2 )-*/67-'/* 3)&'-)/ -6 *+83)/86-'$
3$)$ -*- 3-)C/4/5 D-*3+E* $1$6&($'/* $4$ -.$3$ )- +)*&7$'-1;
.- 4-*4- -6 F1$6 G$*.$ -6 3)&1 &3&/5 D-8&4/ $ H+- 1/ .-1-'/* +1
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3)/86-'$ 3/) '-4&/ 4-6 3$.)=1 H+- )-*+6.$ 4- $36& $) -6 ?)&1 &3&/
4- I3.&'$6&4$4 3-)C/4/ .)$* 3-)C/4/5
!"#$%$ T & aT
4$4$5
91 -6 3-)C/4/ F1$6A -6 $<-1.- )-*+-67- -6 3)/86-'$ VT = m

axct 0 {ln ct }5
?+-*./ H+- 6$ J+1 &=1 4- +.&6&4$4 -* -*.)& .$'-1.- )- &-1.-A 6$
*/6+ &=1 *-)@ /1*+'&) ./4$ 6$ )&H+-($ $ +'+6$4$5 ?/) 6/ .$1./
cT = aT + yT 2 VT (aT ) = ln(aT + yT )5
!"#$%$ T 1& aT 1 4$4$5

91 -*.$ -.$3$ -6 /1*+'&4/) )-*+-67-
VT 1 (aT 1 ) = max {ln cT 1 + VT (aT )}

cT 1 0
= max {ln cT 1 + ln[(1 + r)(aT 1 + yT 1 cT 1 ) + yT ]}

cT 1 0
!"
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+(01 1+(&$ 0& )*1.&* +*0&( $+( (& &$/*1/$ 8 $'9 1&(%&$ )/*/ 10&(:
%19 /* '(/ ;(1 / $+-' 14(7 <'& &$
cT 1 =
(1 + r)(aT 1 + yT 1 ) + yT
(1 + r)(1 + )
=1&*%/.&(%& cT 1 &$ )/*%& 0& -/ %*/8& %+*1/ 4)%1./ 0& +($'.+

)/*/ -+$ 0+$ ;-%1.+$ )&*>+0+$? @&&.)-/2/(0+ cT 1 &( -/ A'( 14(
5/-+* &( T 1 +,%&(&.+$
VT1 (aT 1 ) = (1 + ) ln[(1 + r)(aT 1 + yT 1 ) + yT ] + A1 (r, )

0+(0& A1 (r, ) &$ '(/ +($%/(%& <'& 0&)&(0& 0& r 8 ?
!"#$%$ T 2& aT 2 0/0/?

#( &$%& )&*>+0+ &- 1(01510'+ *&$'&-5&
VT 2 (aT 2 ) = m
ax {ln cT 2 + VT1 (aT 1 )} + A1 (r, )
cT 2 0
= m
ax {ln cT 2 + k ln [(1 + r)2 (aT 2 + yT 2 cT 2 )
cT 2 0
+(1 + r)yT 1 + yT ]}
+ A1 (r, )
0+(0& k = (1+)? B& ('&5+7 &$%& &$ '( )*+C*/./ 0& +)%1.12/ 14(
,1&( 0&9(10+7 '8/ $+-' 14( &$
cT 2 =
(1 + r)2 (aT 2 + yT 2 ) + (1 + r)yT 1 + yT

(1 + r)2 (1 + + 2 )
@&&.)-/2/(0+ cT 2 &( -/ A'( 14( 5/-+* &( T 2 %&(&.+$
VT2 (aT 2 ) = k ln[(1+r)2 (aT 2 +yT 2 )+(1+r)yT 1 +yT ]+A2 (r, )

0+(0& k = (1 + + 2 ) 8 A2 (r, ) &$ '(/ +($%/(%& <'& 0&)&(0&
0& r 8 ?
! #$% &' ()*#+#,- #$% .#%/+# -
!"
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&'( *#+*,#( (-( .( /+ +-(0 *, .$0 *1$2$0 $,1*'+('*03 *. 045*1( 0*
*,6'*,1$ $
VT 3 (aT 3 ) = max {ln cT 3 + VT2 (aT 2 )} + A2 (r, )

cT 3 0
= max {ln cT 3 + k ln[(1 + r)3 (aT 3 + yT 3 cT 3 )

cT 3 0
+ (1 + r)2 yT 2 + (1 + r)yT 1 + yT ]}
+ A2 (r, )
#(,#* k = (1 + + 2 )% 701* 2'(8.*-$3 (-( 9$ 0$8*-(03 *01:

$2'(2+$#$-*,1* $'$ 1*'+;$#( 9 1+*,* 2(' 0(.4 +<,
cT 3 =
(1 + r)3 (aT 3 + yT 3 ) + (1 + r)2 yT 2 + (1 + r)yT 1 + yT

(1 + r)3 (1 + + 2 + 3 )
=/('$ 8+*,> ?(1*-(0 @4* #* .$0 0(.4 +(,*0 {ct }Tt=T 3 /$..$#$0 $,A
1*0 B@4* 0* *, 4*,1'$, *, .$ 1'$9* 1('+$ 0(.4 +<, <21+-$C3 *-*'D*
4, 2$1'<, .$'$-*,1* #+0 *',+8.*3 #*0 '+1( -*#+$,1* .$ * 4$ +<,
P
(1 + r)t aT t + Tt=0 (1 + r)t yT t
ct =
P
(1 + r)t Tt=0 t
E2*'$,#( 9 '*('D$,+;$,#(3 .$ *F2'*0+<, $,1*'+(' 0* 1'$,06('-$ *,

.$ * 4$ +<, @4* #*0 '+8*3 2$'$ 1(#( t = 0, 1, . . . , T 3 *. (,04-(
<21+-(
#
%
T
X
1
yT t
ct =
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a0 +
1 t+1
(1 + r)t
t=0
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.$ 1'$9* 1('+$ #* (,04-( (81*,+#$ *, B"IC 93 2(' *..( -+0-(3 (,
+D4$. +,1*'2'*1$ +<,%
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