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volume of gas
mass of subtance number of mole =
number of mole = molar mass molar volme
MV quantity of particle
number of mole = number of mole =
1000
6.02 ×1023
M = molarity
3
V = Volume of solution in cm
Summary
Volume of
Gas
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Periodic Table
Reaction of Group 1 Elements
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Electrochemistry
Electrolyte
Ionisation of Electrolyte
Ionisation of Molten Compound
2+ -
PbBr2 ⎯→ Pb + + Br-
NaCl ⎯→ Na3+ + Cl 2-
Al2O3 ⎯→ 2Al + 3O
Ionisation of Aqueous Solution
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Salt
Solubility of Salt
Salt Solubility
Salt of potassium, sodium and ammonium All are soluble in water
Salt of nitrate All are soluble in water
Salt of sulphate Mostly soluble in water except:
(Pb) Lead sulphate
(Ba) Barium sulphate
(Ca) Calcium
Salt of chloride sulphatesoluble in water except:
Mostly
(Pb) Lead chloride
(Ag) silver chloride
(Hg) mercury
Salt of carbonate chlorideinsoluble in water except:
Mostly
Potassium carbonate
Sodium carbonate
Ammonium
Oxide and Hydroxide carbonate Solubility
Oxide Mostly insoluble in water except: K2O and Na2O.
Hydroxide Mostly insoluble in water except: NH4OH, KOH and NaOH
Preparation of Salt
Example: Preparation
HCl + NaOH ⎯→ NaCl of +
Sodium
H2O Chloride (NaCl)
Salt
Acid of non-Potassium,
+ Reactive Sodium
metal ⎯→ Salt and Ammonium
+ Hydrogen Gas
Acid + Metal Oxide ⎯→ Salt + Water
Acid + Metal Carbonate ⎯→ Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Example: Preparation
H2SO4 + Zn ⎯→ ZnSO of Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4)
4 + H2
H2SO4 + ZnO ⎯→ ZnSO4 +
H2O
CO2
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Preparation of Insoluble Salt
Ionic Precipitation
Insoluble salts can be made by double decomposition. This involves mixing a solution that contains its
positive ions with another solution that contains its negative ions.
(aq)
Colour of Salt
2- - 2- -
CO3 NO3 SO4 Cl
Identification of Gases
Gasses Characteristics
Oxygen Rekindle glowing splinter.
Hydrogen Explode with a ‘pop’ sound when brought close to a lighted splinter.
Carbon Dioxide Turns lime water chalky.
Chlorine Bleach moist litmus paper.
Ammonia Pungent smell.
Turn moist red litmus paper to blue.
Produces white fume when reacts with concentrated hydrochloric Acid.
Sulphur Dioxide Pungent smell.
Bleach the purple colour of potassium manganate(VII).
Turn moist blue litmus paper to red.
Nitrogen Dioxide Pungent smell.
Brown in colour.
Turn moist blue litmus paper to red.
Qualitative analysis
Identification of Anions (Negative ions)
Diluted HCl or BaCl (aq) or Ba(NO3)2 AgNO3 follow by Brown Ring Test
diluted HNO3 or (aq) follow by diluted diluted HNO3. ( + FeSO4 (aq ) +
diluted H2SO4 HCl/HNO3 concentratedH2SO4
White precipitate is
White precipitate is
Carbon Dioxide is formed. It is soluble in
2- formed. It is soluble in -
CO3 released. diluted HCl/HNO3
diluted HNO3
White precipitate is
formed. It is NOT soluble
2- - - -
SO4 in diluted HCl/HNO3
White precipitate is
- formed. It is NOT
Cl - - -
soluble in diluted
HNO3
- Formation of Brown
NO3 - - -
Ring
Idendification of cation
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H2SO4 or
NaOH(ak) NH3(ak) HCl or NaCl Na2CO3 KI
Na 2SO 4
+
Na
White White
2+ White
C precipitate.
precipitate is precipitate is
produced. produced.
White
precipitate is
White White
produced.
3+ precipitate is precipitate is
Al Dissolve in
produced. produced.
excess NaOH .
solution.
White White
precipitate is precipitate is
White
produced. produced.
precipitate is
Zn
2+ Dissolve in Dissolve in
produced.
excess NaOH excess NH3
solution. solution.
White
White Yellow
precipitate is
White precipitate is White White precipitate is
produced.
2+ precipitate is produced. precipitate is precipitate is produced.
Pb Dissolve in
produced. Dissolve in hot produced. produced. Dissolve in hot
excess NaOH
water water
solution.
Blue precipitate
is produced.
White
Dissolve in
2+ Blue precipitate Blue precipitate precipitate form
C is produced.
excess NH3
is produced. in brown
solution and
solution
form a blue
solution.
+
NH4
= No changes is observed
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Distibguish Iron(II) and Iron(III)
The reaction
1. Ammonia is made by the Haber process from nitrogen and hydrogen:
Catalyst: Iron
Promoter: Aluminium oxide
Temperature: 450 °C
Pressure: 200-1000 atm