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Note- For the sake of brevity, few answer are merged together as contrary and
contradictory though they are different in one line, yet are fused together.
Subjectless- They do not express intension of the speaker clearly (therefore they
are also called primitive). They express emotion, feelings or exclamations.
2)
3)
4)
subject and predicate with the same determinant, but here determinant is not any
adjective whatsoever rather it is part of complex concept.
4) Inference by converse Relation- in it direction of relation changes and the word by
which it is related is replaced by its correlatives.
They are said other immediate inferences because their validity depends on
knowledge of content; instead of form.
39) What are three laws of thought?
A- The Law of Identity It states if any proposition is true, it is true (and when
applied to things states that, everything is what it is i.e. a is a)
The Law of Contradiction- It states that two contradictory propositions cannot be
true. (When applied to things, it states that nothing is both A and not A)
The Law of Excluded Middle- It states, both propositions cannot be false. (When
applied to things it state that, everything is A or not-A.
40) What is definition?
A- Definition is explanation of the meaning of a word, phrase or symbol (i.e. nonverbal).
41) What is real and nominal definition?
A- Real definition claims to state nature of the thing.
A nominal (or verbal) definition explains the meaning of a word, phrase or symbols.
42) What is connotative and denotative definition?
A- A denotative definition indicates the things to which the defiendum applies. For
ex.- Ostensive and Extensive.
Connotative definitions states properties. For ex.- Biverbal and per genus et
differentia.
43) Define all the types of definition?
A- Ostensive- It consist of pointing to the object (or objects) to which the
definiendum applies.
Extensive- It consists in giving example (also called type definition)
Bi-verbal- It explains one word for another; or one phrase for another.
Per genus et differentia- the definiendum is analyzed by stating its genus and
differentia.
Stipulative- it consists of deliberately assign the meaning to a words or word. (it is
specially used by poet, authors, scientists to find or discover new word.)
Lexical- it reports meaning of word or phrase as actually used by people i.e.
dictionary meanings.
Precising-It serves to reduce vagueness, by perfectly explaining term.
44) What is logical division? And which type of definition is division?
A- It is the process of splitting up (or separating) genus into its constituent species.