UNITI

DIVERSITYINTHELIVINGWORLD
S

G O
CHAPTER 2
BIOLOGICALCLASSIFICATION

2.1KINGDOMMONERA
22.2KINGDOMPROTISTA
2KINGDOMPROTISTA
2.3KINGDOMFUNGI
2.4KINGDOMPLANTAE
2.5KINGDOMANIMALIA
2.6VIRUSES,VIROIDS&LICHENS
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WHATISCLASSIFICATION?
S C SS C
O ?
Anythingwhichisgroupedintoconvenient
y
g
g
p
categorybasedoneasilyobservable
characters.
Arrangementoforganizedinformationon
thebasisofsimilarities.
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WHATISBIOLOGICALCLASSIFICATION?
Itisthesystematicgroupingoforganisms.
y
g
p g
g
Itisalsocalledbiosystematics.
Biosystematicsdealswiththeidentification,
nomenclature&classificationoforganisms
basedontheirsimilarities&differences.
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DIFFERENTSYSTEMSOFCLASSIFICATION
1)ARTIFICIALSYSTEMS
2)NATURALSYSTEMS
3)
3)PHYLOGENETICSYSTEMS(CLADISTICS)
(
)

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1.ARTIFICIALSYSTEMS:
Itisasystemofclassificationbasedonone
ortwoeasilyrecognizablecharacters.
Example:Theophrastus(370300BC)
classifiedplantsinto:
p
Trees
Shrubs
Undershrubs
Herbs
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Example2:
p
Aristotle(384322BC) classifiedanimals
into:
Enaima (Animalswithredblood)
Anaima (Animalswithoutredblood)
Ovipary (Egglaying)
Vivipary (Givingbirthtoyoungones)

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2.NATURALSYSTEMOFCLASSIFICATION
NATURALSYSTEMOFCLASSIFICATION
Itisasystemofclassificationbasedon
naturalsimilaritiesofvegetative&floral
characters.
characters
Example:GeorgeBentham&JosephDalton
Hooker classifiedplantsinto:
Cryptogams (nonfloweringplants)
Phanerogams (seedbearingplants)
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3.PHYLOGENETICSYSTEM(CLADISTICS)
Itisasystemofclassificationbasedon
evolutionary&geneticrelationshipof
organismsinadditiontonaturalcharacters.
Example:AdolfEngler&KarlPrantle
classifiedbacteria&allplantsunder14
divisions.The14th divisionsisEmbryophyta
siphanogama thatincludesgymnosperms&
angiosperms.
g p
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KINGDOMSYSTEMSOFCLASSIFICATION

TWOKINGDOMSYSTEM:
(CAROLUSLINNAEUS 1758)
(CAROLUSLINNAEUS1758)
KINGDOMPLANTAE:ItincludesBacteria,

Mycoplasma fungi&photosyntheticplants
Mycoplasma,fungi&photosyntheticplants.
KINGDOMANIMALIA:Itincludes

unicellular&multicellular animals.
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THREEKINGDOMSYSTEM:
(ERNESTHAECKEL 1866)
(ERNESTHAECKEL1866)
KINGDOMPROTISTA:Itincludes
unicellular&colonialeukaryotessuchas
y
bacteria,algae,fungi&protozoans.
KINGDOMPLANTAE:Itincludes
multicellularphotosyntheticplants.
KINGDOMANIMALIA:Itincludes
multicellularanimals.
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FOURKINGDOMSYSTEM:
(COPELAND 1956)
(COPELAND1956)
KINGDOMMONERA:Itincludesunicellularor
filamentousprokaryotessuchasBacteria,
mycoplasma&cyanobacteria.
l
&
b t i
KINGDOMPROTISTA:Itincludesunicellular
eukaryotes.
y
KINGDOMPLANTAE:Multicellularautotrophic
eukaryotes
KINGDOMANIMALIA:Multicellularheterotrophic
eukaryotes
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FIVEKINGDOMSYSTEM:
(RHWHITTAKER1969)
Classificationbasedon:
Complexityofcellstructure prokaryoteor
eukaryote
Complexityoforganismsbody
unicellularormulticellular
Modeofnutrition
AutotrophicorHeterotrophic
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 Majorecologicalrole
j
g
Producer,Consumer,
,
,

Decomposer
Phylogeneticrelationship simpletocomplex

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PROKARYOTE:
Incipientnucleus
nucleoidhasonlyDNA
Mayhaveplasmid
Absenceofmembrane
boundcellorganelles
g
70Sribosomes
Example:Bacteria,
p
Nostoc,Mycoplasma.

EUKARYOTE:
Truenucleus
ChromatinhasDNA&
histones
plasmidabsent
Presenceofmembrane
boundcellorganelles
70S&80Sribosomes
present
Example:Higherplants
&animals

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FIVEKINGDOMSYSTEMCLASSIFICATION
OFRHWHITTAKER:
KINGDOMMONERA
KINGDOMPROTISTA
KINGDOMFUNGI(MYCOTA)
KINGDOMPLANTAE(METAPHYTA)
KINGDOMANIMALIA(METAZOA)

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KINGDOM MONERA: (Characteristics)

Unicellular or filamentous prokaryotes
Omni present (air, soil, hot springs, deserts, deep
sea,, snow & as p
parasites))
Cell wall is composed of polysaccharides & amino
acids(peptido glycons or murein)
Autotrophic (photo & chemosynthetic) &
heterotrophic (saprophytic & parasitic)
Reproduce
R
d
b vegetative,
by
i
asexuall & sexuall
methods
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MAJORGROUPSOFMONERA:
1.Archaebacteria:
A h b t i Methanogens,Halophyles,
M th
H l h l
thermoacidophyles
2 Eubacteria: Vibrio,mycobacteria
2.Eubacteria:
Vibrio mycobacteria
3.Cyanobacteria: Nostoc,Anabena

Methanogen

Vibrio

Nostoc

Anabena

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KINGDOMPROTISTA: (Characteristics)
Unicellulareukaryotes.
Unicellulareukaryotes
Freshwater,marineorparasiticforms.
Cellwallisusuallyabsent,ifpresentitis
Cellwallisusuallyabsent ifpresentitis
impregnatedwithsilica(diatoms).
Photosyntheticornonphotosynthetic.
y
p
y
Locomotorystructuremaybecilia,flagella,
pseudopodiaorabsent.
Reproducebysexual&asexualmethods.
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MAJORGROUPSOFKINGDOMPROTISTA:
1 CHRYSOPHYTA:
1.CHRYSOPHYTA:
Diatom Pinnularia
Diatom,Pinnularia

22.DINOFLAGELLATES:
DINOFLAGELLATES:
Gonyaulax,Noctiluca

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3. EUGLENOIDS:

Euglena,

Peranema

4. SLIME MOULDS:

Physaram
y

Stemonitis,,

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5. PROTOZOA:

Paramoecium

Amoeba

Trypanosoma

Plasmodium

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KINGDOMFUNGI: (Characteristics)
Unicellularormulticellulareukaryotes
Achlorophyllusheterotrophs
Someareparasites(Puccinia),saprophytes(Yeast,
Someareparasites(Puccinia) saprophytes(Yeast
Agaricus),Symbionts(Parmeliainlichens)&
associatedintherootsofhigherplants
(mycorrhiza)
Thethalloidplantbodyiscalledmycelium
Myceliumismadeupoftubularthreadlike
hyphae
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Cellwallhaschitin.
C ll llh hiti
Theyreproducebythefollowingmethods:
Vegetative(fragmentation,fission,budding)
V
t ti (f
t ti
fi i
b ddi )
Asexual(sporangiospores,conidia)
Sexual(Plasmogamy&Karyogamy&meiosis

resultingintheformationofhaploidsporeslike
oospore,ascospore&basidiospore)
p
,
p
p
)

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MAJORGROUPSOFKINGDOMFUNGI:
1 PHYCOMYCETES: Mucor
1.PHYCOMYCETES:
Rhizopus

22.ASCOMYCETES(SACFUNGI):
ASCOMYCETES(SACFUNGI):
Pencillium

Yeast

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3. BASIDIOMYCETES (CLUB FUNGI):

Agaricus
g

Puccinia

4. DEUTEROMYCETES (FUNGI IMPERFECTI):

Cercospora

Alternaria

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Thefollowingarenotmentionedinthe
R.H.Whittaker fivekingdomsystemof
classification.
PRIONS
VIROIDS
VIRUSES&
LICHENS

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PRIONS: Theseareintracellular,infectious
proteinparticlesthatcausediseasein
animals.TheywerediscoveredbyStanley
Prusiner(1970)
Prusiner(1970).
DISEASES:
Scrapieinsheeps
KuruinMalaysiantribes
Creutzfeldt
CreutzfeldtJacobdisease(CJD)
Jacobdisease(CJD)
Bovinespongiformencephalopathy
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VIROIDS: Theseareintracellularinfectious
singlestrandedRNAparticlesthatcause
diseasesinplants.
TheywerediscoveredbyT ODiener (1971).
TheywerediscoveredbyT.ODiener
(1971)
DISEASES:
Potatospindletuber
Citrusexocortis
Cucumberpalefruit
Tomatobunchytop
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VIRUSES: Theseareintracellular,,
infectious,poisonousnucleoproteins
havingDNAorRNAasgeneticmaterial.
g
g
Theseareobligateparasitesthatdonot
havecellularstructure.Theywere
discoveredbyIvanowski (1892).

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Example:
TMV

HIV

T4 bacteriophage

DISEASES: Tobacco mosaic,

mosaic banana
bunchy top, rabies, brain fever & AIDS
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LICHENS: Thesearesymbioticassociation
betweenalgae&fungi.Thealgae
componentiscalledphycobiont
(
(autotrophic)&fungalcomponentiscalled
hi )&f
l
i ll d
mycobiont (heterotrophic).
Li h
Lichensaregoodpollutionindicators.

d ll ti i di t
Example:
P
Parmelia
li
Cl d i
Cladonia

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