Attempting to prove the correct ratio of lead

atoms combining with iodine atoms.

VOICE THREAD ON THE LAST SLIDE. TO VIEW IT

YOU NEED TO BE IN THE SLIDESHOW FORMAT.

In chapter 7 you proved that atoms rearrange

when new products are formed. You did this
by heating the yellow solid and it formed a
purple gas with lead metal. The lead and
iodine were not together in the reactants.
Pb(NO3)2 + KI Pb?I? + K(NO3)2

PbI + HEAT PURPLE GAS AND LEAD METAL

What is NOT known is the actual number of

lead atoms combing with iodine atoms.
Our objective is to determine the ratio of lead
to iodine in the lead iodine compound that
forms when the following double replacement
reaction occurs:

Pb(NO3)2 + KI

Before you did the chapter 8 lab you were

asked to make possible graphs depicting the
results that you would get if various
combinations of lead and iodine were made.
In doing this chart and predicting the amount
of product made, then graphing the number
of PbI formed, you would be able to do two
things. Make possible graph shapes AND
determine what atoms would be left over if
various ratios were formed.

These graph shapes were PREDICTIONS for

various ratios to be examined.

In looking at these graphs they fell into two

main groups. The first three graphs were
direct relationships. This is a key observation
as they represent the PbI, Pb2I and Pb2I2
graphs.

What this grouping means is this; if the height of

your yellow solid makes a graph similar to the
first 3, then the ratio had to be a 1:1 ratio.
If the ratio is something other than 1:1then you
will run out of atoms. This brings me to an
important point. There are TWO ways that you
can have leftover atoms; one, start with an
unequal number, and two, have equal numbers
of atoms, but they combine in ratios that are not
1:1.

So here is what the graph shapes mean to you.

IF YOU PERFORMED THE LAB, and your results
of the solid formed a direct relationship, then
the ratio would have had to have been one of
those ratios. Only those ratios, PbI, Pb2I and
Pb2I2 gave a direct relationship. This would
mean that it could not be PbI2 or Pb2I3 . The
converse is also true. If your graph is like
one of the LAST TWO GRAPHS, then the ratio
had to be PbI2 or Pb2I3 and not one of the
others.

What you should be able to see from these two graphs

are the following; you have a direct relationship which
was formed by the PbI, Pb2I2 and the Pb2I. In all 3 of
those ratios, THE IODINE IS NOT USED UP
FASTER THAN THE LEAD. The second graph shape
represented the PbI2 and the Pb2I3 ratios. In both cases
here the Iodine was used up faster than the lead. This
is a key concept.

There are two ways you can have leftover

reactants in the products.
1. Start with an unequal amount of chemicals.
2. Start with an equal amount of atoms, but
have them combine in ratios that are not in a
1:1 ratio.

In chapter 8 lab, you did both.

As you added the chemicals

to the tubes, tubes 2-6
should have made a yellow
solid. The heights of the
liquids should have
increased with each tube
as shown here.

Here you can see that the

correctly prepared tubes
all increase in height.
They should as each tube
has an increasing amount
of volume of solutions.

Here you can see an

example of where the
incorrect amount
of liquids was added to the
tubes. The results will
not be correct for this
group.

Once you mixed your chemicals

you then heated them in a water
bath. This was done to cause
the precipitate to drop to the
bottom of the test tube
at a faster rate.

The actual height of the

solids (in mm) should
have been recorded in
Table 8-5. Here you
can see that the height
of the solids in tubes
4-6 is the same.
This is crucial
information.

Later testing of the clear

liquid should have
revealed that you had
Iodine atoms leftover
from the reactants. This
would be expected as you
started out with more
Iodine to begin with.

This is a crucial observation. You have more

iodine than lead, yet you RAN OUT OF
IODINE. In order for this to happen, the

iodine IS being used at a faster rate than the

lead. The ratio of lead to iodine

cannot be a 1:1 ratio. It must be

PbI2 or Pb2I3. The key point is,
whatever the subscript is for lead,
Iodine must be a larger number.

Referring back to the

original table of
mixtures you should
be able to see that
you had more iodine
than lead added.
This is further proof
that iodine is being
used up at a faster
rate than the lead.

If you notice that the graph leveled out, this

automatically rules out the possibility of

various combinations of lead and iodine.

For example, the ratios cannot be:

PbI
Pb2I2
Or Pb2I as all three of these
ratios gave a graph with a direct relationship.

So the options left are

PbI2 and Pb2I3..

Notice that the height of the solids resembles that of the

predicted graph for the 1:2 ratio of lead to iodine.

The X on the graph is significant. At this point,

there are no leftover atoms in the products. If a
trial had been conducted, it would have had 10 I
and 5 Pb.
Trial #3
10I + 4Pb PbI + I

Trial #3.5
Trial #4

10I + 5Pb PbI NO LEFTOVERS

10I + 6Pb PbI + Pb

This intersection is the proof that the

lead and iodine combine in a 1:2 ratio
as it is the only ratio that yields no
leftover atoms. This does not work
for the 2:3 ratio of lead to iodine.

Tubes 1-3 would be expected to have leftover

iodine since you started out with an unequal
amount of lead and iodine. If you check your
chart, you will see that you started out with a
much greater amount of iodine when the two
solutions were mixed.

Tubes 4-6 had leftover LEAD

despite the fact that you had
more iodine than lead atoms in
each tube. This tells you that you
are using iodine atoms at a faster
rate than lead atoms. Additional

proof that the ratio of lead to iodine CANNOT

be a 1:1 or 2:1 ratio.

TUBES 1,2, AND 3

CONTAINED
LEFTOVER IODINE.
HERE THE LIMITING
REAGENT IS LEAD.

TUBES 4,5,6
CONTAIN
LEFTOVER Pb.
IODINE IS THE
LIMITING REAGENT

1.

2.

3.

The ratios could not be 1:1 since you ran

out of iodine.
They could also not be 1:1, 2:2, or 2:1
as the graph shape was not a direct
relationship.
The shape of the graph, along with the
leftover atoms suggests that the ratio of
lead to iodine is a 1:2 ratio.
The point where your graphs intersect
corrisponds to NO LEFTOVER ATOMS.
This equates to 5 Lead and 10 Iodine
atoms.

Lead iodide has the molecular

formula of PbI2.

FOR THE LINK TO WORK, YOU

MUST BE IN SLIDE SHOW.
http://voicethread.com/share/34
98304/