Math 200-102 Project

November, 10th, 2014

By: Skye Craig

Refernce for information on Nicolai Lobachevsky

http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/science-and-technology/nikolai-lobachevsky/

Nicolai Lobachevsky
was born around the city of
Nizhiny Novgorod in the
Russian Empire on
st
December 1 1792. He was
one of three children, when
he was around eight his
father died. When his father
died his mother decided to
move him and his two other
siblings to Kazan. In 1805 at the age of 14 he enrolled at the Kazan University where he intended to
study natural sciences in preparation to study medicine. In 1811 he earned a masters degree in
Mathematics and Physics. In 1816 he became a lecturer which kick started his 30 year career at the
university. Lobachevsky was a very skilled individual at many things but he became known for his
discovery of non-Euclidean geometry. In 1826 he presented findings in a report that he believed backed
up his point. No one then knew that his findings contained one of the greatest discoveries, disproving
Euclids Fifth postulate. He also wrote about algebra, mathematical analysis, and calculus of
probabilities, mechanics, physics and astronomy. Sadly Lobachevsky died at the age of 63 and he never
really got to see his amazing findings get published. Thanks to him other mathematicians and scientist
have the confidence to challenge other axioms.

Other Primes
Mersenne primes are numbers that are a part of a specific type of prime number. The
number must be reducible to the form 2^n -1, n is the prime number. The first few Mersenne
primes are 3, 7, 31, 127, 8191, 131071 which corresponds to indices n= 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 31,
61, 89. These numbers were first studied due the remarkable properties that every Mersenne
prime has a corresponding number to one perfect number. A French monk discovered these
numbers and studied them around 300 years ago, his name was Marin Mersenne.
(http://www.ucmo.edu/math-cs/prime.cfm?print=yes&)
Germain Primes are also referred to as a safe prime; a prime number p is a Germain prime if
2p+1 is also prime. A French mathematician named Sophie Germain discovered these numbers
and she not only found them but used them in her investigation of Fermats Last Theorem. The
Refernce for information on Nicolai Lobachevsky
http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/science-and-technology/nikolai-lobachevsky/

first few of Germain primes are less than 100

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Germain_prime).
GIMPS stands for the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search. It is a collaborative project of
volunteers who use freely available software to search for Merseene prime numbers. The
founder of the project was George Woltman.

Series
Arithmetic is a branch of mathematics that deals with properties of the counting
numbers and fractions, and the basic operations applied to these numbers. Students are often
taught about shapes and the skill of measurements which takes the subject sort of beyond the
preview of arithmetic. An arithmetic series is one where each term is a fixed number apart
from the adjacent terms (http://www.cut-the-knot.org/WhatIs/WhatIsArithmetic.shtml). This
was discovered in the 18th century by Carl Friedrich Gauss at the age of seven when he was
assigned to summing the integers from 1 to 100. When he did this he automatically noticed
that the sum of the first and last terms of the arithmetic series had the same sum as all other
pairs formed.
(http://mathed.com/NO/NO_7_4_reading1.htm)
A Geometric series is a group of numbers or quantities in geometric progression. This series is
used in applications in physics, engineering, biology, economics, and computer science.
Although the series is attributed to the Greek Pythagoras is actually appeared around 1500
years prior to the Rhynd Papyrus. In 1350 Nicole Oresme gave a more general form of the
geometric series, somewhere between 1616-1703 John Walls greatly influenced Isaac Newtons
work on geometric series
(http://mste.illinois.edu/courses/ci499sp01/students/ambucher/math306geo.pdf).
A Fibonacci series is a series of numbers in which each number is the sum of the two preceding
numbers (1,+ 1,= 2,+ 3,=+ 5,= 8). Leonardo Bonacci (c.1170 c. 1250) also known as Fibonacci.
He was an Italian mathematician who was considered by some people to be the most talented
Western mathematician of the middle ages. This series appeared in the book called Liber Abaci
in 1202 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number).
A Lucas series is an integer sequence named after a mathematician Francois Edouard Anatole
Lucas 1842-1891. He studied both a sequence that was closely related to Fibonacci numbers,
both of the series formed complementary numbers.
(http://www.maths.surrey.ac.uk/hostedsites/R.Knott/Fibonacci/lucasNbs.html)

Refernce for information on Nicolai Lobachevsky

http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/science-and-technology/nikolai-lobachevsky/

Sets
Naming sets (three methods): A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects. One
type of set is an Intentional definition which is using a rule of semantic description. For
example: A is the set whose members are the first four positive integers. B is the set of colors of
the French flag. The second method is the extension; you list each member of the set. For
example: C={ 4, 2, 1, 3} or D= {blue, white, red}. Another method for sets is called the element,
which would look like 3 = , element of. Georg Cantor and Richard Dedekind around the
1870s discovered the modern study of the set theory.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory)
Subsets: Set A would be a subset of set B or equivalently B is a superset of A. A is contained
inside B, meaning all the elements of A are also elements of B.
Complement of? Cardinality of?: A complement of a set is when the complement of A is the set

of all elements in the universal set U but not in A for example:

A= {a, b, c} and
U= {a, b, c, d, f} (http://www.basic-mathematics.com/complement-of-a-set.html). Cardinality of
a set is the measure of the number elements of the set. For example B= {1, 2, 3}, it contains 3
elements so it has a cardinality of 3.
Empty/ equal/ equivalent: An empty set is the set that contains no elements, a unique set that
has no elements so its cardinality is a zero {}. An equal set occurs when two sets have exactly
the same members, the order of the set is not important. For example: P={X: x is a positive
integer and 5x<15} Q= {X: x is a positive integer and x2<25} P Q. Two sets are consider
equivalent if they have the same number of elements, for example: A={1, 2, 3} and B={red, blue,
pink} they each have 3 elements therefor A is equivalent to B.
(http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/equal-sets.html).
Intersection and or Union of sets: The intersection
common to both sets. The union

of sets is the set of elements/numbers

of sets is when they are combined. For example A

B=[1, 2,

3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10} which is the union but A B={2,4} would be the intersection.

(http://mbaker.columbiastate.edu/algebratips_pages/union%20and%20intersection.htm).

Refernce for information on Nicolai Lobachevsky

http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/science-and-technology/nikolai-lobachevsky/

Refernce for information on Nicolai Lobachevsky

http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/science-and-technology/nikolai-lobachevsky/