Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
DDialogues
Tom Herd and his wife have gone
into a Tokyo coffee shop. Tom thinks
he recognizes someone sitting at a table
reading a newspaper.
Tom
Anzai
Tom
Jill
_,.
To
Anzai
Tom
Tom
Anzai
Tom
Jill
Anzai
Tom
Jill
Sensei - my wife.
My name is Jill. How do you do.
I'm Anzai. How do you do.
Anzai-sensei is my dentist.
Pleased to meet you.
well!, ah!
[name]-san form of address
eLS2
sensei (here) form of address
eL52
kanai (my) wife L52
desu is 51
Jiru to moshlmasu. Hajimete
o-me ni kakarimasu./
Hajimemashite. LS1
Tom
Tom
A.nzai
Tom
.
.
wa anmasen.
Jill
Anzal
Tom
Anzal
Jill
[noun] wa S1
shibaraku desu ne Unit 2 LS2
boku I boku no [noun] my
(noun] (used by men only)
[noun] no [noun] 56
ha-isha dentist (ha tooth + isha
doctor')
dozo yoroshlku
~~~ai
L51
1
Anzai-senseiE'
wa Tomu-san no ha-1s
. h a d esu
2 J.
Tom
ala
True or false?
a They
all get
up to go ~nth
leavinflg th e nedwspape~ on the table.
notices
an umbrella
e oor an ptcks It up.
Oozo yoroshiku.
Jill
Anzai
~rimasen
.
you~
kore this SS
kasa umbrella
hal yes
watashl / w
my (nounj (us':~~hl no (noun]
men and
Y both
women)
~
Tom and
lmponed
.
domo thanks
shinbun newspaper
sore that (by you)
Anzal
Jill
Anzai
!'~--
....~,
Jib
Anzai
"
fair of
to mgamze at a nearby
Sore wa doko
Kore desu ka?~ochizu desu ka?
~orae kara, ar~ war~awnadFuransu no chizu desu
re wa 1 i
esu ka?
Tom
Anzai
Anzai
Jill
Anzai
Jill
Anzai
Jill
Anzai
Tom
Anzai
...A.
Furansu France
doko? where?/what place?
doko no [noun] [noun] of what
place
chizu cheese
are that (over there)
nan? what?
lglrisu Britain
jamu jam
ichigo strawberry
zenbu a//
tabemono food
horal look/ (informal way of
getting someone to look at
something)
True or false?
4 Anzai-sensei no shinbun desu ka? Hai, so desu.
5 Doko no chizu desu ka? Amerika no chi:zu desu.
Structures
1 A wa B desu A is B
the particle wa
wa
wa
wa
kasa
Igirisujin
Amerikajin
desu.
desu.
desu.
This is an umbrella.
I am British.
The teacher is (an)
American.
:::ai
Kore
wa
kasa
Watashi
wa
Arnerikajin
de wa
arimasen.
de wa
arimasen.
This is not an
umbrella.
I am not (an)
American.
the particle ka
...A.
14
DDialogues
Jill has been invited out to lunch by Tanaka-san, a friend who is
also an ex-pupil. They meet as arranged.
Jill
Tanaka
Jill
True or false?
Jill
Tanaka
Jill
totemo very S2
demo but, however (at the
beginning of a sentence)
natsu summer
atsu.l hot S1, 2
Jill
Tanaka
Jill
Tanaka
resutoran restaurant
(specializing in Western-style
food)
to.i far
ano [noun] that [noun] (over
there) S3
taka.i high
biru building
[noun] no tonari next to,
neighbouring [noun] SS
Tanaka
Jill
Tanaka
Jill
Tanaka
Tanaka
Jill
Tanaka
Jill
Tanaka
True or false?
3 Jiru-san wa daijobu de wa arimasen.
4 T ako wa oishii desu.
Structures
shi
15
~]Dialogues
Ken
Michiko
Ken
Michiko
25
ie
Okusan
Michiko
0..
(J)
(J)
:::r
0)
<
CD
::J
,.......
'<
0
c
co
0,.......
0)
0
,.......
0-+o
0
"'0
0)
0,.......
Okusan
Ken
Okusan
Ken
m en
:::!. ::::T
30:
m -
exist; to have S3
encc
em
:::::J
CD m
...
en
m
::::s
Tadaima!
0-kaeri nasai! (Mrs Anzai comes to the entrance hal~
Okasan, kochira wa Ken-san desu.
Hajimemashite. Yoku irasshaimashita.
Ken desu. Yoroshiku.
Dozo, o-agari kudasai.
0-jama shimasu.
tadalma I'm home LS1
o-kaeri nasail welcome back
oka-san mother (form of
address) Unit 16 LS1
yoku irasshaimashita thank
you for coming
(expression of modesty)
True or false?
~
Michiko-san is showing Ken about the house- now they are
gotng up the stairs to the second floor.
Ken
~ichiko
(')'::t'
0111
3 <
'CCD
Ill :I_
!l~
a.O
-C
- ..
IJ)IQ
1lo
26
n=r
0111
3 Ci
Michiko
Ken
Michiko
"0:::1
~~~~
!l-.:
c,O
-C::
-~U:l
1110
Michiko
Naporeon
Ken
Michiko
ka?
heya room
nikai first floor, upstairs
ototo younger brother
ima now
uchi
(my/our') house; the inside
kawai.i lovely, cute
shi di (CD) compact disc
takusan many, a Jot
sonna ni so, that much, etc.
Unit 4 S6
motto more Unit 8 S7
inugoya dog's house, kennel
o-taku your house
inu dog
pudoru poodle
Naporeon (Napoleon) dog
name
wan woof
honto ni (= honto ni) really
petto pet
hoka ni apart from this,
in addition
imasu = arimasu there is (but
used with living things only)
J-Jonya wa soko
desu.
S1, 2, 3
True or false?
3 Michiko-san no ototo-san wa ima uchi ni imasen.
4 Michiko-san wa petto ga takusan imasu.
Structures
the particle ni
0 Dialogu~s
rom
suzuki
rom
suzuki
nomi
ya
ro ~c-
Tom &Suzuki
::::r
sa
0 -
32
ro -c.
ro 3co
cr
m3
CD
::::r
<
CD
CD
CD
'
'
(/)
0
CD
,...........
::::r
::)
(Q
....)
~0
0
~
m
~
lrasshaimase.
Nan ni shimasu ka?
So desu ne. (To proprietress) BTru o kudasai.
Boku mo bTru da.
Wakarimashita. . . . (produces beer and begins
to pour) Hai, dozo.
(raising their glasses) Kanpai!
True or false?
} romi-ra wa chikaku ni arimasu.
uzuk1-san wa blru o nomimasen.
33
Ill Ill
0':1'
3!!!.
(11-
2:~
:::1':1'
~~
(II
Ill
r:T
m
....
0
34
111111
0:3'
3E!.
CD:T~
-CD
Dsuzuki
Tom
Suzuki
Tom
Tom
Suzuki
Tom
Suzuki
:::1:3'
(QIIl
~<
CD
Ill
C"
CD
...
CD
...0
0
El
Suzuki
Tom
Suzuki
Tom
Suzuki
Tom
Suzuki
Tom
Suzuki
maiban
~~~~~~
86
[place] de 83
sonna [noun] that sort of [noun]
(by you/that you are thinking of)
86
jikan time
isogashi.i busy Qsogashii,
isogashiil 84)
hiruma daytime/during the day
kaisha company/the office
hatarak.u (hatarakimasu) to
work, labour
yoru night-time/at night
[noun] o 83
benkyo study/work (in the
educational sense)
benkyo suru to study/work
ma well (here an expression of
resignation)
tobun for the time being
tobun wa 85
shikata ga arimasen there's no
alternative/it's inevitable
mama desu it's so-so
rru
e or false?
structures
1 verbs
f
the only verbs you have met are arimasu and imasu. In
ar, versation for this unit we introduced several more verbs,
rhedconve their present tense plain form in the vocabulary lists.
an
.
(Th ga
present plain f orms o f anmasu
an d"rmasu are ar.u an d"1.ru,
de of desu, da.) This form is the simplest form which a
0
anese verb can have, and is the one that is used to list verbs
apdktionaries. Polite (-masu) forms such as arimasu are the
morro in ordinary adult conversation, and we would advise you
~0 use such forms, except when talking to children (or to
yourself). In both of these cases, plain forms, such as aru, would
be appropriate; they will also be found in the nonconversational Japanese which is used to set the scene of the
dialogues from Unit 5 onwards. More information on formal
and informal Japanese occurs throughout the book. In the
meantime, it is a good idea to learn both the plain and the
-masu form whenever you encounter a new verb.
Almost all Japanese verbs fall into one of two groups. The first
group, which we shall call -iru/-eru verbs, have a present plain
form ending in either -iru or -eru. Their -masu form is obtained
by dropping the -ru and adding -masu. In the vocabulary lists
they are therefore identified by means of a dot before the -ru.
Some common -iru/-eru verbs are:
0
oshie.ru
tabe.ru
t.ru
mi.ru
oshiemasu
tabemasu
rmasu
munasu
teach, inform
eat
there is (animate), stay
see
35
ll Dialogues
_ n wa sengetsu Yoroppa e itta. Nishiikan gurai ryoko
r~naka satoi kaetta. Soshite, kesa Jiru-san ni atta.
hJte, oto
Jtru
Tanaka
JlrU
Tanaka
Jiru
Tanaka
Jlru
(to
go) S2
ss
tenkl weather
Sore wa zannen deshlta ne
That was a shame/What a
shame
zannen na disappointing
True or false?
1 ~anaka-san wa sengetsu Yoroppa kara kaetta.
2 Juu-san wa Itaria e itta koto ga aru.
In this unit you will learn
how to talk about past
experiences
.
how verbs of motion worl< 111
Japanese
various time expressions
two ways of joining
sentences
about souvenir-giving
about feminine sentence
endings
P~anaka-san
Jiru
Tanaka
Jiru
45
r-
o ()
:I Ill
C. I:
occ
:::l;:t
Ill
()
c:
:r
0
U1
46
r--
0()
:I Ill
Q.C
OIC
:J;:t
Ill
Tanaka
Jiru
Tanaka
()
s:
s
U1
shashln photograph
tor.u to take
shashln o tor.u to take a
photograph(s)
[person) ni to [person] S1
mise.ru to show
ito ... let me see .. .
Roma Rome
samukunakatta desu past form
of samukunai desu SS
tsugi no [noun] the next (noun]
das.u to take out, produce
datta plain past form of desu
kashlra? I wonder? Unit 6
S3
A, natsukashil wa This brings
back memories
natsukashl.i [noun) dear old/
good old [noun]
S2
[place] kara from [place]
basu bus
[vehicle) de by [vehicle] S7
o-miyage souvenir LS1
lroiro various, all sorts of
malnlchi every day
arne rain
kaze o hlk.u to catch a cold
rhan e: .
wa okiisan ni
Michiko-san showed Ken's
Michiko-san tegami 0
letter to her mother.
J(en-san n.o
semashita.
1
rn .
here an action comes from, kara is used:
indtcate w
To
wa itsu Kyoto
When will Tom come back
Tornu-ksanerimasu ka?
from Kyoto?
kara a
-masu form of the verb into the past, all you need to
To put any
.
hi
do is turn -masu mto -mas ta:
---
rabe.ru
ik.u
suru
tabemasu
ikimasu
shimasu
tabemashita
ikimashita
shimashita
Suzuki-san wa biru o
Suzuki-san drank a lot
takusan nomimashita.
of beer.
Nani o rnimashita ka?
What did you see?
The past form of desu is deshita. You can put
negat_ive
-masen form of any verb into the past just by addmg des~ta.
Similarly, the past of de wa arimasen is de wa arimasen deshita:
oshie.ru
ka.u
kuru
Structures
1 [noun] elni/kara: indicating direction of action
In Unit 3 Structures 1 and 2 we saw [place] ni being used with
aru and iru, verbs indicating a 'state', or the way things are, to
specify a static location. With verbs indicating movement to or
towards (rather than location in) a place, ni or e will specify the
direction of the movement:
Tom is going to Kyoto
next week.
When is Ken returning
to Britain?
47
r--
gg
Q.C
OIC
:J;:t
Ill
()
s:
s
t?e
True or false?
oshiemasen
kaimasen
kimasen
oshiemasen deshita
kaimasen deshita
kimasen deshita
I didn't go to Kyoto.
Kyoto e ikimasen deshita.
Jill didn't eat the octopus.
Jiru-san wa tako o
tabemasen deshita.
Sore wa Roma no shashin de
That wasn't a photograph
wa arimasen deshita.
of Rome.
The past plain form of -iru/-eru verbs is formed by substituting
-ta for -ru:
mise.ru
oshie.ru
tabe.ru
1.ru
mi.ru
miseta
oshieta
tabeta
ita
mita
(J1
~ Dialogues
.
.
~ AnZai-sensei wa Tomu-san o tsurete chikaku no nomtya
57
okusan
Antal to Tomu
okusan
Antal to Tomu
okusan
Antal to Tomu
okusan
Antal to Tomu
Okusan
Anzal to Tomu
'< '<
0
c c
-0
::r
ro
0.
..0
;::::+:
<D
ro
0,...-+
ro
(/)
,...-+
:::J
co
::r
,...-+
0.
0.
:::J
,...-+
::::J'<
0 C
::::J tT
C. CD
m~
c.m
CDN
en s:
::T
-
O tT
~
s::
::::J
~furo ni halr.u
to take a bath
alranakatta plain negative past
tense form of hai~ u S1
sumlmasen excu;e me/us; //we
h arnJare sorry LS 1
8
llligak.u to brush one's
1fJeth
ha m o migakanakatta didn't
brush teeth, either
gomen nasal 1/we am/are sorry
LS1
monto outside light (often
attached to gate post)
kes.u to switch off
[sentence] ka mo shirenai (ka
m o shiremasen) may,
perhaps S3
komatta hito a troublesome
person, a nuisance
sa = sa Unit 40
meshlagar.u honorific
equivalent of tabe.ru Unit 18
S1c
pan bread
nanl mo [negative] nothing
sa
ir.u to need
lranal plain negative present of
ir.u 81
o-cha (Japanese) tea
[noun] dake only [noun] Unit
19 S2
igusuri 'stomach medicine',
digestive pills
en
58
True or false?
1 Futari wa amari nomanakatta.
2 Futari wa ha o migaita.
Jiru
Okusan
Jiru
en
Okusan
Jiru
Okusan
Jiru
Gomen kudasai!
A, Jiru-san! 0-agari kudasai. 0-cha wa ikaga?
ltadakimasu. Ano futari wa osokatta desha kara, Yube
taihen datta desho?
Wa
E, demo, watashi wa saki ni neta kara ...
Sore wa yokatta desu. De, ano futari wa? Mata neta
deshO ka?
lie, achira no heya de mukaezake o ...
(isu kara ochiru)
tora lnai
hanasa jnai
noma lnai
oyoga jnai
tara l nakatta
hanasa l nakatta
noma l nakatta
oyogajnakatta
True or false?
Notice that verbs ending in -tsu change to -ta-, ~nd verbs with a
vowel before the -u, to -w~- (alth~~gh awanat an.d other s~ch
forms sound in fact more hke aanat m normal rap1d speech).
mats.u
a.u
ka.u
ma :ta i nai
a ! wa!nai
ka! wajnai
ma l ta l nakatta
a! wa jnakatta
kal wa l nakatta
shi inai
kolnai
shi lnakatta
ko i nakatta
Structures
1 Plain negative forms of verbs
The plain negative form of verbs is obtained in the following
manner:
a With -iru/-eru verbs, substitute -nai for -ru to obtain the plain
present negative, and to obtain the corresponding past tense
d Notice that ar.u does not have regular negative forms (aranai
does not exist); instead, nai/nakatta are used:
O-kane ga nai.
Hon ga nakatta.
59
en
DDialogues
e or false?
......
Michiko
Ken
Michiko
Ken
Michiko
Ken
ko like this S6
[sentence] n' desu SS
he exclamation indicating
surprise
goruden uTku 'Golden Week',
term used to refer to the
string of public holidays
which occurs between late
April and early May LS
min(n)a a//, everyone
yama mountain, hill
uml ya yama the sea and the
hills (ya Unit 10 S1)
dekake.ru to set/go out
mogur.u to dive (skin or scuba)
yokattara if it's all right with
you, how about .. . (phrase often
used to introduce an invitation)
Unit 19 S1
ara exclamation of surprise
Karulzawa famous summer
resort in the mountains
northeast of Tokyo
73
1 .Nftc
-tachi wa mogun m iku.
2 J(en-san
MichikO
..
t(en
r,1ichikO
t(en
r,1ichlko
evening
~okyo Domu 'Tokyo ~m~
covered baseball stad1um 1n
Tokyo, home of the Kyojin team
yakyii baseball
.
mi, .masu base of m1.ru S2
klppu ticket
.
Kyojln, Hanshin famous nval
professional baseball teams,
based in Tokyo and Osaka
respectively
ugata
disuko disco
odorl, -masu base of odor.u
to dance S2
sekkaku desu ga .. . that's very
kind of you but ... (phrase
used to decline an invitation
or offer)
mongen 'lock-up time', time
one has to be home by
True or false?
3 Michiko-san wa yakyu no kippu ga aru.
4 Futari wa disuko ni ikanai.
Structures
1 The use of iku and kuru
These two verbs are used in a somewhat different way from
~nglish come and go. In English, com.e and go are used, loosely
In expressions such as I'll come wtth you or I cant come
tomorrow when we actually mean I'll go with yo~ <_>r I .can't.go
tomorrow Japanese makes a more rigorous dtstmctton: iku
refers onl; to movement away from the speaker/the domain of
the speaker, and kuru to movement toward the speaker.
1
2
3
4
......
"pialogues
An .
hi
ki . . K
16 _ d uiku ni natta. za1-san-tac wa e m 1ru. ore
81
, 3rro
Hil
!11
raro
.wal
okusan
Michiko
.....
nar.u to become 52
kore kara after this, now
densha train L5 1
nor.u to get on train, etc.
{NOTE: [vehicle] ni noru)
keredomo but, however
{functions like ga Unit 5 54)
(vehicle] nl nori-okure.ru to be
late for [vehicle] L52
[noun] to S3
[masu base)-tai to want to
[verb] S4
Watashi mo so yo Note omission
of da LS3
II kagen ni shi nasal yo!
Behave yourselves!
~~ en
~
(/)
~- CC
~CD
:T
en
:T
--
True or false?
In this unit you will learn
how to express wishes and
requests
how to express likes and
dislikes, including liking sfl(f
things more than others
some useful words and .,
phrasesfortr.Unjoume~
Japan
and
about informal speech
given names
~muAnz~~-san-tachi
wa kaisatsuguchi de kippu o misete, isoide
ku.
OJ
Aoaunsu
co
82
Michiko
Okusan
Sk
e t. o mztsu
noseru.
Taro
Baku, nado kawaita . JOsu ga hoshii.
Okusan
Taro
Okusan
0
00
Taro
Okusan
Michiko
Okusan
Anzai
e or false?
ta
Ita 111
rru
. .
83
ri
go
structures
1
The adverbial forms of some -i adjectives can act like nouns and
join together with particles. Chika~ (U~it 2 Structures 5) and
oku are found in both A and B posltlon m A no B patterns:
a nearby bar
near the bar
most/many Japanese
the majority of Japanese
The others (furuku, hayaku, osoku, and toku) can be found in
the following common phrases:
chikaku no nomi ya
nomiya no chikaku
oku no Nihonjin
Nihonjin no oku
0
00
96
DDialogues
Ken-san wa Michiko-san to issho ni kaimono ni iku. Futa .
Ginza de chikatetsu o orite, chik:aku no depato made aruit:Iikwa
11
Depato ni haitte, sodan suru.
Michiko
Ken
Michiko
0
<D
kaimono shopping
Ginza famous shopping area in
Tokyo; station on the Ginza,
Marunouchi and Hibiya
underground lines
ori.ru to climb down; get off
Ken
Ten' in
Ken
Ten'in
Ten'in
83
10,000 ~ 6
'
ai no small one (=
kom ak
.1
k makai o-kane smal1change,
; lmasu formal equivalent of
goaru Unit 18 82
_ chotto .. . I am afraid not
e,
e LS4
0
<D
True or false?
1 Ken-san wa aka no bando o kaimashita.
2 Bando wa ichiman-en deshita .
Ken
85
.
.
-en de o-tsur1 o kudasa1
n
ich Ima
~
watch)?
o-azukari shlmasu
LS6
o-matase shlmashita sorry to
have kept you waiting ( Unit
20 81 on causative verb forms)
nanasen nihyaku-en no o-tsurl
desu here is your change of
7,200
a(Bunbogu-uriba de)
D (Tokei-uriba de)
Ten'in
Ken
Ten'in
Ken
Would
other)
81
Ken
Michiko
Ken
ke shimasho ka?
84
kashlkomarimashlta
Sir/Madam LS2
very well,
Ten'in
Ken
Ten'in
Ken
Ten'in
Ken
Ten'ln
Ken
Ten'in
Ken
Ten'in
~~o~n]-sei
fiito envelope
kochira nl narlmasu this is it,
this is the type(s) we have
ichi-mal one (flat object) 87
98
pinku pink
zenbu de altogether, in all
sen-en ni narimasu it comes to
1 ,000
U)
tishatsu T-shirt
jisho dictionary
is-satsu one bound object, on
volume 87
e
True or false?
3 Gurin no enpitsu wa ippon hyaku-en desu.
4 Ken-san-tachi wa tishatsu o nimai kaimashita.
Structures
1 Verbs with a choice between o and kara
Verbs like ori.ru and de.ru (to come/go out, leave) commonly
take o to mark their object, i.e. the place one alights from, or
comes/goes out of:
Kyoto de densha o orimashita.
Futari wa Michiko-san no
ie o demashita.
2 Colour terms
Words indicating colour may be -i adjectives (aka.i, kiiro.i) or
nouns (chairo, gurin). All colour adjectives have alternative
noun forms (lacking the final -i), while not all nouns indicating
colour have adjective forms . Thus the adjective aka.i has the
noun form aka, whereas no adjective form is available for
midori (the final i here is not an adjective ending) or beju (see
following list). Some noun colour terms have two forms becaus~
iro (colour) can optionally be attached to them, e.g. both midon
and midori-iro are used.
adjective
noun
English equivalent
aka.i
ao.i
kuro.l
shiro.i
kiiro.i
chairo.i
aka
ao
kuro
shiro
ki(iro)
cha(iro)
kon(iro)
midori(iro)
murasaki(iro)
orenji(iro)
beju(iro)
burii
gure
guiin
red
blue/green
black
white
yellow
brown
navy blue
green
purple
orange
beige
blue
grey
green
shirt is red.
She always wears
white.
The traffic lights
were at red.
I want to buy a
red and blue tie.
99
~s
::CD3
~
tTc
a
n
~:r
~iii'
'iS!
~
() CD
:O
fll""
..:1
U)
0 Dialogues
obi no gogo, Anzai-sensei no kazoku wa Hado-san-tachi o
ni shOta~ shit~. Sore d:. ~zai-sen~.ei no okusan to
.Nfichiko-san wa 1ma yuhan no yo1 ru 1sogashu.
~~uji
Okusan
Nlichiko
Okusan
Nllchiko
Okusan
Nlichiko
Okusan
Michiko
Okusan
:;3 c-
kazoku family
shokujl (suru) a meal
shotai (suru) to invite
yiihan dinner, supper
yoi (suru) preparation
[noun] nilde isogashi.i to be
busy with [noun]
reizoko refrigerator
[noun) mo [noun] mo both
[noun] and [noun] 82
ire.ru to put in, insert
sashlmi sliced uncooked
seafood
[noun] ya [noun] [noun] and
[noun] 81
CD o~~~~~~
-
..
Df.,s::::::
-fool
0"
0.. 0
,......r
:::::!.
co ::r
CD
-0
,......r
::r
CD
0"
CD
CD
"""""i
0)
:::J
0..
,......r
::r
CD
-~~. 3
No
~
:e
om
:::J:::J
83
True or false?
i ~ic~iko-san
wa biru mo wain mo reizoko ni irenakatta.
ezato ga aru.
Okusan
Anlai-sensei
P.lichiko
Okusan
......
Anzai-sensei
Minna
Ya,
.
no k"
wa k1oku ga warukute ne. Sore ja, raishQ n0 as~n
h' h'
doyob'I
n1 o-mac 1s 1te 1masu. Sayonara.
Okasan!!
2
nakanaka [negative verb]
......
to be
slow/late [in doing something];
[do something] with difficulty
do shlta n' desho I wonder
what's happened
michi ni mayo.u to lose one's
way, get lost
sore ni shite mo even so, despite
that
denwa (suru) telephone
moshi-moshi hello (telephone,
etc.)
mada (not) yet Unit 11 S6
uchi no kasan
S4
warukute conjunctive form of
warui, here giving a reason
Unit 11 S5
o-machi shite imasu we will be
waiting for you ( Unit 11 S2 for
the -te lmasu form)
True or false?
3 T omu-san wa kita koto ga nai.
4 Anzai-san wa Hado-san ni denwa shita.
Orenji mo
Michiko-san mo
kimashita.
ichigo mo
kim a sen
deshita.
kairnashita.
kairnasen
deshita.
Structures
1 [noun] ya [noun] (nado): linking nouns
In Unit 8, .we saw that to implies that every relevant item has
been .men~wll:ed. ~a also links nouns in the meaning of and, but
the tmphcatwn 1s that not all relevant items have been
mentioned. Ya does not come after the last item, which can,
h~wever, be followed by nado (and others), which serves to
reinforce the meaning of ya:
Biru ya w~in (nado) o
I bought beer, wine and
katmashtta.
such like.
Orenji ya ichigo (nado)
There are oranges,
ga arimasu.
strawberries and other
fruit.
Mo replaces wa
Watashi
wa
T~mu-san ga
Btru
o
De, ni etc. combine with roo as de roo, ni mo, etc. Below are
some examples:
~t(radio)
y
ko-san
~~ ohama
mu-san
de
m
e
kara
......
0
ll Dialogues
119
Yamada
Tomu
Q)
0..
Q)
I
(/)
Q)
:J
(/)
Q)
,...-+
:J
co
3~
!3
im
_.c.
-,m
S1
S3
C
tn
Q)
:::s
cc
Q)
Ohayo.
Shach6 - daijobu desu ka? Shinpai shite orimashita.
Osoku natte warukatta ne. Kesa iroiro taihen datta kara.
So desu ka? Asa-gohan wa mada desho?
O-naka ga itakute, nani mo tabete inai. (Tech6 .o miru)
Eto, kyo wa Yamanaka Maketingu no Suzuki-san ga
kuru daro?
Mo miete imasu. Osetsu-shitsu de o-cha o nonde
irasshaimasu.
Taihen da!
aness
sore de mo even so
chlkoku (suru) to be late
(k.alsha ni chikoku suru to
be late for the office)
hisho no Yamada-san Yamadasan, his secretary S4
. hisho (personal) secretary
Jirnu~ho one's place of work,
off1ce
shacho head of a firm (here
used as a form of address)
Shinpai (suru) worry [noun] o
shinpai suru to worry about
[noun]
o-naka stomach
itakute conjunctive form of ita.i
painful S5
mada (not) yet S6
techO pocket diary/notebook
Yamanaka Maketingu
Yamanaka Marketing (name of
imaginary firm)
mo miete lmasu (he) has
already come S6
mie.ru (here) honorific equivalent
of kuru Unit 18 S1
osetsu-shitsu reception room
irasshalmasu honorific equivalent
of imasu Unit 18 S1
Ill
c.
Ill
Ill
Ill
:I
iii'
~
Ill
;:;:
:r
(Q
......
......
120
True or false?
1 Yube Tomu-san wa uchi de Nihongo o benkyo shita.
2 Suzuki-san wa osetsu-shitsu de matte iru.
I] Tomu-san
Tomu
Suzuki
Tomu
Suzuki
repoto
report
True or false?
3 Suzuki-san wa o-cha o nomanakatta.
4 Suzuki-san wa yilbe repoto o zenbu yonda.
Structures
1 The -tari form
The -tari form of a verb is made by adding ri to the plain past
form of the verb(s} in question. It is possible to have only one
verb in the -tari form, or a whole series, but the sequence musJ
finish with suru, or less often da, in the appropriate tense an
level of politeness.
Terebi o mitari, hon o
I watched television, read
yondari shimashita/deshita.
a book ...
There is no straight English equivalent for -tari; it implies .t~~
the verb to which it is attached represents merely one acttVI
a opposites
ittari kitari (suru} to go and come, i.e. to go to and fro
naitari warattari (suru} to laugh and cry (nak.u to cry;
wara.u to laugh - note that in this phrase the verbs combine
in the opposite order from English)
OR b sets of positive and negative pairs
ittari ikanakattari (suru} to sometimes go and sometimes
not go
benkyo shitari shinakattari (suru) to sometimes study and
sometimes not (note that it is not necessary to repeat
benkyo)
Taro kept on standing up
Taro-kun wa tattari
and then sitting down.
suwattari shimashita.
(tats.u to stand)
Michiko-san goes through
Michiko-san wa Ken-san
phases of meeting Ken,
ni attari awanakattari
shimasu.
and then not meeting him.
rhi~
abtt~~l action (Unit 4 Structures 1}, but puts more stress on the
121
134
DDialogues
fU
Ken
Mlchlko
Ken
Mlchlko
Kitchin-taoru wa?
Hora, soko ni kakete aru desha.
A. honta da. Epuron wa?
Ushiro no teburu ni oite aru ja nai no ... koko wa Kenno uchi no daidokoro desha?
san
Demo, itsu mo no tokoro ni oite nai kara.
Ken
True or false?
1 Ken-san wa Michiko-san no uchi de o-hiru o tabeta.
2 Epuron wa itsu mo no tokoro ni oite nai.
a
Ken
Mlchiko
Ken
0
(Unzari shite) Da kara Nihon no otoko wa sara-aral
iyagaru n' dara ...
housewife
shU ase na lucky
shlakw no ko boy. young man
oto
nashl (= nat)
won't be
unzarl shlte
disgustedly, in
L5
da kara [sentence] thars
why/so [sentence]
lyagar.u to show dislike 54
disgust
True or false?
3 Nihon no otoko no ko wa amari daidokoro no shigoto o
tetsudawanai.
4 Sara ga nimai wareta.
Structures
1 Intransitive and transitive verbs
We have already seen some examples of intransitive verbs in
Unit 11, noting that they differ from transitive verbs in ~hat they
do not take objects. This is a distinction that exists wtth many
English verbs, too:
a
John broke the cup.
b
The cup broke.
a
The stagehand raised the curtain.
b
The curtain rose.
The a sentences have an object, and the b sentences do not, but
a more important difference is that in the a sentences the person
responsible for the action of the verb is stated, whereas in the
h~ntences the same action is presented as a natural occurrence.
Ls applies in Japanese, too.
Like English break/break or rise/raise, Japanese verbs often
come in pairs of intransitive/transitive, distinguished by regular
correspondences in their endings:
135
DDialogues
J(in6 Tanaka-san ga yoru osoku Jiru-san
ni denwa o kakete, tsugi no hi Jiru-san
ni atte, iroiro hanashitai to itta. Sore de
Merushi to iu kissaten de issho ni hirugohan o taberu koto ni shita.
(Kissaten de)
Tanaka
Jlru
Tanaka
Jlru
kek
kon
[person/place] ni denwa o
kakeru/suru to telephone
[person/place]
[sentence) to itta (Tanaka-san)
said {sentence) S1 (l.u to
say)
Merushi to lu klssaten a coffee
shop called 'Merci' 52
hiru-gohan lunch
[verb (present plain form)] koto
nl suru decide to [verb] S3
totsuzen suddenly, without
warning
[verb]-te shltsurel shlmashlta
S3
Suglura-san to [person) to
kekkon (suru) to get married
to [person]
el oh!
o-medetol congratulations
LS2
True or false?
In this unit you will learn
how to report what people
say
how to give your own opinion
a way of asking how to say
something in Japanese
a form of the verb for trying
to do things and thinking of
doing them
more on the -te form of verbS
and the conjunctive forms of
adjectives
about maniages in Japall
how to congratulate people
Tanaka
Jiru
Tanaka
145
Jlru
Tanaka
Jiru
Tanaka
Jlru
uiti waiter
sorezore respectively
supagettl spaghetti
tsuna-sarada tuna salad
[thing] o chilmon (suru) order
[thing]
tsuzuk.u (intransitive) to
continue
yameyo to omotte lmasu I'm
thinking of giving up 56, 7
yame.ru to give up, cease
kare he
sojl (suru) cleaning (sweeping
etc.)
True or false?
3 Tanaka-san wa ima no shigoto o yametai to itta.
4 Tanaka-san wa Sugiura-san ni jodan o iwanakatta.
Structures
1 [Sentence] to [verb of saying]: reporting what
people say
In Japanese you report what someone says by adding the
quoting particle to and the appropriate verb of saying at the end
of the sentence. This to is equivalent to English that, and
different from the to which joins nouns (Unit 8 Structures 3). Iu
is the most common verb of saying, but you will also find, for
example, kik.u (to ask, hear), kotae.ru (to reply), kotowar.u (to
refuse), okor.u (to get angry), sakeb.u (to shout), yorokob.u (to
rejoice), and, in the case of letters etc., kaku (to write).
158
I] Dialogues
Jiru
~;
Tanaka
Jlru
Tanaka
3.cS
(!)=t"
c.. ..
(llg
OCT
g(!)
IC
~
:;
IC
Jiru
Tanaka
Jiru
Tanaka
Jiru
Tanaka
Jiru
Tanaka
Jiru
[number] mo
as many as
[number]
not
being vefY handsome S2
tama ni kizu a fly in the
ointment (lit. a flaw on a
precious stone)
menkui someone who attaches
importance to good looks
Jiru
Tanaka
Jiru
universities)
Todai-de a Todai graduate
yiishii na brilliant
keredo variant of keredomo
zannennagara unfortunately, as
a matter of regret
True or false?
1 Tanaka-san wa Sugiura-san to kekkon suru koto ni
narimashita.
2 Tanaka-san wa shigoto o yamenasai to iu hito ga ii.
I] Jiru
Tanaka
Jiru
Tanaka
Jiru
Tanaka
dame na (here)
have an
aversion to
sorosoro [verb]
52
kontakuto (renzu)
contact
lenses
A o B ni kae.ru change A to B
kaerare.ru to be able to change
to 55
tokidoki
hazus.u
sometimes
to take off (glasses);
unfasten (buttons)
hazusu koto molga deklru to
be able to take (them) off 55
True or false?
3 Se no hikui otoko wa megane o kakete iru.
159
~;
3.cS
(D=t"
c.. ..
(llg
OCT
giD
IC
e.
~
IC
DDialogues
U1
Ish a
Tomu
Ish a
salkln recently
A wa karada no choshi ga warul
[statement] so da
shlnsatsu (suru)
S1
[noun] nl yoru to
[noun]
according to
romu
Jsha
romu
Jsha
romu
lsha
Tomu
Ish a
Tomu
apparently
[statement] S3
medical
examination
konogoro recently
domo {here) somehow
[verb (plain form)] tokl when
[verb] S4
seki ga de.ru to have a cough
sekl cough
shokuyoku (ga nal) (to have
no) appetite
hotondo [negative] hardly at all
lkemasen ne That won't do (an
expression of sympathy)
ketsuatsu blood pressure
hakar.u to measure
mae nl before S5
nug.u to take off
klncho (suru) stress, tension
[verb]-te wa dame da You etc.
must not [verb] S7
True or false?
1 T omu-san wa konogoro yoku nerarenai.
2 Tomu-san wa yoru seki ga deru.
doshltemo
inevitably, whether I
want it or not
settai receptions, entertainment
[verb (plain form)] aida while
[verb] S6
deklru dake as mucMar as
possible
undo (suru) exercise
[verb)-nakereba naranal I etc.
must [verb] sa
shohosen prescription
kusurl o nom.u to take
medicine
kusurl medicine
niga-i bitter, nasty-tasting
True or false?
3 Tomu-san wa karada no choshi ga taihen warui to isha ga
itta.
4 Tomu-san wa tabako o yamenakereba naranai.
U1
~] Dialogues
185
J(
Ken
Michiko
Ken
Michiko
Ken
Michiko
sa
tanom. u
help)
to ask (a favour/for
~ru~ or false?
2 !t~~to-san
wa ma_in~ch.i bitam.in-~ai o sukoshi nonde iru.
1
o-san wa byoki m natte ma1.
186
Ken
Michiko
Ken
Mlchiko
Ken
Mlchiko
[verb)-te age.ru 51
tasukar.u (intransitive) to be
saved, be a help
seikyusho bill
suru kakaru (to cos~
watas.u hand over
watashlte ok.u give (for future
use) 54
True or false?
3 Michiko-san wa ototo-san no gemu sofuto o totte kite
morau.
4 Ken no gemu sofuto wa amari takakunai.
Structures
1 Giving/receiving and doing favours with
([verb]-te) age.ru/kure.ru/mora.u
In Japanese, there is no single equivalent of the English to give;
instead, there are two basic verbs of that meaning which are
used depending on whether the giving is outgroup (away frorn
the speaker and/or those associated/identified with him1 .or
ingroup (towards the speaker and/or those associated! idennfled
DDialogues
!Ill
Tomu-san to Suzuki-san wa
kokusai-kaigi de Honkon e iku
kG
ko
koto ni natte iru. Hisho no
Yamada-san wa Tomu-san o miokuru tsumori de issho ni
Narita made kita. Futari wa chekku-in kaunta no chikaku de
Suzuki-san o matte iru.
Tomu
__.,
Yamada
.......
Tomu
kokusal international
kaigl conference
Honkon Hong Kong
mlokur.u to see off
[verb (present plain form)]
tsumorl de with the intention
of doing [verb] S1
Narlta (kokusal kuko) Narita
(International Airport)
check-in
counter
ato Diigofun] de in [fifteen
minutes1 time
[verb]-te shlma.u to [verb]
completely S2
chekku-ln kaunta
the
first bullet train in the morning
5uru.
Yamada
romu
Yamada
romu
Yamada
[verb)-nakute S5
Yappari so ka? That's what
sumase.ru
yosa-so da = [il]so da S7
hlkokl aeroplane
[-masu base)-so da to be likely
to [verb]
communication
S2
ka do ka whether or not S4
shlrabe.ru to investigate
keltal (denwa) mobile phone
(verb]-te mlru to try doing [verb]
S2
True or false?
3 Suzuki-san wa Tomu-san ni renraku shiyo to shita.
4 Tomu-san wa Suzuki-san o matanaide chekku-in suru koto
ni shita.
Structures
True or false?
1 Yamada-san mo Honkon e iku koto ni natte iru.
k
2 Suzuki-san wa asa ichiban no shinkansen ni noranakatta a
mo shirenai.
__.,
.......
0 Dialogues
215
Jiru
Tanaka
Jiru
Tanaka
seito pupil
kurasu class
menbii member
doso-kai class reunion, alumni
meeting
to
216
g 2.
..
~I
~
~
c
C'
(1)
Ill
..
C'
iD
0
.......
co
True or false?
1
2
Jiru
Tanaka
Jiru
Tanaka
Jiru
Jiru
True or false?
3
4
- circumstances;
tsu go
convenience
ga warui to be
15090
inconvenient (tsugo ga li to
be convement)
hitotsu [negative) not very
0
111
(=amari [negative])
to iu no wa t~at is to say
shirlai acquamtance
kakunin (suru) confirmation
1110 ichido=mata
kochlra kara from this end
nochi hodo formal equivalent of
ato de
Structures
1 Honorific and humble forms
Honorific and humble expressions are largely concerned with
verbs, i.e. people's actions. The actions of people who are
perceived as being of high social status are customarily
expressed by using 'honorific' verb forms, whereas the same
speaker will use 'humble' forms with regard to his own actions
when conversing with such people. In Unit 16 we saw how the
in/outgroup distinction accounts for the choice between ageru
and kureru; the same distinction may be applied to the choice
between honorific and humble forms: humble forms are used
for ingroup actions (i.e. when the speaker and member of his
group are the subject), honorific forms for outgroup actions (i.e.
when the listener and his group, or persons talked about, are the
subject). If the humble verb is transitive, the object will either be
the outgroup person himself or something associated with him
- one of the effects of this distinction is therefore to clarify the
subject and/or object of the verb, which are often not made
expUcit in any other way.
~ike agerulkureru, honorific and humble forms are very much
hke two sides of a coin in that a speaker who uses honorific
~orms towards someone else will normally also employ humble
orms about himself. Note, however, that the person being
~ddressed will often talk back at a different level of speech (for
Ul.stance, without using honorific/humble forms) where there is
a marked difference in social status, etc. There has already been
232
DDialogues
T.suyu ga hajimatta. Mainichi no yo
n~ arne ga furu shi, shikke ga oi kara,
k1 o tsukenai to, tabemono ya fuku
nado ni kabi ga haeru. Michiko-san
ga Hado-san-tachi no ie no mado kara mite iru.
Michiko
Ken
Michiko
Ken
Michiko
Ken
Michiko
ame
rrue or false?
okusan
Anzai
Michlko
Anzai
Okusan
Michlko
Anzai
Okusan
Anzai
Okusan
233
=~
71:-
CD;:r
!)~
co
..
o-::r
r+CD
suru.
Anzai
tsuyu the rainy season
(June/early July) LS1
mainichi no yo ni as if every
day; almost every day
shikke ga oi (sukunai) humidity
is high (low)
shikke humidity
[verb (present plain form)] to
if [verb] S1 a
[noun] ni kabi ga haeru mould
grows on [nounV[noun] grows
mouldy
kabi mould
hae.ru to grow, sprout
mado kara miru to look out of a
window
yandara -tara form of yam.u
yam.u (intransitive) to stop,
cease ( yameru transitive)
[verb)-tara if [verb] S1 b
..
o:Jo
a::~
II) CD
s~
c:
......
U)
234
True or false?
==-
lll;:r
gmc.
ca ..
O;:r
na adjectives
.. 111
03
mo
i~
(and nouns)
Structures
~.
.; adJecnves
:;~
c:
b/noun!adjective]-tara
.
b . [~ef0 rrned by adding -ra to the plain past forms (negattve as
fhts tS 0 sitive) of both adjectives and verbs (and nouns):
well asp
genki da
shizuka da
atsui
II
When the main clause is in the past tense, to indicates that ~he
action in the main clause took place immediately after the acnon
in the to clause. It is more common in written than in spoken
Japanese:
Beddo ni hairu to, sugu
nemashita.
Michiko-san no hanashi o
kiku to, Hado-san-tachi
wa yorokonda.
mitai
-_;ru/-eru verbs
r-u verbs
irregular verbs
mtru
taberu
kaku
hanasu
kuru
suru
---t genki
dattaralde nakattara
dattaralde nakattara
---t shizuka
---t atsukattaralatsukunakattara
---t yokattaralyokunakattara
---t mitakattaralmitakunakattara
---t mitaralminakattara
---t tabetaraltabenakattara
---t kaitaralkakanakattara
---t hanashitaralhanasanakattara
---t kitaralkonakattara
---t shitaralshinakattara
In more formal situations, you will also come across -tara forms
235
DDialogue
Anzai-sensei no okusan wa kinjo no
Hayashi-san
no
okusan
to
tachibanashi o shite iru. Hanashi ga
dandan kodomo no kyoiku-ron ni
natte, futari wa notte kite iru.
Hayashi
Anzai
Hayashi
Anzai
Hayashi
Anzai
Hayashi
Anzai
Hayashi
Anzai
Hayashi
Anzai
Hayashi
Anzai
Hayashi
kyo
iku
.0 neighbourhood
I<IOJ
. a c ha t 's tan d'mg
tachibanasht
up' (in the str~et etc.)
oikU educatiOn
I<Yn argument, discussion
ro r u to get warmed, excited
no
. h ~
horal future, m t e .uture
~aseda, ~eio_ famous private
universitieS 1n Tokyo
[noun] ka [noun] [noun] or
[noun]
.
.
[educational tnstttutlon] o
uke.ru to take entrance
exams for [educational
institutionl
ukesase.ru to get/allow to take
51
juku after-s~ho?l &:rivate)
cramming mstJtut10n
[place] ni kayo.u to visit
regularly, commute to [place]
mochiron of course, naturally
datte you see
lmadoki at this time, nowadays
hoka no [noun] other [noun]
ko child
[noun] ni okure.ru to fall
behind/be late for [noun]
[verb (present plain form)] yo ni
suru to make a point of doing
[verb] S2
katei household, home
kyoshi instructor; teacher
katel-kyoshi private instructor,
tutor
tsuke.ru (here) to hire
chekku (suru) to check
True or false?
1 Hayashi-san no musuko wa juku ni kayotte iru.
O_ pialogue
..
.
.
-san-tachi wa saikm_ aman un ga yoku . nat. Ken-san w~
rJado ae gakko de yakyu-bu no kyaputen ru erabareta no m,
ko~ 0 ~kega 0 shite shibarak~ s~iai ni d~rarenai. So~hit~ senshii
a bl !11 wa shigoto no kaen m arne m furarete, h1d01 kaze o
F~u-sahlmatta. Sore dake de wa nai. Kesa Tomu-san wa
htJt\Jcu-eki de suri ni saifu o torareta. Keisatsu ni todokete
h!O) kaisha ni itta keredomo, domo shiichiiryoku ga nai.
k~f;oto 0 shinaide Yamada-san ni hanashi o shite iru.
romu
Yamada
romu
Yamada
<
CD
:J
0)
Q.
'<
~
0)
CD
,....-+
,....-+
0)
CD
::::J
,....c-
Tomu
Yamada
Oo
..,~
~t:
Tomu
(l):e
Yamada
Tomu
(Denwa ga naru)
Tomu
Stu
tntn
::Ttu
,.... -h
tut:
--
0
Tomu
259
260
1\)
......
[person] wa un ga II (warul)
[person] has good (bad) luck
un luck
yakyO-bu baseball club
bu division, section
kyaputen captain
erabare.ru to be chosen 81
erab.u to choose, select
[person] o [position] ni erabu
to choose [person] to be
[position]
[part of body] nl kega o suru to
injure [part of body]
kega injury
shlbaraku for a while
shiai ni de.ru to take part in a
match
shlal match, game
kaeri ni on the way home/back
ame ni furare.ru to be rained
on/caught in the rain 81 b
hldo.i te"ible
suri nl saifu o torare.ru to have
one's purse/wallet taken by a
pickpocket 51 a
suri pickpocket
saifu purse, wallet
kelsatsu the police
todoke.ru to report, notify
shOchOryoku power of
concentration
shOchO (suru) concentration
-ryoku power
[person/place] nl/to hanashi o
suru to talk to/make
conversation with [person/place]
[noun A] dake ja nakute, [noun
B) mo . . . not only (noun A]
but also (noun B] . . . 82
kyasshu kado cash card
gaikokujin-torokusho alien
registration card
toroku (suru) registration, entry
[sentence] no de (sentence] and
so 83
tetsuzuki o saserare.ru to be
made to go through formalities
54
to
.
.
b. e mconvemenced through the
Illness of one 's wife s1b
otoko no hlto man/men
kaji housework
jitsu o iu to tell the truth
sentaku (suru) washing (clothes
etc. not dishes)
yaku ni tatsu to be a help/useful
nar.u (intransitive) to ring (bells,
telephones, etc.)
[noun]-chO in the middle
of/during (noun] 86
juwaki o tor.u to pick up the
receiver
juwakl telephone receiver
modor.u come/go back (to
where you were before rather
than to where you belong,
which is kaeru)
wasuremono o suru to forget
something
wasuremono something
forgotten/left behind
tochO de halfway, on the way
o-mawarl-san policeman
shlkkari suru to take a grip on
oneself/be strong
dorobo nl hairare.ru to have
one 's house entered by a
burglar/be burgled S1 b
dorobo burglar
tsuite iru to be having a lucky
streak (idiom)
e or false?
1 1"
san wa keisatSU no h1t0 ill gmko
2 romurnoratta.
}(en-san wa sentaku o saserareta.
261
.
ill
.
denwa 0 shtte
s--=
~<
<DID
:s;
Q.
'<
~
i
structures
1 The passive: [noun] wa [noun] ni [passive verb]
areru
areru
areru
areru
areru
areru
areru
ODialogues
273
Bado-san ~ka wa _c~aku kuni ni. ka~ru .k oto ni .natta no. d~,
.t\IlZai-sensei wa kyo Hado-san-tachi o 1e ru yonde rru. Ato IChi,
nijikan de sobet.s~ai ~~ . hajil?a~u koto ni natt.~ iru no de,
_Michiko-san ~a.Isoide ~OJI o sh1te rru. To~oro ga, Jib~n n? h.eya
de benkyo shite Ita Taro-kun wa shukuda1 ga umaku 1tte mat ...
Taro
Michiko
Taro
Michiko
Taro
Michiko
Taro
(Q
<"
CD
CD
0)
::::::r
0)
f+C)
CD::r-
uto
c~~+
0..
mo
I+
I+
::J
.-+
Taro
c. ...
::J
Michiko
Taro
Michiko
Taro
Michiko
Taro
Michiko
CD
~'<
-0 0
Michiko
Taro
Michiko
In this revision unit you will
learn
to review the main
characteristics of informal
Japanese
to revise and expand known
structures
to practise converting forTTlal
sentences into informal ones,
and vice versa
about dialects (and their use
in informal Japanese) and
common insults
Taro
274
S3
surya contraction of sureba
S1c
True or false?
1 Taro-kun no shukudai wa kino deta bakari da.
(Futari wa nagu_riai ni n_ari-~o da ga, chodo okiisan ga Hiido-sanuzchi to issho nt heya nt haztte kuru)
Minna
True or false?
3 Taro-kun wa o-cha o nomanakatta.
4 Karupisu no koppu wa chiisai.
Structures
1 More on informal Japanese
Informal language is used in a variety of situations between
people of various relationships. It is very common between
pupils at school, in the family (recall Unit 8) and between males
(and, to a lesser degree females) who are engaged in informal
types of work or are intimate. Apart from these reciprocal uses,
there are also situations where it tends to be applied in one
dliection only, such as between customer and sales personnel
(Unit 9), adult and child, superior and inferior (Unit 11, Tom
275