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JXHUUDGHVDSDUHFLyGHUHSHQWHXQSUHVHQWDGRUVLJXLyDRWUR\SURQWR
VHGLRSDVRDORVFKXEDVFRVGHORVSUy[LPRVGtDV]RQDVVROHDGDVVH
FRPELQDEDQFRQOOXYLDVHQXQPDSDSRUHQFLPDGHOFXDOGHDPEXODED
JUDFLRVDPHQWHXQJORERFRQHODQDJUDPDGH5HQDXOWGHIRQGRODYR]
GHOKRPEUHGHOWLHPSRYR]TXHHOODLPDJLQDEDSRUTXHQRHVFXFKDED
SRUTXHHOVRQLGRGHOWHOHYLVRUVHJXtDGHVFRQHFWDGR
(OODVRVWHQtDHQXQDPDQRHOWHOpIRQRVRQDED\VRQDEDKDVWDTXH
108
Ramn Cerd
ODFRPXQLFDFLyQVHFRUWDED/RYROYtDDLQWHQWDU\HOWHOpIRQRYROYtD
DVRQDUXQD\RWUDYH]KDVWDTXHVHYROYtDDFRUWDU1DGLHORFRJtDDO
RWURH[WUHPR
'HVSXpVGHKDEODUFRQVXDPLJD&DUPHQVLJXLyXQLPSXOVR\WRPyOD
GHFLVLyQGHOODPDUD+pFWRUORTXHUtD\QRLEDDSHUPLWLUTXHVXPXMHU
VHLQWHUSXVLHUDHQWUHHOORVQROHLPSRUWDEDORTXHVXFHGLHUDFRQVX
PDWULPRQLR HVWDED GLVSXHVWD D OOHYiUVHOR FRQ HOOD D TXH GH QXHYR
FRPSDUWLHUDVXFDPDVXYLGDeOOHKDEtDSHGLGRTXHQRODOODPDUD
PiVSHUR&DUPHQWHQtDUD]yQHOODGHEtDGHIHQGHUVXWHUUHQRHOODWHQtD
XQRVGHUHFKRVHOODKDEtDSHUGLGRODRFDVLyQGHVHUIHOL]SRUHVWDUFRQ
pO\pOODUHKX\ySHURVDEtDTXHODTXHUtDVDEtDTXHODKDEtDGHMDGR
SRUTXH (ORtVD VH LQWHUSXVR HQ VX UHODFLyQ SRUTXH QR OD VRSRUWDED
SRUTXHORVFHORVODFRPtDQ/DRGLDED,QpVRGLDEDD(ORtVD\VDEtD
TXH(ORtVDODRGLDEDDHOODWDQWRFRPRHOODPLVPDSXGLHUDRGLDUODHO
RGLRHUDPXWXRLQFHVDQWHHQRUPHFUHFLHQWHLQDJRWDEOHHORGLRHUDOR
VXFLHQWHFRPRSDUDGHVHDUODPXHUWHGHODFRQWULQFDQWHSDUDGHVHDU
ODGHVDSDULFLyQGHQLWLYDGHODRWUD
+pFWRUQRFRQWHVWDEDORKDEtDOODPDGRDQWHVGHVGHHOEXIHWH\WDPSRFR
FRQWHVWyORHVWDEDOODPDQGRDOPyYLOSRUTXHVDEtDTXHKDEtDVDOLGRGH
YLDMHODSURSLD&DUPHQVHORGLMRQRVDEtDFyPRVHKDEtDHQWHUDGR
SHURSDUHFtDVDEHUOR
/RYROYLyDLQWHQWDUHQHVWDRFDVLyQHOWHOpIRQRQRVRQyUHSHWLGDPHQWH
VLQRTXHODYR]GHXQDRSHUDGRUDYR]TXHVRQDEDPHFiQLFDPHWiOLFD
DGYHUWtDTXHHOWHOpIRQRHVWDEDGHVFRQHFWDGRRIXHUDGHFREHUWXUD
4XpSDVDUtDVLDKRUDOODPDEDDFDVDHQOXJDUGHOODPDUORDOPyYLO
\KDEODEDFRQ(ORLVD"(ORtVDVtTXHFRJHUtDHOWHOpIRQRHQWUHRWUDV
FRVDVSRUTXHQRVDEUtDTXLHQOODPDEDDGLIHUHQFLDGH+pFWRUTXHQR
FRJtDHOWHOpIRQRSRUTXHLGHQWLFDEDVXVQ~PHURVHQHOPDOGLWRYLVRU
GHVX0RWRUROD<HQHOFDVRGHTXHVXSLHVHTXHHUDHOODVHJXURTXH
109
&RQHVR
WDPELpQORFRJHUtDQRSRGUtDDJXDQWDUODFXULRVLGDGGHDYHULJXDUSRU
TXpOODPDEDDHVDVKRUDVSHQVDUtDTXHHVWDEDEXVFDQGRD+pFWRU
SHQVDUtD TXH HOOD QR VDEtD TXH+pFWRU HVWDEDGHYLDMH/RFRJHUtD
DXQTXH VROR IXHUD SRU HO GHVHR GH OODPDUOD ]RUUD XQD YH] PiV GH
HVFXSLUOHH[DEUXSWRVSRUHODXULFXODUGHOWHOpIRQRGHWHQHUHOSODFHU
GHFROJDUOHVLOHDSHWHFtD$VtHVWXYRVREUHODFDPDGXUDQWHYDULDV
KRUDVODVLPiJHQHVHQFRORUHVGHOWHOHYLVRUVHLEDQVXFHGLHQGR\ORV
SHUVRQDMHV PXGRV LEDQ FDPELDQGR KDVWD TXH GHVDSDUHFLHURQ XQD
HVSHFLHGHQHYDGDLQYDGLyODSDQWDOODXQPRYLPLHQWRH[WUDxR\IDQWDVPDJyULFRVHDGLYLQDEDDORWURODGRGHOFULVWDO/DOX]GHOFXDUWRODKDEtD
DSDJDGRXQDKRUDDQWHV\DKRUDHVDOX]QHUYLRVDGHOWHOHYLVRUHUDOD
~QLFDTXHDOXPEUDEDGHIRUPDWDPELpQQHUYLRVDODVSDUHGHVURVDGH
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GHFLGLyDOODPDUD(ORtVD0DUFyVXQ~PHUR\SXVRHODXULFXODUVREUH
VXRUHMDL]TXLHUGD(OWHOpIRQRHPSH]yDVRQDUDORWURH[WUHPRGHOD
FLXGDG
110
Ramn Cerd
&$3,78/29,,,
4XpGHPRQLRVHVWDEDRFXUULHQGR"VHSUHJXQWy7DVLR
0LUyHOUHORM\HUDQODVWUHV\PHGLDGHODPDGUXJDGD(VWDEDHQHO
GHVSDFKR GH +pFWRU FRQ ODV OXFHV DSDJDGDV \ OD SXHUWD FHUUDGD
DJDFKDGRGHWUiVGHOVRIiSRUTXHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVVHKDEtDQGLVSDUDGR&XDQGRVHGLVSRQtDDVDOLUODOX]GHODHVFDOHUDDFDEDEDGH
HQFHQGHUVHSRUORTXHGHFLGLyHVSHUDUKDVWDDVHJXUDUVHGHVLTXLHQ
KDEtDHQWUDGRHUDXQYHFLQRGHOEORTXHRSRUHOFRQWUDULRFRVDSRFR
SUREDEOHDVXSDUHFHUVHGLULJtDDFDVDGH+pFWRU1RHUDSUXGHQWH
HVSHUDUHQHOSDVLOORSRUORTXHUHWURFHGLyKDVWDHOGHVSDFKRGH+pFWRU
(QHVHPRPHQWRXQRVJULWRVORDVXVWDURQQRWyXQHVFDORIUtRDORODUJR
GHOHVSLQD]R(UD(ORtVDDOSULQFLSLRFUH\yTXHODHVWDEDQDWDFDQGR
SURQWRVHGLRFXHQWDGHTXHKDEtDVXIULGRXQDSHVDGLOODSRUORTXH
YROYLyDGLULJLUVHDOGHVSDFKR(OWHOpIRQRVRQy$TXLHQVHOHRFXUUtD
OODPDUDHVDVKRUDV"
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FXDQGRVRQyHOWHOpIRQR3RUORYLVWRHO~QLFRWHOpIRQRGHODFDVDHVWDED
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DJD]DSDUVHGHWUiVGHOVRIiODSXHUWDVHDEULyODOX]GHOGHVSDFKRVH
HQFHQGLyHOPROHVWRVRQLGRGHOWHOpIRQRVHJXtDVRQDQGR3DUHFtDXQD
111
&RQHVR
HVFHQDGHODSHOtFXODGH+LWFKFRFN&UtPHQSHUIHFWRFRQHOWHOpIRQR
VRQDQGRODSURWDJRQLVWDGLULJLpQGRVHDFRJHUOR\HODVHVLQRHVFRQGLGR
GHWUiVGHODFRUWLQDHQHVWHFDVRXQDSHTXHxDPRGLFDFLyQGHOJXLyQ
KDFtDTXH7DVLRHVWXYLHUDGHWUiVGHOVRIi\(ORtVDHVWXYLHUDGHVQXGD
DGLIHUHQFLDGHODSURWDJRQLVWDRULJLQDO

'tJDPH"HUDODYR]GH(ORtVDDOJRURQFDSRUVXUHFLHQWH
despertar
6"LQVLVWLy
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GHVFDO]RVGH(ORtVDSRUGHEDMRGHOVRIiVXVXxDVWRGDYtDWHQtDQUHVWRVGHHVPDOWHURMR'HVGHGRQGHHVWDEDDSHQDVSRGtDYHUODKDVWDOD
DOWXUDGHORVWRELOORV6HDUULHVJyDDVRPDUVHSRUXQRGHORVODWHUDOHV
GHOVRIiFRQPXFKRFXLGDGRVLQKDFHUUXLGR(ORtVDHVWDEDWRWDOPHQWH
GHVQXGD7DVLRVLQWLyXQFRVTXLOOHRDJUDGDEOHPH]FODGRFRQXQDDQVLHGDGLQVRSRUWDEOHSRUVXGHOLFDGDVLWXDFLyQ7RGDYtDVRVWHQtDFRQ
XQDPDQRHODXULFXODUGHOWHOpIRQRDSHVDUGHTXHGDEDODVHQVDFLyQ
GHTXHQRKDEtDQDGLHDORWURH[WUHPR/DSRVLFLyQGHOEUD]RRFXOWDED
VXVSHFKRVSHFKRVTXHLPDJLQy7DVLRUHFRUGDQGRODFLQWDGHYLGHR
JUDEDGDXQRVGtDVDWUiVHQFDVDGH-XOLR8QRVSHFKRVGHWDPDxR
PHGLR TXH OR KDEtDQ FDXWLYDGR$KRUD HVWDED DOOt GHVQXGD FDVL DO
DOFDQFHGHVXPDQR4XpRFXUULUtDVLVHOHYDQWDEDGHGRQGHHVWDED"
&yPRUHDFFLRQDUtD(ORtVD"
(VWXYRDSXQWRGHKDFHUORVXGHVHRGHHVWDUFRQHOODGHEHVDUODGH
SURWHJHUODGHDFDULFLDUODHUDFDGDYH]PD\RU6HLPDJLQyDVLPLVPR
KDFLpQGROHHODPRU+XELHUDGDGRFLQFRDxRVGHVXYLGDSRUGHVLQKLELUVHGHVXWLPLGH]GHVXSUXGHQFLDSHURDOJRORUHWXYRSHQVDEDHQ
+pFWRUDXQTXHQRSXGRGHMDUGHPLUDUODIXUWLYDPHQWH/DVLPiJHQHV
GHOYLGHROHYHQtDQDFDGDPRPHQWRDODFDEH]DHQWUHPH]FODGDVFRQ
ORTXHSRGtDYHUGHVGHVXLQFyPRGDSRVLFLyQ
112
Ramn Cerd
(ORLVDFROJyHOWHOpIRQRXQRGHVXVSHFKRVTXHGyDOGHVFXELHUWRGHVGH
VXREVHUYDWRULRVHFUHWR7DVLRFDVLEDEHDEDQRVHPRYLy6L(ORtVD
KXELHUDGLULJLGRVXPLUDGDKDFLDGRQGHpOHVWDEDVHJXURTXHORKXELHUD
YLVWRHVWDEDFRPRKLSQRWL]DGR
+DEtDSDVDGRHOVXFLHQWHWLHPSRFRPRSDUDTXHODSHUVRQDTXHKDEtD
HQFHQGLGRODOX]GHODHVFDOHUDKXELHUDOOHJDGRDOWHUFHUSLVR7DVLR
VXSXVRTXHVHKDEtDWUDWDGRGHDOJ~QYHFLQRTXH\DVHKDEUtDPHWLGR
HQFDVDTXL]iVERUUDFKRTXL]iVDOJ~QDPDQWHDHVFRQGLGDVTXHLED
DKDFHUOHHODPRUDDOJXQDGHODVYHFLQDVPLHQWUDVVXPDULGRSDWUXOODEDSRUODQRFKHRKDFtDGHJXDUGLDGHVHJXULGDGHQDOJXQDIiEULFD
GHDOJ~QSROtJRQRFHUFDQR4XL]iVDOJXLHQTXHKDEtDRtGRDOJ~QUXLGR
\VLPSOHPHQWHVDOLyDOUHOODQR\HQFKXIyODOX]SDUDYHUVLYHtDDOJR
H[WUDxR3RVLEOHPHQWHODPXFKDFKLWDGHODVEUDJXLWDVGHQ\ORQTXHVH
OHKDEtDTXHGDGRPLUDQGRFRQODVFLYLDPLHQWUDVVXQRYLRODEHVDED
\OHPHWtDORVGHGRVHQVXGHOLFDGR\VRQURVDGRFRxLWRRHOERUUDFKR
TXHKDEtDHQWUDGRHQHOSRUWDOSDUDUHVJXDUGDUVHGHOYLHQWR
(ORtVDVDOLyGHOGHVSDFKRDSDJyODOX]DXQTXHGHMyODSXHUWDDELHUWD7DVLRHVSHUyVLQPRYHUVH3URQWRR\yHOUXLGRGHODGXFKDHUDHO
PRPHQWRGHLUVH
+pFWRURSWySRUGHVFRQHFWDUGHQLWLYDPHQWHHOPyYLOORGHMDUtDVLQOtQHD
XQSDUGHKRUDVDQWHVGHYROYHUORDFRQHFWDU6HVHQWtDFXOSDEOHXQD
YH]PiVSRVLEOHPHQWH,QpVWXYLHUDDOJ~QVHULRSUREOHPD\OROODPDED
DpOSRUTXHQRWHQtDDQDGLHPiVDPDQRTXHODSXGLHUDD\XGDU6X
113
&RQHVR
FRPSRUWDPLHQWROHSDUHFLyGHOH]QDEOHSHURQRSRGtDKDFHURWUDFRVD
6LDWHQGtDODOODPDGDVDEtDTXHQRSRGUtDHVFRQGpUVHORD(ORtVDTXH
WHQGUtDTXHFRQWiUVHORRDQWHVRGHVSXpVVHHQWHUDUtD6LQRODFRQWHVWDEDTXL]iVWDPELpQ(ORtVDDFDEDUDDYHULJXiQGRORSHURVLHPSUH
OHTXHGDEDODVDOLGDGHTXHVHKDEtDFRPSRUWDGRFRUUHFWDPHQWHQR
FRQWHVWDQGRODVLQVLVWHQWHVOODPDGDVGH,QpV

3RUTXpQRPHGLMLVWHTXHWHHVWXYROODPDQGR"/HGLUtDVX
PXMHUSHURpOWHQGUtDXQDVDOLGDGLJQD
3RURWURODGRQRSRGtDGHMDUGHSHQVDUHQORVPRWLYRVGHWDQWDLQVLVWHQFLDSRUSDUWHGH,QpV/HGLMRFODUDPHQWHTXHQRGHEtDGHYROYHUOR
DOODPDUeOPLVPRGHMyGHKDFHUORWRWDOPHQWH3RUXQPRPHQWROOHJy
DSHQVDUTXHTXLHQOODPDEDQRHUDHOODDOQ\DOFDERHQHOEXIHWH
KDEtDPiVJHQWH\pOKDEtDWUDEDMDGRDOOtGXUDQWHDOJXQRVDxRVSHUR
ODVOODPDGDVSRVWHULRUHVGHVGHHOWHOpIRQRGHFDVDGHHOODORVDFDURQ
GHFXDOTXLHUGXGDUD]RQDEOH(UD,QpVTXLHQLQVLVWtDHQFRPXQLFDUFRQ
pO/HVXFHGHUtDDOJR"2VLPSOHPHQWHTXHUtDLQVLVWLUHQYHUOR"1R
VDEtDTXHSUHIHUtDVLORXQRRORRWUR(OKHFKRGHTXHOHVXFHGLHUD
DOJR\ORQHFHVLWDVHORKDFtDVHQWLUVHPDOSHURVHMXVWLFDEDSHQVDQGR
TXHRWUDSHUVRQDGHVXHQWRUQRSRGUtDD\XGDUOD6LORTXHTXHUtDHUD
FRQWDFWDUFRQpOVLTXHUtDYHUORVLTXHUtDEHVDUORVLTXHUtDUHDYLYDUVX
UHODFLyQLUVHDODFDPDFRQpOHQWRQFHVTXL]iVODVLWXDFLyQIXHUDSHRU
SRUTXHVHJXURTXHVHJXLUtDLQVLVWLHQGR\pOQRSRGUtDHVFRQGHUVHGH
SRUYLGD&XiQWDVYHFHVGHVGHTXHGHMDURQGHVDOLUMXQWRVOHKDEtD
SHGLGRTXHTXHUtDXQKLMRVX\R"FLHQWRV(OHQIUHQWDPLHQWRQDOHQWUH
(ORtVDH,QpVVHUtDLQPLQHQWH\HOPiVSHUMXGLFDGRDFDEDUtDVLHQGRpO
PLVPRTXHHVWDEDFRPRHQWUHODHVSDGD\ODSDUHGFRQDTXpOODPDOGLWD
VLWXDFLyQ&yPRSRGUtDDFDEDUFRQHVDDJRQtDFRQHVHPDOYLYLU"
'HSURQWRVHLPDJLQyD,QpVWLUDGDHQHOVXHORGHVDQJUDGDDOODGRGHO
114
Ramn Cerd
WHOpIRQRGHVGHGRQGHHVWDEDOODPiQGRORSDUDSHGLUOHD\XGD$OJXLHQ
TXHUtD PDWDUOD \ OH HVWDED SLGLHQGR D\XGD$\XGD TXH pO OH KDEtD
QHJDGR 6X LPDJLQDFLyQ VLJXLy VX FDPLQR GH UHSHQWH UHFRUGy TXH
HVWDEDHQ6HJRYLDDOSLHGHOD&DWHGUDOHQOD3OD]D0D\RUDXQTXH
KXELHUDGHVFROJDGRHOWHOpIRQRQRKXELHUDVHUYLGRGHQDGDQRKXELHUD
SRGLGRDFXGLUDVDOYDUODSHURSRGUtDKDEHUOODPDGRDODSROLFtD\SHGLU
VRFRUURHQQRPEUHGHHOODKDFHUTXHVHDFHUFDUDQKDVWDVXGRPLFLOLR
\ODVDOYDUDQGHDTXHOGHVDOPDGRTXHODKDEtDPDWDGR
7HQtDHOURVWURGHVHQFDMDGRVXVSHQVDPLHQWRVXtDQDERUERWRQHV\
\DQRVDEtDTXHSHQVDUQRVDEtDFRPRMXVWLFDUVHQRVDEtDORTXHOH
RFXUUtDD,QpVVLQWLyDQJXVWLDXQDSUHVLyQHQHOHVWyPDJR\QRSXGR
HYLWDUYRPLWDUDOOtPLVPRIUHQWHDODFDWHGUDOMXVWRGRQGHODVJLWDQDV
YHQGHQVXVHQFDMHV\VXVRUHVMXVWRGRQGHODVJLWDQDVHFKDQVXV
PDOGLFLRQHVDDTXHOODVSHUVRQDVTXHVHQLHJDQDFRPSUDUOHVVXVRUHV
FXDQGRHOODVLQVLVWHQHQTXHOHVWUDHUiQVXHUWH3HURODVJLWDQDVQR
HVWDEDQDHVDVKRUDV$OJXQDVSHUVRQDVORPLUDEDQGHVGHORVVRSRUWDOHVFHUFDQRV3HQVDUtDQTXHHVWDEDERUUDFKR
1RVDEtDTXpSHQVDUQRVDEtDTXpKDFHUORVRMRVVHOHKLFLHURQDFXRVRVVHOHOOHQDURQGHOiJULPDVOiJULPDVFRQWHQLGDVTXHQROOHJDURQD
HVFDSDUGHDTXHOORVSHTXHxRVODJRVJHPHORVHQWULVWHFLGRV
6HDFHUFyDODSDUDGDGHWD[LHVSHUDEDTXHHOWD[LVWDQRORKXELHUD
YLVWRYRPLWDU1HFHVLWDEDGRUPLUQHFHVLWDEDODFDPDGHVXKDELWDFLyQ
HQHO3DUDGRUQHFHVLWDEDSHQVDUTXL]iVPDxDQDODVFRVDVHVWXYLHUDQ
PiVFODUDVTXL]iVPDxDQDSRGUtDHVFULELUPiVTXHKR\TXL]iVPDxDQD
,QpVYROYLHUDDOODPDU\pOVHDWUHYLHUDDFRJHUHOWHOpIRQR3RVLEOHPHQWH
ORYROYHUtDDGHMDUVRQDUVRQDUVRQDU
115
&RQHVR
6HKDEtDDFRVWDGRWDUGH\QRSRGtDGRUPLUKDEtDOOHJDGRDFDVDFDVL
ERUUDFKRDSHVDUGHTXHVRORKDEtDWRPDGRGRVFHUYH]DVDXQTXHHVR
VtGHODVJUDQGHVGHODVGHPHGLROLWURSHURQRHVWDEDDFRVWXPEUDGRD
QLQJ~QWLSRGHDOFRKRO/RPiVXQYDVLWRGHYLQRFXDQGRFRPtDHQFDVD
GHVXVSDGUHVSHURFRQDTXHOODVFRSLRVDVFRPLGDVSODWRVUHSOHWRVGH
SDHOODHODOFRKROGHVDSDUHFtDVLQGHMDUUDVWUR3HURHVDWDUGHFXDQGR
VDOLyGHOWUDEDMRVHVHQWtDGHSULPLGRVHVHQWtDVROR\VHPHWLyHQXQ
EDUXQEDUEDVWDQWHRVFXURFRPRHQHOTXHWRPDED+RPHU6LPSVRQ
VXVFHUYH]DVFRQORVDPLJRWHVGHOD&HQWUDO1XFOHDU
3LGLyXQDFHUYH]DTXHEHELyUiSLGDPHQWH\HQVHJXLGDSLGLyRWUDTXH
OHGXUyDOJRPiVDXQTXHQRPXFKRSRVLEOHPHQWHOHKDEtDQKHFKR
WDQWRHIHFWR\VHOHKDEtDQVXELGRDODFDEH]DSRUTXHODVKDEtDWRPDGR
PX\UiSLGDPHQWHSRUTXHDGHPiVQRKDEtDSUREDGRERFDGRGHVGH
HOGHVD\XQRGHODPDxDQDQRKDEtDFRPLGRSRUHOPHGLRGtDQRWHQtD
KDPEUH\TXL]iVSRUTXHQRDFRVWXPEUDEDDEHEHU7DOYH]SRUXQD
PH]FODGHWRGRVHVWRVIDFWRUHV(OFDVRHVTXHOOHJyKHFKRSROYRD
VXFDVDDXQTXHWDUGHSRUTXHHVWXYRSDVHDQGRGXUDQWHKRUDVSRUOD
FLXGDGFRPRXQERUUDFKRPiVHQWUHWDQWRVRWURV&XULRVDPHQWHQR
VHOHSDVDEDHOHIHFWRGHODOFRKRO4XL]iVVLFRPtDDOJRSHQVySHUR
QRFRPLyQDGDQRWHQtDKDPEUH
&XDQGRQDOPHQWHOOHJyDFDVDVHHFKyVREUHODFDPD\GXUPLyXQ
SRFRSHURVHGHVSHUWyHQVHJXLGD\\DQRSXGRYROYHUDGRUPLU$Vt
HVWXYRKDVWDSDVDGDVODVGRVGHODPDGUXJDGDWRGROHGDEDYXHOWDV
OD OiPSDUD GHO WHFKR DSDUHFtD \ GHVDSDUHFtD SULPHUR HVWDED HQ HO
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SDUiERODFDVLSHUIHFWDHQHODLUHSDUDYROYHUDVDOLUGHLQPHGLDWRGH
GHEDMRGHODFDPD\VLWXDUVHGHQXHYRHQHOWHFKR(ODUPDULRWDPELpQ
SDUHFtDWHQHUYLGDVHPRYtD\FRQVXRMRGHFtFORSHORPLUDED6tHUD
XQFtFORSHDXQTXHVXRMRQRHVWDEDHQHOFHQWURGHVXIUHQWHHVWDED
DXQODGRHUDXQFtFORSHGHIRUPH5Ly
116
Ramn Cerd
-XOLRVHOHYDQWyHVWDEDWRGDYtDPDUHDGRSHURDOJRKDEtDKHFKRTXH
SDUWHGHVXDERWDUJDPLHQWRVHGHVYDQHFLHUD4XpHUDDTXHORMRHQ
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6HVXELyHQFLPDGHXQDVLOOD\ORSXGRYHUGHFHUFDVtDTXHOORHUD
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HQSHOLJUR/XHJRSHQVyTXHQRGHEtDGHFLUOHQDGDSHQVyTXHHUDHOOD
TXLHQORYLJLODEDTXLHQKDEtDLQVWDODGRDOOtODFiPDUDSDUDJUDEDUOR
SDUDJUDEDUORVMXQWRVFXDQGRKDFtDQHODPRUSDUDFRQWURODUORVLORKDFtD
FRQDOJXQDRWUDRVLPSOHPHQWHSDUDYHUFyPRVHGHVHVSHUDEDSRUODV
QRFKHVFXDQGRHOODQRHVWDED\DFDEDEDPDVWXUEiQGRVH
3HURVLHUDDVtHOODORKDEtDWUDLFLRQDGRGHVHUDVtWDPELpQWHQGUtDTXH
GHFtUVHORQRVRORGHFtUVHORVLQRSHGLUOHH[SOLFDFLRQHV4XHUtDVDEHU
PiVGHHOODTXpSUHWHQGtDGHpO$FDVRORHVWDEDXWLOL]DQGR"1R
HVWDUtDXWLOL]DQGRODVJUDEDFLRQHVSDUDVXSRVWHULRUFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ"
1R HVWDUtD HQ PDQRV GH DOJXQD RUJDQL]DFLyQ FULPLQDO GHGLFDGD D
ODSRUQRJUDItD\(ORtVDVHUtDXQDGHVXVSURVWLWXWDV"$XQTXHHVRQR
FXDGUDEDFRQORTXHGtDVDQWHVKDEtDDYHULJXDGR
6L\DVHVHQWtDPDOSRUVXH[WUDxDVLWXDFLyQSRUVXQRVDEHUTXpRFXUULUtDFRQ(ORtVDFRQVXODVFLYDUHODFLyQWRGDYtDHPSH]yDVHQWLUVH
SHRUDQWHWDQWDGXGDDQWHWDQWDVRVSHFKD4XpKDUtDVLDYHULJXDED
TXHHOODHVWDEDGHWUiVGHWRGR"6LHOODHUDODTXHKDEtDLQVWDODGROD
FiPDUD&yPRUHDFFLRQDUtD"3RVLEOHPHQWHDKRUDPLVPRORHVWXYLHUD
FRQWURODQGRTXL]iVORKDEtDYLVWROOHJDUERUUDFKR\KDEtDYLVWRFyPR
VHOHYDQWDEDSDUDFRJHUODFiPDUDGHVXVLWLR6LHUDDVtHVWDUtD\D
DGYHUWLGD
1RVDEtDTXpKDFHUQDOPHQWHVHGHFLGLySRUPHWHUVHODFiPDUDHQ
HOEROVLOOR\GLULJLUVHDFDVDGH(ORtVD
117
&RQHVR

/OHJySRFRGHVSXpV\DPiVGHVSHMDGRSRUHOIUHVFRGHODPDGUXJDGD
(OSRUWDOHVWDEDDELHUWRHQWUy\HQFHQGLyODOX]6XELyODVHVFDOHUDV
&XDQGR HVWDED SRU HO VHJXQGR SLVR R\y XQRV JULWRV (O FRUD]yQ OH
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ODKDEtDVHJXLGRXQSDUGHGtDVDQWHV+DEtDGHVFXELHUWRTXHHVWDED
FDVDGD\TXHWHQtDXQKLMR\DDGXOWR6XPDULGRHUDULFRHUDXQHVFULWRU
IDPRVR5DPRVR5REOHVVHOODPDED6HKDEtDVHQWLGRXWLOL]DGRGH
DKtVXPDOHVWDU3DUHFtDQIHOL]PHQWHFDVDGRVSRUORSRFRTXHSXGR
DYHULJXDU4XpSLQWDEDpOHQWRGDHVDVLWXDFLyQ"1RORVDEtD'HDKt
VXHVWDGRPHODQFyOLFRGHDKtVXERUUDFKHUDpOTXHQRHVWDEDDFRVWXPEUDGRDEHEHU<DKRUDHVRODFiPDUD$ORtUODJULWDUQRVDEtDSRU
TXpYROYLyDSHQVDUHQODFiPDUDHLPDJLQyTXHORHVWDEDQHVSLDQGR
HOOD\VXPDULGRSDUDHOJXLyQGHDOJXQDSHOtFXODRHODUJXPHQWRGH
RWUDGHVXVDVTXHURVDVQRYHODV3RUTXpORHVWDEDQHVSLDQGR"4Xp
SUHWHQGtDQ"6XVSHQVDPLHQWRVHUDQFDGDYH]PiVFRQIXVRV1XQFD
KDEtDVLGRXQDSHUVRQDEULOODQWHSHURHQHVRVPRPHQWRVVHVHQWtD
PiVWRUSHTXHQXQFD
6XELyUiSLGDPHQWHKDVWDHOWHUFHUSLVR\VLJXLyKDVWDVLWXDUVHHQHO
UHOODQRLQWHUPHGLRHQWUHHOWHUFHUR\HOFXDUWR'HFLGLyHVSHUDUDYHU
TXp RFXUUtD 2\y VRQDU HO WHOpIRQR /D OX] VH DSDJy 1R OD YROYLy D
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GHMyGHVRQDU3RFRGHVSXpVOHSDUHFLyRtUHOPXUPXOORGHODJXDSHUR
QRHVWDEDVHJXUR\OXHJRDTXpOWLSRVDOLHQGRDKXUWDGLOODVGHODSXHUWD
VLQHQFHQGHUODOX]

&ROJyHOWHOpIRQRGHVSXpVGHTXHGHMyGHVRQDUKDEtDRtGRVXYR]DO
118
Ramn Cerd
RWURODGRGHOKLORWHOHIyQLFRHUD(ORtVD
'tJDPH"
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(OODQRVHDWUHYLyDFRQWHVWDUQRVDEtDTXpGHFLUOHODVOiJULPDVWRGDYtD
OHUHFRUUtDQSRUODVPHMLOODV/DLGHDGHOVXLFLGLROHKDEtDSDVDGRPXFKDV
YHFHVSRUODFDEH]DHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVSHURHVHGtDHOVHQWLPLHQWR
HUDPiVIXHUWHPXFKRPiVLQWHQVR6HQWtDXQDVJDQDVWHUULEOHVGH
PRULUVHHVWDEDKDUWDGHYLYLUKDUWDGHWRGDDTXpOODVLWXDFLyQGHFRPSRUWDUVHFRPRXQDWRQWDFRPROHGHFtDVXDPLJD&DUPHQ3HQVyHQ
HQWUDUHQHOEDxR\OOHQDUODEDxHUDGHDJXDFDOLHQWH\OXHJRFRUWDUVH
ODVYHQDV+DEtDRtGRTXHVLVHKDFtDFRQHODJXDFDOLHQWHODVDQJUH
VDOtDGHOFXHUSRVLQDSHQDVHQWHUDUVH\XQRVHVHQWtDRWDUKDVWDTXH
PRUtDGXOFHPHQWHFRPRFXDQGRVHYDDOTXLUyIDQR\ORSLQFKDQDXQR
SDUDLQ\HFWDUOHODDQHVWHVLD(QHVHPRPHQWRHVWiVPLUDQGRDOWHFKR
\ YHV ORV IRFRV GHO TXLUyIDQR 8QR FHQWUDO UHGRQGR PiV JUDQGH \
RWURVWDPELpQUHGRQGRVPiVSHTXHxRVDVXDOUHGHGRUFRPRVDWpOLWHVGHOPiVJUDQGH3ULPHURORVYHVFODUDPHQWHGLVWLQJXHVODOX]TXH
VDOHLQGLYLGXDOPHQWHGHFDGDXQRGHHOORVOXHJRHPSLH]DVDYHUORV
ERUURVRV\VHPH]FODQHQWUHHOORV/DOX]GHWRGRVVHHQWUHPH]FODHQ
XQD~QLFDLOXPLQDFLyQGLIXVDLQWHQVDFRPRGHEHGHVHUODHQWUDGDHQ
HOFLHOR'HUHSHQWHODRVFXULGDG
3HURSRUTXpWHQtDTXHTXLWDUVHODYLGD"/RTXHGHEtDKDFHUHVTXLWDU
GHHQPHGLRDVXHQHPLJDDVXPD\RUULYDO\PiVRGLDGDKHPEUDGHO
XQLYHUVR6LDFDEDEDFRQHOOD+pFWRUDFDEDUtDHQVXVEUD]RV3RVLEOHPHQWHDOSULQFLSLRHVWXYLHUDPX\DEDWLGRSHURVHOHSDVDUtDHOWLHPSR
WRGRORFXUD\DOOtHVWDUtDHOODSDUDFRQVRODUORGHWDQHQRUPHSpUGLGD
eOVHFDVDUtDFRQHOODHVWDEDVHJXUD6XKLMR\DHVWDEDFUHFLGRSRU
ORTXHQROHVGDUtDSUREOHPDV+pFWRUVHUtDWRWDOPHQWHSDUDHOODQR
119
&RQHVR
WHQGUtDTXHFRPSDUWLUORFRQQDGLHVXHVSHUDKDEUtDYDOLGRODSHQD
$KRUDHVWDEDGHYLDMHVLQGXGDHVWDUtDXQRVGtDVIXHUD3RUTXpQR
KDFHUORDKRUD"3RUTXpQRPDWDUODDKRUDTXHQRSRGtDQDFXVDUORD
pO"'HQDGDVHUYLUtDPDWDUODVLDFDEDEDQDFXViQGRORDpOGHOFULPHQ
DOQ\DOFDERHOPDULGRVLHPSUHHVHOPD\RUVRVSHFKRVR+DVWDHV
SRVLEOHTXHWHQJDQDOJXQDSyOL]DGHVHJXURTXHOROOHQDVHGHPLOORQHV
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OHVRQDEDHVDFDUDHVWDEDVHJXUDGHKDEHUORYLVWRHQDOJXQDRFDVLyQ
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ODWUDQTXLOL]DEDSHURVHQWtDFRVDVUDUDVVHQWtDFRPRVLXQPRQWyQ
120
Ramn Cerd
GHSHUVRQDVHVWXYLHUDQSHQGLHQWHVGHHOODDVXDOUHGHGRUHOWHOpIRQR
WDPELpQ OD KDEtD LQWUDQTXLOL]DGR 4XLpQ KDEUtD OODPDGR" 6L +pFWRU
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FHUFDGHHOOD\QRHUDQORVYHFLQRVORVYHFLQRVHVWDEDQGXUPLHQGR
DXQTXHTXL]iVDOJXQRVHKDEtDGHVSHUWDGRFRQVXVJULWRV\HOSRVWHULRUWLPEUHGHOWHOpIRQR3HURORTXHQRWDEDHUDGLVWLQWRSHURQRVDEtD
LQWHUSUHWDUOR 6HUtD TXH +pFWRU HVWDED HQ SHOLJUR"$ YHFHV QRWDED
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GHODVYHFHVVLPSOHPHQWHVHQWtDFRVDVDVtVLQPiV
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DTXHOORTXHHOODVHQWtDHQVXLQWHULRU(OODVDEtDTXHHUDPXFKRPiV
VHQVLEOHGHORQRUPDODODVFRVDVDORVVHQWLPLHQWRVGHORVGHPiV
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HQPD\RUFRQWDFWRFRQODQDWXUDOH]DHOHVWDUH[SXHVWRVDORVUD\RV
GH ODV WRUPHQWDV HUD PiV KDELWXDO TXH DKRUD 'LFHQ TXH FXDQGR D
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QRVRORHVRVLQRTXHDOJXQDVGHHVDVFDUJDVGHHQHUJtDVHWUDQVPLWHQ
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WDQVHQVLEOHV\OHVEDVWDFRQXWLOL]DUPHGLRVVHQFLOORVFRPRYDULOODVGH
PDGHUDDODPEUHVRSpQGXORVTXHVLPSOHPHQWHXWLOL]DQSDUDFDQDOL]DU
VXPDJQHWLVPR
121
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&XDQGRHOODOH\yHVRXQHVFDORIUtROHUHFRUULyHOFXHUSRSRUTXHVLQWLy
TXHSRGtDVHUXQDH[SOLFDFLyQDVXVHQVLELOLGDGDVXVVHQWLPLHQWRV
WDQWDVYHFHVLQFRPSUHQGLGRVSRUORVGHPiV5HFRUGyTXHVXPDGUH
OHKDEtDFRQWDGRPXFKDVYHFHVTXHGHQLxDHVWDQGRHQHOSDWLRGHO
FROHJLROHFD\yXQUD\RDSRFRVPHWURVTXHGHVWUR]yXQDHQFLQD/D
PXMHUQLxDHQWRQFHVHVWXYRYDULRVGtDVVLQDSHQDVSRGHUYHUQDGDGHELGRDOIXHUWHIRJRQD]R3RVLEOHPHQWHHVDHUDODH[SOLFDFLyQGHSRUTXp
HOODVHQWtDFRVDV&RVDVGHODVTXH+pFWRUVHEXUODEDSRUTXHQRODV
HQWHQGtD/DOODPDEDEUXMLWDSHURVDEtDTXHQRODWRPDEDHQVHULR
$KRUD HVWDED VLQWLHQGR PXFKDV FRVDV VHQWLPLHQWRV FRQWUDSXHVWRV
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6DOLyGHODGXFKD\VHVHFyUiSLGDPHQWH(QWUyQHUYLRVDDODKDELWDFLyQ\FHUUyODVYHQWDQDV&RUULyODVFRUWLQDVHKL]RORPLVPRHQODV
RWUDVKDELWDFLRQHV(QFHQGLyODVOXFHVGHWRGDODFDVD6HQWtDRMRV
SRUWRGDVSDUWHV
122
Ramn Cerd
&$378/2,;
+DEtDOOHJDGRDJRWDGRDFDVDODPDGUXJDGDDQWHULRUSRUORTXHQR
WXYRJDQDVGHSRQHUVHDFRPSUREDUVLODVFRSLDVGHORVDUFKLYRVHUDQ
UHFXSHUDEOHVGHVGHVXRUGHQDGRU+DEtDOOHJDGRSDVDGDVODVFXDWURGH
ODPDGUXJDGD\HVWDEDPX\QHUYLRVR7RGRVHKDEtDFRQMXJDGRSDUD
SRQHUORQHUYLRVRWRGRKDEtDVDOLGRELHQKDVWDTXHVHGLVSXVRDVDOLU
GHFDVDGH(ORtVD4XLpQLEDDSHQVDUTXHDHVDVKRUDVKDEUtDWDQWR
WUiFR"*HQWHHQWUDQGRDOSRUWDO(ORtVDGHVSHUWiQGRVHYLROHQWDPHQWH
DODPLVPDKRUDDJULWRVHOWHOpIRQRVRQDQGR\OXHJRDTXHOODPXMHU
TXHORYLRVXELUDOFRFKH/HHVWXYRGDQGRPXFKDVYXHOWDVVDEtDTXH
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WDQWDVDXQTXHHVWDEDVHJXURGHKDEHUODYLVWRDQWHV3HURKDVWDHVH
PRPHQWRQRFD\yHQODFXHQWDGHTXHHUD,QpV6tHVWDEDVHJXURHUD
,QpV+pFWRUVHODKDEtDSUHVHQWDGRDxRVDWUiVFXDQGRFRLQFLGLHURQ
HQXQDHVWDQRFWXUQD4XpKDFtD,QpVDHVDVKRUDVWDQFHUFDGH
FDVDGH+pFWRU"4XHpOVXSLHUDHOODQRYLYtDSRUDOOtFHUFDDGHPiV
QRHUDQKRUDVSDUDLUGHDPEXODQGRSRUODFDOOH
/RV QHUYLRV QR DEDQGRQDUtDQ VX FXHUSR DO PHQRV HQ XQD VHPDQD
123
&RQHVR
(VSHUDEDUHDOPHQWHTXHORVDUFKLYRVHVWXYLHUDQELHQSRUTXHQRVDEtD
VLVHDWUHYHUtDDYROYHUDHQWUDUHQFDVDGH+pFWRUDGHPiVHOKHFKR
GH TXH OR WXYLHUD TXH KDFHU GH QXHYR D HVFRQGLGDV GH pO OR SRQtD
PiVQHUYLRVRWRGDYtD1RVDEtDVLKDEtDDFWXDGRELHQRQRSHUR\D
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VXEUD\DUWRGRDTXHOORTXHOHSDUHFLHVHQXHYRRGLVWLQWRFRQUHVSHFWR
DODYHUVLyQTXH\DKDEtDOHtGR
6HDYHUJRQ]DEDGHVXVGHVHRVRFXOWRVGHKDEHUVRxDGRFRQ(ORtVD
FRQVXSUHFLRVRFXHUSR/DUHFRUGDEDGHVQXGDFRPRODKDEtDYLVWR
FXDQGRVRQyHOWHOpIRQR\ODUHFRUGDEDKDFLHQGRHODPRUFRQDTXpO
PDOGLWR-XOLRHQODFLQWDGHYLGHR6HQWtDFHORVHUDLQFUHtEOHSHURVHQWtD
FHORV&yPRSRGtDVHQWLUFHORVGHXQDPXMHUTXHQRHUDODVX\D"'H
XQDPXMHUFRQODTXHQXQFDKDEtDWHQLGRUHODFLyQVH[XDODOJXQDGH
ODPXMHUGHVXPHMRUDPLJRTXHDGHPiVVDEtDTXHOHKDEtDSXHVWR
ORVFXHUQRV(OPLVPR+pFWRUQRHVWDEDFHORVRDSHVDUGHVDEHUORR
DOPHQRVHVRHUDORTXHpOGHFtD7DVLRQRHVWDEDVHJXURGHTXHHVR
SXGLHUDVHUSHURHOKHFKRGHTXHpOPLVPRVLQWLHUDFHORVWRGDYtDORHQWHQGtDPHQRV1XQFDKDEtDWHQLGRVHQWLPLHQWRVWDQIXHUWHVSRUQLQJXQD
KHPEUD(VDQRFKHLQFOXVRHPSH]yDSHQVDUTXHVHKDEtDHQDPRUDGR
SHURGHVHFKDEDDTXHOODLGHDDEVXUGDGHVXFDEH]DeOQRSRGtDHVWDU
HQDPRUDGRQRSRGtDHQDPRUDUVHGH(ORtVD'H(ORtVDQR

'LRV4XpFRPSOLFDGRHVWRGRHVWRSHQVyHQYR]DOWDPLHQWUDVVDFDEDORVGLVTXHWHVGHOEROVLOORGHODFKDTXHWD
(QFKXIyVXRUGHQDGRU\DORtUORYLEUDUOLJHUDPHQWHUHFRUGyFXDQUXLGRVR
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,QWURGXMR SULPHUR XQ GLVFR \ OXHJR HO RWUR \ UHVWDXUy ODV FRSLDV GH
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RUJXOORVRGHVtPLVPR
/RFDOL]yORVDUFKLYRVHQHOGLVFRGXUR\DEULyHQHO:RUGHOTXHOOHYDED
124
Ramn Cerd
SRUQRPEUHFRQHVRGRFVXSRQtDTXHHUDHOSULPHUR(VWHDUFKLYR
DSHQDVFRQWHQtDFXDUHQWDSiJLQDVGHOOLEUR,EDDOHHUORHQSDQWDOOD
SHURQDOPHQWHGHFLGLyLPSULPLUORDSHVDUGHTXHVXLPSUHVRUDHUD
EDVWDQWHOHQWD'HHVHPRGRSRGUtDUD\DUHOGRFXPHQWRDYROXQWDG\
KDFHUVHFXDQWDVDQRWDFLRQHVDOPDUJHQQHFHVLWDVH\VHUtDPXFKRPiV
FyPRGRTXHHVWDUSHJDGRDODSDQWDOODGXUDQWHKRUDV
,PSULPLUtDWRGRVORVDUFKLYRV\DPHGLDPDxDQDHPSH]DUtDDOHHUHO
SULPHUR
6HUtDEXHQRGHVD\XQDU3HQVyHQXQDEXHQDWD]DGHFKRFRODWHFDOLHQWH
FRQFKXUURVKXPHDQWHGXOFHFRQHOFKRFRODWHHVSHVRPX\HVSHVR
FRPRVHORSUHSDUDEDVXPDGUHGHQLxR6HJXURTXHORUHODMDUtD6t
ORQHFHVLWDED/DLPDJHQGH(ORtVDHWpUHDGHVQXGDVHDSRGHUyGH
QXHYRGHVXVSHQVDPLHQWRVTXHGyFRPRDEVRUWRQLVLTXLHUDQRWyOD
HUHFFLyQLQFLSLHQWHGHEDMRGHOSDQWDOyQ
(VWDEDWRGRKDVWDORVWRSHVGHVGHTXHKDEtDQLQDXJXUDGRHOJDULWR
XQDVVHPDQDVDWUiVQRKDEtDIRUPDGHSLOODUPHVDSHURVXVDPLJRV
VH HPSHxDEDQ HQ TXHGDU DOOt QR FRPSUHQGtD TXp SHUUD OHV KDEtD
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125
&RQHVR
$PHGLDWDUGHDTXHOOR\DVHKDEtDSXHVWRLPSRVLEOH\QDGDTXHGHFLU
DSDUWLUGHODVGLH]GHODQRFKH(UDFXHVWLyQGHPRGDVVHJXURTXH
HQXQRVPHVHVKDEUtDQDELHUWRDOJ~QRWURFHUFDGHSRUDOOt\HO.UDVVLV
WHQGUtDTXHFDPELDUVXQRPEUHSRUHOGH.ULVVLV/DJHQWHVLHPSUH
KDVLGRPX\JUHJDULD\OHJXVWDLUGRQGHPiVJHQWHKD\%DVWDYHU
XQEDURXQSXEFRQSRFDEDVFDSDUDTXHQRVHFRPDXQURVFRHQ
WRGDODQRFKH(QHOPRPHQWRYHVPRYLPLHQWRHQWRQFHVHPSLH]DD
DSHWHFHUWHHQWUDU\FXDQWDPiVJHQWHKD\PiVTXLHUHHQWUDUHVWRGR
PX\DEVXUGR
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MRGLGRTXHQRORIXHUDQpORGLDEDOOHJDUWDUGHDQLQJ~QVLWLRHQHVR
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TXLHQVDOJDGHFDVDDQWHVGHORVWUHLQWDDOQ\DOFDER'yQGHVH
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TXHRWUDH[SOLFDFLyQ/DVPiVGHODVYHFHVQLXQVRORFRPHQWDULR7HQtDQWHOHHQODKDELWDFLyQ\KDFtDQORTXHOHVYHQtDHQJDQD0XFKDV
YHFHVSDVDEDQODQRFKHIXHUDRVHMXQWDEDQHQHOFKDOHWGHOSDGUH
GH-XDQFKR(UDXQFKDOHWFRMRQXGRHQODVDIXHUDV\FXDQGRFRJtDQ
XQDPLHUGDGHPDVLDGRJUDQGHHQWRQFHVSUHIHUtDQSDVDUODMXQWRVHQ
HOFKDOHW-XDQFKRVLHPSUHOOHYDEDODVOODYHV\HOPX\ERUGHDOJXQDV
YHFHVGHVDSDUHFtDFRQODVOODYHV\FRQDOJXQDWtD&XDQGRHVRRFXUUtD
WRGRVVDEtDQGyQGHLEDDEHQHFLiUVHOD(OSDGUHGHO0LJXHHUDXQ
SRFREXUUR\VLOHKDEtDGDGRSRUEHEHUORPLVPRVHPHWtDDKRVWLDV
126
Ramn Cerd
FRQOD3DTXLVXPXMHUTXHFRQHO0LJXHVLOOHJDEDHQPDOPRPHQWR
3DEORQXQFDORKDEtDTXHULGRDFRPSDxDUDFDVDSRUQRDUULHVJDUHOWtR
HVWDED]XPEDGR/DYHUGDGHVTXHHO0LJXHWDPSRFRHUDPX\ODUJR
TXHVHGLJDSHURHUDEXHQDJHQWHDXQTXHXQDYH]VHOHIXHODPDQR
FRQVXFKLFD\HOKHUPDQRGHpVWDOHSDUWLyODFDUDDVtOLWHUDOPHQWH
7RGDYtDVHSRGtDDSUHFLDUODODUJDFLFDWUL]TXHOHEDMDEDGHVGHHOOyEXOR
GHVXRUHMDGHUHFKDKDVWDHOFHQWURGHOPHQWyQ(O0LJXHHVWDEDPX\
RUJXOORVRGHVXFLFDWUL]'HFtDTXHOLJDEDPiVTXHDODVWtDVOHVPRODEDQHVDVFRVDV3DEORSDVDEDGHOWHPD0DULRHUDXQSRFRDQDGR
DXQTXHSDUHFtDVHUTXHWDPELpQOHLEDQODVWtDV1XQFDVHVDEHKR\
HQGtDKD\PXFKDJHQWHDODTXHOHYDFXDOTXLHUFRVD\ORPLVPRVH
OtDFRQXQDFKDYDOLWDUXELWDGHOLFDGD\PRQDTXHFRQXQQHJUD]RGHXQ
PHWURQRYHQWD-XDQFKRHUDHO~QLFRGHODEUHYHSDQGLOODFRQDOJRPiV
GHGRVGHGRVGHIUHQWHDGHPiVGHpOPLVPRFODURSRUTXH3DEORVH
FRQVLGHUDEDHOPiVLQWHOLJHQWHDXQTXHQROHVHUYtDGHPXFKRHQDTXpO
DPELHQWH-XDQFKRHUDGHORVSULPHURVHQFODVHHQHOLQVWLWXWRGHORV
TXHOHGDEDSRUHPSROODUKDVWDODVWDQWDVGHODPDGUXJDGDPLHQWUDV
ORVRWURVWUHVVHLEDQGHHVWD3DEORORVROXFLRQDEDOH\HQGRD~OWLPD
KRUDORVWH[WRV7HQtDXQDPHPRULDIRWRJUiFDOHGXUDEDSRFRHVRVt
SRUTXHOXHJRORROYLGDEDFDVLWRGRSHURSDUDORVH[iPHQHVHUDXQD
HUD/HEDVWDEDFRQOHHUORVWHPDVXQDVRODYH]XQDRGRVKRUDVDQWHV
GHOVXSOLFLRGHODVDXODV$-XDQFKROHFRVWDEDVXGRU\OiJULPDVSHUR
HOWtRVHORJDQDED\GLItFLOHUDTXHVXVSHQGLHUDDOJXQD
3HURD3DEOROHDEXUUtDWRGRGHVGHVHJXQGRGHEiVLFDODFRVDGHOD
HVFXHOD\DOHHPSH]yDFDUJDU6XVSDGUHVOROOHYDURQDOSVLFyORJRHQ
PiVGHXQDRFDVLyQ\KDVWDOHVOOHJDURQDGHFLUTXHORTXHRFXUUtDHV
TXHVXKLMRHUDGHPDVLDGRLQWHOLJHQWH\SRUHVRVHDEXUUtDHQFODVHSHUR
QRHUDORVXFLHQWHPHQWHLQWHOLJHQWHFRPRSDUDFRQVLGHUDUORXQQLxR
VXSHUGRWDGRDVtTXHDMRGHUVHDDJXDQWDUORVUROORVGHORVPHGLRFUHV
SRUQRHVWDUFDSDFLWDGRSDUDHVWDUFRQODpOLWH(VWDEDHQXQSXQWR
LQWHUPHGLRTXHSDUDOR~QLFRTXHOHVHUYtDHUDSDUDDEXUULUVH6HHVWXYR
127
&RQHVR
DEXUULHQGRGXUDQWHDxRV\\DHQHOLQVWLWXWRHPSH]yDVXVSHQGHU\D
QLVHPROHVWDEDHQOHHUORVWHPDULRVDQWHVGHOH[DPHQ0XFKDVYHFHV
QLVHPROHVWDEDHQLUDOH[DPHQ'XUDQWHXQWLHPSRVHHVIRU]ySRU
FRSLDUDOJXQDVFRVDVDXQTXHHUDDEVXUGRSRUTXHPLHQWUDVSUHSDUDEDODVFKXOHWDVPHPRUL]DEDORVWHPDV\OXHJRQRHUDQHFHVDULRTXH
ODVXWLOL]DVH3HURHUDDEXUULGRPX\DEXUULGR3DUDTXpFRxRTXHUtD
DSUHQGHUDTXHOODVEREHUtDVTXHOXHJRQRDSURYHFKDEDQSDUDQDGD"
/OHYDEDFRQVXVDPLJRVORPHQRVTXLQFHDxRVVHKDEtDQDFRVWXPEUDGRXQRVDRWURV\SRGUtDGHFLUVHTXHHUDQLQVHSDUDEOHVDXQTXH
PXFKDVYHFHVQRVHVRSRUWDEDQHQWUHVt\VHWLUDEDQORVWUDVWRV/R
TXH PiV ORV VHSDUDED WHPSRUDOPHQWH HUDQ ODV WtDV FXDQGR DOJXQR
GHHOORVVHHQFRxDEDFRQXQDGHHOODV\DHPSH]DEDQORVSUREOHPDV
/DVWtDVVRQHQVtXQSUREOHPDVHJ~QOHVGHFtD3DEORDORVGHPiV
VRQWRGDVXQDVSODVWDVTXHTXLHUHQFRPHUWHHOFRFR%XHQRHOFRFR
\ORTXHQRHVHOFRFR$YHFHVVRQGLYHUWLGDVSHURXQDYH]WHODVKDV
PDJUHDGRHQHODVLHQWRGHDWUiVGHOFRFKHVRQFRPRORVFOtQH[PHMRU
GHVSUHQGHUWHGHHOODV
$3DEORQROHLEDPXFKRHOUROORGHODVGURJDV\HODOFRKROSHUROR
FLHUWR HV TXH VXV WUHV DPLJRV KDEtDQ HQWUDGR HQ ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV
HQXQDGLQiPLFDSHOLJURVDeOWDPELpQEHEtDFXDQGRVHMXQWDEDFRQ
HOORVDXQTXHFRQEDVWDQWHPiVPRGHUDFLyQORFXDOQRLPSHGtDTXH
HQPiVGHXQDRFDVLyQOOHJDUDGDQGRWXPERVDOGRPLFLOLRIDPLOLDU(O
DOFRKROVHKDEtDFRQYHUWLGRHQXQSUREOHPDFXULRVRGHORVMyYHQHVGH
KR\ 0XFKRV VyOR EHEtDQ ORV QHV GH VHPDQD FXDQGR VDOtDQ SHUR
ORKDFtDQLQFRQWURODGDPHQWH\DGHPiVVLHPSUHPH]FODQGREHELGDV
EHELGDV\GURJDVPXFKDVYHFHV1RKD\QDGDSHRUSDUDHOFXHUSRTXH
HVWDVPH]FODV&DGDYH]HUDPiVKDELWXDOHVFXFKDUHQODVQRWLFLDVTXH
128
Ramn Cerd
DOJ~QFUtRGHWUHFHRFDWRUFHDxRVVHKDEtDPXHUWRDOHQWUDUHQFRPD
HWtOLFRHUDXQDEXUUDGD/RVTXHQRHQWUDEDQHQFRPDHWtOLFRFRJtDQ
XQDERUUDFKHUDWUDVRWUDTXHORVLEDGHMDQGRVLQQHXURQDVSRUTXHHO
DOFRKROPDFKDFDODVQHXURQDVHVRHVWiFRPSUREDGR\ODVQHXURQDV
QRVHUHSURGXFHQDOSULQFLSLRWLHQHVXQPRQWyQSDUHFHTXHVHWHYDQ
DVDOLUSRUODVRUHMDV\OXHJRVHWHYDQPXULHQGRDVtTXHVLHPSLH]DV
DPDFKDFDUODVDORVGRFHDxRVFRQMRWDEpV\SDVWLOODVHVPX\SUREDEOHTXHQROOHJXHVHQXQHVWDGRPHQWDODFHSWDEOHDORVFXDUHQWD\
HVRVLQRWHKDVTXHGDGRWLHVRFRQXQFRPDHWtOLFRGHHVRVRFRQXQD
PLHUGDGHVREUHGRVLVSRUQRFRQWDUODVUD\DVTXHWHPHWHVeOWDPELpQ
VHPHWtDDOJXQDTXHRWUDUD\DGHFRFD\VHIXPDEDDOJ~QQHYDGLWR
/RTXHQRKDEtDKHFKRQXQFD\QRSHQVDEDKDFHUHUDSLQFKDUVHHVR
QR\DQRSRUTXHOHSDUHFLHUDPiVSHOLJURVRTXHORHUDVLQRSRUVX
WRWDO DYHUVLyQ D ODV DJXMDV 1R SRGtD VRSRUWDU SHQVDU TXH VH WHQtD
TXHSLQFKDUXQDYHQDSDUDFRORFDUVH'HSHTXHxRODSUDFWLFDQWDGHO
SXHEOROHSLQFKyXQWHQGyQ\DQGXYRFRMRFDVLFXDWURDxRV(O0LJXH
VtTXHVHKDEtDPHWLGRFDEDOORDOJXQDYH]HO0LJXHQROHKDFtDDVFRVDQDGD\DOJ~QGtDWHUPLQDUtDPDO\DVHORGHFtD3DEORSHURQL
FDVR1LQJXQRGHHOORVOHVROtDKDFHUDVFRVDXQEXHQSRUURVLHPSUH
TXHWHQtDQRFDVLyQ\VXVFRQYHUVDFLRQHVDFDEDEDQVLHQGRGHSXUR
EHVXJR5HtDQ\GHFtDQWRQWHUtDVKDVWDHODPDQHFHU\ORVGtDVTXH
WHQtDQVXHUWHVHWLUDEDQDDOJXQDSLEDFXDQGRODWtDVHHQUROODEDD
YHFHVLQFOXVRODFRPSDUWtDQDXQTXHODVPiVGHODVYHFHVDFDEDEDQ
KDFLpQGRVHDOJXQDTXHRWUDSDMD6LOOHYDEDQSODWDWDPELpQVHLEDQGH
SXWDVSHURJHQHUDOPHQWHVHFRQIRUPDEDQFRQXQDEXHQDPDPDGD
/DVHPDQDSDVDGDXQDSXWDGHOSXHUWRVHHQFDUJyGHPDPiUVHODD
ORVFXDWURSRUPLOGXURVHOORWHHQWHUR

+2/$3$%/2GLMRFDVLDJULWRV-XDQFKRHQWUDQGRSRUODSXHUWD
GHO.5$66,6(QHOORFDOKDEtDXQYROXPHQGHFLEpOLFRWHUULEOH\VLQR
OHYDQWDEDVODYR]QRKDEtDTXLHQWHR\HVH
129
&RQHVR
'yQGHHVWiODEDVFD"FRQWLQXy

7DQSXQWXDOFRPRVLHPSUH4XpTXLHUHVTXHWHGLJD"+HPRV
TXHGDGRKDFHPHGLDKRUD\W~HUHVHOSULPHURHQOOHJDUDTXtPHWHQpLV
FRPRXQLPEpFLOSDUHFHTXHQRWHQJiLVUHORM
9$/(9$/(&02(67(/3$7,2+2<

0(7(1e,6+$572(62(6/248(3$6$81'$'(
(67260(92<$0,52//2<48(26-2'$1$72'26
7(9$81-27$%e0,(175$6(63(5$026"
(QHVHPRPHQWRHQWUDEDQSRUODSXHUWD0DULR\HO0LJXHVRQULHQWHV
FDUDGHFyPSOLFHVFRQSLQWDGHKDEHUVHIXPDGR\DDOJ~QTXHRWUR
FDQXWR
&029$/$3(f$"GLMRHO0LJXH

+$%e,63(','218(67526-27$%e6"DxDGLyWDPELpQ
YR]HQJULWRDXQTXHXQWDQWRDDXWDGD0DULR
62,68126,035(6(17$%/(6FRQWHVWy3DEOR
8QR GH ORV FDPDUHURV DSDUHFLy QDOPHQWH SRU ORV DOUHGHGRUHV \ OH
SLGLHURQORVFXDWURMRWDEpVFRQKLHOR
(VDQRFKHVHSUHVHQWDEDPRYLGDVHJXURTXHOOHJDUtDRWUDYH]DODV
WDQWDVDFDVD0HQRVPDOTXHVXVSDGUHVHUDQFRPSUHQVLYRVDGHPiVVXSDGUHHVWDEDWRGDYtDGHYLDMHOLDGRFRQVX~OWLPDQRYHOD\
VXPDGUHQXQFDOHKDEtDKHFKRH[FHVLYRFDVR6HTXHUtDQSHURHQ
FLHUWRPRGRVHLJQRUDEDQ(ORWURGtDFXDQGROOHJyDFDVDWDPELpQGH
PDGUXJDGDODVWUHVRTXL]iVODVFXDWURVHUtDQHQFRQWUyDVXPDGUH
UHFLpQVDOLGDGHODGXFKDSDVHDQGRSRUODFDVDGHVQXGD1XQFDOH
KDEtD LPSRUWDGR PRVWUDUVH GHVQXGD GHODQWH GH VX KLMR HQ UHDOLGDG
VLHPSUHKDEtDQVLGREDVWDQWHOLEHUDOHVHQHVHDVSHFWRHQFDVD7DP-
130
Ramn Cerd
SRFROHSUHVWDEDGHPDVLDGDDWHQFLyQDXQTXHWHQtDTXHDGPLWLUTXH
HQPiVGHXQDRFDVLyQODGHVQXGH]GHVXPDGUHORKDEtDH[FLWDGR
+DVWDVXVDPLJRVTXHQRODKDEtDQYLVWRHQERODVOHGHFtDQTXHVX
PDGUHHVWDEDEXHQtVLPD1RFRPRODPtDTXHSDUHFHXQDIRFDFRQ
ELJRWH\WRGROHGLMRXQDYH]HO0LJXHUHULpQGRVHDVXPDGUHXQSRFR
HQWUDGDHQFDUQHV\DOJRGHVFXLGDGDHQVXDVSHFWRItVLFR
/RTXHWDPSRFRHQWHQGtDHUDTXpKDFtDVXPDGUHDHVDVKRUDVDVRODV
SRUODFDVDFRQWRGDVODVOXFHVHQFHQGLGDV
$OVXELUDFDVDVHKDEtDFUX]DGRFRQXQKRPEUHGHXQRVWUHLQWDR
TXL]iVFXDUHQWDDxRVVLHPSUHKDEtDVLGRPX\PDORSDUDFDOFXODUOD
HGDG5HFRUGDEDTXHOOHJyDSHQVDUTXHHOWLSRVDOtDGHVXFDVD/H
HVWDUtDSRQLHQGRORVFXHUQRVDVXSDGUHDSURYHFKDQGRVXDXVHQFLD"
1RVHDWUHYLyDSUHJXQWDUOHQDGDDVXPDGUHSHURGHVGHHQWRQFHVQR
KDFtDPiVTXHGDUOHYXHOWDVDODVXQWRDXQTXH&yPRLEDVXPDGUH
DDUULHVJDUVHDKDFHUORDOOtHQFDVDVLQRVDEtDDTXpKRUDLEDDYROYHU
pO"1RVHJXURTXHQRHUDHVR3HURGHGyQGHVDOtDHVHWtR"(QOD
QFDWRGRORTXHKDEtDHUDQPDWULPRQLRVPD\RUHVQRHUDPX\QRUPDO
FUX]DUVHHQODHVFDOHUDFRQDOJXLHQFRPRHVH\PHQRVDXQDVKRUDVWDQ
LQWHPSHVWLYDV/RTXHVLQWLyHUDHVWDUPHGLRERUUDFKRORTXHOHLPSLGLy
MDUVHHQpO6HJXURTXHQRORUHFRQRFHUtDVLYROYtDDYHUOR7HQtDTXH
GHMDUGHEHEHUWHQtDVRORYHLQWLFLQFRDxRV\\DOHSDUHFtDHPSH]DUD
QRWDUORVVtQWRPDVGHGHFDGHQFLDSURYRFDGRVSRUHODOFRKRO2VHUtD
SRUODVGURJDVTXHGHYH]HQFXDQGRWRPDED"3RUXQPRPHQWRVHYLR
DVtPLVPRFRPRHOSDGUHGHO0LJXHJRUGRIRIRERUUDFKRYLROHQWR\
DKRVWLDVFRQWRGRHOPXQGRHQHPLJRGHOPXQGRODQ]DQGRH[DEUXSWRV\WLUiQGRVHSHGRVVLQSDUDU(UDXQFHUGR3RGUtDpOFRQYHUWLUVH
HQDOJRVLPLODU"(VWDUtDDEXVDQGRGHODEHELGD"6HSUHJXQWDEDVL
GHELHUDFDPELDUGHDPLVWDGHVROLPLWDUVHDEXVFDUVHXQDWtD\SDVDU
GHORVDPLJRWHV7LUiUVHODKDVWDKDUWDUVH\FDVDUVHFRQHOOD6XPDGUH
VHORKDEtDGLFKRPXFKDVYHFHV1RPHJXVWDODSLQWDGHWXVDPLJRV
131
&RQHVR
SHURpOQXQFDKDFtDFDVRDVXPDGUH4XL]iVVLIXHUDVXSDGUHTXLHQ
VHORGLMHUD3HURVXSDGUHQXQFDVHPHWtDFRQpO7RGRORTXHKDFtD
OHSDUHFtDELHQRWDOYH]HVTXHQROHLPSRUWDED6XSDGUHDOQ\DO
FDERVLHPSUHHVWDEDDEVRUWRHQORVSHUVRQDMHVGHVXVQRYHODV9LYtD
HQRWURPXQGRFRQRWUDJHQWHGLVWLQWDDODTXHUHDOPHQWHOHURGHDED
(UDFRPRYLYLUGHQWURGHODSDQWDOODGHWHOHYLVLyQFRPRHVDSHOtFXOD
HQTXHXQRVPXFKDFKRVHQWUDEDQHQXQPXQGRGHHQVXHxRFXDQGR
VHSXVLHURQDWRTXHWHDUHOPDQGRGHODWHOHYLVLyQFRQYLUWLpQGRVHHOORV
PLVPRVHQSHUVRQDMHVGHFFLyQ
&ODURTXHpOVDEtDTXHVXSDGUHORTXHUtDQXQFDOHKDEtDSHJDGR\
QXQFDORKDEtDFDVWLJDGRDSHVDUGHVXVPDODVQRWDV6LHPSUHKDEtD
HVWDGR EDVWDQWH FRQVHQWLGR \ QR HUD MXVWR TXH OR FULWLFDUD SRUTXH
YLYLHVHHQVXPXQGRGHFFLyQ1RFRQRFtDDQLQJ~QRWURHVFULWRUTXH
SXEOLFDVHWDQWDVQRYHODVFRPRpODXQTXHKDEtDHPSH]DGRDOJRWDUGH5HFRUGDEDFXDQGRHUDDERJDGR/DYHUGDGHVTXHUHVXOWDEDPiV
GLYHUWLGRDKRUD&XDQGRHUDDERJDGRVLHPSUHHVWDEDGHPDOKXPRU\
TXHPDGRSRUORVFOLHQWHV\ORVFDVRVTXHOHVDOtDQWRUFLGRV(UDXQD
PLHUGDVHJ~QVXSURSLRSDGUHGHFtD(OHVFULELUHVFULELU\SRUVXSXHVWR
HOSRGHUYLYLUGHHOORIXHXQDOLEHUDFLyQSDUDWRGRV6XPDGUHWDPELpQ
HVWDEDPiVUHODMDGDVHKDEtDGHMDGRVXWUDEDMR\VHODYHtDIHOL]1R
OHVIDOWDEDGHQDGDWDPSRFRHVTXHYLYLHVHQPDOHFRQyPLFDPHQWH
FXDQGRVXSDGUHHUDDERJDGRSHURGHVGHOXHJRDKRUDJDQDEDPXFKR
PiVFRQPHQRVHVIXHU]R\KDFLHQGRORTXHOHJXVWDED
$3DEORQROHJXVWDEDGHPDVLDGROHHUDXQTXHVtTXHKDEtDOHtGRDO
PHQRVODPLWDGGHODVQRYHODVGHVXSDGUHOHJXVWDEDQVROtDQVHU
EDVWDQWHSROpPLFDVSHURHUDQIiFLOHVGHOHHU
1RGHEtDGHTXHMDUVHWDQWRKDEtDSDGUHVPXFKRSHRUHVTXHORVGH
pO/RTXHDKRUDOHSUHRFXSDEDHUDVXPDGUHVXPDGUH\DTXpOWLSR
1RSRGtDGHMDUGHSHQVDUHQDTXpOODQRFKHSDVDGD
132
Ramn Cerd
&RQHVRGRF

+DFHDxRVTXH\DQRVR\\RTXHQRWHQJRSHUVRQDOLGDGSURSLDYLYR
HQRWUDSHUVRQDVR\XQDSDUWHGHHOODXQDSpQGLFHDSHQDVXQyUJDQR
VLQYROXQWDG&UHRSHQVDUSHURQRSLHQVRFUHRYLYLUSHURQRYLYR$
YHFHVPHFRPSDURDXQRGHHVRVDXWyPDWDVGHOFLQHTXHORVHQFKXIDQ
\GHVHQFKXIDQDYROXQWDGSDUDSURJUDPDUORV\UHSURJUDPDUORVDFULWHULR
\FRQYHQLHQFLDGHVXVGXHxRV6RQXQSHGD]RGHPHWDO\RVR\XQ
SHGD]RGHFDUQH9LYRVHJ~QPLSURJUDPDVHJ~QORTXHVHPHKDRUJDQL]DGR\JUDEDGRHQPLVFKLSVTXHVRQPLFHUHEUR&HUHEURVLQYROXQWDG
SURSLDFHUHEURFRQVXHxRVTXHDYHFHVVRORDYHFHVSDUHFHSHQVDU
LQGLYLGXDOPHQWHVLQSHQVDUHQVXSURJUDPDGRUVLQRHQPt3HURHVWR\
VRxDQGRFXDQGRSLHQVRDVt"4XL]iVVHDXQHQWUHWHQLPLHQWRXQVLPSOH
VXHxRO~GLFRWDPELpQSURJUDPDGRSDUDUHODMDUPHSDUDKDFHUPHFUHHU
TXHWRGDYtDWHQJRYROXQWDGTXHWRGDYtDSXHGRGHFLGLUTXHWRGDYtD
GLVSRQJRGHPLLQGLYLGXDOLGDGGHPLFRQFLHQFLDSHUVRQDO
(OODHVWiVLHPSUHDKtVLHPSUHDFDERKDFLHQGRORTXHVHPHGLFHFRPR
VHPHGLFH0LVOLEURVHQUHDOLGDGQRVRQPtRVVR\XQDVLPSOHPiTXLQDDODTXHVHOHGLFWDQVLWXDFLRQHVKHFKRVTXHQRVDEHVLKDYLYLGR
3LHQVRTXHPLQRPEUHHVXQSVHXGyQLPRTXH\RVR\HVRXQQRPEUH
FWLFLRSVHXGyQLPRGHRWUDSHUVRQDGHODTXHUHDOPHQWHSLHQVDGH
ODTXHUHDOPHQWHVLHQWHGHODTXHUHDOPHQWHHVFULEH(VWRORVLHQWR
FXDQGRHVFULERPLVQRYHODVSHURORVLHQWRPXFKRPiVDKRUDTXHORTXH
HVFULERHVPLYLGDWRGDPLYLGDRORTXH\RFUHRTXHHVPLYLGDORTXH
\RFUHRUHFRUGDUGHPLYLGDSRUTXH\DQRGLVWLQJRHQWUHODUHDOLGDG\OD
FFLyQ&RPRVLDOJXQDVGHPLVQHXURQDVRGHPLVFKLSVVHKXELHVHQ
IXQGLGR\VROGDGRHQWUHVtDFDXVDGHXQDVREUHFDUJDHOpFWULFD0H
VLHQWRFRQIXVRH[WUDxRFRPRTXLHQWLHQHXQDHUHFFLyQ\QRVDEHVLHV
133
&RQHVR
SRUTXHVHHVWiPHDQGRRSRUTXHHVWiH[FLWDGR\QHFHVLWDGRGHVH[R
&RPRHOTXHVLHQWHXQYDFtRHQHOHVWyPDJR\QRVDEHVLWLHQHKDPEUH
RHVWiQHUYLRVRDFDXVDGHDOJ~QH[DPHQRDOJXQDSUXHEDTXHWLHQH
TXHVXSHUDU&RPRHOTXHOORUD\QRVDEHSRUTXpOORUDVLDFDXVDGH
VXFRQMXQWLYLWLVDJXGDTXHOHSURGXFHODJULPHRRSRUTXHHVWiWULVWH
PX\WULVWH7RGRVHFRQIXQGHHQPLLQWHULRU5HFXHUGRTXHPLQRPEUH
HV+pFWRU5DPRV3HURGHVGHFXDQGRORVp"'HVGHFXDQGRUHFXHUGRTXHORUHFXHUGR"&yPRSXHGRVDEHUTXHVLHPSUHKHVLGR+pFWRU
5DPRV"/RVUHFXHUGRVGHPLLQIDQFLDVHFRQIXQGHQFRQORVDFWXDOHV
SHURSDUHFHTXH(ORtVDVLHPSUHKDHVWDGRDKt5HFXHUGRDPLPDGUH
HQVXHxRV\WLHQHODFDUDGH(ORtVD(ORWURGtDPHYLVLHQGRXQEHEp
PDPDQGRGHOSHFKRGHPLPDGUHSHURDTXHOSHFKRHQUHDOLGDGQRHUD
HOGHPLPDGUHDTXHOORVSHFKRVHUDQORVGH(ORtVD6tORVFRQR]FR
ELHQ6RQORVSHFKRVPiVERQLWRVTXHKHYLVWRHQPLYLGD6XRORUVX
WDFWRVXFRORUVXFRQVLVWHQFLDVXWDPDxRWRGRHVSHUIHFWR3RUOD
QRFKHFXDQGRHVWR\FRQHOODODKXHOR\GXHUPRFRPRXQEHEp6XRORU
PHGURJD6HUiXQUHHMRFRQGLFLRQDGR"(VWDUpSURJUDPDGRSDUD
LQWHUSUHWDUORVRORUHVGHXQDIRUPDFRQFUHWD"6HUpFRPRORVSHUURV
TXHHPSLH]DQDEDEHDUFXDQGRR\HQHOJRQJGHOODERUDWRULRGHVSXpV
GHPLOHVGHHQVD\RV"
3RUHOODVHUtDFDSD]GHFXDOTXLHUFRVDVLHQWRTXHPLGHEHUHVSURWHJHUOD TXH PL ~QLFD PLVLyQ HV KDFHUOD IHOL] \ TXH \R VR\ XQ PHUR
LQVWUXPHQWRO~GLFRSDUDHOOD$OJXLHQFRQHOTXHFRQYLYLUFyPRGDPHQWH
FRPRXQEXHQHOHFWURGRPpVWLFRTXHVHHQFKXID\VHGHVFRQHFWDDXWRPiWLFDPHQWHUHJXODQGRODWHPSHUDWXUDVLQTXHWHQJDVTXHSUHRFXSDUWH
GH HOOR &RPR HVRV QXHYRV HOHFWURGRPpVWLFRV TXH SDUHFH VHU TXH
SURQWRWHQGUHPRVWRGRVHQQXHVWURVKRJDUHV\TXHVHHQFDUJDUiQGH
OODPDUGLUHFWDPHQWHDOVHUYLFLRWpFQLFRFXDQGRREVHUYHQXQPDOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRHQVXVLVWHPD&RPRFXDQGRXQRVHVLHQWHPDO\OODPD
134
Ramn Cerd
DOPpGLFRHVRKDUiQORVHOHFWURGRPpVWLFRV6HUp\RDFDVRXQHOHFWURGRPpVWLFRGHWHUFHUDRFXDUWDJHQHUDFLyQ"6HUpFRPRHOKRPEUH
ELFHQWHQDULRLGHDGRSRU,VDDF$VLPRY"6LHQWRODQHFHVLGDGGHHVFULELU
$YHFHVPHOHYDQWRGHPDGUXJDGD\HQFKXIRHORUGHQDGRU\HVFULER
HVFULERVLQDSHQDVWHQHUFRQFLHQFLDGHORTXHHVFULER<RPLVPRPH
VRUSUHQGRDYHFHVGHORTXHOHRDOGtDVLJXLHQWH<RPLVPRQRSXHGR
FUHHUORTXH\RKHHVFULWR2WURVOROODPDUtDQLQVSLUDFLyQGLYLQD\ROR
OODPRGHVRUGHQHPRFLRQDOOROODPRLQVHJXULGDG&UHRTXHKHFUX]DGR
DOJXQDIURQWHUDTXHQRGHELHUDGHKDEHUFUX]DGR(QDOJ~QSXQWRGHO
FDPLQRPHKHSHUGLGR\QRVpYROYHU1RVyORQRVpYROYHUVLQRTXH
QRWHQJRFRQFLHQFLDGHHOOR\QLVLTXLHUDTXLHURYROYHU2Vt"0LFRQIXVLyQHVFDGDYH]PD\RU3RUTXpHVWR\HVFULELHQGRPLYLGD"3RU
TXpGHVSXpVGHWDQWDVQRYHODVKHWHQLGRODQHFHVLGDGGHHVFULELUPL
ELRJUDItD"(VSRUJHQHUDUPRUERFRPROHGLJRDPLVHQWUHYLVWDGRUHV"
&RPROHGLMHDPLHGLWRUFRPROHGLJRDPLVDPLJRV2HVDOJXQD
QHFHVLGDG RFXOWD" 3RVLEOHPHQWH FUHR TXH SXHGR FRQRFHUPH PHMRU
DPtPLVPRVLHVFULERORTXHVLHQWRVLDSURYHFKRHVWRVUHOiPSDJRV
LQWHULRUHVSDUDHVFXSLUSDODEUDV\PiVSDODEUDVPXFKDVGHHOODVVLQ
VHQWLGR PXFKDV GH HOODV HVFULWDV SRU XQ VHU GHVFRQRFLGR TXH HVWi
HQPLLQWHULRU$YHFHVPHVLHQWRSRVHtGRHPEUXMDGR&DGDYH]TXH
GXHUPR\PHGHVSLHUWRGHERGHKDFHUXQHVIXHU]RSDUDGLVWLQJXLUOR
TXHKHVRxDGRGHORTXHKHYLYLGR+DEUpSHUGLGRHOVHQWLGRTXL]iV"
0HHVWDUpYROYLHQGRORFR"3XHGHTXHQRVHDPiVTXHRWURGHHVRV
1DSROHRQHV TXH OOHQDQ ORV SVLTXLiWULFRV SHUR PL SHUVRQDMH QR VHD
1DSROHyQVLQRTXHPHFUHD+pFWRU5DPRVFXDQGRHQUHDOLGDGVR\RWUD
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