‘System Comprehension — The Subsystems — Air System Charge Determination and Charge Control defined air-fuel ratio is necessary to assure reliable engine operation in compliance with emission-control legislation. This Lambda level and the knowledge of the air charge in the cylinder are used to calculate the required fuel mass to be injected. As the air charge in the combustion chamber cannot be directly measured, several sensors are Installed upstream or in the intake manifold. The air charge in the cylinder is determined by using models based on the sensor readings. The model makes possible a plausibility check of these sensor signals, and a switch-over to an intact sensor in case of a fault. Apart from that, the parameters of these charge models can be learned during operation. The charge contol function adjusts a desired air charge resulting from the desired torque the desired Lambda and a variety of throttle requests in the combustion chamber. For this purpose, the necessary air mass flow at the throttle valve is determined by using the models from charge sensing, and finally the throttle valve is correspondingly adjusted. ‘BOSH Gecoine Diet ncton peor