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CHIN 201

Yan Gao

Virginia Commonwealth University

Lesson 16 Hobbies and Sports

Objects:

-Describe how an action is performed;


-Talk about hobbies, sports, and exercise.

Vocabulary

- li- means two people and is used with pronouns. Eg.


- de -Particle word- used between a verb or an adjective and its complement to
indicate a result, possibility, or degree
- d - to achieve
- di is an optative verb meaning have to or must
is used for sports that are played with the hands. For sports which are mainly
played with the foot, the verb t -to kickis used.
- jio (n.) is used as a noun.
- jio (v.) to tech

Key words

Grammar

usage of
Degree of complement sentence tells how an action is performed (how fast, how
well, how soon, etc.). In these kinds of sentences, the verb is followed by the
particle plus the information describing how the action is performed (usually
formed by an adverb and adjective together). Sentence pattern:
Single verb: Subject + V. + + Adv . + Adj.
Verb + Object: Subject + V.O.++Adv. + Adj.

Culture

What similarities and differences do you think there might be between Chinese
culture and American Culture?
1. What are some popular sports in your country? Are there any sports that
are unique to your culture?
2. Are sports and physical exercise important in your culture? Do you think
physical training methods are different in different culture?
3. Do you or any of your friends practice martial arts? If so, what kinds of
martial arts do you or your friends practice?
4. Have you seen any martial arts movies? Which martial arts movies do you
like?
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CHIN 201
Yan Gao

Virginia Commonwealth University

Lesson 17
Weather and Seasons
Objects:

Vocabulary
Key words

-Describe the weather.


-Talk about the four seasons.
-Say that something will happen in the near future.

is a common phrase meaning long time no see. It is usually used by


acquaintances to greet each other when they havent seen each other for a while.
When is pronounced as h, it means and. When used in it is
pronounced as huo.
refers to the Fahrenheit system.
refers to the Celsius system, which is used in Mainland China, Taiwan, and
Hong Kong.

Grammar

As a verb can have several meanings, including to blow to pare, to shave or


to scrape Eg.
/ the pattern that is used to indicate a certain action or event is
about to happen
the most, is used for the superlative. It occurs before a verb or an adjective

Culture

Adj.+, is an intensifier. It occurs after an adjective to indicate a very high


degree of the adjective
What similarities and differences do you think there might be between Chinese
culture and American Culture
1What is the climate of your hometown like? What type of weather do you
like the most and why?
2What are the main holidays in your culture/community celebrate these
holidays?
2

CHIN 201
Yan Gao

Virginia Commonwealth University

Lesson 18
Travel and Transportation
Objects:

-Describe means of transportation


-Talk about travel plans

Vocabulary

-the verb means to be away from. It is used in the following pattern


A + + B + adjective phrase
Eg.

Key words

Note that while English modifiers of distance such as very close and very far
are placed between the names of two places, Chinese modifiers of distance are
placed at the end of the sentence, as shown in the examples above.
and are used with different kinds of vehicles
Grammar

Culture

Both and are adverbs, while is a conjunction. All three words are used
to show events in a sequence. When describing events in a sequences, use first
and then or
If there are more than two actions involved, another or is used as well.
The order can be either or
For example, for the sentences Xiaomei will go to Beijing first, then to
Hong Kong, and then to Taiwan to visit for
Her Grandma, the Chinese sentence can be either.

Or

What similarities and differences do you think there might be between Chinese
culture and American Culture
1What are the most popular/convenient means of transportation to get
around in your community?
2Have you been to any other cities or countries? What interesting things
have you noticed while traveling in other cities/countries?
3

CHIN 201
Yan Gao

Virginia Commonwealth University

Lesson 19
Health and Medicine
Objects:

Vocabulary
Key words

-Describe the symptoms of an illness


-Describe something that has happened
-Describe a changing situation

I am sick can be expressed by either I am sickor


(literally, I produced sickness).
can also be used to mean a few. In this context it does not function as a
question word. means the past few days.
can be a noun meaning ground earth as in and can also be
attached to an adjective to transform the whole unit into an adverbs preceding a
verb, such as (slowly).

Grammar

as a verb has different meanings: to give to deliver or to escort.


Expressing Completed Action with
is a particle that is normally used to show the completion of an action or to
show that a situation or state has changed.
To indicate a completed action, is placed after the verb or at the end of the
sentence. Note that must not be regarded as a past tense marker. In Chinese,
to indicate the present, past, and future tenses, time words, such as
and , are often used instead.
To use in question and in giving positive answers or statements, the following
patterns are used.
-In questions
V. +
-In positive answers V. +
Note that when is not used, since a negative answer means that the action was
not completed. To answer a question in the negative, instead of , we use the
following patterns.
-to indicate that an action did not take place

-to indicate a planned action (the action ahs not take palce yet)
4

CHIN 201
Yan Gao

Virginia Commonwealth University

Expressing a change of state/new situation with


is also used at the end of a sentence to express that a situation has changed
Pattern
Sentence ends with

Example

Note that when is placed at the end of a sentence, it may be an indication of a


completed action or of a situation that has changed. The meaning of the sentence
would thus be determined by the context of the sentence. For example, the
sentence

Culture

are all pronounced as [de] but have different grammatical functions,


as shown below
Pattern
Features
Examples
Used with a noun to show

possessive case or as a

structural to describe the


noun that follows
Used in degree of
. + + Adv. +

complement sentences to
Adj.

show how an action is


performed.
Used in combination with
Adj. + + V.

an adjective, or preceding a
verb to indicate that attitude
or manner of an action;
similar to ly in English
What similarities and differences do you think there might be between Chinese
culture and American Culture
1. Does your culture have any traditional medicine practice? Have you heard
of traditional medicine in other cultures? Have you heard of traditional
medicine in other cultures? What are some common remedies?
2. What is the medical system like in your culture or community? Is medical
care affordable?

CHIN 201
Yan Gao

Virginia Commonwealth University

Lesson 20
Renting and Apartment
Objects:

Vocabulary
Key words

-Talk about renting an apartment


-Indicate the direction of a movement
-Specify the effects or results of an action on an object

/ mean but. is more colloquial than


is an optative verb meaning must or be required to.
is used for ordinal numbers. For example,

Grammar

Simple Directional Complements


A directional complement is a word or phrase that follows a motion or action
verb to show the direction of the motion or action. There are two kinds of
directional complements: simple directional complements and compound
directional complements.
Simple directional complements are formed by adding or to a motion verb.
In this construction, and indicate the direction of the motion. indicates a
motion coming toward the speaker and indicates a motion that is going away
from the speaker. For example, means to enter, coming toward the speaker
who is inside. means to enter, going in and away from the speaker who is
outside.
When using a simple directional complements with a verb that has an object, the
object comes after the motion verb and before the complement. Note that the
object is usually a place or a person.
Pattern: Verb + Object +

Compound Directional Complements


To form a compound directional complement, use a simple directional
complements (as detailed above) together with an action verb. In this
construction, the action verb expresses the action. The simple Directional
Complement indicates the direction of the action relative to a location or the
direction of motion toward or away from the speaker.
Eg.
6

CHIN 201
Yan Gao

Culture

Virginia Commonwealth University

sentence are used to indicate the effects of an action upon its object. The
structure used is as follows: Subject + + Object + Verb + complement.
is used most often with action verbs. When is used with action verbs, the
object of the verb must be definite and the verb must incorporate a complement.
Some of the common complements involved with structures are as follows:
-degree of complement:
-used as a complement to show a completed action:
-Directional complement:
- is also commonly used in imperative sentences such as
What similarities and differences do you think there might be between Chinese
culture and American Culture
1. Are there many different kinds of housing in your community? What
are some of these different kinds?
2. Have you ever been to any other countries? What was the housing
situation like there?

Lesson 21
Future Plans
Objects:

-Talk about future plans


-Express blessings and wishes

Vocabulary

Key words

- means graduate students to refere to graduate school


is used in Mainland China, while is used in Taiwan.
is used to refer to work, or part-time work.
is another common term, meaning work-study .
means intern or internship
means summer internship.
/ + adj. is used to indicate a sense of surprise.
7

CHIN 201
Yan Gao

Virginia Commonwealth University

Eg.

Grammar

is a conjunction used to show two actions being down at the


same time.
Similarly, is also a conjunction that is used to show
simultaneous actions.
Note that the in can be omitted, as in while the
in must be present
Types of verbal aspects:
- The progressive aspects of an action / indicating that someone is
currently in the process of doing something
- Imminent action expressed by /
- Completion of an action expressed with

Culture

What similarities and differences do you think there might be between Chinese
culture and American Culture
1. What do most students do after graduation in your culture?
2. Have you ever thought about studying abroad in China? What places in
China would you like to visit and why?

Lesson 22
Arts and Culture
Objects:

Vocabulary

Key words

-Give examples
-Describe cause and effect
-Describe your current situation

means et cetera, and is usually used after a list of people or things.


Sometimes one character is used instead of two.
means furthermore also in addition. It is used to introduce additional
information.
is a V.O. that means a letter coming from . is used here to indicate
8

CHIN 201
Yan Gao

Virginia Commonwealth University


that this is said from the speakers point of view, which means the letter is
coming to the speaker.

Grammar
is an expression equivalent to for example, for instance, or such as in
English. It is used to introduce specific examples.

As we previously learned, is used to indicate causality, meaning so or


therefore. is often used with as a pair of conjunctions. Note that
while in English because and so are not used together, in Chinese and
are often used together in one sentence. Sometimes can be omitted if the
cause-effect relationship between first and the second clauses is clear.
Note also that though one usually doesnt start a sentence with because in
English, in Chinese comes at the beginning of the sentence.
Culture

What similarities and differences do you think there might be between Chinese
culture and American Culture?
1. What are the most representative arts and cultural practices in your
cultural practices in your culture or community?
2. Have you studied any traditional cultural art of your own or other
cultures? What did you study?

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