Jgis nk tha fyhrhu

Astronomic Tradition of Thumpalai West

fyh. ehff tnahf
nuZl iuahs, bgsfa Jiw
ahghz gfiyfHf
ahghz, yif
nsivayogan@gmail.com

1. mKf
M fLiuia vGJtjnehf gKfglJ. m
KjikahdJ fhybrw kJiu goj f.rjhdj (19.10.1921
-21.03.2008) mtf wj tha tYd vd bga bgwt
vgjdh mtUila tha m _y vJ vgij
njLtjhF. ulhtJ vkJ tha fyhrhuij mtjhFnghJ
mJ nrhl fiyl ulw fyJsij xUt mtjhfyh.
jdh `tha' vwl Vnjh jkJ vfhy gyfis brhY
xU fiybad gy jtwhf vLwhf. vdnt ulw
fyJs fyitUJ thaiy bjLJ mj
egfjikia MuhtJ mtakhF. _whtJ bgsfaF
thaF cs bjhlghF. bjhl f Wfkhdjhf
UJ bgsfayhsf ntjf Twgl tha
fUJfis MHkhf Muha KtUtiy. vdnt mthwhdbjhU
Muhia Mufntoa njit mtakhwJ. nkY goj
rjhdj mtf gy lfY tlkuh, gUJiw
efYs Jgis nkF uhk tha fyhrhu
jJtkhdJ vd Tsh. vdnt mthwhd jJtkhd
fyhrhu mJlhk gagl ntLbkgJ mtakhF. Fghf
munjrij nrjtfshtJ mthwhd Kaia nkbfhtJ
fhy njitahF. thwhf M fLiu vGjgl
ntoaj gKfgl mtaij xUt yFthf czJ
bfhsyh.
vthwhD fLiuia KGikahdbjhU M
fLiuahf ahU vlTlhJ. J xU W Kana. vkJ
fyhrhuYs tha bjhlig flj y khjfshf MHkhf
MuhjnghJ J f MHkhdbjhW vd, tUl fzfhf
Muhaglntoa labkhW vd jJ. mJl J
-01-

rgjkhf gy lf njo bghUjkhd jffnsh,

fLiufnsh ilfiy. goj rjhdj vGsjhf
FlgL tha fLiuf mt ahghz gfiy
fHf btHh fUjubfh btl My
fLiubahW kLnk (rjhdj, 1999) vdJ iff iljJ.
mJl mfLiunyna mtuh izghf bfhLf
gLsjhf Fl y jftfisTl fhz Koahjjhf
UjJ.
nkY ahghzYs ugy grhf fghsfis
mQanghJ mtf FLg fyhrhu fhuzkhf jkJ tha
fL ufafis Tw Ktuiy. mJl mtf
bgUghyhd ff mtfF gugiu gugiuahf
ifafgl mltizbahiw mogilahf bfhl jhF. m
mltiz vthW jahfglJ vgbjyh nghJst
fSF KaJt yhk nghlJ. goj rjhdjD
jdF mthwhdbjhU mltiz gugiu gugiuahf iljJ
vd Tsh. MD m mltiz vnf vgJTl ahF
bjaiy. vdnt M unjr f FWajhdbjhwhfnt
csJ. MD vdJ W Ka f MHkhdbjhU MF
mthukhf mik vw eif v kd csJ. goj
rjhdj ahghz gfiyfHf btHh bfhlh
lnghJ eilbgw fUjubfh btl jdJ fLiu
"ahghz ntj tha fyhrhuij ngQt xU FLg
gf" vw jiyig cgnahUjh. m FLg gugiud
fhyhfhykhf tlkuh, gUJiw unjrYs Jgis nkF
vw uhk bgajuh (jnghJ tujehaf) Myaij NH
thJ tjd. goj rjhdj " xU FLg gf"
vW FoUjhY, mJ Jgis nk tF mnj
gugiuUJ tj bgUghyhd kfSl bjhlglbjhU
labkgjh fLiu jiyig "Jgis nk tha
fyhrhu" vd bfhLJns. vdnt Kj m FLg
dia rW MuhJ ghgJ eyJ nghy njhWwJ.

-02-

2. Jgisnk tha FLg d

Jgis vgJ tlkuh unjr gUJiw efu
mikJsbjhU uhkkhF. rKuhnj ghFiz, tfhs
Flh vw jdJ U fubfhL mizUF td
thjbjhU unjrkhF.
Jgis nk tha fyhrhu
(Astronomic Tradition of Thumpalai West, ATTW) MdJ m uhk
nkF gF Mug fhy Fonaa kfilna gugiu
gugiuahf ngzgLtjbjhU lakhF. ilfbgw
gfUJ ATTW MdJ muhk ljl 465
tUlfK UnfhzkiyUJ tJ (~1545) Fonaa kf
gugiuUJ tj ugy rut (runrfu) gukhdj
vgtlUJ mt gugiudUF iljjhf
gagLsJ (Ruka, 1936). rut gukhdj tuyh
mtUF Ka MW jiyKiw FLg dUJ y
ehfSF Kd wj FHij tiuahd (1545-2009) gufis
vdJ FLgd ng ghJfhJ tUwd. Mugfhy
Mtzf jnghJ m iyYsJ.
Kida ATTW MdJ 1681 - 1878 tiuahd fhyf gid
Xiyf vGjgL, d 1918 tiu jhf FfgL
gugiugugiuahf FLg xbthU _j kflK
ifafgL tJsJ. mthW tj Mtzf Wahf
jl tJ nrjjhf goj rjhdj Tsh. mj
MtzfS 200 VL ufS, gugiu gugiuahf cgnahf
gLtj brdh bragl bjhiyfhobahW, ira
fUbahW mlF. mjid Mtzfis goj
rjhdj jfgdh fzgis (1875 - 1954) Ukzkh
khlu brwnghJ Jgis nk Wfzfhd tUl
fshf ghJfhghf ngzgl lUJ vLJ brWlh.
nghdhY, lbgathY Kj ghfgl l khlu
vgjdh m MtzfS vit j iHUFbkd
maKoahJsJ. m bjhiyfho, ira fU a
rkhjhd fhF gilduh (IPKF) 1987M Mo gytjkhf
vLJ brygljhf goj rjhdj vl Tsh
(rjhdj, 2001). Vida XiyfS, MtzfSTl gogoahd
-03-

lbgafsh HfgoUfyh vnw enw. nkY

mt va MtzfS mt kuz mt
isfsh mbkfhF vLJ brygljhf mnw. y
Mtzf mt kuz mt oF brnwhuhY
vLJbrygljhf maKowJ.
Jgis Mugfhy Fonaw thf jftf U
Mtzf bjthf FlgLsJ. KjikahdJ
vdJ jhah mdyR jfgdhuha fjg Ruka (1877
- 01.02.1950) vgt jhf FJ itUj gugiu tiuglf.
Y bgUghyhd Mtzf 09.11.1973 mW vkJ o Vgl
gbjh fUnghf va gugiu tiugl jnghJ
ghJfhghf vdJ FLgdl csJ. ijl bdhU Ka
Mtz Jgisia nrj fhybrw idah rhahuh
(1875 - 1971) 1962 vGjgl ghlfshF (idah, 1962). mghl
tfS ytiw nH bfhLJns.
brjnr ahghz FlhehL brf lK bshwh
cJnrh lfiyP jyt cWkh ntj njnjh
rjkh kiwFa ghghf lyikj uh ahndh
jjKa thifbg thw Jgisng jf
nfhzkiy iwaonah nfhnzr Fo wnjh nfhnzrng
Q kt wdauh kbganuh jtdh fg bdngh
nfhzyh Kiwilnah jutj Fku f jg ntkh
khzkU jbHhLnrh lfW kzgUt thJ tjh.
gyhL gugiuah ita nrhl gy fW
tnyhj Fownjh mitnjnjh brFtis kj khg
vnyhF abr khthk tnr ru tnr
myhf liwt donahdh agukh dj dkh.
nrhl ita twij ghYzJ JyF eh
jyne kiyahs kRw jhgifah l ehil
<jir tt Dz gyh oUF fhiy
-04-

XKnw tlfiynrh lfUJ KWt Fz dhnd.

Xyhj kdtD fikrdh ahghz Jw brt
tnyhnrh lfiy tbdW tHfaif bgW
knyhF ntyg Kjah kfshf jhij ehk
brhnyhF FHyhis rhwh kzbrJ nrjh kndh.
ghl tfS goj rjhdj Kndhofshd
Unfhzkiyia fkhf bfhl rut gukhdj (~1725)
gugiu g, mt nrhl tha m vgo tsjJ vd
FLsh. KakhdJ gukhdj mt jij tny
[mjhtJ nfhnzr (~1545-), uhk (~1575-), ehfg (~1605-), fjg
(~1640-), Mthis (~1670-), runrfu (~1695-) vD rj
tna]

nrhlij (thaiy) fUjnghJ [gukhdj

ldhd fjg (~1640-) vgt j, tha, ita nghw

_W JiwfY f njbgw mPuhf sUwh.
tuhnyna 1681 KjKjyhf Xiygrhf btlgoUf
ntL.] ahnuhbthU kiyahs kd jdJ Rwjh gifF
m, jtJ Jgisnk kiwUjnghJ
mt _y
tla nrhl fUJfis fwJsh. nkY xyhj
M fhy ahghzJF bghWghfUj mikrbuhUt
t nrhl (tha), ita zJtfhf (mj mikr
tW tah mtgL bfhoUjnghJ mjid FzgLa
jfhf, mneh vnghJ khW vd KTona fJ
Tajfhf) ifbahiw tHajhf ghl FLwJ.
(if 1965 - 67 M MLf tiu Jgis nk ghJfhghf
UJ mJsJ.) 1505M ML Kj 1658M MLtiu
nghJrU, mtfis bjhlJ 1796M MLtiu xyhjU
<H fiunahufis M jjhf ru TWwJ. vdnt
rut - gukhdj thjjhf Xiy Rtof FlgLs
fhy rahf csij mtjhfyh.
"CU th" vw yha gh.uFtuD
Jgis Mug fhy Fonawf g MuhJsh (uFtu,
2001). mt Mgo Mug Fonawf Ma rfut
-05-

fhyf fjjhf, mfhy 13 Kj 17M whL vd

mt FLsh (gagLs jftfgo nfhnzr fhy
~1545M MlhF. mjhtJ 16M who eLgF).
uFtu fUJgo JgisnkF bgajuh nfhiyNH
Fonaa kf ru gukhdj gugiud vd miHfgljhf,
ru gukhdj nrhH rhuha mur itauhf,
nrhluhf Ujjhf FLsh. mtf Mugfhyf
brag giyg unjrf UJ d
JgisnkF FonaUf ntLbkW mt FLwh.
mJl Jgis kfSF eY mur gugiudUF il
Uj bjhl g mt MuhJsh. nghJr M
fhy, mjhtJ 1621 M ML e mur FLgij nrj
"rughD" vgtD mUJ j tJ Jgis nk
bgajuh
nfhyUYs gow ts vDl
xUjjhf, mneu mtDl thL, MuhJ gy nrhl
EQffis rut gukhdj mjjhf FLsh. J
mndfkhf gukhdj l jijahd ehfg (~1640) myJ
ngudhd uhk (~1575) Mf Ufyh vgnj vdJ fUjhF.
ahghz gfiyfHf tuyhWJiw nguhauhd
br.UZzuhrh Mgo Jgis nk xUjJ e
uhrjh murdhd rFku vd maKowJ. vdnt
r Fkund Jgis nk rughD vw khW bgaUl
xUUfntL vd egntosJ.
eh Wtdhf Uj fhy Jgisnk thj
"briyah mgh" vd vnyhuhY miHfgl fjg
ntyhjis (1895 -1983) vgt Wtfis miHJ eh
Fsnfhl gugiuia nrjtf vW, vthW mtf
Jgis nkFF tjd vW, mgugiu thJ, kiwJnghd
ugakhdtf g fij fijahf TWth. JuZltrkhf
mtiw ahU bghUgLaiy. mtUila fijfis ahuhtJ
bghWikahf nfL FJ itUjh iwa MuhF
f cgnahfkhUUF vgJ kWfKoahjbjhwhF.

-06-

UnfhzkiyYs fbtLfY, $ Kndtu

khaY Fsnfhl ga Ff fhzgLwd.
Fsnfhl kd jdJ Mia iygLj gUtiu
bjbrJ gntW lf Foakajhf TwgLwJ.
mtf xUt tlkuh unjrF brW Fonaajhf $
Kndtu kha TWwJ.
vdnt Jgisnk tha FLg dia
xLbkhjkhf MuhjnghJ mtf mur bjhlf ydh
wd. mtf tha d _W tf tJ
nrUwd. xW mtf Fsnfhl kdDl bjhls
UnfhzkiyUJ tJ; Kj giyg unjrY,
d Jgis nkY Fonaa brhj gugiudlUJ
tJsJ. kwait ah nfushUJ, ahghz
eUJ jtJ Jgis nk xUj murf
_ykhf ilJ mtf tha m brikgLj
gLsJ. itnajh goj rjhdj ATTW xU jJtkhd
Kiw vd FljF _yfhuzkhf UUf ntL.

3. Jgis nk tha EQff

Jgis nk tha EQffis MuhtjF y
khjf nghJkhdjW. MHkhf MuhJ Phd fLo
fSl xL ghJ KobtLgjF xW myJ uL tUl
fhy njitahdJ.
tiw EQfkhf mUj goj
rjhdjD mtiw xU jf to vGJtjhf, mjid
thJ mYs r iHfis TWgo eh mtiu Wahf
rj ehshd 18.02.2008 mW Tdh. mjF mij m
nghl jjh thJ riH ghgJ Rygbkd eh Tnd.
mj mtiu JuZltrkhf rf Koaiy. mt kiwj
ehshd 21.03.2008 UJ xU y ehf d mtuJ y
brW mt vGa jf g rhnj. mUjtfSF
mjf ga rahd jftf bjaiy.
vdnt goj rjhdj vG v ifF ilj
xnubahU My fLiuia mogilahf bfhL xU y
sffis Kojtiu Tw KaWns.
-07-

Jgisnk tha fyhrhu (ATTW) ljl 376 A.D

M ML Kj tsJsjhf ma KowJ. mjhtJ 1876M
MoK ljl 60 tUlf (xU rfhj) bfhl 25
RWfshf ffgL ATTW tsJ tJsJ.
fl thfhf mU bragl Kj yha ntjF
fzhf mikJsJ nrhl MF. J jhj fj, nAhuh
fj, [jh fj vd _W fjfisilaJ. tW
uf, eruf g TWtJ jhj fjfkhF. jhj
fjij J s bragLs f jhjf
vdgL. it 18 csd. tW Kakhdit 6 khu vd
goj rjhdj Tsh. tW tl ah Na
jhjK, bjah (jehL, nfus) Magl
jhjKnk iwtiu mDgt cgnahfgLwd. tW
Na jhj mogilnyna ATTW tsjjhf goj
rjhdj jdJ fLiu FLsh.
ahghzUj Vida tha fyhrhufS, Na
jhjUJ cUthdhY, ATTW jh f _yhjhukhdJ
vd TwgLtJ Vbd; ATTW jh Vidatiwl ntj
thaYl f xJsJ. ATTW MdJ iwF 328 tUlf
KUJ; mjhtJ 1681 UJ, 1878 tiu XiyfY, d 1918
tiu ifbaGJ ufY vGjgL gugiu gugiuahf
FLg _j kfF ifkhwgL tJsJ. jF Ka
fhyf J Egkhd Kiw vfSF rnfj ghi
FlgL thbkh _y ifkhwgL tJsJ. rhjhuzkhf
kj xUtdh cldoahf id fToa yff
vif ljl 7 yffshF. Mdh tha
cgnahfgL vf vifahd yffisl f
mfkhditahF. vdntjh Jgisnk thj thayhsf
mjid rnfj ghiT ufakhf id itUjhf.
j_y mtfsh uf iyfis fja KojJ.

3.1 Jgis nkF tha rnfj ghi

tU fSnfg tha fzFf
cgnahfgl vfis FgjF j vGJfis
ATTW

-08-

cgnahjhf vd goj rjhdj fLiu TWwJ.

mt fLiu nghJkhd sff yhjjh mtiw
JbfhtJ Mug fodkhf UjJ. MD
l
nghuhl m rnfj ghiia cilJ ma KojJ.
tha rgjkhd fLf tU vfis FgjF
tU IJ fSF mika j vGJfis cgnahjd.
1. Kj xgJ c vGJfS 1 Kj 9 tiuahd vfis
FgjF xGFKiw gagLjglJ (Gs mltiz
ia ftf).
2. thafSFa
vf vnghJ tyUJ lkhfnt
FfglntL.
3. akhdJ xgjhtJ cbuG Ds
VjhtJ
vGJfsh FfgLwJ.
4. nfhzf, lf, brff vgd tyUJ lkhf
nrhofshf FfgLwJ.
5. thafSF ilY WY tU , , , .......... ,
Ma bkbaGJfSF vf iy. mtid mt
KDs vGJfSl nrJ thf ntL.
m

P ...................................

fh

rh

Ph ...................................

wh

dh

...................................

<

...................................

| ...................................

...................................

bf

br bP...................................

bw

bd

nf

nr

nw

nd

if

ir iP..................................

iw id

bfh bh brh bPh................................. bwh bdh 0

nfh nh nrh nPh.................................

xs

nP ...................................

nwh ndh 0

bfs bs brs bPs............................... bws bds 0

-09-

tiw sbfhs cjhuzkhf y thafis

mtD xJs ufa yff, neuf, nfhzf
Madtiw fLongh.
(a) yff
v
tha
(1) njO th
th
O nj
2
4
8
.............................................................................................
(2) if

if
3
4
9
.............................................................................................
(3) fhbu kha
a kh bu fh
1
2
3
7 2
.............................................................................................
(4) fh fl nl Nj j N nl l f fh
1 6 8
3 1 1 2
.............................................................................................
(b) ehoah thaf
F lUJ tykhf Kiwna ehoF 2 vfS, ehifF
2 vfS, ehfSF va vfshf vLJ
bfhsgLwJ.
eh
eho
ehif
tha

bfh
C
(1) C bfh
6
0 6
4 6
.............................................................................................
fnu}
K
nwhT
(2) Tnwh K} nuf
1 8 6
5 4
0 6
.............................................................................................
(c) fiyah thaf
F lUJ tykhf Kiwna fiyF 2 vfS, ghifF 2
vfS, uhF va vfshf vLJbfhs
gLwJ.
uh
fiy
ghif
tha
njh
tL
blh bjh
(1) bjhblhL tnjh
0
1 5
0 0
.............................................................................................
nwh V
(2) Vnwh nkyh kz zk yhnk
1 1
2 8
0 8
.............................................................................................
-10-

(d) ghifah thaf

F lUJ tykhf Kiwna ghifF 2 vfS, uhF
va vfshf vLJbfhsgLwJ.
uh

tha

ghif

th
jnt
2
1 8
.............................................................................................
(1) ntjth

be
rh
7
2 6
.............................................................................................
(2) rh be

(e) rhthaf
F vyh lUJ tykhf fiyia khu Fghf
vLJbfhsgLwJ.
fiy
tha
nyh nt
8
2
.............................................................................................
(1) ntnyh

dh nd kh
2
3 8 2
.............................................................................................
(2) khnddh

3.2 Jgis nkF tha v FpL Kiw

Y vfis FgjF tU j v Kiwfns
gagLjgL tJsJ :
ATTW

1
f

2
c

4
r

5
U

6
rh

7
v

8
m

9
T

0
0

thW j Kiw vfis Fgij ATTW 1919 tiu

cgnahJshf. mjd KjyhtJ cyf kfh jdh
ATTW uRuf Wjgld. dfis FgjF
ilahdJ, iyFjhdJkhd nfhLf cgnahfgL
tJsJ.
-11-

cjhuzkhf: 1898M ML Jgis nkUJ bttj

tha grhf tU
il, iyFJ nfhLf
cgnahfgoUjd.

jrk vf J ntjf cgnahfgld. Mdh ATTW

tha fLf jrk vfSl dfS cgnahf
gLsJ. ATTW cgnahfgl d gFf 2 id
mogilahf bfhl tU U bjhlfsh Ffgld:
1. 1 n bjhl
2
cjhuzkhf:
.
1
1
(i)
=
21
2

= miu

(ii)

1
1
=
2
2
4

= fh

(iii)

1
1
=
3
2
8

= miufh

(iv)

1
1
=
= r/ khfh
4
16
2

10-1
2. 2n

myJ

1
10 x 2n

bjhl

cjhuzkhf:
(i)

1
1
10 x 2

1 = xUkh
20
2 = Ukh
20
3 = Kkh
20
-12-

(ii)

1
2
10 x 2

1
40

= miukh

(iii)

1
3
10 x 2

1
80
3
80

= fh
= Kfh

(iv)

1
4
10 x 2

1 = miufh
160
1 = ehYkh
1,600

(v)

1
5
10 x 2

1 = K
320
1 = Ukh
3,200

(vi)

1
10 x 26

1 =
640
1 =
6,400
3 =
6,400
1 =
12,800

Hiu
bHhUkh
Kkh
Hiukh

(vii)

1
7
10 x 2

1 = fh
1,280
3 = Kfh
1,280

(viii)

1
8
10 x 2

1 = Hiufh
2,560
1 = fh
25, 600
-13-

3 = Knfh
25,600
1 = Hiufh
51,200
(ix)

1
9
10 x 2

1 = r
5,120
3 = _W r
5,120

(x)

(xi)

1 = K
1
=
10
10,240
10 x 2
1
=
1,075.200

3.3 Jgis nkF tha neu msL

ntjfgo neu fbga myF "f" MF. jnghija
f "ff" vdgLwJ. cyf rgjkhd vyh
fLfSF mJnt RL ahF (Reference Point). vdntjh
xbthU tUl grhffY ff MugUJ m tUl
bjhlf Kjyhd fhy FfgLwJ. cjhuzkhf tUl
(2009) tha grhfij mtjhjh ff 5110 vd
FlgLsij fhzyh. j fUJ ff MuJ
jnghJ 5109 tUlf flJld vgJ jh. ffkhdJ .K.
3102 M ML MugkhaJ. ff vjid tUlf cL?
ntW
ffS clh ? vgtiw ghngh. nHs
mltiz ntjfgo fhy ukhz vgo tFfgLsJ
vW bfhLfgLsJ.
f
Uj f
nujhf
Jthguf
ff
rJf bkhj

tUlf
17, 28, 000 tUlf
12, 96, 000 tUlf
8, 64, 000 tUlf
4, 32, 000 tUlf
43, 20, 000 tUlf
-14-

Uj f, nujhf, Jthguf, ff vw ehif

cslaJ rJf vdgLwJ. xU rJf 43,20,000
tUlf csd. thW 71 rJff nrjh mjid 1
kDtju vW ; 1000 rJff nrjh mjid 1 ukfg
vW miHg. xbthU fYKs tUlf vif
X xWikia fhzyh. ffkhdJ xU tUlYs ehfshd
360 id khjf vifahd 12 dh bgU tU
ilia 100 dh bgUf tUtjhF (12 360100). Jthguf,
nujhf, Ujf nghwit ff Kiwna 2, 3, 4
klFfshF. vdnt rJ fkhdJ ff 10 klF (1 + 2 + 3 + 4)
MF.
nkY xbthU kDtju (71 rJf = 306,720,000
tUlf ) W xU Ujf fhy (1,728,000 tUlf)
usafhykhF. Vida uffS xnu nenfho tU nghJ
cyf m vw eifnyna usafhyf cUthfgo
Uwd. ed ff go uff nenfhL nrif
1,080,000 tUlfSbfhUKiw fG vd fLoJsd.
Mdh jdh vj m VglhJ vd Phf TWwd.
bkhjkhf 14 kDtjufis mt W tU 14
usafhyfis mJl Mug xU Ujf fhy mss
usafhyij (bkhj 14 + 1 = 15 usafhyf) bfhlJ xU
"fg" vdgL. vdnt xU fg (14 x 71 =) 994 rJffS usa
fhyf bkhj (17, 28, 000 x 15 43, 20, 000=) 6 rJffSkhf
bkhj (994 + 6 =) 1000 rJffSL. xU fg (43, 20 000, 000
tUlf) Ko ugr KGtJ m. xU fg (1000 rJ
ff = 1 uk fg) gilj flshd ukhF xU gf fhykhF.
ukh X u mnj msit (1000 rJ ff) bfhljhF.
thW 360 gf, ufis bfhlJ (720, 000 rJ ff)
ukhF xU tUl. thW 100 tUlf (72, 000, 000 rJ
ff) ukh MshF. vdnt ukh M 3. 1104 x 1014 (311,
040, 000, 000,000) tUlfshF.
r, nghJ ukh taJ vd vd ghngh. nghJs
ukhF 50 tajha Kj guhj fJ, jnghJ ulhtJ
-15-

guhj, Kj tUl KjyhtJ fg elwJ. j

"RntjtuhA" fg Mug xU usaK, mj 6
kDtjufS mt W VgL usafS fJld.
jnghJ 7 MtJ kDtu ("ittjt" kDtju) 27
rJff brW 28 MtJ rJf Uj, nuj, Jtgu ff
flJld. jnghJ eilbgWbfhoUF ff 5109
tUlf fJ 5110 MtJ tUl eilbgWbfhoUwJ.
jgo KjyhtJ fgkhd "RntjtuhA" fg bkhj vjid
tUlf 2008 M ML tiu fJsJ vd ghngh.
Mug usa fhy
6 kDtjuf = 71x6 rJff
6 kDtjuf W tU
usa fhyf ( 6x Uja f)
27 rJff
Uj f + nujhf+Jthgu f
ff 2008 M MLl
Kotilj tUlf
bkhj

=
17, 28, 000 tUlf
= 184, 03, 20, 000 tUlf
=
=
=

1, 03, 68, 000 tUlf

11, 66, 40, 000 tUlf
38, 88,000 tUlf

=
5109 tUlf
= 197, 29, 49, 109 tUlf

ukh ugrij UZof vLj fhyf 47,400 njt

tUlfshF (1 njtUl = 360 tUlf). mjhtJ 1,70,64,000
tUlfshF. vdnt nkny fj fgh bkhj
tUlfUJ ugrij UZof vLj fhyij fjh
ugr taij fhzyh. mjhtJ ugr uff
rrhu bjhla fhyUJ brw tUlkhd 2008M
MLtiu mt taJ 197,29,49,109 - 1,70,64,000 = 195,58,85,109
9
2x10 (2 a) tUlfshF. ed Phd bfhiffgo
ugr 14 a (14x107) tUlfK Vgl bgU bto
(Big Bang) isthf njhUfyh vd fUJwhf.
neu ulhtJ bga myF 60 tUlf bfhl xU
RwhF. neu neuhf khWwJ vw fUJF khwhf RHahdJ
vw fUJfika 60 tUl RH bj bragLsJ. ugt
tUl Kj mBa tUl tiuahd 60 tUlf bfhl fhyij
-16-

xU tl myJ gU vd miHg. j myF ahH

ufdJ (Jupiter) r ufdJ (Saturn) RH fhyij
mogilahf bfhL zfgLsJ. U uffS
r ufjh ntj fhyf magl fil ufkhF. ahH
ufdJ 5 RWf myJ r uf 2 RWfS 60
tUlf bfhl RHahf bjbragoUwJ. ahH
r uff RW fhyf Kiwna 12, 30 tUlf vgij
fjJ, U vfF bghJkl ajhd 60 id
tUlf RHfhykhf bj brUfyh. it rah vd
ghgjF ed Phd Kiwgo msfgl mt RH
fhyfSl xL ghgnj wjjhF. nHs mltiz
U uffga y jftf bfhLf gLsd.
uf

NaUJ
u

Rw vLF
fhy

ahH

778 Mkm

11.6 tUlf
myJ 4332 ehf

1427 Mkm

29.40 tUlf
myJ 10, 759 ehf

RH fhy
9h 50m
10h 14m

Source : Encyclopaedia Britanica -2005

ahH uf 5 RWfSF vLF fhy 11.6 x 5 = 58

tUlfshF. mnjnghW r uf 2 RWfSS vLF
fhy 29.4x2 = 58.8 tUlfshF. vdnt ATTW neu 60 tUlf
bfhlbjhU Rwhf fUjglhY mfhy gF cikahd
RW fhyfisl rW mfkhF.
j 60 MLfSF ugt Kj mBa vd mWgJ bgaf
csd. jKiw tlehL kddhd rhthfd vgtdh
JF 78M Mo tl eho mKfgLjglbjd
tyhuW Maf TWt. bjdho Maf CLUtiy
mLJ j ML Kiw gogoahf guggL iy WjglJ.
xU tUl vdgLtJ 365 ehf, 15 ehof, 45 ehof, 15
jgiuf MF. J NadhdJ jdJ njhw tisa ghij
xU U mLjLj rfSF ilgl fhykhF.
mjhtJ J ka nuif tna ia R NadJ njhw
-17-

Rw xU myJ MF. Kj eho, eho, jgiu nghw myFf

vthW tiuaWfgLsd vd ghngh.
60 jgiu
= 1 eho
60 eho
= 1 eho myJ ehif
60 eho myJ ehif
= 1 eh
ed myFfis ftjh mJ tUkhW UF :
60 brff
= 1 l
60 lf
= 1 kahy
24 kahyf
= 1 eh
jnghJ U myFfis xL ghjh mJ tUkhW mik:
1 eho myJ ehif
= 0.4 kahyf
= 24 lf
= 1440 brff
1 eho

= 0.4 lf
= 24 brff

1 jgiu

= 0.4 brff

jgo Na Rw fhy 365 eh 6 kahyf 18

lf 6 brffshF. ed Phd Kiw ffgl
Na Rw fhy 365 eh 6 kahyf MF. vdnt,
fL rahfnt UJsJ.
ru khj (Luner Month) vdgLtJ uL bjhlahd
mkhthirfSF ilgl fhykhF. Na khjf (Solar Months)
ru khjfSF mLj iy KaJt bgWwJ. Vbd
mjF kj myJ ntW cdfSF ilnaahd cayo
gilyhd ukhzdhyhF.
Na khj cgf VG uff bgafis
bfhoUw 7 ehf MF. U bjhlahd Na cjafSF
ilgl fhy Naeh vdgLwJ. xU eh L mWgJ cg
fshf fgLsJl, m xbthU L mWgJ
-18-

fshf fgLsJ. Kj Twgl cg eho myJ

ehif vW, d Twgl cg eho vW miHf
gLwJ. eho L 60 rkfshf fgLsJ. Jnt
meh msf ToajhfUj f FWa fhykhF. ij
`jgiu' vd miHg. mjhtJ mehf F msf Koj Mf
Fiwj neu 0.4 brffshF. ntWjkhf T `jgiu' vgJ
f L neukhF.
ntjfgo neu RHahdJ. rlFf, uhjidf
nghwit Ug Ug bra ntoUjJ. thwhd RHahf
eilbgW lafns neuij RHahf fUj Mjhukhf
UUf ntL. beU vgJ, ntjf XJtJ, ienta
itgJ, gh vLgJ nghw gy braghLf Fl xGF Kiw
eilbgWtnj neuij RHahdjhf fUj itUf ntL.
nkY bgf khjlh RH, jhtuf ts j,
f kyU j, F T j, miyf bgUF j vgd
xGF Kiwbahnyna eilbgWwd. it midJ neuij
RHahdjhf vLf Mjhukhf UUf ntL. mnj nghnw
ntjfhy thayhsf nfhf mirfS xU Fl RH
j eil bgWtij mtjhJ, mj mogilnyna rlFf,
uhjidf brtij mtf tiuaWJ Uf ntL.
Kfsw thd bj eruf, Nadh VgL
H, brof ts nghwit uY gfY neuij
fgjF ntjfhyfUJ kTLf fL oFtiu
cgnahfgld. WTl tha mtjhd iyaf
wkhiykhfis brg bra eruf mirfis
gagLJwd. thwhdbjhU Kiwna ah FlhehoY
cgnahfgljhf Xiy Rtof TWwd vW goj
rjhdj FLsh. 1899M Mo mrofgl
grhff a fhyf H x sjh myJ
erubkh efth FfgLsd. thwhdbjhU
Kiwia gagL AT T W 200 tUlfshf Xiy
grhffshf d 1918tiu mroj grhffshf
-19-

btL tJsJ. fofhu ts . 1510M ML gF

n#k ehil nrj l bA vgt fofhu xiw
brjh. mj 1656M ML fhygF lRehL
Phahd #@vgt Cr (Pendulum) mir aF
fofhu xiw kujh cUthdh. dh 1927M Mls
kufSF gyhf cnyhff, fzhofis cgnahjd. vdnt
1656F d vnghjhtJ myJ 20M who
Mugfny yifYstfSF brffis msf Cr
tif kTLf ilUf ntL. ahghz bjhbghUf
fh iya xyhj fhy cgnahfgljhf TwgL
kTblhW csJ. m tl tot jblh mjF
brFjhf l tna
itfgLs ndh brnfhz
Knfhz jo gL Na xah VgL H tl jo G
lij nitnj neu ffgoUgij fhzyh.
gf Na H sij mogilahf itJ neuij
msjtf uneuf isf wjh mj neu
oYs thiHkubkhiw FWnf bto Lthf. oneu
tiu thiHku FUJ tsJ bfhnl tU. d mj
sij msJ u neu vd vgij Jakhf msjhf.
y rkaf jh xUJ iu JJahf sL
nHs uhd FWF btLs fzho ghu nrU
cauij msJ neuij fJshf.
3.3 fLf ika
Na jhj c{# efuF ne bjfhf ka
nuif (Equator) mikUF lijna fLf ikakhf
bfhL a nrhl thdrhu tiuaWfgLsJ. mjhtJ
mJ c{# belhF nfhil ka nuif btL
ahF. J belhF nfho a lkhF. fLf
ika J rKuYsJ. ygu csjW. j lijna
a nrhl thdrhf "yfh" vd miHjd.
`yfh' vkJ yif ntWntwhditahF.
Mdh Jgis nkF thashsf JgisYs _f
vd gL lijna a belhF (Zero longitude) vd, k
-20-

nuifia a mfyhF (Zero Latitude) vd vLJ

bfhLsd. _f vdgLtJ Jgis uhkij Ufu
bfhL mutizF ghF iz flY, tfhs Flh flY
rF lkhF. vdnt l yFthdbjhU fL
ikakhf bfhsgoUfyh myJ lUJ bfhL
Jgis nkF thashsf nfhf mirfis yFthf
mtjhUfyh. ATTW cgnahfgl uf mirfga
vyh mltizfS c{#F gU JiwF ilnaahd
ahrij fU bfhshknyna ffgld. J ATTW
jJtij fhL KakhdbjhU cjhuzkhF.
3.4 fL Kiwf
ATTW dnuh myJ Vidnahnuh vthW jkJ tha
fLfis brjhf vgjF vj MjhufS ilf
iy. Mdh goj rjhdj jdJ _jhijdlUJ
ilahf, iyFjhf nfhLf lgl kugyif x fl
fS, nrhfS, rFfS gfgl fF fUbahiw
bgUwh. mj fS, rFfS btntW msf
UjnjhL, X iuY gfgL Ujd vW Tsh.
Mdh mj fL Kiw vd vgJ g mtUF mt
_jhijd vJ Twiy vwh. mj fF fU
nghJ vfhtJ csjh myJ mJljh vgij
TWtjF jnghJ ahU iy.
grhf fgYs fLf f neuij
vLFbkhU lakhF. nkY f fyhdJ, fisgila
itgJ, iHf Vgl ToaitkhF. Mug fhyf Xiyf
fLfis brjd. d 19M who Mug fhyf
nyW mKfgLjgl mny fLfis brjd. ny
vGJ nghJ, ilfis Fj mij mofo mf
ntoUjjh r, iH ghgJ fodkhf UjJ. mehf
thayhsf fj tYdfis ntiyF mk fL
fis brjd. jnghJ fbghf tUjhY, mtha
fLfis yFthf Koaiy. Vbd mtYs
ufaf btna bjaTlhJ vgJ gugiuahf
-21-

filofgL tHf. vdnt m gugiuf cJila xUt

fz bkhfis fW tha fLfS nfg lf vG
ufakhf brJ ghF nghJjh tha rgjkhd
fLfis ntfkhf bra Ko.
3.5 fL EQf viyf
fLf EQf vd njit vg jsJ. ntj
PhfSF rka iafS, uhjidfS jh Kjikahd
njitahf UUwJ. mJl mehf neuij msl
Uj fUfS EQfkhf neuij msl nghJkhdjhf
Ufiy. xU eho gdh xU gF mjhtJ 1.5 lf
rka njitfSF nghJkhdjhf UjJ. 1918M Mo
brffis msf Toa kTLf UjnghJ ATTW 1.5
lfSF Fiwthd EQfJl neu ffgliy.

3.6 khnlW rlf

ml btYs nfhf iyia Ro fhLtjF
jnghJ cLbjhFfns khnlW rlkhf (Frame of
Reference) cgnahfgL tUwJ. ATTW ml btYs
nfhf mirit bjj cLbth myJ cLbjhF
bah rhghfnt fwhf. nfhf iyf m cL
myJ cLbjhFUJ vts nfhz ysJ
vgjhnyna gfgLwJ. thW 27 vifahd iyf
csd. tiwna j "eh f" vnwh myJ
rkuj "eruf" vnwh miHnwh. mj fUJ
"ru jl" vgjhF. 27 erufSF
bfhLfgl bgaf tUkhW: mR, gu, fhif,
cnuh, Ufl, Uthiu, dr, r, Ma, kf, u,
cu, mj, iu. nrh, rhf, mD, nfil, _y, uhl,
cjuhl, Unthz, ml, rja, ulh. culh, nut.
ATTW

27 iyfS mR eruUJ cUthF

tisa ghij tna mj UgffY 10 0 nfhz
ilbtf xU go (Belt) mikJsd. mRUJ,
tisa ghijahdJ 27 rkgFfshf (36027) fgLwJ.
-22-

xbthU KolK JUteruij, khnlW rlkhf

gagLjgL cLit izJ wgL nfhsK tisa
ghijia rF lK mzsthf nkbghUJwd. xbthU
0
27 fS nfhz u 13 20' id bfhLsd. J ljl
tisa ghij tna HF neha ir ru xU
ehSFa lbgathF. nfhzu 13020' MdJ nkY ehF
rk cgfshf fgLwJ. xbthU 200 fiyfshF. (~
0
13 x60' =780' ; 780'+20'=800' ; 800'4=200'). vdnt mlbtYs
nfhf aff ATTW Mf FiwjJ 200 fiyf
nfhz ffgLwJ. 200' nfhz msL vyh tHikahd
nehffSF, Fghf rka rgjkhd njitfSF nghJkhdJ.
nkY m tisaghij 12 fshf fgoU
0
wd. vdnt xU 30 (36012) nfhzij bfhLsJ.
0
xbthU 30 ghiffY cs f Tlfis izJ
mitfSF bfhLfgl bganu uhf vdgLwd. 12
uhf bgafS tUkhW : nkl (Aries), lg (Taurus), Jd
(Gemini), fflf (Cancer), f (Leo), f (Vigro), Jyh (Libra),
Uf (Scorbio), jDR (Sagittarius), kfu (Capricorn), Fg
(Aquarius), d (Pisces).
xbthU uhfS nkl KjyhtJ erukhd
mRUJ 300 nfhz uf ysd. xbthU
W , Kd Flgl cL rl 9MtJ l
ljl bghUJwJ. vdnt nfh x iyahdJ uh,
eru vw U rlf bfhLfglyh.
nkiynjr thayhsfshY, mtflUJ jufis
bgW grhf fgtfshY btntW khnlW rlf
gagLjgL tjhY, ATTW ntjf Twgl Kiwna
gwgLsJ. cL bjhFfis khnlW rlkhf bfhtJ
f eyJ. Vbd mitf nfhf rhghf iyahf Ugd.
mitf Na klyJF mgh btF bjhiy csd. mt
iyf vkJ Na kly RHahnyh myJ behoghnyh
(Nutation) ghfglkhlhJ.
-23-

3.7 nfhf iyf

ntj thayhdJ ntjf Flglgo 7 nfhfis, 2
cgnfhfis jkJ rka rgjkhd lafF gagLsJ.
vG nfhfS ia ikakhf, mj ika tl ghijf
ru, j, bt, Na, brth, ahH, r vD u
mogilyhd xG ty tUtjhf vzglJ. ml
gkhz rnfh RWghijl kLgLjglJ.
nknyhlkhf ftjh nfhf bgafYs xGF Kiw
bjahJ. thuYs ehf xiwL xiw mLJ
bfhlnj UJ uf xGF MF. nrhl rgjkhd
lafSF NaD, ruD uffshfnt vLJ
bfhsgld.
nfhf xGF Kiwia ftjh; F mUUgJ
ru (f) fSF mLj brthia a jnd ruDF
mLj uf. jDfLj ahHid a btna jDF mLj
uf. btfLj ria a PhW vdgL Nand
btF mLj uf. NaDF (PhW) mLj Vfdnt Twgl
ruid a brthna NaDF mLj uf. brthF
mLj jid a ahHD, mjF mLj btia a r
uf xGFfshF. mjhtJ ia ikakhf bfhL ru, j,
bt, Na, brth, ahH, r vw xG R tUtjhf
vzglJ.
ff mitf iyia TWnghJ,
ff MugUJ jnghija fhytiu tU tiuF
vLj neuij `jgiu' (0.4 Sec) tiu Ujkhf TWthf.
Jnt vyh fLfSF njitahd mogil lakhF.
Jnt JtUlbkh Mug neu bfhLfgL KjyhtJ
juthF.
rukhjK, ru iy iaf, uhjidf,
bfhlhlf, Rgneuf nghw vyh rka rgjkhd
njitfSF f mtakhdjhF. vdnt grhff
xbthU khj ffSF v rudJ mehisa iy
bfhLfgoUF.

-24-

18M whoY 19M who Mug fhyfY

grhfij (thu, , fuz, eru, nahf, vw IJ cW
fis bfhLsJ) l ahfnk (thu, , eru vD _W
cWfis bfhLsJ) rka iyaf vyhtF Xiyf
vG bfhLfglJ. ahghz mroj mKfgLjgl
fhyf, goj rjhdj ldh (Great grand father) 1879
grhf btlh. bjhlahf, gugiu gugiuahf 1918
M MLtiu uRjd.
l grhf cWf vthW ffgL
wbjd RUfkhf ghngh. VG ehfis bfhlJ. xU thu
vgij eh mnth. ntjfhy magoUj VG uff
bgafshd, PhW (Na), f (ru), brth, j,
ahH,bt, r vgt bgafns thu xbthU
ehSF bfhLfgLsJ. xU uizUJ mLj uiz
myJ xU mkhthirUJ mLj mkhthirF ru Rw
vLF 29.5 ehfis 30 rkgFfshf J vLf tU
fhygFna xU `'ahF. tsiwF 15 f bgafis,
njiwF mnj 15 f bgafis bfhLJsd.
mbgafshtd; ujik, Jia, ia, rJ, gr, rZo, rj,
ml, et, jr, Vfhj, Jthj, unahj, rJj,
bgsz/mkhthir. tsiw ru ehf 15 id tgf
vd, njiw ru ehf 15 id mgugf vd miHg.
15 MtJ tsiw v bgszahf, njiw v
mkhthirahf UF.
xU Kfhy, fhy Matiw "fuz" vd
miHwd. VG fuzf RH KiwY, ehY fuzf
wghd KiwY tHfgL 30 fSFkhd 60 fhygF
fshF. it Gs mltizf bfhLfgLsd :

-25-

fuz
tgf (tsiw)
KgF
gF
Jd gt
ghyt
fyr
ijJiy
fuir
tdir
giu
gt
ghty
fyt
ifJiy
fuir
tdir
giu
gt

fuz
mgugf (njiw)
KgF
gF
ghyt
fyt
ijJiy
fuir
tdir
giu
gt
ght
fyt
ijJia
fuir
tdir
giu
rF
rJZghj
ehft

uftl d ru mirtjhf njhWwJ.

mthW ru xUKiw Rtu 27 ehf vLwJ. vdnt
uftlij 13020' bfhl 27 rkgFfshf J 27 eruf
bgaf bfhLfgljhf Vfdnt ghnjh (gF: 3.6). j
xbthU eru gFia flf vLF fhygFfns 27
nahffshF. eru rhghf NadhdJ ehbshF HF
neh 10 ghif efwJ. Na rhghf rudhdJ ehbshF
12020' j HF neh efUwJ. vdnt bkhj rudhdJ
0
U ff nrifahd 13 20' j ehbsh mnj
eruUJ HF neh efUwJ. 27 nahff j
bgaf tUkhW: Fg, a, theh, a, ey, khfl,
mw, Jiz, Ny, fl, Mf, iy mu, vf, nt, tyik,
bfhiy, fha, jh, fh, w, f, fht, bj, ukh, u,
ng.
l Xiu, uhFfhy vgd vd vgij rW
RUfkhf ghngh. Xiu vgJ 21/2 ehif myJ 1 k bfhl
thF. xU eh xbthU kahyK uffsh M
bragLwd vd uff bgaf xU xGF Kiwgo
bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt 24 XiufSF; 1. PhW, 2. bt, 3. j,
4.ru, 5.r, 6.ahH, 7.brth vw xG bga
tHfgLsJ. nkY xU eh mg mehis bfhl
-26-

ufkhF. vdnt cjhuzkhf PhWHik Kj Xiu PhW

MF. d xbthU XiuF nkFj xG bgaf
bfhLfgL. cjhuzkhf PhWHikia fUJnth. mj 24
XiufdJ bgaf tUkhW mik: 1. PhW, 2. bt, 3. j,
4. ru, 5. r, 6. ahH, 7. brth, 8. PhW, 9. bt, 10. j, 11.
ru, 12 .r, 13. ahH, 14. brth, 15. PhW, 16. bt, 17. j,
18. ru, 19. r, 20. ahH, 21. brth, 22. PhW, 23. bt, 24.
j.
F W Xiu j MF. xG mLJtU xiu ru.
J PhWHikF mLJtU eh bgauhf mikJsJ.
thnw xbthU ehSF vG ghjh xGF Kiw rahf
Ugij mtjhfyh.
nj nghW gf 12 kahyfis 1 1/2 kahyf
bfhl 8 rk gFfshf J mit nfJ jj Vida vL
uffshY M bragLwd vdfU; 1. PhW, 2. brth,
3. ahH, 4. j, 5. bt, 6. r, 7. f, 8. uhF vw xG
bgaf bfhLfgld. xbthU ehdJ Kj 1 1/2
kahyK mehSFa ufjh M bragL. nHs
mltizia ftf. mltiz fhlglthnw
xbthUehS uhF fhy vnghJ vd ffgLwJ.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

neu
6.00-7.30
7.30-9.00
9.00-10.30
10.30-12.00
12.00-1.30
1.30-3.00
3.00-4.30
4.30-6.00

PhW
PhW
brth
ahH
j
bt
r
f
uhF

f
f
uhF
PhW
brth
ahH
j
bt
r

brth
brth
ahH
j
bt
r
f
uhF
PhW

j
j
bt
r
f
uhF
PhW
brth
ahH

ahH
ahH
j
bt
r
f
uhF
PhW
brth

bt
bt
r
f
uhF
PhW
brth
ahH
j

r
r
f
uhF
PhW
brth
ahH
j
bt

thnw ATTW grhf fLf nkbfhsgld.

ATTW Ka wgrkhdJ vthW vyh fLfS
ffgLwJ vgijl f EQfkhf ffgL FLg
thRfSF tHfgl mltizfnyna ATTW jUjJ.
tLnfhil fyhrhiy (Seminary) cs n#h 1825 M
-27-

Mo muh tehj IalUJ bgwgl tha

mltizbahW csjhf, mJl xL nghJ ATTW
cs mltiz ntWgLtj hf goj rjhdj Tsh.
3.8 ufzf
ATTW bfhLfgLs ufzfis v TW Kiw
f UjkhdJ. mit ntjf Flgl neu viyahd 1.5
Kj 2 lftiu Ujkhf ff cjd. ru, Na
ufzf RH Kiw cUthFtJ ATT W f
EQfkhf, Ujkhf fJ bfhLfgLsJ. nkY m
fLf ntW Kiwf ffgl bgWkhdf rahbtd
ghgjF cj JsJ. ATTW bfhLfgLs
ufzf RHKiw t bl ng (Van Den Berg.G, 1955)
vgtuh KGikahf MuhagLsJ. ATTW ufzfis
Ujkhf fgjF njitahd faf vit vgJ,
mtiw itJ ufz Vgl nghw neu, fhyfis KTona
vthW ffyh vgJ gagLsJ. fLf f
Kakhf, Ujkhf csjh ATTW tha m
fHglntoabjhwhF. jnghJ cgnahfgL Kiwf
fyhdJ, mf neu vLgitkhF. mts Kaf
dU ilF ilf Jakhf Ugiy. vdnt ATTW
bfhLfgl KiwfS, fafS mtiw fjtf
tha mit giwrhW rhWfshf csd vd goj
rjhdj jdJ fLiu FLsh.

3.9 ca ukhz
ntjtha nehf Mf MF. aif
ukhz bjf jikl bjhlsJ. cjhuzkhf nkiynja
Kiwfis g grhf fgtf nghJs JtUl
ehis 20 ehf Kndh efj ntL vd TWwhf.
Vbd nkl KjyhtJ nkiynjrjtf fgo
ndh tGFwjh. Mdh ATTW jnghJ tHikahd
Kiwna Wfkhf gagL tUwJ. Vbd JtUl wghdJ
ca ukhzjl xJ nghwJ. bjfa fh
cg, khkuf jl, F Tj, khf xW Tl
nghwitf vyh JtUl Mugkhdl tUtdthF. vdnt
-28-

nkiynjrjtf Kiwia g fLf brjh

sntfhy J tUl MugJl bghUjhJ. ru iu
eruF mU Uf ntoa ehshd iu
bgszahdJ u UF. tlF neha Na efl
Mow MufhJ, J ehfhof bgsj ehfhof vgd
khWgL. fl grhfij (Nautical Almance) g jahfgl
ehfhof ntWghLfis mtjhfyh. ntjtha (Na
jhj) go ahH (Jupiter) ukhd RH gona F
kyU vd FlgLsJ. mgonajh Wtiu eilbgW
wJ. nkfija Kiwia g fjh ukhzK
FiyJL.
3.10 ATTW F vuhf eljgl jhFjfUJ mij iy
Wj vLfglKaf.
goj rjhdj Kndhf 1760 MLfnyna
(gukhdj myJ mt jij fhy) nfhf iyf,
ufzf, th btf vgit g ntj fhy nfufj
Kiwf, fL Kiwf vgit g Xiyf FJ
itUjikfhd rhWf jlKsjhf goj
rjhdj Tsh. Xiy Rtof FLg _j
kfl gugiu gugiuahf ifafgL tUwJ. thW
bjhlahf, K goj rjhdjtiu tJsjhf ma
KowJ. 19M who eLgF Jgis nk thj bga
j nrhl (~1810-) vgtlUJ _W gugiud gu
mrofgl grhff fhzKowJ. bgajF d
mt kf ntYis(~1840-)1904 tiu, d ntY
is kf fzgis (1875-1954) 1918 tiu grhff
fJ btljhf maKowJ. it midJ bfhG
jdrhiy ghJfhf gL tUtjhf goj rjhdj
mtf Tshf.
tf tha rgjkhd fLf cyf KGtJ m
ehf ugykhf UjJ. jF cjhuzkhf 1899 M ML
fhif khj njha thbt ga fil Twyh.
ntYis jdJ 1899 M Mofhd grhfij 1898 M ML
-29-

khkhj, mjhtJ mj thbt njhWtjF 9 khjf

Kdjhfnt btlnghJ m thbt njhw g, mJ
F mUnf tUnkbaha l nkhjhJ vW tiuglf
_yK, fLf _yK mgrhf fhoUjh.
mnj neu 1899 M Mo nublh bth (Redolve Woulf)
vw n#k ehil nrj thashs mnj th bt l
nkhJ vd v Tdh. nkY mj nkhj jhf f
nkhrkhf UF vd, mjdh gy JLfshf cil vd
jdJ fLf bjgjhf nublh bth Tdh.
W thbt l nkhjhjh, ntYis
fng rbad mt bga cyf thashsf k
ugykhaJ. jfhf ntYis yif ahYs J
kfshY bfsufglh.
fzgis jdJ jfg ntYislUJ th
aiy fwnjhL, ATTW jh xU wikrh vgij %jt.
mt xU mwj Tiks fj nkijahf fjt.
mtnu ghlfYs thafSF xJ Uj rnfj
bkhfis (gF:3.1) fLojnjhL, tha fLfis
brtjF yFthd tKiwfis fLojnjhL, nkiynjr
fl grhfij ug ATTW iHbad thl Kawt
fSF jf ghlK fodh. mnjhL iwa ifnaLfis,
fLiufis vG ntj thd rhuij ghJfhjnjhL,
mjDila rka rgjkhd afis sdh. mt
fLiufUJ ntjthd rhu bjf jikia xUt
czJ bfhsyh.
bgaj nrhlUF Kd ntyhjU (~1770-) mt
jfg gukhdjUnk (~1725-) J grhfij Xiyf vG
btl Ka gF tjtfsht. tf ljl uL
whL fhy jkJ grhfij Xiy Rtof btld.
1879 Kj 1918 tiu bttj mrofgl grhff
KDiuf fhzgL ghl IJ gugiuahf grhf
-30-

btlJ g bjthf TWwJ. mghl tUkhW;

"ntj fbzd sF
Mj nrhl mf v
nrhJ rf _thujWW _
jhij gukhdj jjhnd."
ghl tfUJ gukhdj vgtnu ntj
fzhd nrhl KaJt mJ mij MuhJ
btljhf TWwJ. F _thujW W _ vgJ
ff MuJ 3603M Mbld bfhsyh. mgoah mJ
. 501M MlhF. ijna goj rjhdj ATTW MdJ
.. 376M MoUJ tsJsJ vd TUfyh.
fjJF Kj}yhf bfhsgL Na jhj iwF
21, 65, 109 tUlf K Wtgljhf ma KowJ. jhj
UJ uf iyf nghwtiw nyrhf fJ bfhS
bghUL iwF ljl 1600 tUlf K (. 400M
MLf) Magl vw jJt Ph "MagOa" vbwhU
sfij clhdh. jid "Ma gl jhj" vW
miHg. mj it f yFthf mJ fF bghUL
mtUF tuU vw Kt Fj fj afis J
tha %gkhf sdh. jdhnyna Kiwia g
ffgL grhfij `tha grhf' vd miHwd.
vdnt Jgis nk tha fyhrhu tsu bjhla fhy
MagOa bttj fhyfyhF. vdnt MagOa Jgis
UjtfSF fl tahd a bjhlf _y ilUf
yh. cjhuzkhf vdJ mkh jijaha g.f. Ruka
mtfns 1900 M MLf gy jlitf ah brW nfh
fL Kiwf, ehlf eoF / gHF Kiwf, muf mikf
nghwtiw fW tJ Jgis nk tnjhF fjjhf
vf oYs gy Ff TWwd.
ATTW MdJ ljl ..376M MoUJ tsJ
tjhY jkJ grhfij 1681 Kj 1878 tiu XiyfY d
1879 Kj 1918 ML tiu mroJ btLsJ. 1919 M
Mo ATTW uRuf Kjyh cyfkfh j fhuzkhf

-31-

WjgLsd. nj fhygFf Jgis nkF uhkz

xGif tj rkUj uhl gojU, nrhl fj
jhkhd uk$ r. Ruka rhfS (1875-1950) mnj
xGifUj "fyh aurhiy" vD bgaUj mR
Tlbkh (jF xnubahU rhwhf Jgis nkUj
"fyh aurhiy" vw bga bghfgl thr Kf flj
tUl (2008) oJ mfgLsJ) _y grhf xW
btlh. mt grhf khuky j mfuh cgl Vuhskhd
jffis MuhJ btlt. mt mt rnfhjuuhd
r.nrhkRju IaU bjhlJ grhf btlh. mtiu
bjhlJ mt kfdhd itaehj Ia 1960 M MLtiu
grhfij btlh.
mj mtf grhf
bttUtJ WjgL lJ. goj rjhdj jijah
fzgis Xiyf bttJ bfhoUj jkJ tha
grhffis m bfhL tu Ka brjh. mt jdJ
grhfij fyh aurhiy ml KawnghJjh
Ruka rhf grhfUj iHfis Rofhl
ahUila fLf r vw ngho vGjJ. jdh fzgis
J fhy mRnt Uj mr Tlbkh _yK jdJ
grhfij fJ btlh.
fzgisl brhjkhf mRTl UfhjjhY
Kjyh cyfkhf j jhfjhY 1918 M MLl Jgis
nkUJ grhfij btL Kaia ifLL
Ruka rhfSF nghoahf grhf btL
bfhoUj bfhF r. uFehija nguDl izjjhf;
fzgis wikia, Jakhd fLfis
czJ mtiu uFehija gugiud jKl izJ
bfhljhf ma KowJ. vD mt tha fLfis
brJ ilfis kL bfhLjnjhL mij jh vthW fjh
vw ufaij fzgis mj d mtiu bjhlJ
fLfis brj goj rjhdjD Wtiu
btliy vd ma KowJ. jnghJ bfhF r.uhFehj
Ia gugiud tha grhfij btL tUwd.
tf 1858M ML Kj btL tUtjhf maKowJ.
-32-

mnjnghy 1887M MoUJ ahghz fhnfa Ia

mtfsh Mufgl Ufj grhfK jnghJ kL
UJ bttJ bfhoUwJ. tf Inuha thd rhu
Kiwfis g grhf fgjhf ma KowJ. Mug
fhyf U grhffis fgtfilna ah r
vg thjf VglJ. 1938M ML gy lfY, gy
ehLfY grhf Tlf Tlgld. gif thjf
eljd. JL uRuf btlgld. xUt kwatiu
TlfF tJ nffSF ilaFkhW rth LtJ,
kwat kWgJ, thd ij fhL, mijfhL, ufzij
fJ fhL vW rth LtJ rhjhuzkhf eljJ. ef
mogJ, urhuf brtJ, rigf To, bga jiytfis
TlfSF miHJ jjkJ grhf jh r vd %f
Kaf vLgJ vnghJ eilbgwd. grhf ff. grhf
aff vyh ad. 1938M MLf tfsh
btlgl Vuhskhd JL uRuf thgjF Rthua
khdit. mt xU bjhF vlK csJ.
Jgis nkUJ 1681 UJ bjhlahf btlgl
tha grhfF, jnghJ bttU grhfJFKs
bjhlig vdh Muha Koaiy. Mdh goj rjhdj
jijah Ukzkh khlu brwnghJ Jgis nk
tha ufafS Jgis nkif L btnaUfyh.
jnghJ bttU bfhF tha grhf Tl gy
laffhd fLfis goj rjhdjdh kL
fJ bfhLfToathW UjJ. goj rjhdj
kiw bfhF nrhl gghyd klF brW mj
bghWghsuhd btfnltu Iaiu rJ fijjnghJ y
fLfis goj rjhdj vthW fjh vW
bjaiy vd mt Tftiyglh. jid W ATTW
jJtij iyWJ rhbwhwhfnt eh fhQnw.
thwhd jJtkhd ATTW ufaf jnghJ ah
ifF brwilUwd. mij itUgtF mj mUik,
bgUik kh vgbjyh vQ nghJ ftiyaila itJsd.
-33-

goj rjhdj wgjF y thuf K vl ju Kaw

tha rgjkhd mtuh vGjgl jf xW vnf, ahl
brwilJsJ vd ma Koaiy.
j fLiufhf jh njo mj laf mtUj
Egf nghwit ATTW id vj fhuz bfhL ma
lTlhJ vw btia njhWUwJ. mtW vjidnah
Phd cikf ijJsd. mtiw mnj gugiuUJ
tj Ph xUtuhjh cSzl Muha Ko. vdnt
goj rjhdjlUj XiyRtofnsh, tha jffnsh,
myJ mtuhnyna vGjgl tha fLiufnsh ahlkhtJ
Ujh, mt xU uiaahtJ vl nrjh mtiw
MuhJ ATTW Phd cikfis cyfa bra Ko
vw eifl fLiuia KoF bfhL tuyh vd
vQnw.

4. Kothf......
fhd ngh j fzh fhgijna egKoahj iynyna
W eh UF nghJ xU brf 3x108 wf bryToa
xfnu f mikYs erubkhUJ vik tjila
4 tUlf vLF nghJ (cjhuzkhf, mnwhlh vw
Tl njhW beyhUJ 2,000,000 MLfSF K
wgl xna jnghnj ia tjilwd) xU fg (432 nfho
tUlf) fhy tiuF Phd f bfhL uf, eruf
f, ngjfis KD. D fhQgo fis aitj
kfhf fj m zhl TlhJ vw Mjfnyna
thwhdbjhU fLiuia vGj vdF ilj rjgij
kdjhu VW bfhnl. jfhf gy lf njo cfj f
ilfiy. goj rjhdj mtfsh vGjgL ahghz
gfiyfHf btHh kfhehL x btlgl mt
My fLiubah mogilnyna fLiu mikJsJ.
mt vGa fLiuia sf KglnghJ eh mj lafis
njitahd lf nrJns. fLiuF vdJ mkh
jijahd g.f.Ruka mtf vGitj Ff, Jgis
nkF idah rhah, "CU th" yha gh.uFtu
Mnah vGitUj FfS ngUjahf Ujd.
-34-

tiwl bfhF nrhl gghyd klUJ ilj

FfS gy j cjd. mJl WtaJ Kj vdJ jhah
mdyR mtf Tait, vdJ ghlrhiyahd Ah
f vdF bgsfa Mtij oa Mrhfshd
gkehj, Naehj nghnwhU, mj vid xU
bgsfayhsdhf cyF mKfgLa ah
uh#hjh gfiyHf bgsfaJiw iuahsfS
vdF fW jj Vuhskhd lafS fLiuia vGj f
cjahf Ujd.
yUF ntjtha Twgl laf eifFajhf
njhW. V vdF Tl fLiuia vGjhlh mgojh
njhUF. Mdh ntjthayhsfsh v Twgl
vjidnah laf Phd fL ofSl xJ nghtij
fLiu gy lf Ro fhons. vdnt ntj
thaiy KGikahf mJ mjid ed Phd Kiwgo
rghJ mj egfjikia %f Phf Ktu
ntL.
tha, nrhl Ma uL izJ csjh
yUF vkJ ntj tha Tl rnjf tJ LwJ. ny
Kakhf _W nff vGwd. thYs uff v
M brwdth? ntj tha fLf rah? nrhl TW
laf rah? vw nffis rW ftngh. cjhuzkhf
j Rthd cstfis xGfhf ftf. uiz ehf
mtf nehj elij crflij miltij ahU kWf
KoahJ. V uiz ehf kL mthW VgLwJ? uiz
ehfY, mkhthir (Jru) ehfY Na, , ru
vgd xnu ne nfho mikwd. ru < ir, Na
< ir xnu nfho miktjh ituodJ is
< mfkhf UF. mfj < rna j
Rthdkwtf elij cr flij mila fhuzkhwJ.
J nghnw mj jhf rhjhuz kjflK y khwfis
VgLJ Mdh mtiw vkh mtjhf Kotiy. vdnt
nfhf jhf kjf VglhJ vW TWtjiy.
-35-

ahH ukhz RH gona jnghJ F kywJ.

vdnt thYs nfhf v Vnjh xU tif W
jhfijnaD VgLJ vnw egntosJ.
mik fdlhUJ ntjtha rgjkhd
jfbkhiw vGa xUt "ghgl grhf vantL, Cgl
jHf cantL" vW TanjhL; ml ika
mybtW %fgl nghJ ntj tha ikanfhghL
gyj mo th mj egf jik nf FadhJ vd
FLwh (tehj, 2003). vJ ika vgJ xU uidna
iy. vthW fjhf vgJ jh Ka. nuf,
ghnyhaf Tl Mug ia ikakhf bfhnl nfhf
RWwd vd fUd. ATTW dJ fLf W Tl
uff iyf, ufzf vgtiw f Ujkhf ma
cjwd. nfhf vyh x rhghf xW mirjgona
csd. Na Tl gh btSLbjhF (Milky way Galaxy)
ikaij RWwJ. bjhF Tl ntW a a
fzfhd btSL bjhFf rhghf mirj gosJ. vkF
mikYs btSL bjhF 23,000,000 xahLf (xU
Mo 3 x 108ms-1 vw ntf x brwilaToa u. u
Ys mnuhlh (Andromeda) MF. vkJ ugr ika vJ
vgJ Tl rahf ma Koahjbjhwhfnt csJ. ed Phd
Tl goahd fLfis fhzyh. cjhuzkhf mQbth
fUit R yuf RWwd. F RH ika
mQ fUthF. Mdh bgsfa f edkhd brhL
bfhif (Quantum Theory); fwf - koy il jhfij
(Spin - Orbit interaction) sFtjF yuid ikakhf itJ fU
RWtjhfnt vLJ bfhsgLwJ. vdnt ntj thayhsf
jh tj ia ikakhf itJ fLf brj jnghJ
iy. m fLfUJ 432 nfho tUlfF (xUfg)
cLf nfhf vyh vthW efu nghwJ vgij fJ
itjd. mJ W Tl rahfnt csJ.
nkY ugr cUthf g Kj Tatf vkJ
ntjthayhsfns. mtf f go ugr taJ 2008
-36-

M ML tiu 195, 58, 85, 109 tUlf (ljl 2 a) MF.

nkY ugrij "ukh" vw gilj fl giljjhf
TWwhf. ijl ukh Mis 311,040 a tUlf
vd fJ itJsd. fLfis isahlhf vLJ
bfhs KoahJ. mtf ff _yhjhukhd Na jhj
21,65,109 tUlf K WtglJ. vD mJ yFthfglJ
ljl .. 300 - 400 M MLfyhF.
ugr cUthf g a Phd bfhiff
vd TWwd? 1929 M Mls v A (Edwin Hubble)
vgt vkJ ugr tilJ brwJ vgij fL ojh.
mt fL o dnu; nghJ tilJ brY
jjUJ ndh fJ, ugr Ko ml
a fdtsKs xU bghUUJ bgUbto (Big Bang)
Vgljh ljl 14 a MLf K cUthfgoUf
ntL vd fL oJsd. fLf btW kLf
jh #iu (Einstein), ngh (Bohr) nghw Phf Tl
ugrij cUthaJ "fl" vd TUjd. W Tl
nf{ gfiy fHf ugy Phfshd Og bAh
(Stephen W. Hawking), buh# bgnwh (Roger Penrose) nghwtf
ugr cUthf fl if Ugjhf TWwd.
Phd TWtij, ntjf Tait xL nghJ xnu
khahfnt csd. mjhtJ vkh sfgLj Koahj xU
fznyna (mF vyh Phd fS Ktilwd)
ugr cUthUwJ. mij Phf "fl" vW,
ntjf "ukh" vW TWwd. ukh ugrij UZof
vLj fhy 1, 70, 64,000 (17 a) tUlf MF. Phf
fUJgo bgU bto VgL gy a MLf dnu
cLf cUthd vwd. vdnt ntj thayhsfS,
PhfS xnu fUijna TWwd. UtdJ fL
tirf (orders) ljl xnuasthfnt csJ. vndt ntj
tha UJ tJ D rahd fLfis brhY ATTW
fUJfis wff KoahJ.

-37-

nrhl TWtJ rah vgJ vl rahd jftf

Uwjh vgij bghWjjhF. ntjffgo xUt wj
fz (mjhtJ jh tUJ jiybtna tU fz)
uff iyf vbfF csnjh mjnfg muff
jhf UFbkd TWwhf (nghruhr goj; uhFehija,
1977;. mnyturkh, 1997) xUt jdJ wj fzij rahd
Kiw fJ bfhLF nghJ y wikahd nrhlf rahd
Kiw mt thif tlij fJ bfhLgij jh
foUnw. vnghJ Ukz, vnghJ ntiy, vts M
vbwyh fJ bfhLfgL mthnw elJsij eh
mtjhJns. vD D Jiw xGFgLjgl
Kiwbahiw g M brahk ltlkhf vij
TwKoahJ csJ. ahnuh xU miuFiw nrhl jkJ gyfis
iHahf fJ bfhLjhf vgjfhf xL bkhj
nrhlij iHbad TwKoahJ. cjhuzkhf uff
iyfis itJ ahghz bga mdjbkhW fHnghwJ
vW vl KTona 2004 `Rdh' miyf jhf K,
2008 `h' a jhf K nrhl xUt Tdh. Kj mt
Tatiw vdh eg Koaiy; mnjneu nghJ eghk
Uf Koaiy.
Jgisnk thj thayhsf ntjfUJ
thaiy fUjhY, mtf jkJ Mj mthY, fj
yikahY jknfa a KiwfisfL oJ mjdogil
tha fLfis brJ tUwd cjhuzkhf jkJ Cuhd
JgisYs _f flfiu mkUJ th bgU gFia
vj ilW mtjhfyh (Vbd ml ljl
70% flY 30% yK bfhlnjh unjrkhF) vgij czJ
mjid jkJ fL ikakhf bfhL mlijna a
belhF vd, ka nuifia a mfyhF vd vLJ
bfhLsd. J mtf tha wikF Kakhdnjh
rhwhF.
Jgis nkF thayhsfsh cgnahfgl fL
KiwfS f jJtkhdit. mtf fLKiw
Vidnah fL Kiwfis l yFthdjhf, f
-38-

Ujkhdjhf UJsJ. cjhuzkhf ufzf vnghJ

cUthF vW Tl Jgis nkF thayhsfsh ffgLtnj
yFthf, Ujkhf UwJ. mJl JgisnkF
thayhsf nfho fzfhd tUlfSF nfhf vbjj
iyUFbkd fJ mtfsh jahfgl mltizna
W f EQfkhdjhf fUjgLwJ. mJl m mltiz
Vida mltizfSl xJ nghfhJ, ntWgL jJtkhf
csJ. mJl jnghJ JgisnkF thayhsf ntjf
Twgl Kiwiana Wfkhf g tUwhf. Vbd
mtf fLf ca ukhzJl xJ nghwJ.
Jgis nkF thayhsf fL Kiwf, mtfsh
XiyfY, jhfY uRfgl grhff vyh bfhG
jd rhiy ghJfhfgL tUtJ mtf tha mF
bgUik nrF lakhF.
xU Kiw goj rjhdj ah/Jgis irtufhr
kfhahrhiy 2001 M ML eilbgw "CU th" vw
jf btpL f ujk Uduhf fyJ bfhL ngaJ
W gRikahf v idYsJ. "....... ghuhSkw ff
Toatf, tha tYdf, uid nghw ytf,
gojf, ugy itaf, kwfis cYa uhkJ rl
tYdf, nraiu nghw ehlf Maf thJ,
shJa cwF xU uhk JgisnkF MF" vW mt
Tdh. nkY "nf thj kf bga ntf. tf
ntfbkyh uhk thifDnsna ml, ugykila
KoahUjJ. tf tha, fj mit u brJ,
My bkh bgaJ gl bgW ugykhdtf vjidnah
ng. fiu nghy _isUJ ultrkhf rjgyhk
uhkDnsna fHW Jwhf" vW Tdh. Jgis
nk thj kthfd UZzis vgt yif tha
mtjhd iya jiytuhfUjt. yl nf gfiy
fHf iljfa "WRANGLER" vw glij bgwt.
brth uf xl khWghil mJ yl mur
tha fHf bgUkig bgwt. "uhk
rltYdfsh bfhiytHFf xW Tl ca kwJF
-39-

nghdiy. 1930 MLf eilbgw bfhiy tHbfh

Jgis rl tYdfS Kjikahf fj (vdJ jhjhthd)
g. f. Ruka nghnwhUl thjhl SWRD glhuehafh
(Kdh #dhg rfh mikah jij), G.G. bghdgy,
Suerlz (eh ca kw gahf Ujt) nghw ugykhd
tfns gUJiwF tjhf" vW goj rjhdj
Tdh.
mehf Jgisnk Mf midtU FL
itUghfsh. mj milahskhfjh goj rjhdj
jh wF tiu FL tsjh. mt il gy fhy
thHh lhY jdJ sikfhyij. KJik fhyij
JgisnkF uhknyna fjh. W mtU Jgis
rt FF shJ cwlh.
ciknyna vdJ _jhija ga bgUik eh Wtdhf
Uj fhynyna vdF iljJ jnghJ gRikahf
idYsJ. vdJ Kndhf Jgis nk Fona Kj
Kjyhf mikj bga juh MyaK, d vdJ jha
jijah KW fLj mUYs tujehaf MyaK jh
eh Wta cUL, uL isahoa kzhF. vdF 10,12
tajhf Uj ehf Tl nfhYF brwh "ka Rg
ngu" vnw vid mnghJ Knahuhf Ujtf TLthf.
ka Rg vgJ vdJ mkh jijahd g.f.Ruka
mtfshth. mtnu m nfh kafhudhf Ujikah mtiu
midtU "ka Rg" vnw miHjd. mt wJ 50
tUlfSF nkyh jnghJ Jgis nkYs 70 taJF
nkgltf W mt f g ngRtij eh nfL tUnw.
mtnu fhyjh mahjthW 1550 M MoF rW KUJ vkJ
gugiudiu xUt lhk FJ itUjt. ljl
2000M Mls mtUila gugiu ga FfUJ
1550F Kgl fhyfUJ jnghija gugiud tiuahd
rfyiu Fj uk k MuhJ mtiw FJ
itJnsh. vdJ _jhija g vGj ntL vw vdJ
lfhy Mjf mtf wik xU gFahd tha g
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vG KojJ vdF bgUikahfsJ. nkY ML (2009)

"rtnjr tha ML" vd ufldgLjgLsJ. J
bgsfayhsfSF wghd-14-bjhU MlhF. mgoahd
rtnjr tha Monyna Jgis nk tha EQffis
vGj vdF ilj rjgij v kl fLiuia
Konw.
crhJiz f
1) mnyturkh, .
"nrhl dh il" (ehyh g) (1997).
2) uFtu, gh.
"CU th" : Jgis uhk ga r_fa Mtz (2001).
3) uhFehija, . .
"jhd khiy": _yK ciu (ulh g).
nrhl ufhr maurhiy, bfhF, yif (1977).
4) rjhdj, f.
The Contributions of a Family towards Maintaining the Jaffna Tradition to Vedic
Astronomy

bt Hh fUjuF, ahghz gfiyfHf, yif (1999).

5) rjhdj, f.
ujk Ud ciu; "CU th" btpL; ah/ Jgis
irtufhr khf ahrhiy, yif (2001).
6) tehj, f.
"mra tha": xU grhf cik sf: fdlh (2003).
7) idah, K.
tuyhW khiy (Dr.f.Ruka idthf btlglJ).
$yfh mrf, ahghz, yif (1962).
8) Ruka, g.f.
uRfglhj ifbaGJ uf, Jgis nkF, gUJiw,
yif (1905 - 1936).

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9) nghruhr goj
runrh khiy (_wh g):
nrhl ufhr aurhiy, bfhF, yif (1977).
10) Van Den Berge, G.
"Periodicity and Variation of Solar and Lunar Eclipscs" (1955).

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