Chapter 3 Bd Value as the Importance of Actions hat fone i yt crea hor ofa starting from the a=) WX 7 sings asa sina bg eel hs racton What mights bos ry Ha ‘his amp Tike? In hi caper, ie wo explo ei oily impede {Tcnded he a chaper with she work of Nnsy Mann, an ofthe few soshaplogts who hse dis dso. Munn snot uit the =| ne Another sTernce Tare, ho har developed some ofthe sme de oto uch is dhe phenomendogalwadion, bu with an ee dope tngMarc abo thay of alu orachrpolgil we. Tunes work, bow ves found ven le brood an audience Thee te iy eons orci Mary o is mo importa es (1980, 1984, 1987. 198) remain w publi: chen edhe sated in obser enue (1979s. 1985s) for wrren in language ohh echnical ci ofien very dificult for che op-ep o make hed real fem (consider for expe, 19793171 oF 1985852) Hence, wiles anh of anvopologits ave Ben song Tne by his eas Jane Fane, Bred Myer, Sper Sages, 2) the vat majociy har neer even ben expr to them. Beloe outing Tener appreach, though (anyway my own diasneraic eson o ) some groundwork is prabably in onde. the underside ofthe Wester radon Ac the end of the ase cage I suggest that one teason Nancy Muna trek as en olin ale up tha hoses tha a fm atonal Tr ouide de min cen ofthe Ween ittalwadon da i ‘ard Tor mon sola to gure out xa haf do with them They be Jong, one might ny the Herc radon, which in Weer thought — a$0 Tae rp Thy of ar as aays been somewhat marginal Westen philosophy. er al relly be fin wih the quar! beeen Heres and Prarie aque ha Pat Ineids woo. Asa esl fom almost the very art, the Wester tadion rhe nly imagining jes hac a were oud of me and trnfomaton, So mach wo da the ovous ely of change has mays been someting of probe, Tang be weal review tat quate bower quickly rata sw the apatesFaiy of objets of eniary pecpion a am lisns thei imate ery was one of onstane had ean fovmaton, What we assume ob objets are actully para of change. A he this hist famous example i ne simpy Boy of water in a, if one sep in theme ier vse, he water Bowing hough ily te eal fines, What ech ov dine i gly the puter of fon! Parmenider onthe other and wok peel the opposite view: he Fd shir eva change that wa illasin Fr abject to be ampere, hey must exist some degre ouside fea change. Theresa lee | of reais perhaps one tht we humane can neve ul eccive 3twhich foumsare fut and pee: From Puedes of ous, on cin ace ad rerline both to Pehagrs andthe Western nth an cece and Pho (vith ideo) and ence out abou any subsequent scool Were pilsophy. meni’ postion mas obviously asund: and inded ence bas sce shown tha Henn war nore nh han he end oxy fave known. “Thedemens hat makeup sol objec azn ft in cosa motion. But {iy arong ne can be made tha ad Woser psp nor eed Bi Fosion fr Famer for, e woul ever have been ale to dove "hi The pole wih hi dynamic approach sche whe bv ve ‘alesis ponte to dew prec border and chu emake pei mes Seen jes ar ely roses, we no long ow thie te di ‘aenorrmat l,i thy oll ecir~beconse we dot ow how lng thy sl a iobjcts an constant fax, even pesie stl eaves a i posible One san ae an objet meant at parr moment apd en teach represent, But even this something ofan aia on srt, bran sch momen th sna of psn in tine, no du on nite sald a ely ext ona imaginary conser Teh teen peciny such impiary conse (inode) that have made ‘modem sence psi As Pl Ror hs noted Instn te Pan cone he contraction of Enh rey ‘hoger deeoing uch oma sine "hema of gues hk sy fae al coun an al ae ‘eee maul ppl vrai fps Teco ie ae npr of Ane $1 fathers langage which we ome. he aaa lou mi ‘hin soe eda af be mechan gr, mold he be pone rho theo ron f Paes eying he niyo oe Fhconing and af asin the mae of ey a scans Ie ‘othr ie rememen and wrk ht oe scheme of x hE Cle, rr oe ad oe fees snd sr ‘ovo 1970201-20 se Soli 197641 -Ata “There isobvionsl someting very tonic abou his Wha ice issug- sting i char we hae been bet rene a echnaogr eae of ngs Ficherto unimaginable power to eansorm the word, gly Beau we ‘we fit able imagine a mold without power ortaformasonsIemny Wel be ae. The cui hing though, i tha in doing so, we ave a ls something. Besse once ane racasomed 13 be spats loin 2th weld that tars fom an inagiay, state, Premeidean word out {ide of fe coonectng the wo becomes an overwhelming problem. One right wel ay that he lat couple dhouand year of Wenen pxophy {nd cil houghchave een and nde eres of eer mote complied temps to dal Wik the consquencs Alas yu pete he sumption of fied forms and the sume flue to know where ou actually find them, ‘Acar, knowedge isl acbecome he gre problem. Rey Bhar as ‘en arguing fr sme yas now hat ince Parmeniey, Weer plsapy ar bam slering fom what he al an eptemi alo a ender + confine the quetion of how we can know things with the quoton off. whether tone hing it” ‘Aris mos exe, tha tendency opens into Fst the asurpon thar gen sficent ime and aoe secure rent it shoul posible to mike modss and ray erespond ete. According oi ‘nos eee avon shoud ot only be able produce a complete de ‘cipon of ny objet nthe physical worl, but pen the predictable ‘eof pal ise able co predic precy what would happe ‘Ruder ejay peclyundentoad condivons Since ne ose ner ban able do anyting of the sorte postion has a teeny to generate opposite kind of agree eli (nomadas moe fen denied wih ‘iow speci of postseaculisn) which a 18 mos exteme ages tha ‘Sine ane cannot come i with sch perfec decpons mpouie ‘labour ely” all, ‘Al this st Bie ilsaton of why most of we orinary mortal nd plilosophical debates so ponds. The gi sin dic eontaition wih ‘hac ofendinayliexperence. Mot of wareacoromed to deeb thing rie” precy beeaute we cen} comple undertand them, cath ‘nip onl them dent Know excl aw che aging ar, er52 Tinea dahl Thy of Ve bur nonetes can jas wih them away: Ie wha we don know bout ‘therm tha eng home che cha they ae ‘Ac. an aerate, Healtesn rain ha bys exited—one that | es abject a proce, at dened hy ct penal and oc com sued primanly by ations. Is bexknown mania sno dou the Alle waon of Hegel and Marx. Bac wate a ks thas way ren almost impose irate with mote crmetonal psn Phy Tras tended 1 be seen sexing somewhat ff tthe sd, sade foment mystica. Cray, ar seed that way in comparon with ‘wha seemed ke the haha elim of mote pst approach theron, considering char fone manages og put he oer con tole Inge one sulfide perpectie + kv tot in tune wih Common sets persptane frei ‘Roy Basar and thse wo have since taken up wom version of hie ic eli” approach Bhar 1979, 1986 589, 1991, 19941994; Ca. ler 1990, 1994; Archer, Bho, Caller, Lon and None 1998) bane ‘een ying frame years now deep a more sonable ontology. The rein arguments ae notre, bu Te might ep ose out ‘ome a is oncins in charealy aed frm, before concning 1. Realm, Bhaskar ages fr asamcendent eis thai rather, than inking ely to what can obey the sec, oe mst ited har would veo theca in ode explain wht ne do experience In parc he sek to xin wy ate selene ‘periments posible” and sho, sche ame cm “wh are scenic ‘Spesinent ce” Peal His conchsion: wile ou expres of venti the tel word rely not init to what we can experience te Bic), or een, the sum lof tents that ca be slo have ‘akan pla (the actual) Rather, Bhaskar popoera hid evel (he ta) To undersand i one mae alo tke scout ofp a dentin ato tro thet peas apace, Science lly pocedt by hypoesing what mechan” must isin oer wo explain sch power and hen by ooking fr them. “The seach is probly ealem, on thee ae lay dept ad rere fandamental lel (ie, om some ro econ eto 0 {rl and an), br the fir thatthe endothe psi does oe mean wal docat exe ther simply mean one wil ne to beable to undentand complet. 3. Frm, Rely an be dvd nto epg sata ce istypresppass bu anno be nil eed to pyc 0 Bl og pepe ber aan be rece to chemi othe ban Yate a he ipa fio 53 ences to bilo. Diffie ore of mechanisms at operating 09 each: Each, fuhemere, shins a erin asrorony fom those blow; i would be imposible ever co te abot human felam "et tis oe he eae since ou cons woul! imply be deine Uprchemica ot bilo proces 4. Open Sarma Another mento eeriocy comes from the ct, tha re-worldevst osc in “pen sytem hat hee ae a ‘rae diferent sr of mechani, dried om diferent emergent Ses of ely, a ply nay one of them A ele, one can never predic precio how sy elmo even wl ut This 8 why feniie eperimens we nec: cpeiment ate way feet Epon ted wpe in which he esc ofall eter mecha UG eft pobl, lied, so that one can acualy exam ines gl mechan con. 5. Tenens Aa et is beer 90 Jf t unreal cen ‘cow but athr of endo” which interac unpedicable stays Of cours the bigher the emergent sta one is deing wh, the ee prediehings cons tenement of human bags of coun bring the mon unpredizae tor ofall Fer ur puss he dil ae no a ingrant cheoelsr hth Techn psn cok ger ot tur por toca me of doing snes he Teiphepect gig ec li elgel Dis Bo so iver we det bo wh ms ee see wl ew “anor sme of be ma sins eng omy aan prod ams flue wal ioe fe ap ca {ecorhumfy tow sha tpl kom: ey baronet etn omen anol decnn we tc epee nds ow el i TC The hg won ap oko psy ones ha ic Sey or apone “Whi a oft en all he mor of aes, Wl ‘har spe epee mans plop ence a in cos sah png op th he Pp ond Ens they of umn ennai. ey of meng en midge ihc afhman do Hon iar ego oe rel Rei hl oss poem pee oo [Eat and etre fs snes male women sow ctr anyone abnor bf psn ubersuching pam rosy mo cep oni EP ears mw oe be ew teh peiceTwa pti Theo of ae Als word o she Henkes pepacive bef pting onto Mar “This cancers the noon of materi, Inthe Marta ain me where the asumption has wally Ben that merit anal ioe that Pree ceria spheres vero Thre ate materi infarcts aed Neola soperacres he prodacon of a, hls, machin sal ‘scomsered more fudanental steal han she production of enone sop opera ot mning en. Thie eid aut they anime more fun damental: or immed. human eed or da, bee (with lt ‘ons ar een the ate) they are concmed wih the production of haraions: Bit ih la sce o me at ent ao lion, | “abou” absractions is to define hem very mich they define heme 1 oe wee (insist sexing all such spheres primary domain of Faas ao, gully cs obvious ar a acho the proc on of fod reqs thinking ae and err ar rely of tsa proumsc, Ltrs, om this kind of materialist penpetve, would no lengr be o much abou "ex anally sought ofa abarctions that an ‘hence 0 Hau apart rm ime or apc) but abou he wing td ed ingof tm. This obvi in every way materi: aca snd ood ple avo write them they havo have the eure and suey ey et pens of yperiters or computer, there ae pric ont ‘7 srt eile in the tution of erate an 008 “This might scans wea, omomied version of ae” bap pl onsite it would ely be quite ral Something ofthe power | the approach might be ed by how mach test annoy peopl, Mes sas onder ackrowlelgrent ofthe mata maim oft prod tian at omechow imprint. Bren dine ie anolyte so present il a fling over uel rein, excep, pera when de ‘eng te immed experience of fildworks city woul be consi ‘eed ride to pine out, whe dacuning the mers ofan anthopologic tmonopaph, hac we writen by ah author who wat wel wae the almost ‘vey who wou eventual beading wuld Be ding ot becase they che 0 bar bse me goto ced cesta Sania ‘ons in he academe pblhing industry cone tha oad not eed 300 pages, Bur obvi ll dhs reevan othe Kind of books we ‘ne Atany te hiss he sor of merits ibe ping in hi bk oe ta es tose 8 aking fom crtve action, but cee ACTON at ‘aang that a neve beep fom cnet asl iu. Mares theory of vale The fist hing one shoud probably ay bout Man bor theory of alae isthar if othe sae as David Read. People fen cone them. late npr of dons 35 ee ns Sen eee Se ee eer eee enone ac ite Gina eeeeetee Sout ae eae ae Soe ee Se eee Sense ee Seenmwctsra wees a ee peer perpen perpen hee eres eee ee eee ee pepeeelnterntt eee tepetine mars Sanne coe ecanomy. fone were to determine thar the U.S. economy devotes, say, 19 per- een er eee eee ee ee Spee ec ee eae ee Se ees See eee56 olen Anaplia Thryfee ao a Sete aategaes, Sots tom Sheer asl reece eee eae te ews ncaa traleeertuneetarn erste aera ae mont Titeamorpamnatosieeen Seaton oes ‘cesary labor time" Ther ae clkatal anda then, by which bor ean Paeiterwmn sae mate falco atm oh ees Pcl ck op bess b lof wpocosch ‘money and hours ne eee te senate mine te oe cere Setar aces beaten ree Eafe veal om eden ieee te titaclptriaenn tat t Deeel cancers See seem wetings. The comet Mars himself ever eameco wetng gee seca the roa agra ett eee Scores and making a broad accou ch es Vite he npr of ion 37 srk map out sybei a wo very een ileal eon: the “German seaiom of the Heelan schoo, andthe mae ofthe French Enightnment The aitange of gels dice aprach hist {Man fel was tha twat ferry dma rather than wating ost nome fed notion of wa human being, o tbe ysl wo i he, rte ory of how haraniy ely ceed el through necting [NS the wold aound ic Twain elec a attempt ee wha the Tor wold lok ike fone ume rom he start hat Heras ad bees gh Nov ony was sbow acon kia. what Hegel's philomphy was “awash tory of ow humanity becomes ally sth conscous rough Joos action eas ho final aceement of tue seleundestanding {ebich Hegel mst believed to have been achieve im hima) which Hid open che posi of man fecdon. Te poem was tht nthe the comermtve Hegel nr the adil Young Hoplians (who argued che fpr ha nr been completed. and more dsc meres, sich = a Bik on ligon. nee requ) sated fom re Neshvand-ood human ‘egy tend bir acne subjects wee alway abstractions ke “Mind” Reson. Spit “Humanity” or "he Nain” Mare proposed a maces alse aerate But neither was Mars pci happy wit the mate Fh day which was many a product of French Falightenment philoso 1 phen ik Hesse problem wih “al peviws materi.” be ated Tin To on Frcbuc hae di note haran beings 5 dive by fceomos projets a al Kane thers 8 italy pase ven bya ned eof bse phys needs spy sdapeng to dh exons a fhch away ao best say them. What he proposed instead, wa 0 Theis in which human Benge arse as ate intemal nia rcs but a the ae tie, pyri ones tht exis inthe et wo ‘The ase put it chevere) “mee” make thei own hivores, bu not under onaons of thi own choosing Tercera te tht Man work fin sem pl in sever ieee Sains atone Tike for expe amos desertion ofthe foo "mo ‘tena The Crmen logy in which he nd Engels stout the bs (Cadre shar have f be ken nto account before one can ak sb Inman to beable take aay” (1846 (197048-51). Wha spares Tans en aia ha bumane pode hit mean of veond: He / Moo tht ham bigs inode exit, not oly (1) ned pre (iti equements ike ead and shel bu that) cheat of prods \ ero meer such nd wil ava eee new needs ha) i Ot 1 Stic ext human beings no! to produce eter human beings wich Vem preening he fai tan hat (4) neha er pode ay f thesis ulaon every soci ms bo ave See af eoperaton ee only afer ht har ben tae into a,ths Hi 8 Ted aA Toyo ar Maven ht ne an bin abot "one" hich ee Pasi "hee males apace i he fof aint Lye of und i sao apg” 1846501, which st pe Fes cto cc ote ate handed he ind i (il haan og This ei sunds he 3 moving owas of don be eee matrilineal pest do, oe xin pets oA Conran te Cu of cay {G85 Bu hr sbo move say om Mar’ centring whch thc conta ao te Lng on he ake of profuse Fendamest6producion lf For Man ws haan pr fo tna osprey hat aan produce hing in efemcin e | Wataru man not much Yes at che made, rblosig es) magia We poppe our in fr amp ean A pier ‘Seduce th rere hwo nates nd ep ae ‘mya ahve nthe cnr fhe cle Ba ba ge che ‘ont archer th be of beth he chs hs {acini ber heii ey (Cp 18) Haman ovton what they woud! ke ohare before they make i 8 rendre can alo nage lteratves, Human incline thas inher. ‘nly ct wich, im ur. rial to Marc anceps be ‘aati hich for he posi frelon. "Fone tur bck othe original ur moments with his in min, how fc one has che bss (with, pehaps a tiny 2 bit of reinrment ane argent) fr 3 very power theny of scion Taner 1984, Fj 19938) The rele would Took something like ti Im any sien oe night sy, prodocion els 1. An fort fulfil priv needs on the part ofthe produce (hee, {Man toe, mst ays cade bse aces like fod and ‘eke bute aver imited 0 this) Tal lads the ky iia tha object ino enc: ot a2 pil obj tha a ‘uly ext inthe word but ao, nso as thy ae presen in some ‘ne ome subje) conournen ar objec of hat jet ction lnsome ease oranother—evenf this ony i the iil nse of seive obseation and ey (This what he argued Feet mi ‘eam oeioked) 2, Humans being soci etre ciao means producing a gtem of socal eins (ames, cans, gui, sett Soi, government at the npr of ions 39 ini, ,) within which people coordinate the producive e+ Tine with on another In par eho meats dha production abo coca 3. producing the produce 3 speci oe of pon (eames arm funuchaictt), Incoperting with thera penon deiner erin ein myth ca be rere he eee” le ‘pent ination I alu wuly mes bing arid cen re of fpwer or gens or actually ang ser? 4, Th proces ila open-end, producing new nede ta releof (1), ) and) and shar Bearing whi the potential for ov texlormain, ‘So we sat wih notion f intentional action, productive action med aa ceri goa Thi sevonprdce mcallaton andi ing 0 an Forms the pdacers there. Sted this wy, the mode ses sight "Foal enough. Theres no nein the no prey eleven. But co apply const. one wou have rethink al sets of ecepted ee tment of socal thoy Take or example the notion of ail rare IF ne sure fom this broad notion of production, sddl strs— tke Sy eer oof crease ely ue pater of seon But thy are ‘ery complied prem hey not aly cowie all sort of inentona Taman action thy ae ao dhe mene through which aco ar coninaly relfnng snd even remaking themes at the sare tne a they a Proucing (and ae inevitably changing) the ger anes cough eich [Heals place ven fran ouside lue 5 nt easy 0 hep ck tf all of th. Thee ae ceri point for example, he pee Boandari| bescen individual and collective rata we et probly ner fulywndenand. From ise the stents wel igh impose | In facials rend bear onthe st the Four mo eee ee retegrernieietanr rere eee oleae ree eee eae Saad es a Eee(Tamron Atop Thy of ala soe pens win tise ning itn ad Fa ing yw. Ted tps ton ela fh dn tay nou tu don chs at wm oy eps wy cp i ar poche Feri pono dg pect ff ne oe il Ste at wing neck aoe ‘testo Cpl on ind nt wae prs aro hy of enous tn soy af pol cnt an ce ‘Senco ips Sphinn oo [Ton fom del su of he non eg Singh mamas deren poem of ce yam crates Anthropological ide of ruc, of cours largely came out of Sasa Tiga Ihave ead decribed Saumreseonepion of language 3 ‘rem of sg that exit ina ate of eq, ech clement ett ings the dfinion of he others Appling cis to anhropelogy cet no foros emma Wher, cacy ma thn abarice se 10 be found? iw was one owe lng and pore synchrony ad dahon, he ab- sent stm, stn citing sof ine andthe eal even people ‘peaking wing and wo om none of them Fly swaref the pines hat {ue thcr wm peacc, ven hou chee practice the only way we have | Stgeuing a those principle in he Fin place? By now i soul be apa {neta this another vara ofthe sume Parmenian prob ow {eso tthe mode oral? “Amropolgil wisdom tthe contrary; however, Sucre recta to wat neve the only one around. There i Heraclean leave: he struct developed by French psychologist Jean Pages Gee Page 1970; “Turner 1973)—nhigh sa fom scos, and views "arcta” as the oo Binsin of asin Anthopologis howeve have dy found mach we fr Page’ src twa. When they endon a al usally misc a cing altar epdh and serviy* Applied o Paget own wg tise ‘ny eer Sure wa ners nthe iret way diferen lnguag> ‘ine rei Page inthe inlet deelopment of dure. Hs not hard toe wy acropolis re drawn to on and othe he Bait esc ome the arson omewhat af ling, Ae lif ttn model ck ail dpe, in parc sate anthroplogss have tse sca ite dep them, Paget specie pment about sage of chil developmen ae now onsced outmoded whats moran ee, bough, ae not the pu ic te prof ein Is, bee oll approach. Above all prem: hati i aways and cenybere the cv that element forms of tligece gat fino Son" Childen iterct with thet eovitonmen hey deep bec ‘cheat of asian (gnbbing,plg, x), and way of enoedinaig hem [Nex chen sate develop more complex and gene meds of hough dough a procs Pager als "ellie acini which they begin to undestand ee lil principles immanent in cht own interac ‘ion wth he world ad thee un scheme of odine—which he ‘ches in erm, baome more fined and more effective aa wel (This slows fr farnher process of ellve atrction, and soon) Tate no feed here launch nto dea, beter ae ew pois chat wl Be Sle bear in min. The fit itt Page insta he as fn) Se ‘em of browlge salva et of practice Mathemaiy or xp tot decived rom he “ide of number but fom the peice of counting “The abt exer, Rewer import, eve come fist, The son, shar rua can avs be een a of canons, based onc tan sin pcp (hie an bea spl a mares owing pice ‘tts 2 board which says the same) the dng fete of ch ance ations being ha they are revel the paces cn be moved back ai). The crcl thing pine the wha we cal race no something "hae ext rior 10 ation. Ultima “sure” ie enc with the procs of i own constuction. Complex arse res ar simply the ‘ne stor come to ndentand the lic of the ow erin wich the ‘wo alo crcl to a in mind tha the paca etexie st Yon opemende. Page doer no ele thir deve i simply rate of achieving certain lee nd then topping hee se alway snd pore comple lel one could ger. Here Page invoke the Ger tmen mathematician Kurt Godel who manag to show tha mo gil 39 fer (such az, mathematic) could detonate own inetd onsiseny in oer to do 0, one has wo generate a moe sophia ihe eel hat petamer Since ht evel wl no Be sev demonstrate iow pices eter one thes hat og on to ena another vl ir ‘hat apd oon 3 anu (Ga swe ht be consent smn. hay teu ncsiply aan at rouppons he cnancon (Fhe ar highe” than! Peso plover ay fsa pam echo o th ae eon heya pond lon ‘ig the ma cae Ses soe yh spe ct nce shal ly pond on x ace ae Now weg” be {mesa wc andthe “ening” ty ny inthe eof ‘Rms kia cl fe conusn oe wig ey TowerTe on pla Thay fle cu eter imag te paid of kone no ange rem fds change veces el pn eer ee nde mos sonata ig age 197030) Jour with Baars conception of scetiic ngiey perf coment “ieorerever moe bs evel fealty withou eer iting bedrock. we ae ‘daling whan open-ended sate. One can alae construct more Phieed point of view. “Thr mighe em all very abst hut agers ew way tok ry umber of longstanding prblems ia antopolog Tale. for eumple, Pte Bouts work on habs (1979, er) Bourdieshs lang dre 2 seni 6 dhe cava 3 mater of fstatin to ambopologs—hat fit an wl cr na grand no be a cer ae leslnation ofthe principles undeving her own aise. According the ‘Gidea’ Paget perp i ay ts why thi shoud be. The oe fie eel om which ee pean ir aye atone eve hight than hae which one can explain or understand wha the Russian pxcholgs ‘yg (1978. 79-91 refered oa the “pocinallee” of Jevlopset Inf, oe cold aga hin mse nce be thee since Cxpanon it ing orm of son) inorder to expan or undenend one acons all on ha to gene more sophie aonger” more encom psig) ee of operations, woe pincpe, in turn, one would noe be aly abl vo explain: and in dr eo explin that oe, canoe: nd on shou end ‘Or comer apn the phenomenon fies of pasa, asics in snooty sine Arnold Van Gennepl exay oF 1909, Van Genep argued ther al chit, com th wo always cota a Test thee Sages “They begin with is of eparation in which, Boy andergaing in| ‘on separated fom isle cil and end with es fe ‘eytion, in which he is rental into the sci ode in his new iden a2 man The linal mage the one halls in beech the bri ti were spend erween dente not ute ne thing, ao (pit another As Vicor Turner ot (1967), dhs stage bs tendency 0 fake on sme very sang, “antral” isis hove who past ‘hroh eae once sce and pling, reste and detest ine nd monsous and ulmacly beyond anyching tat can be expan by the order of normal fe. Bu a Terence Tarr has obnered (1977; see 1993:22-26) aconding to the Fagen apposch, this ain, ch ab shoal he. Bacau ee to there ference of logical eel To main: tin astm of cafion ie, ope da dvds mae ino cies, olecens als, and 0 on eqs acerin lee olga operation fe he any seo cepa, the "oe de” oF ae of ct To ope Else ene enol soaamamtc te athe pore of ie 3 [con th hr yn anon egy nth ti rego # Hh compan oso pear wy Gove fs indent en ee ch pe nor Ent nch polar eng or amit it igh Slo af openon oe uno epee aly ned faemale noc ms Reproing ch power sme prob Er condo map nc he tenn oc mer futon unknosiion Sumae leo otra wy a ing Ting rd eed up dom Teay soho hi pepe ii veal rs finger i pletion Mo Duan anaes oy or ne, She cn of the mcd sults pin of enone Srna ur fam prin uence 2 ‘ean ite po whet del consi coat he poner of cay tency tng Dk ocr aly oF ‘own nding bond nd soning edie fees ‘mod the ron airy mcd income wih ar cane Soar (hich Ss of fess iy flip, tn tama dle Bechet Bg om of tele a, Dn dt me psn pray rg wis te sony scm oimpow clon nd un le floc ony more ‘etna poem wth ees oc heh Mabe ‘Sheela te wo se ote sae con To ican fa ph hes Mar nap here Se mk torch Paget notin gece ‘gocnram and patil consciousness (Onc Plager mre remartale scicrements so tke chat nos nye nour—that len ed oe themes athe ene of he i ‘ee and make thes fora stent ther of mle and mera evelopment. Egocenrsn, aconing vo Piaget, is 2 mater of assuming tones own, ube pepecie on the world decal with he are ‘he word ule Developmens in rar,bosmer mater of ineraling h] foe tha other ons ate pone ot ptt at more echnical cet structures which ae vel the coonimaion of fen possible pepe thes Vay young cides, fr eample, do aot understand ht ej con Tine to exe when they ar no loge looking tthe, al lou oF Sah it issmply gone. To under cha sl here oundeennd fst of al hat thet rote anges fom which one might be king at fom which ove would sul be blero ee In ler cen, oes ‘might can anything fom x chido imagine ha cher might ofA Tid Aili Thy fae not undentand what ah ling them the difilsy hich offen on ies upesingy nein ie) in reining tat have bother named Rober her Rober a ar 2 rahe who me ‘gocetrim, shen vats ft and foremost 2n inal ose hinge om other pons of ven. rene a mater of understanding the cont tal exisenc of bjs, ones aware of them through pret pnp when oe looks ara car, 4 dc ota mountain, theft ha thw re ter dest (ther penecvs fom which one could be ooking) becameineraind into he very nature af what one pereing, wold simply not lok the sme eterwie: Hence fr Pages tchcrng may Ia acer of "decenering” one of ing ale stone own ines cr penpectve a imply one part ofa ch rer tot neil ‘mor impor than any ote Tr mater soi, however one cle anace do hill he ie. fei ‘one thing beating in ming, when one loka use, thai at nae han nee ie quite another tobe contnslly amare of how a aly must teem coeery meer oi ot how each mente af roup of people mek Ingen ome cammor poet woul ce wast waging on Inc, human beings ate aosrouly Incapable of doing wo on 2 consent Bat. Hee spin, hee appt 1 be ery concrete lm he haan imagination ‘Of course the move comple the soil Staton the more diel mck ‘maine fey become, Which brings ur back he original pine de ve orm Maeda es alos imposible for someone enged i 3 po ero acon in shaping te world in someway ound fly hom ‘ha actons simaleancousy contribute t (2) rere he sol yr in sshich hey ate doings ven if thi something o sme aa fy ot (ie) and has) fey echaping and redeiing iow selves In fac according to Ture is eal the same pine becuse inode ou dled dhs aly one would bate tobe ae vo coordina the sbjeine ne of ew of everyone invlved-—t0 ee hw thy Bi togthr on, eee of of, dat nds a. Th apes which louse our [comprehension een though it a produto eur ova acas, cds to ee someting which sande ale, apart om something that con Vaan and conte ws ater han hc othe wy around. In ely works ike The Gorman lly Mats erga’ the paadoied saute of te di Son of bor in eden sce ha whe created gene common {craton th lvl of sce ait a whole, ince people need on nae n ‘onder 0 suvire it des wo by confining everyone to sch nied interest nd pengeaive within tht sone were ely sep eK wpe ‘ily the face dat people are confined to these prt perspectives ts, Mareaud, averse aeaton the “onsliation of what we ures produce mos ebjetie power above us theft that or power appt Vee mth Inpro Ais 65 to ae in range, exer ors (Olan 1971). Comma fetishism is ‘ely jut another version ote sme thing Ie the el above al of he Se thatthe marr creates 3 vst rupee beeen thefts in hich ‘onus te produced, sd the pate homes in which mot arial onsumed. 3 emmodiy— aon vie caste, atbox of ele po ‘def «human os, ite Because human Being ave intentional eigned tin ade to do: hey have een mates and by aig the wrens and icligenc, shaped co Fall thx pede The object then, embodies human inna This why cones wan buy i Bt isause of dhe pcr anonymous nae of marker sem, ha shale biter bea ine Fin the conmume’ point of view, From Te penpstiv then ook the vale of the bjecr—embodied in ex stl ost her wane iran ase of he produc oa Al thos ine tenis ce tobe anobodit the physical orm fhe obj ile hi ring hae he can sn ter wort she ro config er (a {a sbjcne) pea wth the otal abe ature ofthe sation ie and ar ars sing object a avog human pers 2b proper. This recite srt of thing—the bution of eabjocie questo objects —thac Pager anges repel fcldhood eguccneien wal “Tame and Pan 198). The same loge is epaced on every Il of commercial ie, where cveryone tend to speak of procs and mney as propeling theres ong sling themes, Rood mutes o xing fm arene inves ‘pent climates because, forthe am parc pata interes et Special his might aswel be ue ‘Which allows me so make fil obsenation abou ome of the most Moherne wise, Hermencics fie devoped in bibl! schol, ‘esther ueifene assumes bill chars id) a wth he Be ulimacy cones the wil of God. “Siguiction'—vhich tee fond i exponent in Ferdinand de Suusure—is based on acon af enti th sigan of term bring the way i iene rom the ‘ther een sing he po elit an What Mar i aking Shout combines ment ofboth, Moy has meaning othe ao hen, Femur up th itenton (othe importance of tr nena sion: which cams dw prety mich sesame hing). Howes ican ‘dos on by icing them inv ons oa, the makes ‘eis only by beans of many tht my ined acon ad epacitis b= fe inepted 4 proportion ofthe weit ofeejone, Ge Tier 1975e20-2 ‘Are fe apeoximacon Monit coerce kn of al. Ve he yn which a in Toss ae on tang fr he rer by be npr to cl whole ‘obvi, Marc mas no mot deavng oo the hemeneasc edition elf chan he mas the Suse is peach ges back stead o Hegel who the in om examining soins im terms of haw they ae integral ito(Tandon Apel Tey of a lager sone ie.” Any parison. o proce, becomes meat ing in Heelan guage kes on “coors, pect foen) oat by bing integra some ge em fein jaa the prs of wach tte teorlated in thet mon by the rel urutre a the whole ut raking th pars mare “ara conten andthe wate, "coer om). OF ‘une herein end to holon oe ca cane tise of anal: the ‘rh self ight well be negated ino Some lager poe. 2 ace, ‘ery too baer mel heat content ger conrt fr, Zadanen Sabre to, these ulate open ended nusheesceion ‘Ac this pin, armed with tis Macian vw of sac, ne an once gin ‘sun ur original quexion how ro apply + Maran theory vl | toc without mater ‘Wha Tuner sugess (198) ithe mo Mart arsropologis have coded up cresing shy ie version of Sabstantvi. That the {oo ie snply smn the “way in which a ecey marly proviso Jel” exept thar where Paks falawens many examined diferent meds of eahange, Mani shied the ocr prodscton Seng em ‘lu on seater hind wauld sean kings mater predation ooh {eel win mont important oil gen? wel onre to wee tceteethe one that have up ull new proved the let renal Maer sls of nals qu comes obvious tht he {or of cvs we wuld define ae ecnomi,paelarymsience 3 Trg ae by no mens tt on Which they sped the pester pu of thei tne, o “ceive ene” however defined (Tamer 19795 1984). Maw Asia far more to what, rly speaking, could be eld socialization, a lene on defines the late oid not only primary child care tall ‘hone ohe sont go in sping human beige. This woud make o- ‘Suleaonscorsinualpocs tht dacs not simply wop with adalecenc, ‘or whacrer arbi tr of poin sox people mpi improve the ume af nei oople ate lose nye engaged in conan prosee ‘hanging hi wos pion, role and san, ad dng ing to lean how o Behave idem, Lie is tha conan econ proce "Myc, supe oe ofthe main res a ei ec spe exam, inary cid are isla eer seen a questa oma sors anal fend ace scalation onthe whol bing to dose 0 arr and onda rom he Kind of wrenuous and deamaic mult {Ecvg-—budy men hanering sway a lowing ton prs Bing oy Snhere ah term prodacin” binge st ely to mind The model oe ‘rod wt ron woud ave o be ect Feminine Bu then hi ony ee Valet perme of is 69 oct under th he mot anda ng in ich sce Indl hc bed on gnder-stmething than try me sendy Knew How ows ne then go ont sae ss Kind of rues Wala ‘he mac sendy ee Thee hae vernon hepa Ing fad to chen seen as teprodueine inthe sense of producing pro dcton. he appar pines babi of eon exchanging food 2 tmaterof the continual preductin of een the abence of dang i ‘sata artes which can be sens csting pat fom ind human scion, “occ” isl has be rectesed by indus on a day 0 dy Bs Yr tha sociey ha en be retested a i he as for thee tence of ny sor of aes al en inthis remalabiy minimal, srippe-down version, then, one ds one key divin that aly sees to ecu Wha in dace er lly fered ae dincoon eran "producion” and sation” Predation val nly potent, THT De Fae inherecycotaxive thus an only be made ito a ely Cee alse) ina realy public context a part f some Lge soil whole Among Binng,podcing fod though che bor of renin een ath ori fae, bu that alu i only tesla” when one gies some of hac ad ovmcone ce, Hence the oe tly presi act being oo et ic a te pr of tom 71 + ppd provides to chides thereby suring them into sacl beings but ths tr equi he exstence of sce Afr all, without sce. he sedition of chdren mould not be regour jut without he on Vial soclation of hilren 3 new producers, ocey isl would not the Kayap: the domestic eel and village steucure “The Bann wee 2 sda teil plac te Beate ak moo ‘hein we nary suit with clare Thi fhe Kyo of Brahe objet of Tunes own ras fr he at thy yea The Kyo se ome of se Grosset of Cea eu, when they fot Berane known 0 oun in mie, ‘rer cond rentable for combining what seed Tike an creme ape echog nih an no being opened scl sem “The ges esr ig often contd of veal ude howl aanged sound cel pa, arly ope with elie mer Houses andthe emma uldings While the communal suet ook (iene foros in iene Conta rian ct, he war ish Sem frm of ual ogni: he vilg ws vied in er si of be ‘g(t fen games) thee wer mo merous Ne nal rope cg tht oe wa as Boe een come apie The eye was diel no dart tem ion ade ced in te vila come any ntl aan tine ay ana fils surety guion tow en oa ez Har Tes again hee bac the Gt ion in wih cheb ric | pc cha th mnt cnr ni of ey em tele oe ae Sillconaine within all the beatin nih cote whe, Let ‘neon what I ean by ths Tike he ramp poe, oF the so normaly sue! by antoplogi The mini ui mould aly have ws dome uf ome ons yo hoch Fane cous can ae side vari ffs in dle soe bat ‘heron ling abou bara fami Cleelnds a tog Tongue ora Nayar mail ip tee fcr things one sh sap epee One cn sae coun on tee bong» eng lo ‘hats propel consid tod sald ok ike And a propel ‘Saunt chad wl avns conan wikn ol lof ee ate Ships (noerdgher tuadie breathe, mote be hgh baod. wt he mayb) sar we weed cee Inger ose wich fos pa Te ee nj el on12 hd am Anhalt cxrapolaing cern of thet lions ond principle on gander scale A Ste of palin clans, for eames sed on aking js ene ofthe {rca elon ween fers and son) and malig 3 uel pin Sil thc can he coe thes fr oiaions tha ot onl ela ‘tens beter fae, but ave al (by onl of Bedeweath, ea Then of rls of exogamy, od 0 fore) repute the comin proces through wich ew fais frm and ld ones disabe “Teil the tame oct freon of mata dependence beeen ahs that one adn he Pagan nin of tc: he hight, encom sing lel esielyprnaposel by the lower yet at she same ime, the Fewer one not vse without ance al houses ae in constant fm ene owing, desining, and dividing up co cet pew fails, tn itis the bower system ha rate he procs. Ad ee pin one nin ping at lear, continually generat highe ve, Tn hc ofthe Kayo (Tuer 197%, 198 1984, 1985a, 1987) the om ni an wrt eed fy ual tice eneraions in ‘Eph Ina propery conta ili thecal be hundred af thse, | oes ranged ina vit ite ll opening on cra vile plaza hat onsite quintet scl space. The mes and wore societies ‘hat dominate he ie of the pls ze divided ino oii, hough in he Kayapo ce thse are not ciogunoue Rate, 3 boy needs embers of the ‘pponte moi wo pve the ooraaed“ubstate pen ahi) ‘linia hi ino pil ie by sponsoring henry io the meni Toucy Boys arene om thee mat esto in the Mens House ‘dorrory a about the age eh, iit 0 the net rae at above our {erm and then on he ho hifi ci mae nt hi wie house Kalle They do boss very uch junior partners » busband i a ist taped tobe highly suber ro hi wis prem hee ate alo of ‘aid pears of Ulrence and neared, ring the prod when feandhiswile are ang dir ncn. Arce sare Gime they grade iy move upwar in she collective organs ofthe vile center ac Contig to the pin they have reached in tei own domestic oe (a fps nde tr fone ld" af many che," e)- There pull ctr fr if: io ate iiate no 2 sis fae prades 1) ube parents howe, they ae never detached fom their al fale inne so rials wy at nse orm in the vila cee. douse elder they can achieve a dominant oso alongside thet Fasands iti chico erended Fale, pever take on a dominant ae inthe las pola ie Inara tena thes communal estatns contact out fe Inions ta eit within the dometic unit Tamer argues dat reasons within he fail two brad groups he is, and mos imporan Vale the pre of Acie 73 an the vehicle of lion ht cx berwen pas and chi die and i-maryng hands nd the wre ue pra A thse eons re mat! hy ana forme of dace te inte pany "ahumal ine race of te dona one ogden from ay expen fen vn rere app fr ae oe he mina pry a exe ch apps ey > mel a rely ing tia Ward end hem i comb os flac hat xref: pendent chien, bo wth hr mote! the ore th te er Each of the complement ak fhe acre of he fy th baisof maiment for on of te oo se of cour neon tt Amite the vila emer The fi ate et of meted woe ‘Ses The aeay ply dacibed ccs wich has tremely herchel at wll ing In pice Ueda Iie. One might el thse poli tn, The sco ithe ame ‘took of Kapp soni rintaton (987 25-28) wich empoay Sah ion cc dans ch Exit in he ing of esl nare” ocr peed cen sal scoped en psa icicle bee the ont el phy leno wea shat xn td Kaj a {Hence he two “complementary sft surf he Bly be Sie the "complementary sr the ac sey well Whats ‘nore ts indel trough thes nompsing inition tha she ‘inna inate repel th apna oh cheno od fea and he creation of eons a maige, The command i enn Tuner tems "emby eran apc he mia nia Sane ine hy eve the aeceary nes for hs! oni ‘alpen ‘Thecricil hing hei at hoe to aa cond te 29 ey vas of Kayapo sce. Tun Tao tana omnes Tsun” The fit or actly aed in Rap, ba xd a esl uty cela i i smth ae sor aor age widn he eg ion of elie ce The Reap on fea fe ener hand inp “pertion, clon and fee’ ced ts ofall the Barony of gn cel at rics an ete Keays community of which he ging of het same pas he ‘ply form: the commana sph, thae ro ae cob in cain Fem of pbb peormanc. The sn aeig ne of pri, Kind of mourn kesning pest yee women oe Se the femal roy wi cher men asap coma on mate folie impor snd mo al fr of rial chang cle et BSGGs ibs ssee ae eaaaemceanesissaaasesesaaeadesssaeesssasaee:78 Tad on tpg Th Vale whose eid o cif" Thee epee the pana f scl vale in Keyap voce Beate they az seen combining compe unnhib ied clhexpesion (oe, complete ick of deference hence, uname forget tht hua scion, or even oman thought, can ony ake place soup some kind of mate mediam and therefore eat be undesood \withour aking the quater of ha medi ico acount Hence the in portance in Tarnes analysis ofthe aon of rater mei fection, ‘The mia have qualities in and of themeler. Foal he en quel timate rcs of ack Good chromic between aly an les 26) for expe it simply obvious tht echolopes of writing alow for Posies that do ot ext im spr (ad egy vce vera. I one ‘memorize the ps by the performance a cal damas: hat past wl eet look quite the same atone memorized by the preation ofa ‘en lings which will po be te sme a one memorized by, the evo reconseacon of ance buildings le alone on ep ive ag ‘trough the performance of spit mediums eis lly spl pine. e Should be obvious petape Buc pone tha thone whose theory Se oat vith ome Pumesidean nein of ce hamster icin Anheoploge) fen end forget note one’ negative alae Before dcusing some of pla impliaton of his kind of vl thn, low me oo quasiligresions “The asco chapters of Neney Manis Te Fam of Gana ae edict to dead ani of Gavan conception of “egtv aaa exemple Fed in the wy Seni men ek abou the thea posed ot commie ——————————————ined a dnp Theo Ye by wichcaf. Gowen? conception of wither fm an amos exact owoncgine ven ofthe eto pote vate thugh cxange thee one inher groing nd hen ving ny fad 0 ne is thew vere sae peste read one fame nal eons wher acres yan mae ape, eck te ice Fomall ose sound them, br vane ey ‘Contig the hie oh el ne sees 9 comma onsen suc at public rer mene spe ning gis cher tn wing ser her oma to cnnce porn echt eat ito tee plans Gnas Mann ehases och gh pla itn and highly individ oie and theo principe sea iysomenhat enim The punto meal end saber cl. Ar aru one ofthe pile way fn which anton af com Imaal ral cg Gav though heen of nepton, Wickes sited by coy, ck show who have ben wo ces ‘ing sbove hells one sc, thy mp the epaan eho ofthe community, in anos be selichndvidusomand hence a. ‘sla el Camm ala Gwar he Guta 2 iret edt he by of sense mento ppc i derive Iypeindridalen and theese station wie cree he to crim aching latins, ngage a alias pad acon ‘irda ames nal dco Tse him ee aero he tion of epi al: eerdoe ons br hpi has srehing nd wth the pace Keays 2nd Bains. Ceraink he baer ross Man ees be beamed in many oh pce, Mawr Bloc (1980) a nated at ‘a prbaiy hem comon way of rpecting dal av by the very demand tage pension of te Opes: images of Ino cis flor deny char ad done ands nt Wc yt Ten tins pl nes wo of ding th same ting Ia facet moral ac tough spre of emmy. Aad stor sch n Monica Wi koe town 1970 te ages ay {es deal bervcen sxe, nye th ne mache ovwith dice Snake ial ace “Toe oral pce Mu derbi ut snr o wha enous seelin Madar (Gace 995} oe othe cof commu hy war lpn nelle tocar niches wich that sa omen sens pee wean oth very epian ds hat ‘the bs of a ame mm Ie cold bt th wl alas be Se ofc mow al nay hich ve ans acl wh oes 2 Sin conbinaion of olitarsm and indidalsn, Sick questions ‘ould well a ae each, Valea be inane Ass 85 it vero ind appropriation “The rear might wl wondering wheter hte anyway sual of this wih moe conventional Mantatandropology. what Ive alld the “inade of pune” approach (eg. Meili 198; Godlies 1977. There might scm 0 be abt of common ground. For the MoP ap- proach a deeaped by Alun, eerhing tur on he approprin ‘omc of mare span Any made of produc stsed on thee ladon fo aes one of primary poduces he ote, which supons i ‘lf at lea in par by apppratingwme porn the preduct of he is. ‘Whar mates MoPs irene rw thi extraction aks pace: This is what ‘nak the eatin bev otra ve dient om that bee ‘dal lord and anid ser or hat between epi employe an pro ein ibe ‘Since uch extstion mast bays in he end, bebched up by she vhra of oe, thi irewenily theory ofthe sxe Hence, Ue noted, a rool Ae ha a ery dale sie ying to ppl this mode fies wot ones Here Tamers approach might vem the pee Compliment. It wis cctel inorder 10 undemand the workings of e tion within stele scien, and indo snot enuely leer wa ‘Tamera her ofthe sae woul belie Could the nahn be negated in soe wy? Quite psi feral ‘one can hardy deny that where ne Find tae one doe so tend to find hss sul ds as of people who somehow cone opt thie hands on tos of i and ha hi is nde lemaely backed up by the thr ofc, Heme, one might upg tha thet are vo ile as iauhic spl ean be spore eer da; it marl fom, or Tao ae. thi ne, the oe explain chat ‘ist wither TEE He Tayapo, npnind around mip, remble pial ones nach mote han they do heads of det angle, imme {ite ors of exploaton driving chine dave ic he Bal, cen ‘uirren having ones unkeys show up around hare neo appropri Ta pena whea opp of precast sates. Thin ern, ha cations foray hey of decoy. In this chap seca course Ive ben emphasing he ton of pata enpecs of mi faking ones ptr point of ew within = complex Socel rey forthe aro ity ele which pial pes set al os of fei di Tonons. Conetonat Mast naps aended wo fora much simple totion of materi base and esl supercar, he anc ‘inwtatons ch x church anda which ily serve dat he in ‘ee theraling das prc o epi slaves why they should ene6 Two Antnplgia! hoof Vale “he ot, juts to el peasants that hc eins wi th pled ae based on jc. The problem with shee methods of elo conta wet authors ke ures Sent ave exten documented (1990 ‘hath don well work very wel The sine are acy ken ey _ctouly bythe people whore pods eben expropriated ofr het at te cheung canes themselves: Sach regimes ely te asd priatilon J fa This dose now spear sb neal nm he ae hes hears fica tha ei fn state vce” domestic equal tha xt Wrekin tte scr or even for api fal which a est when ees oc ently mpovesh or brtalies prletarin) tends be fa ove ‘feces the Menlo ae than lmet any previo known om oF ‘ploiation tfc, ines steers do wee in Iegiisng “eae aloe ls by ascelyapeting to the vale which ‘zit inthe dames shee, which are, ofcourse voted in those much Ire Fundamental forme of ineqaliy. apd much more ere forme | slog dtr enon vy gece, conclusion: a housand orcs The ener might find lh lk ofa ic od. The chp gen by eodonsng & gnc movement aay from cams o absolute or Coal truth ap acepance that human knee i bays ping Be ica Bete winds up by ying thet one cannot have any meaningfl approach fe vse wthou some noon oft: The conse reference 0 tt in Teer works wl erin Sem tt useing othe moder reader iin inthe ce of most contemporary teary which ha ren dite desonstrcing anhingrembling coed system. I mus ado Tin ot ‘sey comforble wth mle Bu itr an ise ht opens up onal he ‘post important quotons about alo, plies, ad meaning and hee forest ems to metha th bt way en thi her ong an complied caper would Bevo ke up ofall thera diffeence beraen oles che anal i climing exit insome hind f empirical ese apitine tt, + ely bounded Soci" 4 mytaogal syaem’—and was that ei in the ac0"8 magnons Social cect ha Ig ince rele tt the former doe rely xs a ast notin any pestineform any closed tem jot aco Sac and not aecerly 2 very fl ne: podhing i ea if really 0 ‘iran hed, Socal process ar compler and oveeppngin an ene ve ‘ey of way Othe ther ods here ne ting that amos lle cl sito ofthe study of meaning aie onde, hermeneui td euro ollie ht Sr buon bg mening i at of Comparison. Puts tke om meaning in telion to each othe and tha Vale the perme Ati 57 procs always inva efetence 1 some sr of whole whether it bea mat fer of wor ina langage, cpus ins arora eric” on he take. 0 too formal. Thereioton of vale fe abaye, neces proces of cmparton fr shi ream i vas eco mpi a a Fest iagined suience. As Te aledy sugested, forthe acta, hats ll hae key” ly Turners point bone, a while sacha ay doe need to eit in sco snag, hit dca mean ha aything che could be eerie ‘ato secesaniy exon the ground eight. Boe might mo. Thi {3 mate or emia Oban (the question of he evel on which ‘he oui exis soi community single ial event, te) Here che inspiron scm oben atm the work of Mikhail akin who rade 1 dnntion erent elon of Chnchoper tie unvaaeroT ‘ie ad space constuce i he imaiaton and an infin complex rele which meaning iin at etsined though open ended Zilog The ideal picture «sce has fil then, mos never corresponds with Row that soir sully werk. The Keapovilges diced above ‘cal provide dramatic casein pi. Turner general describes Keyapo “lager hey were ogeiel it two oppoel moti thi Beestoe tars how Kayapo ava descibechem In wali however, no Kayo i lage has contined reo meter snce 1936. In very cate intersl reer ad diserion hae log sce cased sch villager to ep in wo Taner ‘clades thsi dato animbalance of lo: wile deal dominance and ‘eat shoul fom complemenrary ein eli, dominance iby the more powerful ofthe two, The mety suc in fc spose op ‘en the higher sy of the gra complementary pence whe ‘one mei is conseed “high” than dhe other, they ae in every other ‘oe completely dena and he ulkimae harmony of «Kapaa ile Seen tole in ts nhabians ality to coopera i beat amin” ce (Gross and ther callie ses thar eecend popes pret ale ances wo oeate a wanscendet Sense funy Ta realty however thease of buy ienever ute enough, Penal rie bersen porta pol ical aos ley generate Hf esions Hse, and ally, one hal ens wp ‘breaking oo fund own, communi normaly with no lve oe ‘ecw theo (Tater 1987) ‘Sil he imprtane shing ox jus to atk why Kayap villages lack moi ti, bu ao Win sity yeu ter when Kayo debe how a cons py ir crpnted, they invariably dectibe one that der not lack them Danity communes do contacto exit, bt oly in imagination. As ‘rele they epee pane posi won of what Kap ‘iy rely shoud bei and pony il might bee, Poltilproecs of reniing separated mnie ae ocisonlly diced, hough unl om6 Timed Ahly of ae they nays sem to ene up being oer by the dang of ving 00 _many pope wih orig living in he same community Tet 19790210) Sil, heres no eon o ase they wil aay be ForMan, of couse ior imagiaors har mae Raman. ence pro acon rd melon fri he oo quintet una ace ag inion mpi the posing things een ene when on aks 2 the exning eld magia ne esa loleng a ely yen ne is wo bing a imagined soci ino Bing one engaging in | on, OF coune, mon rel change mo nel so elec ef he fc hat ppl ste ot, for ee at par lf con ng p= = thir wm scares bt ply paring we ht maa tex or ed uptanfoing the me sot a3 etn ies of ough thc change +l oder canbe seen pinay aan ae in ih cenain psf ae can be produce and raed they an be ded ha be maine any of he ci ced inthis per bg fol incor ito + oder ste) okey they can be ch Jen by hoe who thik hoe othe srs oe they wold os ‘to pre pny reals anon, here Hey ob any nara ch igiary tlie play ried nud din concn of ale “They may be agente perme or they cn jew eam procs or hleind oes dandy proshimed by clit or eons the fi ogee dnt -simply cannot be prc in ance, The oe thing one canbe me tact wl never oper pred. "We aback then to "pair of al’ bt newer eile rm Ap pluie os erin The line sales of pol, according © “Tomer oe een the sug appropri vale i the gle ‘aks war au (Turner 1978 1979 ce Mes aod Beene 1914-9) Sil, thewlimate dom to he Fedo go cet acute sale, ba he fro wo decide cleo indy wha ie ht Fe life worh ning. In the en, shen Gols abou che caning of 2 ‘Any much proj of covtcingrcnings needy inves aging io tats ice hi the a of meaning). en fo ech projet can vs be ‘ample sara ito eliy—wey bing, by defintnn shat which ‘hap more comple! than aby consacton we in Poi Theories do have pola implatons, This mach uo the he vis wh bu nation ftir a the who embrace the hte ‘any ferences hat the ler el blige vo make tei plical pos ‘ont epic So web, om he one hind, Lois Dumont “ala” wih its se conciously conservative olen and on she thet, Tey Tame ‘uly slancou ibrarian Marr. No hat the wk of thn who ‘ec tordities on princi ack sick ole ipltions, oem 0 i ast heya wok them oto hla conlsons. Ths po Va te ipo oe 89 lic implications become mont pny obvious when one comet thre tho arg no imply shar oesing eerie dangerous (wich fof une toe enough) But dha we hive aleay ened ino wme gi ew Sparro age in which no unieral manda f elution any looper tae ha eveything nde usar, finn of pes ‘olds, ad incormencunbe asf ceive sel Fahioning Ta a3 ‘ery popstar psn among ral academies inthe 1980s ad 90s ee ‘ai is eel remain wo. Bot a eared in he rod, by nom ke iis apparent © mos people tha en the 1580s and 90s ae ‘meme, wl ote ar the ding of new Dosmodrn Age (nde ‘many are aleady bang Bn te tr sbi embarasing ot 0 me ‘Son thc previous apcayp deraon abou signin), bt her tthe er ofthe trump af the World Market—one ia which the mst fant walang. and alncompasinglyunivenal em of estan now to human history came to be impose on ls eeyhing. ft ing ae cent to undetand why exooomis was one of th ow things abou which most poxmodera thar had svt nahin 5 ‘Wh si cum wha nai auch Uke Appa, who do are eco iss imporan the need ssumptons teal here pli os Behind he imagery of moe poderisn i realy thing bt he deol ‘gy of he market no even he ey fe mane stl exiting tuts te alvas seule in the interes ofthe perl, bt the way taker clogs wou Uke ro imagine he arkrplce hould wok Ahi ot merely mean ope fun a some el procimed caer radical bo make broader pt. Anynoian of edom, hh he ‘now indie vison of env conumpaon, othe nono ec {ural revi anddeering (Tamer 196) Ite been ing o develop tere demands Book stance ana the ipso of ny erling vw of what oie ovale mst eles, bt alo eogntin ht ome nd fe ‘lasing mechani wl lave to ex, ad chteore cl for eos hog thou wha sor wil est nse people m,n Bt, ee wo cance of vale In hate et they wth Irae de at eet in dhe prewn yand gone esp ging 0 end up rprodacing the lope ofthe marr wit ‘ut acknoldging At i eae going ot oink seriou abo a tcnanes wo the reson offen cre being presented to oat ini ation sea serve prima as protectors of export rope ved iteration instante an ethernet eran to protect the interes of Fiance, and pesonal fom ‘evome limited operons oesunpsonchacer-we had tos 0 think ing thar hoe mae ae ong 0 ake cate of themes and ur thikng ‘of whic a more vale al opel le eervemlting mechanism ‘ight cul be