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  • Gluckman

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    Rituals of Rebellion

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    Rituals of Rebellion

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
    26 visualizações14 páginas

    Gluckman

    Enviado por

    mozdamozda
    Rituals of Rebellion

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
    de 14
    Chapter Three RITUALS OF REBELLION IN SOUTH-EAST AFRICA* SIR JAMES FRAZER'S The Gold Bough sts out t ex the cual of the priet-kng ofthe Tallan grove of Nem ‘epi his monumental work by deserbing how in thie mace grove thee grew 4 cerain we rund which thn he dy and potty fare the sgh,» gi gu Sentra und ed werd he SESS Waly aout him aioe intr he expect pon yun enemy, He was pit and murderer "Berne lokel ts some o er to murder hin a ad NETPUP Sed” Suck wa the lof th sencuay. Acad the petoo cul ely IE Bea nb eae ofc be mel was ain by 48 crac Frans thos raised atthe very ouet of is work hep Bea proaching invlved in 2. ‘sia ebeln’ He cost Stent this then, ne when be describes he election na ‘Scites a New Veer of temporary "oai-kng ot scp Engr wo were then banished or sarifced: In thi Te honour Frazer's memory 1 propose to consider in what ieemdopelogical deseendats Interpret sir itals tein. Tom the grove of Nemi Frazer intelectual quest 10 on. journey in which he ranged across the world among Sha pinfe fl and through ime among the great via te pus He traced the reltinshi of these pies-kings Smet of widespread ageatua uals whereby men ct "ihe api of the corn in the lst she, o in animal, me Fave Layton o G SEN SRISRIASG Seite ethene tse wings, OF efigin. Sometimes they destroyed thee to return the feilty tthe sol before sowing. Frazer argued futher that these inom lay at the heart of certain ritual with their amociated nyt, ofthe ancient Mediterranean and Near East cviizatons. ‘Tre rituals and myths concer the sory ofa god, sometimes 8 died mort, who wasslainor ded, andthenresrtecedbythe love fa godess who was mother or wife tothe dead, or enamoured sbi. The best known ofthese pics were Adonis and Aphrodite, ‘Tammuz and Aste, Osis and I, Dionyaus and Demeter Persephone ~she alone « daughter~and Demeter. Frazer sum: ined up these myths: fe] no pictured to hems th growth nd dey of vest, EGhand dest fring centres ar ec of he wing or waning so were born and freath of divine being, of gods and goddess, {Gey who married and beg elder, onthe Under the pare of Osi, Tamm Adonis nd At, the people si eypt aod Wester Asia represeted the yy decay abd rei of Iie epeclly vepeable ify whch they pewonifed as god who aval ied tad roe agin to life Inthese mythe Frazer aw men handling dramatically the dying and reurrection of vegetation with the change of the seasons ‘Typical of thase myth i the tale of how the hero seas alain by 9 spill oar of an enemy disguised as a wild bout. Tn Syria, the ‘ood of wousded Tammus, or Adonis, poured down the rivers to the sa, as those rivers in thee sping spate carried red sil wth, thm that discoloured the coastal water. ‘This the ceremony to hich Mitton refers in his Odeon the Morning of Cris Nativity: In vain the Tran Maids thei wounded Thamuz mourn, Ceremonies were performed to aid the dying hero, and with him the vegetation. "Fazer undoubtedly ovetsimplied the problem? Bu there is get ale in is relation ofthe stories ofthe dying god both with Tidespead agricultural customs, and with customs connected ith prest-kings In this demonstration Frazer, lke mest of his nemporares, was intersted in the intllctual patterns which hn believed rust ie behind all these customs. The modern Anthropologist, basing his analysis on detailed observation inthe Fields concerned in greater deal with the ceremonial rles of Ferns, categories of persons and social group, in flation to ave muha, Fran could nt have pursed cho PGR ghee in the mists wich ma he ca of the dey sag ‘faced th ovnceidene; andi Tconcrtre oo fo hick presage the bogiogof the an roe Wok bres iran it ie not to deny the inprance of Fra Gh hl the leo over thts misty which nthe alge ee. tucked by th go the Sing ound they comin on he sl fre ciel open of a Fracon of Heaven's beaty A minty uland ste anaigos to thn wiih cncred Faz, among the ue ee Eich Ten of Zand, Seesan, and Mosabiques rn tah po to mae be threat a ome ces) performed at dhowherelnAMHeg MU, Sane, anal she tae iva males wa whe tal and lool cronies the ek ofthe rm song PEN cc canine Sng fe war Sac wes oc shen ve enya tei Spans senile i ited by tes i Sey exrenes wiv Esso fru ofr iy, gaccorel pt Om eine Tremont are deted tothe ancestral prt ofthe tale {ited ops on thers. She dt be he mero ns SF%hr Leip rou conned But haters tbe cas foocig to Fiber Dear « Cath nies whe has nen eae eben ie ae ith the foremost student of ala history and ator tion is the way in which they openly express. ‘. she is supposed to have first given man form. ‘ lu moves °% seomen have to aset licence and dominance agains thet (MMU hte non one seaman belgs on on eee oe Saborintin fo men, prin have to behave tthe Lng EMM dle negra igs War tiane Soteens oe os they ene the hone, ad sje openly oat ir rxenMM dol gets gree ine nes red SFr Hone cl Got cca of beta TAMU women gre ass Seka eas oe eee tha hee acelin prose win on eQHGGEIEME Lp oe re Ta aio dear a bret as Soe taco enna pieay oni seed win re acon ofpoersndetsbout tbe serreof EAS Nonksulens i the Gely 2 uc ofthe sme keds itself, This allows for instituted protest, and in compl ‘the corn-goddesses and corn-gods of the ancient world. Father | feet he unig othe ate Bpnat cplly compact with these dia nd. oars fanlceberween th respective res. Ti ment pata of 2 Sie sc among the Za requied cbse beatiour by the ‘he Za had no developed pantheon. Tee Ket of the ones and gi The pe droed mens garment nd ded Gok a vag tad tae nw cha eos Mi rd hee ich wer nciy Sine es ae SYabclere tobe repmate or cartinGevurng pats sors lane» gen fer he aldose te ae Thang’ Wwe conta by ops mnglctea TEBHMMME peed ineton fxr the Thea ei ees repel dent regen wat Nonabueone the PBA. Ged. A vatous sage ofthe crcoones ere ek po Sf Hite, oes toned bythe womens gilt ened and seg let ong, Mes ted ted as te ES ‘The pefrmance of the agar iby women oi Cerin he ancient ceremni which Fazer aed ere seale contrasts with great ational sowing and frst-fraits ako marked by lord Behavior, pariculry of women, and the ick mere ml he apes of en at wae jpwng of apc goon by women. Th Frac Seed Sere Ree rhe the prns Of Adonis aul te of Nenana "The ramen none sia to ono ules or pot fll with eh, In ich wey, tas [Naan 20d atone I daring my ov WOHAHIN) fe anasto Sot no ia ae at Zaland® Bot he golds hol el tt lean MIL iyo ence tones Tossed on nts ke oa ms plant shot up rapidly but Baving no root they withered ae ayy anda the endo eight day were cared ut with the imag the dead Adoni sad fang wth them it the ea oat pe “These similarities can easly be pushed to fr. But ll i to stress hee is tht in many clascal ceremonies at this ses bs in Afi dominant rle was scribed to the women, and g Subordinate rle tothe men ~"TBacchante’ is word we Ove this arangement These cements appeat in ceremonic hu tut the South-Eastern Bants tebe. Thus we are told of aceema {o dive away crop pests song the Taonga of Mozambi on he man wn wn he pt He piel by hee ving who ua hn one sd, or even alt nd noe of sels wil goto bis amitance. "They all ep a ihe ys or thy well ne wha would ef treo they they met the sage cowl?” “This temporary dominant rle of the women ~a dominant that was publicly instituted, indeed approved, and not ext {actly in the background contrasted strongly with the thee ptnacchal peoples Hence i my fest exp Fitual of rebellion, an insttted protet_demanded by tration, which is seemingly agua the esublished ord ‘hich ais to Bes that order to achieve prowpeity. TO Stand how ths rebelion worked must contrast the Wo ‘Behaviour here with ter accustomed behaviour. Ta the fie plas fs anporeant to rsp hat the men fnrey abotain from partpation inthe ceremonial, and rea itor women's alle. The men were convince tat the cert ‘would help produce bountiful crop: old Zul men compl To me in 1937 that the nglect ofthe ceremony secounted Poor crope of today. The men wished the ritual to be Ind thet own ponte role in the ceremony was to hide” tlw the girs to wear ther garments and do their work fer women behaved with Baechantc Tewdnes as agaist ‘sual demand that dey be modes. 7 Secondly, the ceemonie were peeformed by the women girs of lot dsc while the men as wareors in the Ht Fegimente joined in great sowing and frst ‘atonal eng and prosperity: The diet interests of ind girl were confined to dee home districts, and here on acon ogo prosper. Their ceremonial actions masked by inane: and iendae, were ceive in contest wo thet tal ttn ad dey aot hee doce tho Spas" baste brett they ere m evry eect formal tinder the tage of men. Legally women were lays nor in theca of iter, bother, or hsband. They could net ngenral {come policy pomerfl They were maried ou of ther own Himgroupint the bums of eager where they wee sub fo restans and taboo. Tail thst sale was net only Sutera, but also highly ambivlent and wwuly eve They {old perform good mai, 2 when a proant woman Duet tunes whove smoke beefed the crop Hut they cul nat ome magicians; inded, i woman stepped ove a feepace there magi ha ben prepared, she fel i Though the menses Ire the source of ile, otha th menace cul be bene Sa ig tira p von wren cnmant threat of danger. Tn this contin they could spall mags gt trope il at and rob the war of his henge so she her of bis kl Terrible il aficted x man who had inter fouse with » menstruing woman. In aigon women Were Equally soppresed and an prea ev. Ty moved to cde {er te protection of ther husband strange? ancestors, whom they cold not approach diet. They id net like men, ocoe dace spr ding good for therein ta tein for ct fee. Fors picts women were csprciosly eis male ances G5 nt normaly eoninue to afc thet descendants ae set fee ha ben made, but female spirits might continue to cause talou i The Zsa vaucy peony the power of Herve sew, and they distinguish eo Links of Heaven, The fe aed bysbetlighning, is good, and le; the saend marked by frkedsighning, female, and dangers, inal, an en cul lean to become good maiins, co they could lear to be malgant sorcerers. elbentely shovning to be. wiced. But rome’ inherent wickednes tracted fo them ex falas ‘ho tured thm Into wees and demanded the lives af thet ‘nies Tn Zula myths i was Ever who Inrodvced Liling by terry into Pare, Most Zl charge of witcher were made gins women = agaist sterol and daghter-rly a Seteen the flowcnives of one mano the wives of thers ne patho god ital sn was open to women, Tey soul ns te pascted by spirit and borane divine: go pe cent of i Kind of aivines were women, However, his powcaon extremely pina led th patent. ‘The symbol of scot inaton Wa Gi tight tocar sd and pear, thre badges of manhood. “Thus the vandardied beefs and practic of the Za the scl sabordination and the nkerent ambient poi tromen. Women potentially Gestened evi by rival meas In peice ty hot only wore ucla the mai cleat an they wee alr he retin ‘Phe apratelienge™s group of mals descended through ftom tae founding anes — was the dominant coding in Za Hicship and fara Bf. Women of the nage tried chewher to prodicecilden for other Uneages. AS Romans sd, mali i fame. But the en Who 52 were sodally fre in tat ther children. perpetuated | omen fort pepstuation, When these women marie ino {oupthey were hedged with aos and rests: For Wl roupcomintyandstrength depende on oprng by omen, is very ieee in umbr thetened tht seg (Sing an who hs os y wif rece rl for ssn postin and proper and hs wife eso Ker hs dang prolferaion 0 hs pees, he ha ‘rive, each with don, the cleavage, ike the praia ester. Hence the roe of women in producing clea engines and thretens to darup te group, andthe Yalence expend in the manifold ble T have rete "og between men over property and poion, hich th ned to Grup the gro, ere fought interme of thet nent to the agntc group through ranger-vemen Fe Surprising that charge of cheat were brought fequenlg {Gtowewtes,jelounnot onl of thr husband vou bul thar som and by both men and women gin itera a Aughtcinlaw, Mororer,themn of the rou, boone Aig could pt atack eachother recy with ceuone ray bu ne could tack another nel by accusing Hs wl ne Cate come into this sevice of conics Sly as the main 5, beside positon, over which men fought. Land was then etal Another potent sure of quarrels was women However, omen and cate were ina sense idented, though and perhaps Ureore™ taboo to each other, since a ma requted cate to ge SS mlrnge-payment fr his wife Cal the esdng of which Formed, wit warorhood, the admired Zalyrley wee thus not nly taboo to women, but othe apparent symbol for tet {tne frm the scr ofthe natal he tothe uncereintes afastange village and 1 the vcs of conjugal lie. Thovgh turige was the goa ofall women, athe year of ecutchip Za were lable to ser fom hysterical attacks, which were flamed on the lote-mapc ofthe suitors, When gl maid, ate moved into her home replace Ber and her Brother sad thse cate to get his own bride The slit of her brother's ‘paige, eablished with thee cate depended onthe wabisy Of ber mastage and on her having ehiren; for thereat the were divorced ugh in pracie divorce war extremely exe fetong the Zalul®or i she were baron, hr husband Could him he cate with which is Brother ifaw ad married The Gate thus exe to symbolize not enly the manner in which fil became a wile but alo the confit beeween brothers and Snr, with the brother het ie site's marrige a well 60 the poups cal. Pom tls postion the ier was exuded by rire of her sx. For had er brother's ander sacs been te ‘ered she would have been hr to ete and social predomin- toce, and he dened to perpetuate» group of strangers snd not Nand herownnatl groupe “This ar ofthe socal background in which we must ty 10. understand the Nambuulewna ceremonies with their protest of ‘remen's reelion. They tok plac when women ad eorled fn the arduous and uncertain spiutra tos of the year and romised «good hares fom the one golden inthe aay of File ‘god and ancestors. ‘The young gi ail In thelr naa homey teed ni they rth ben hey domed ale Althing, carried weapons (ite he poset vines and ended the blind cate Th brs remind eye] ‘women. ‘The younger marist women with lewd Sebavior, Plied the goddon's ld: a8 men athe capital ceremonially owed eld forthe king. A dropping of otal rset, and 7 seh ete nt ence oe renee ee roe ee OSS ncrale Serre a oan ee Ss ee ee eS ee CRIT aes eek Fe con ses oor ee oor a Se ia ee Sopa keg tenet aes Fr sd cay toe Ee ere eS ee Be rene area Be eres ee eee BSS caer epee Be antral Bios oeccnen ins aaa oe nies eS eee Be eve eu a atecee ree Se era ata aca ae Se creas ene ree ee Rie: eee Secale te aati eer rte ates coe cel ae et cree ee ve ed ian ace ny oe a cel Saleen epee a a aaa sn ea elon it a al ee ere ae heed tie ote oe St nica ere es Sal Satta ye erat eieeetten eae setae et car Ee cra oho a Bo eects os ai oo i ‘the crops, and social life in turn depends on these. The godd | ww her pve of granting or withholdings bounl hos relates socio the natural word in which tis {iy so in an antropomoepie form which i appropriate foe inking» pstelarcal society, presing heavily onthe ha Working women, wih Rs wooded, grsegrown, then snl i Tultated; environment. Her Sige i only pay human, fH i Pho par wood, gras ier and gardens. She isa Wore Buta maiden and unmared, et fertile She wakes the in SE thught al the useful at and gives laws to women who do ! tae avs. Dut when we know something about the soil the parcpants inthe ceremonies = which Frazer did ot know tre can push or aly long pin other than the single intelle Thal path which Frze flowed Pr im thi sre of cre tran a reapone man's hiking about the universe with Trnowiedge we can see that i eet and overcomes sil fcr swell o bells ignorance Fh min ys fe a oo Bere ae nd bersienbs monier seem Scr isaate a era a Sitter ck of ce! these ned soa eed 3 “The Nomuhutoana ceremony is one of many domestic ‘which exhibit these proces; Ihave selected it fr teatmen FOG reduced toa few rites i he sucseds a a boy and blosom in i slept Loithua (ihe Pine) fraturiy, Dt only the King mong the royal clan ean stage “You tine the cid ig. ita, When to princes organized their own cremonics Chs(&Q]MM rhe words are repeated in varying order oter and over sgn. | jn Saat himorel thought, to great diaters: mona During the canting the regiments om the capitals ofthe fing | were seat to punish ther for this treason, Cerain imag dnd bis queen-mother eater the kal and the army forms ¢ } rovincll chic of ether cane ria their own Srstfrut rad "cert Quecnand princeascy and commence Woon ond | monies, hich they stage ate, but they Keep avay from ‘hikren, stand in separate rank, distant according to status. Al } og’ incl. ‘han sccond sired eng “Two calabashes are prepared forthe ceremony. Each ca } You ft in, | is known av ‘Princ Gnonaton) and seems t0 e con tae Baia } with the Prince Tekntana, who, scoring to Dr Kapa eee eee “Tidy. deity who footprint i the finbow, and of whose ‘Tae peopl ae wis Tiebing he capresso’. This sugget urbe sme lati ‘At he wean of abel ‘hip with Nombabatoana The clabashes te prepared by hers Yeu ae bin, tary sual expe known at "The People [views ~M. Gr] You ave wed Sal A pith blac bulls stolen frm the herd of a sbjet aa bend rest ec ofthe royal lan "He is angey and proud’ and thee conic then hone hey ht im, Grnotions ae said to impregnate the ingredients forthe Ht the ae the ing ‘The bl wan ane ste ei skin ar vind about the pga This song Wo is sung agai, and i followed by songs rch in ! Gen clases, Then inthe evn the Pres ofthe Se! tse sions and moral precept, but which may be ung fF under the royal ancestors’ bleng to get he waters of ENE on cculr occaon, Dr Kuper ces onc: to speaks of the Su andthe eet bordering river, and plants from the lings cocmin among the people fori urges revenge on thee fore of te LstomipoMountsine, ‘This was formerly abazatdbay) who were belived to have ied hit fate, King Buna by Journey into coemy Tans but the waters ofthe, word Gwe ace. equ) to give strength and purity tothe King’ Av they 6 Cone et ann, men of te eal, through the country the grave pret practi Heese abbey ‘hear a brn othe poop ‘Be sd ofthe lo has danpeared ‘On the day ofthe night when the moon wl be dak the ‘vest tases ae pled in 2 sted enclonie inthe ropa tle) Mcanvilethe ing i inthe sacred enconre, The Press of the Some of the pcs pillage the capital The ile ceremon! FB) Sea come with medicins to test him, and women ser thei tepun, "The sgeseginens of veterans fom the capital of HR) eyes foro look onthe medicines ofthe king can drive one mal Hing dead fathers queen-motherasemble in he heal a5 HEN] pitch Sack ble iled in the enclorores and the amy moves ‘resent of the weak moon. Amid the lowing of the cattle tHeW§) fom the crescent shape to that ofthe full moon rganst the ene Slowly chant the sacred royal song A closure, while a young reiment goes behind is While the king it ‘ou hate the cil ig, Jeated with powerfl magi he is surounded by his subjects ‘eu hate the cil King pete) amy chats arya tong whichis wang tall iporant vol depart ith my Faber (he ing), sods in the king’ ie: [iar we would be read ‘King, ls for your ft, ‘They pot him onthe stone? King, they reject the, eee wih his site: ing, they hate thee “The chant i enced foreigners who donot ove allegiance th hing and men snd omen 0 he a hn and i by thee men, are ordered away. Dr Kuper oo ‘path Kinga the height of his ial teament mute be rounded ol by fi yal and unelated subjert' The lender the ea Pens tut He sabe with both ors. Our Bile tnd the people know ta the King as apt medicine to break tld year and prepare forthe new. The cowed applaud, fr ing “ae tumphed and is senghening the ear’ The ps Chane the atonal anther, now fall otf hate and rele foto trump Hr the Texte Our Bull Lie! Dae Descent Beng of Hewes, regi Pay ete of he ox, You Inert, Gr Moss Ou bal “They disperse Fre uns alright inthe enclosure. ete nonheme anne ap in he al chant the of rejection. They shout, ‘Come, Lion, be sans cg oa Tey at te om of Ba Insts to st te King att. With the ring un te tren the enor, ai ented bythe ay. Agu sing ing for you at, in hey eet he ing hy nt hes. Frege and thw of the oa dn ae eagle and "that rain an eel work ofthe people fo ng “The war weed the qucen-mothe’s gardens, bt the is described by a term for working with He energy, with fd doling, "Te egmentl leaders urge the wars S88 tus effort and scold slackers, ut il ti alld working cut energy eupect tie a leae an Unconscious protest ag Mork forthe state The army dances; and the the peopl ened scoring to ranks This ends the Ue ceremony dlring the ensuing forthght the people practise the song a dances forthe great eremony which sprformed when the moon {sful, and man's powers with it rive toa new stats, People fom lover the country asemble for these days of national eebration, "The themes Lam analysing have emerged inthe litle ceremony, so for lack of time T summarize the great ceemony, which Dt ‘Rupee has described with unmurpassed artsy. On the fist day young waco, pure and undetled by sex relations, make an Grluows journey to get green everianing and. quick growing Strsbs. ‘Then they daoe with the King. After they have rested, fn the third day the king i tremed with powerful medicines ‘Another stolen bul, whose theft has made Hts commoner ownet ‘angry’ killed by the youths with thei bare hands and be who st not pure ia Hable te ijured. Magill powerful pars of the bull are taken to teat the king. ‘The fourth day i the great 4, when, to quote Dr Kuper, "the king appears inal his plea- dour, and the ambivalent attude of love and hate fet by his brothers and his non-related subjects to him and to each other dramatized. The king gos naked save fora glowing ivory prepuce: ‘covert the sre enclosure through his people, a they chant the tong of hate and rejection. His mothers weep and pty him, He Spits medicines so tat his strength gos through and awakens his people. Now he bites the new crops; and nest day the vasious ats groups ofthe nation do so in order of precedence. In the sftemoon, the king, surrounded by men ofthe eoyal clan dances tthe head of the army. They change their song: ‘We sal leave them with thse couse, ‘Whove travels ae lie dat thncer, Do you bear, Dianbul, do you bear? And the women reply, Do you hes? Lec tw go. “he words andthe tae are wid and sad oy the Sowa ike the sean theta sang) and the bids ofthe tena ted onthe ‘are. The royal women move hacwads and forward in sal Alspeate groups. Many weep. The mens fet eamnp the round ‘grousy and wi, the black plums wave and ter, the Pinte ome ac, driving the King inter mi: Neacr and nearer they Ergin Me ect Tec ove rate Sngng she bodies ny 28 fom the enor, snd the i lore witine sm se ny ‘De Kuper was given two apparently conflicting interpretations g thi rite, The rt war thatthe eoyal lan wants to migrate aga "They want the king to come with them, they want to leave people whom they distrust in the countty where they stayed Fite while’ ‘The second interpretation was: "The (royal lan show their hatred ofthe king. They denounce him and force from their mist’ T thnk oth interpretations are correct f both are sresed in the next act.” The song changes: Come, come King of Kings, (Come father, come, (Come king, ch come here king ‘The princes lunge with thei sticks agit the small doorway an beat the shisde in agitation, daw back slowly and eseching, {olise him ot et with pres: ‘Come rom you cant. ‘niles You, You the High One? “The king emerges a wild monster, his head covered with bi plumes, his body with bright gren, cazor-edged gras and eve Fesing shoots. These and other accoutrements have ritual associ tions. He appears reluctant o return to the nation, He exeu crazy elusive dane. Then he returns tothe sanctuary, and the princes ery to him to come out, "king of kings’. “They d bck, pause, sway formar At last he responds. A his apr they vere, enticing him to fellow, but after a few steps he beck and’ they lose behind him again’ The warriors igorously, beating their shields, for ‘they beep their i fand healthy by their own movements. "The mime goes with inreasng tension... (che king] is terrifying, and a6 Tnife-edged grass cute ino his akin he tones his body furiously in pain and rage ‘The pure youths a last come to the front: they cary large black shields. The song changes to triumph: ‘Thunder dep, “That they est the thundeous beat "The youth pummel ther shields as the king dances to them, but they retest from him. He retires two or three time more tothe sanctuary, and then emerges carrying a gourd, whi though plucked the previous year is sll geen. Foreigners and royalty again leave the amphitheatre. ‘The king again ct 125 tantalizing the men: then suddenly he lrchesformatd, and casts the gourd on to shield. The men stamp their fet hiss, and (hunsp tei hielde: and all sper ‘Some informants told Dr Kuler that inthe times of was the respient of the gourd, who thus received the powerful vetel fymbolizng che past, would have been killed when he went ¢o Bass get ht he maybe sao sepege,'¢ serie tothe fate’ "The King i fll of dangerous magical power. ‘That night he ‘ohabits with his ritual wife, made blood-ister to him, 20 that fovimoner and royal blood meet inher to make her sister-wie to the King. All che population on the next day i ina tabooed sate tnd subject to restraints, while the king sts naked and still among his powerful councilor. "Oa thie day che identification of the people with the king is very marked.” For example, people who Bret the taboo on sleeping late are reprimanded "You chase the ing to sleep’, and are fined. ‘The queen-mother is alo ented vith medicines. ‘On the Sal day certain things that were used inthe ceremony se burnt ona great pyre, and the people dance and sing, but the fd songs af rejection are nw taboo fra year. Rain should fll = fd usualy does—to quench the Rames. ‘There i feasting and revelry at the expense of the rulers, and gay love-making, The vatrors weed the royal field, and then disperse to thei homes “The ceremonies themselves exhibit ther main eymboliy in Dr Kuper's vivid account. One can feel the acing ost of the powerful tensions which make up national ife—King and state ‘gains people, and people against king and state; King allied with commoners suiat hiv rival brotherprines, sommonets allied with princes against che king; che relation of the king to his mother Andis own queens; and the nation united gaint internal enemies fd external foes, and in a struggle fora living with nature, This feremony is ota simple mas assertion of unity, but a tresing of | nfl, statement of rebellion and svaey against dhe king, with Pica afrmations of unity with the king andthe drawing of power ffom the king. ‘The politcal structure, at the source of Prosperity and strength which safeguards the nation internal and externally i made sacred in the person of the king. He is ‘ssocated with his ancestor, forthe policalstrictre endures through the generations, though Kings and people are born and "5 di, The queen-mother ink him with pat kings, his queens wi future Kings, Many other elements are preset, but again we that the dramatie, symbol acting. of socal relations in msbivalence is believed to achieve unity and prosperity 4 iest I must again pay wibute to Si James Frazer's deep ing Hestresed that these agricultural cercmonies were connected: the politeal process, and that the dying god was often ide ‘with secular kings. He drew attention aso to the rebellions days of ostensible ule, He could not draw, from his iaadeque material, the conclusions which we are drawing. Tt might poste to tet the hypothesis I have advanced on the ct ‘atrial but I doubtif the dats are availabe, Professor Frankl ‘he Roya Princes, and also the Royal Kinsmen, partite in fre a addon some rel show fgeres designed ar me! or “hj ‘sonst the arbour and perhaps parciated in ober ways Untesined observers and native accounts in pri Ihave generally fled to record these important elements in ce rmonia. Hence I venture to auggest that Near Eastern and clas challenges study by sociologists, psychologists, and biologists: fnalysis in detail of the proeaes by which this acting of conf ‘chives a blessing ~ socal unity. Clearly we are dealing with enera problem of eathare set by Aristotle in his Poles and Tragedy the purging of emotion through pity, feat and inept tin Here Tattempt only to anaes the soctlogial setting ft abla and vachallenged socal order. In the pas the Southe fBoern Bent people may have cited and rebelled against cular authorities and individual, but they di not querton of istittions. aly wotsen undoubtedly aufeed ‘ere peyetcl premure io thir oll subordination und thelr merce by mariage to drangereqroups, but they desired SGrige children, welkeuiated and fete Fe to fed ther usb and fails, Inthe Nombububone sal they became {tmporarily lew vrsgocs snd their daughters maria hermen ber ey scoped the soil order and di noe farm & party of aegets. Hore I think isan obvious pointer ~ andi not fecranly wrong became itis obvious to one et of sal frnons why these Aca ceremonies could expres, fely and penly, fname scl confi, ‘They possed, not sfx hc sing at altering the exiting social and poll order, fot women ssking for good Buabands to give them children. ‘Siniay in Afian pla life men were rebels and never rctotionaie, King at sv piace and subject ll sceptd the eating order ands inttitions at ght, Contenders for Dover agaiiterublabed authority sought ony to acquire the Eine potions of authority for themacltes, Profesor Frankfort {Taeibes a sinar structure in Ancient Egypt. Pharaoh msintne Sn etablihed order in which justice fan esenal element) Suis the onslaught of the powers of chace. Thin oder sis feat oly tesnlted as rath, but which realy meant Sigh order the inherent structure of ceation, of which je tees an integral par Te wars ‘floatvelyrcogized by the peopl, that in the whole of Egy’ lng history thee is no exe nce of any popular rhing though thre were many palace “The acceptance of the extalished order a ight and good, and yen sacred, seems to allow unbridled ccs, very rule of ‘lon, forthe onde lf Kap this rebellion within bounds, Tene to act the conics, whether drelyo by laverion ot in she syle om, emphasnes the social cohesion within which the conics ent, Every sci system is feld of tension full of ambivalence of co-operation and contoting sgl. Tie trae of reltvly stationary what 1 the to call optte = fecal systems a5 well as of systems which ae changing nd developing, In repetitive sytem parelar confi are sted "7 eee aoe acy cool eee ee pee i fpiete oan ae Sie coke tnt dg ae al rig Dare iat nae ee Bovina toescate aoa cmon eee te a aia ese icran eve ern sea fest ieyeperiatuvier isons ie ferent icsea comet ia as nal inom enya ioe Se oo Sa Ep iceeca cent Sime epee raps SE Roe nee Porter meylnd aaa Sgakcl pain oo elt econ a Shier api ees ar aa Rant a Tes eontaee = Ur Lopes ein of ‘hate and rejection with which the Swazi support their king: - Ta ie tse gn orang oe Sa Pectep phere tgecerttet Snes Sarimeome pinnae eae ale (eater i teyceeiemne tae eat Leer meu nae pipet utinr tere are ie oc ce ee ee ta irda Tara Ss aa Seat ceee oo aoe ae TRE LL See tate a pectoral Fase iy eesica eer eal fees crel earalc aa eens kr ee ee enters eee the women weep and the song of fate rings out wih pent ‘lacy. Later, when (De Rupr sed the women wi Uy 38 snot the qucen-mother ai Te pin wo wee im a ing. My cil ‘one through the peopl’ te quens sid We pity him. There {2p other man who coo walk naked in root of everybody” and an Aina added: "The work af ang indeed eae. It's the particular king whois hated and rejected by some that thas to be ited and supported by those who are loyal. People thay ate the kingship in resenting ts authority, but they do not fim to subvert it For, it is the Kingship and not the king who ir vine’ Tn Burope we can no longer vitually reject the king alone, for there ae too many among us, even in this United Kingdom, who geet and hate the Kingship and the social order it defines: Therlor, to quote Dr Kuper, ‘oyalty [is] blatantly extole, the tires ofthe ation are] magnied, andthe country [i] sorted”. "There may be afew smong us who accept the kingship but believe nuther should oocupy the throne. Generally, in various parts of| the Commmonweath sn my homeland of South Africa, isthe Crown isel, and not its incumbent, which is resented, Some South Africans desire independence from the Crown: throughout the Commonwealth there are revolutionaries who wish fo repub- Fes organized in quite diferent orders. On the whole no one struggles aguna a particular sovereign. "This simplified contrast iuminates the socal setting of the Swi ritual of rebellion. Swai polity wae a sytem in which there ine tebls, not revolutionaries, Should a particular king be a ‘yrant,his people's redress was not to seek to establish a epublic, but to find some good prince whom they could establish as king. ‘They were constrained both by belie! and custom, and by the steucture of groups in which they United for rebelin, to seek for their saviour leader in the royal family. For it was Senly beloved that only'a member ofthe royal fail ould become king. In these tircunstances of eebllion gaint a bad king for not observing “the value of kingtip, the rebelin sin fat waged to defend the “ngship agsnat the King. ‘The people have an interest in the sales of kingship and fight fr them. tn shor since the rebeion ibto puta prince who itis hoped wl observe thee value, in the King’s place with the same. powers, a rebelion paradoxically ‘supports the kingship. Further, asthe leader of rebellion is 3 ‘member ofthe eoyal fly, rebellion confirms that family’ tile tothe kingship. ‘Therefore a prince can invite commoners to rebel 135 and atac his kinsman king without invalidating his family's gt yates and cohesion, strong tendencies to break out of the {In this situation rulers fear rivals from their own ranks, and agg | yational system and st up a8 independent. But in practice the revolutionaries of lower status: and each rule, in fer of hisvagg§) ders of these territorial segments often tended to struggle for has great interest in conforming tothe norms of kingship. Evec qi | gh Hngship, or for power around it ater than for independence. bao here pe fg in ince of oy oe Loa ori eal henge ape {nd in thn pocn the hoy of commoner apn rise | ences to women, and by sting thatthe mun gol of is directed to maintain the rule of the aristocrats, some of whomgygy | leaders was the sacred kingship itself. Hence when @ good Zul lead the commoners in revolt [ing had reigned long and happily ewo of his sons fought for his ‘All these alignments are dramatized inthe ritual of rebelling) fuiship during hs lifetime. In other nations (eg. Ankoe) there ‘together with unity against nature and external foes. The king) was a feeforal cil war berween potential heirs. In others (eg. Strengthened as King: and the kingship ie strengthened in Tala)» peaceful king would be attacked by someone esiming he ‘person, trough association with kingly ancestors, with the queealle was 2 usurper. Frequently sements of the nation would put for ‘mother, and with inherited regalia which symbolize the dhroneg§) ward the own pretenders tothe throne, cach segment ready to ‘endurance. But his personal isolaon, andthe confit that ant) de behind its tre prince. fon him as an individual incumbent of the theone, dramatcallyy) This suggestion is strengthened by the fact that rarely in Africa expres the real alignments of struggles for power inthe sstemy) | do we find clear and simple rules indicating a single prince asthe and intensify actions and emotions expresing loyalty. While thal) lve hei. Frequently the rules of succession are in themselves king is minor few ceremonies are performed; the men do nol contradictory in that they support diferent heirs (eg. Bembs), assemble and the songs of hate are not sung. The king’s person] snd more often still they operate uncerainly in practice (eg. Peston is too weak to allow confit to express dramatic unity jag] Swazi and Zulu). Almost every succession may raise eval claim- omplementary opposition. fnte, Or the heir is selected from the royal family (Loa). Or ele “The rebelous structure of this type of stationary society ihe ngship rotates between diferent howes of he ryal dynasty tong ‘been noted by histoans3® Tut this rual of being] ich fepreseat diferent tcrtrial segments (eg. Shik and suggests tat we may posh the analysis farther. ‘The grat exec] Nope) Another device isthe dal monarchy with rule split be- ‘mony which was believed by the Swazi to strengthen and unigly tween two expt, one of which may be ruled by the king's their mation achieved these ends not only by massed dances ang) mother or sister (eg. Swazi and Lox).¥ The very structure of songs, abstentions and festivities, but alo by emphasing pofeneyg) | Kneship thrusts strugles between rival houses and even civil til rebellion, If this emphasis on potental rebellion in paca) | War on the nation; and itis an historical fact chat ches strugales made the ation fee united, fi at posible that cv eben || kept component groups ofthe nation vnied in conicting ale itself was source of strength to thse systems? T cannot fey) | ane around the sacred kingship. When kingdom becomes inte- present all the evidence that supports this bold statement, rate by a complex economy and rapid communication system, were states based on = comparatively simple technology | Pbce intrigues may continue, but the comparatively simple pro- Timited trade connections. They had not goods to aie standana] | css of segmentation and rebellion are complicated by chae~ af living and the rich used their wealth largely to eed \roptes and tendencies to revolution. The ritual of reblion ‘ependens and increase their followings Hence the ices yesegl| ce t0 be appropriate or possible. Dasleally egalitarian. ‘They also lacked'@ complex integra COTGEICOIE to held hem opt and te oye oe ‘munications was poor. Each territorial segment was onthe whol ‘ cconomiclly autonomous and lightly controled from the cette 9) Cerin points remain to tie up our argument. Frt, why should ‘The tersitral segments therefore developed, onthe basis of ocalgp thee ceremonies take pace at first-rate and harvest? Y suggest He. Be tha ther are tel socially disruptive Fores working t this senso, ‘which require physiological and paychologial study. To al the ‘ues dhe first-trats come aftr a period of hunger. Quarrel nay tise because ofthe addon access of energy from the new fod, {tis after harvest that wars are waged and internecine fighting breaks out Even before thatthe expectation of plenty, especialy of beer, undoubtedly leads toa violent outburst of energy ‘men, who are quareloome at this time. Some people infact the new food before the ceremony is performed. There i, i ace good ~ and many South African tribes held no ceremony. allows each family to move into plenty at roughly the same ti ‘The very move into plenty obserably produces a charge ‘emotion in the society. Ax food supplies are drawn on in thes ‘Aer fir-ruits and harvest wider socal activities are tesu ances, beer drinks, become daily ocurrences tact whole neighbourhood, ‘This grat change in the tempo Social life is accompanied by rele because another year has b passed succesfully while the heavy demands ofthe ritual, and Slow and ordered release of conflicting emotions and pent ‘energy, control behaviour by the programme of ceremonies dete or rap ancien, ‘The Lai have no hunger prod ai “Fhe wore eremony, and the king’ ceremonies 9 sd festa are dearly april ritalsSome of the nd prychia tension they cope wih ae asecated ith af the mesa ey, andthe fond whch its hoped fr which has been produced. Dut thse tensions are el {brough the rival acta tothe oi lationship need in ‘rodtton Agena secs depends on mee than the ee of nature though elle nature personified inal the ‘monies ‘The goddess Nombubuona ins natre-pirt who {ant good cope ot ot, She natures for women tnly because the ‘a comeded wih cropy, bt abo. bee worn at a body in eqgouttcods, Tose eighbout ontan wonea from many diferent Kashiparoup of di 3 sncetal origin, and in any ease women cannot approach the Sheetor: who ae primarily held eexponsble for prosperity. The ulna tli thus a landeul, and ber garden i planted for out in the veld. Like this garden, Nomabulcana herself renmins ouside the ring of society: she docs not enter the ‘areony. She is proptated when the ezop begin to grow and snben they are attacked by pests, so thatthe women and tei god- {esate asociated with the most uncertain stages ofagrialtre, then the women's work is heaviest. Here celebrant reverse thei] ‘ble draselly. This suggest for paychoogical study the possibility thatthe marital situation of women produces grat strains and that these are never well subdued. They show in women’s lability to tervus disorders, hysteria in fee of magical courting by men, tnd spirit-posesion™ Socioloieally, the ritual andthe nature: spit seem to be related to the potential instability of domestic fe and groups, "The frst-rits ceremony isa politcal ritual organized by the state which ivan enduring group: hence it exhibits diferent Beles and processes, The Hanto belive thatthe ancesel spirit ‘the king sre inthe end primarily responsible forthe weather, Sd for good crops. ‘These eprits have been in life part of the ftcity, snd they ae always about certain saced spots inside tien’ habitation. They may be wryward in thir axons, bu hey ae inside society. The ruling hing i thee earthly cepresentative ‘wo suppicates them in asmallsale ceremony st sowing; and sin the fistfruit ceremony to celebrate a succesful season (the Zala called the ceremony ‘paying with the king’) involves the king and his ancestors. "The ritual ie organized to exhibit the oopertion and conflict which make up the politeal system. ‘Aer ths ceremony there fllows a series of separate ofevings of the ft-frits by the heads ofall polite grovpe, down tothe homestead, to their own ancestor. But the women make m0 clferng from the harvest to Nomabulsons, who, by another set of bli, ranted fetity. The peviod of agricultural certainty — Sestfeuita and harvest ig thus stsociated with the king andthe pall system, for despite the conflicts it contains, from year to year the polital system is ordered and stable, beyond the stability of domestic units. However, the uncertainty and wild tes of nature may enter into the kings ceremony, though fis ‘the hing who personifies thse. Thi happens when the climax cy ofthe ceremony, he appears dressed in rushes and animal “monster of wild thing (Sib) executing a Frenzied inepiz dance, since he isnot taught it But even a6 nature-spir king ie enticed into society by hie allied enemies, the pri unt he throws away the past Year in a lst act of aggression, ‘sting of a gourd on tothe shield ofa warrior who wl ie. he becomes Ling agaia, but in tabooed seclusion which ma i of his subjects, Nature is subdued by the politcal system, in ritual whichis timed by the surest of natural phenomena fmovements of sun and oon, Professors Fortes and Evane-Pritchard have suggested» che community isto achieve any ofthe things it values — gon feonstip, len, many ea vitor, in Shor, proper ; ‘community's interests that all ts people be prosperous and plenty of food. Thus elements of confit arise over the very that isso "These conficts are settled becuse in hold tnd respect the rights of others ‘or ele the material fexstence could no longer be satisfied. Productive labour vance of Law. Since the politcal structure guarantes this large. At che ceremony the new fod is opened t all the natot ‘though some subjects may steal i. Thus the political oder 6H interconnected rights and duties is made sacred: and the king ttho represents tat order enters the divine kingship. Perhaps we nay now go further, and add that cones between individual {nd the politcal order asa whole are demonstrated inthe ritual if rbellon. Everyone, including the King himself, reatrained by she order's authority against his individual grasgeation Fen the king approaches the Kingship with cares retains on the Swazi king are very heavy on the day when he i associated frost clesly with his people. His personal inadequacy and his Tab to desecrate the values of kingship ate exhibited in the insults he suflos 7 {In order to make my analysis by contrast Ihave suggested that ‘modern pola ceremonies may ot tke this form beenite ot hei order itself fs questioned. Cleatly this contrast only sits {he problem. There are tensions between to many diverse polite fal and other groups in our society to be dramatized simply, tnd, paradoxically, because ofthe very Fragmentation of or socal feaionships we do not have as well-developed or a frequent fia which involve the appearance of persons scording to their focal roles! ‘The individual under pressure has some scope for cacape by altering his le ot joining other types of social re= Ltionships. Agin, our menarch reign, but docs nt rule; and though Swazi and Zulu hing perforce acted through, and were constrained by, oficial they ruled ab well ap reigned. In our society the patiamentary system and local government provide {wo among! many secular mechanisms to express opposition ‘overt. These secular mechanisms also exist in Bane society, and itis notable that politica rituals of rebellion barely occur among the Losi of Northern Rhodesia whowe governmental eginization, unlike that of the South-East Bantu, provides elaborately for the tensions between various component ofthe sate" Neverthe- les, there is point to steesing that ‘ritual rebellion can be enjoyed | by tradition a a soil blesing, in repetiive social systems, but | ‘ot in systems where revoltion is posbl, ‘Tis emerges clearly in an carly French traveller's account of the Zulu fests ‘ceremony. He comments on thie ceremony in analysing their s0- tale despotic government: 135 It's the time of the general sembly of warriors (towards ener 6h) when the maize pens that lvelydscssion takes ‘There are ee introgations which he Granary warriors come lesping out oftheir ranks, ransormed fratrs fll of spi, extremely excited, not only feta ance of [hing] Pands, but even denouncing him before ev Blaming hit acsons,spmatizing them as base and exwarls, olgg him to exli,destoying the esoning in is neers, sexing th ‘nd tomasking thet fabehood then prowl thesenng hie acing tha gesture ofcotemps. have abo sen, afer such di Son the Kings party and that ofthe oppo themilvs on one aooter have en that he vie ofthe despot no longer beeded, an thx revolt could fave exploded then there ad singe ambitious man come forward to proftby thei tion of the party opposed tothe king But what surprised me nol tr the order whch succeded the tad of thi Kind of popula frat We nsed not be surprised, after our analysis, for clay revel fon the king was demanded by tradition; and it naturally eu ated inthe wariors exhorting the king to lea them to war. ‘We are left with a number of important problems. Were the ritual fetve asa cathartic purging only fr the period of thal peeformance and shortly afterwards? Or did they animate p feat sentiments to allow the sueceeding wars and great ttl hhunts, and the enduring secular institutions of power, whidh ‘united and mainuined the nation? Does the tendeney to rebel quire ritual expression ifthe socal structure ito be maint ‘Whi is the reveal of eles so important mechanism in proctss? How dos the rival elf keep within bounds the Tious seaimens which i arouses?™ Why should some oe not exhibit this rebellious process, and why should cerem thus organized not oceur in many’ situations of confiet? Her tions where strong tensions are aroused by confit be

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