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Practice Problems.
Balancing Equations
If you are given two compounds and told to
balance the equation, most of you have no
problem doing that. You simply find the
charges, then do the double replacement
reaction. There is a slight difference when
you have a carbonate or a bicarbonate and
an acid is added to them.
Carbonates
Carbonates (CO3) are a polyatomic group with a minus
two charge. When they come in contact with an acid,
they react to make water and a carbon dioxide
molecule.
Bicarbonates(HCO3) are a polyatomic group that have a
minus one charge. When they come in contact with
an acid, they also produce a carbon dioxide as well as a
water. The difference between them is that the
bicarbonate needs only ONE hydrogen ion to
produce the carbon dioxide and the water.
Review
Similarities:
a. Both produce CO2 with acid.
b. Both produce
Differences:
a. Carbonate, CO3 will neutralize twice as much
acid as bicarbonate, HCO3. This means it will take
Salts
Remember the definition of a salt is any
metal plus any nonmetal making an
ionic compound. H and OH cannot
form a salt as it is a covalent substance.
This means that virtually every
compound is a salt as every positive ion
and every negative ion make a salt.
Bases
If you go back to your definitions of Acid and Base, an
acid is simply a PROTON DONOR. Bases are
PROTON receivers. These definitions are the reason
that water can act like an acid in some situations and a
base in others. Because of this, it is amphoteric.
When most NERDS think of bases, we think of the
HYDROXIDE BASES, OH. However, some SALTS
can act like a base too. The salts that act like a base are
Carbonate salts and bicarbonate salts. What makes
these unique is that in addition to forming water, they
also produce carbon dioxide gas.
Balancing Carbonate Eq
To balance an acid/carbonate or an acid/bicarbonate
(they are both solved the same way) you do the
problem like any double replacement reaction.
First do the charges. Make the initial salt. If you have a
carbonate or bicarbonate, you will have only ONE salt.
The number of carbonate or bicarbonate ions will
determine the number of carbon dioxide and water
that you produce.
Problem 1
Ca(HCO3)2 + HNO3
Problem 1 Answer
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O
Once you have balanced the equation to this point, you
should see that you have two bicarbonates. This means
you will have two waters and two carbon dioxides.
2H2O
Problem 2
CaCO3 + H3PO4
Problem 2 Answer
3CaCO3 + 2H3PO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + CO2 + H2O
Since it is now balanced from the salt, count the number of
carbonates. Here, the number is 3. So the number of
carbon dioxides and waters are 3 each.
3CaCO3 + 2H3PO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 3CO2 +
3H2O
Problem 3
NaHCO3 + Na2CO3 + H3PO4
Problem 3 Answer
NaHCO3 + Na2CO3 + H3PO 4
First, split the equation into two separate
equations to solve.
NaHCO3 + H3PO 4
And
Na2CO3 + H3PO 4
Problem 3 Answer
3NaHCO3 + H3PO 4 Na3PO4 + 3CO2 +
3H2O
And
3Na2CO3 + 2H3PO 4 2Na3PO4 + 3CO2
+ 3H2O
Now combine like terms to get your final
answer.
Problem 4
In the next problem, you cannot balance the equation.
You are simply trying to figure out how many waters
form and what the salts are.
Use the equation to answer the questions that follow:
30 H3PO4 + 35Ca(OH)2
A. How many water molecules form?
B. What is the final pH?
C. What is the salt that forms?
D. What would happen if phth were added?
Problem 4 Answer
30 H3PO4 + 35Ca(OH)2
A. How many water molecules form?
You have 90 H atoms and 70 OH so, 70 water, 20 H, acid.
B. What is the final pH? Acidic since H is left over.
C. What is the salt that forms? Ca3(PO4)2
D. What would happen if phth were added?
Nothing would happen. Phth tests for OH ion.
You have H+ ion remaining.
Problem 5
In the next problem, you cannot balance the equation.
You are simply trying to figure out how many waters
form and what the salts are.
Use the equation to answer the questions that follow:
24 Al2(CO3)3 + 18H3PO4 + 5H2SO4
A.
B.
Problem 5 Answer
24 Al2(CO3)3 + 18H3PO4 + 5H2SO4
A. The salts are AlPO4 and Al2(SO4)3
To determine the number of waters, you need to
sum up the number of carbonates and the
number of hydrogen atoms.
24 x 3 = 72 CO3 and 18 x 3 = 54 plus 10 hydrogen from
sulfuric acid gives 64 H
Problem 6
Use the equation below to answer the questions that
follow:
15 CaCO3 + 7H2SO4 + 2H3PO4
Salt(s) formedB. Predict the effect of adding Phenol RedC. How many molecules of water will form?
A.
Problem 5 Answer
15 CaCO3 + 7H2SO4 + 2H3PO4
Salts are CaSO4 and Ca3(PO4)2
15CO3 + 20 H
Doing this problem one would think the pH would
be base, since the hydrogen is used up; but
remember that carbon dioxide is produced,
making carbonic acid. pH therefore will be acidic
until the carbon dioxide leaves the solution.
Part 5 Answer
This tells you that you have enough
hydrogen atoms to react with 10 of the
15 carbonate groups, making the
hydrogen the limiting reagent, even
though there are more hydrogen atoms
than carbonates. So, you can make a
total of 10 water molecules.
Answer
6KHCO3 + 6 K2CO3 + 14 HCl
Since you have 14 H and you have 6
bicarbonate, you can make 6 waters.
This will leave you with 8 H+ and
6CO3. The problem though is that you
need 12H for the CO3. You can
neutralize 4 of the CO3. Add that to
the original 6 and you make 10 waters.
Reminder
You need to remember that in order to make the
maximum number of water molecules you need to
start with the bicarbonate ions. They need only one
H+ to neutralize it versus two hydrogen ions needed
for the Carbonate ions.
Solution
H3PO4 + NaOH + Zn
First, break the equation into TWO other equations.
Note: In some instances, depending on the metals, you
would actually have a base react with hydroxide, but
we are going to go with what the book said, and that
was that a hydroxide base + metal is no reaction.
H3PO4 + NaOH Na3PO4
2H3PO4
Solution continued.
H3PO4 + NaOH Na3PO4
2H3PO4
2H3PO4
3CaCO3
2H3PO4
Ca3(PO4)2 +
3CO2 +
3H2O
H3PO4 + 3KOH K3PO4
+ 3H-OH
2H3PO4
Ca3(PO4)2 +
3CaCO3
K3PO4 +
3H3PO4 + 3KOH
6H2O
3CO2 + 3H2O
+ 3H-OH
Ca3(PO4)2 +
3CO2 +