Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Mechanical Vibrations
By:
A body is said to vibrate if it has periodic motion. Mechanical vibration is the study of
oscillatory motions of bodies. Vibrations are harmful for engineering systems. Some
times vibrations can be useful. For example, vibratory compactors are used for
compacting concrete during construction work. Excessive vibration causes discomfort to
human beings, damage to machines and buildings and wear of machine parts such as
bearings and gears. The study of vibrations is important to aeronautical, mechanical and
civil engineers. It is necessary for a design engineer to have a sound knowledge of
vibrations. The object of the sixth semester course on mechanical vibrations is to discuss
the basic concepts of vibration with their applications. The syllabus covers fundamentals
of vibration, undamped and damped single degree of freedom systems, multidegrees of
freedom systems and continuous systems.
1.Beating of heart
2. Lungs oscillate in the process of breathing
3. Walking- Oscillation of legs and hands
4. Shivering- Oscillation of body in extreme cold
5. Speaking - Ear receives Vibrations to transmit message to brain
6. Vibration of atoms
7. Mechanical Vibrations
1.Linear vibrations
2. Non-linear vibrations
3. Random vibrations
4.Transient vibrations
FREE VIBRATIONS
Vibrations under free or natural conditions. No disturbing forces.
FORCED VIBRATIONS
Vibration due to impressed disturbing force
Examples
1.Electric bell-clipper oscillation under electromagnetic force.
2.I.C Engines-vibrations due to unbalanced inertia forces
DEGREES OF FREEDOM
m1 m1
m1 m2 m2
m3
Fig 1.1 (a) Fig 1.1(b)
Three D.O.F
Fig 1.1( c)
Continuous system
Fig 1.1( d )
The oscillations of the mass shown in fig 1.1 (a) are described as simple harmonic
motion. . Simple harmonic motion is represented graphically in fig 1.2
X-Displacement
X A-amplitude
A T-Periodic Time
t f-Frequency
f=1/T
ω=Frequency in radians per
second
t= time
ωA
x t
ω ²A
t
X
X= A sin ωt
..
X=Acceleration
= - ω² A sin ωt
= ω² A sin (ωt + π )
= -ω² x
RMS Value = A /√ 2
Problem 1.
5
ω = Circular Frequency
ω = 2 π f = 2 π (15) =30 π rad/sec
3
3
A2
θ
φφ A1
ωt
SUM OF HARMONIC
MOTIONS
Beats
Is also a harmonic
motion of the Continuous build up
same frequency and decrease in
amplitude
Amplitude
Force
5000 N
Fourier Series
∞
X(t)= ao/2 + (an cos nωt) + bn sin nωt)
n=1
ω= 2 π / T = Fundamental frequency
ao, a1,a2,……b1,b2….. are coefficients of infinite series
(a1cos ωt+ b1sin ωt) is First Harmonic
2π/ω
2π/ω
ao= ω/ π x(t) dt , an= ω/ π x (t) cos (nωt)dt
o
o
Problem 1.
Develop the Fourier Series for the curve shown in figure
X(t)= ao/2+ a1cos ωt+ a2 cos 2ωt + ……+ b1Sin ωt+ b2 Sin 2ωt + ……
The equation for the curve for one cycle
for AB , X(t)= t - π<t< π
ω= 2π / T = 2 π / 2 π = 1
π
ao= 1/ π tdt =0
-π
π
an= 1/ p t cos nt dt = 0
-π
The graph is symmetrical about the origin and the function is odd
ao= an = 0
π
bn= 1/ π t sin nt dt
-π
= - (2/n) Cos n π = (2/n) (-1) n+1
The first four harmonics of the series are 2Sint, - Sin 2t ,(2/3) Sin 3t, - (1/2) Sin 4t
They are plotted as numberd curves in the figure. The sum of the first four harmonies is
y = x(t) = 2 Sin t – Sin 2t + (2/3) Sin 3t– (1/2)sin 4t
Since this is a partial sum of the Fourier series, it may be expected to approximate the
function x. The sum of the four terms is shown in figure
f(x)
x
-2π -π 0 π 2π
f(x)=0 if - π ≤ x ≤ 0
f(x)= π if 0 ≤ x ≤ π
0
a0 =1/π ( 0 dx + π dx ) = π
-π
0
an = 1/π πCos nx dx = 0 n≥1
-π
π
bn=1/π π sin nx dx = 1/n(1-cosnπ)
0
n 1 2 3 4 5 ……
(1-cos nπ) 2 0 2 0 2 ……
1. Problem Identification
2. Mathematical modeling
3. Setting up the differential equation of motion
4. Interpretation of results