History Review Sheet

Minoan Culture

The Minoan culture took place between 2200 and 1450 B.C.
The first European civilization began with the Minoans on the island of Crete.
Minoans were named after a character from Greek mythology named King Minos.
The name Minos may have been a title for their leaders similar to Pharaoh in Egypt.
Minoans built their towns on the coast because of the rich farm land.
The Minoans traveled by sea to trade pottery.
The largest Minoan palace was built in their capital, Knossos.
We assume that the Minoans believed in life after death because they buried the dead
with possessions for the afterlife.
The Minoans developed an early Greek alphabet called Linear A.
The Minoan lifestyle is hedonistic or pleasure seeking.
Volcanic activity and an attack from the Myceneans ended the Minoan culture.

History Review Sheet

Mycenaen Culture

The approximate date for the Mycenaen Culture is c. 1450 B.C. to 1200 B.C.
The Mycenaen Greeks gained control of Thessaly to the southern Peloponnesus by 1450
B.C.
The Mycenaen civilization received its name from the city, Mycenae.
The Mycenaen people made and exported pottery and bronze weapons.
Two adjectives that describe the Mycenaen culture are militaristic and commercial.
The primary means of defense was the citadel.
The citadel was a stronghold on a hilltop occupied by the ruling family and its army.
The royal tombs and artifacts found at Athens and Thebes helped us understand more
about the Mycenaens.
The Mycenaen civilization ended after the Dorian invasions.

History Review Sheet

The Trojan War
The approximate date of the Trojan War is 1250 B.C.
The Greek poet, Homer, wrote the story of the Trojan War in his book called the Iliad.
This story is a legend. A legend is a story that has been handed down from earlier times
and is believed to be true when it may not really be.
Paris was the king of Troy.
It was believed the Helen of Troy was captured by King Paris.
Helen of Troy was the wife of King Sparta.
Helen of Troys capture was thought to be the cause of the Trojan War.
The Greeks joined together to try and free Helen.
The Greeks built a huge wooden horse, hid some soldiers in it and put it outside the
gates of Troy.
The Trojans were so curious about the horse that they brought it into the city.
The Greeks waited until dark and then snuck out of the horse.
They opened the gates so that more Greek soldiers could come in.
The Greeks were able to kill the sleeping Trojans and destroy the city of Troy, rescuing
Helen.

Review Sheet
Phoenician Civilization and the Alphabet
The approximate date of The Phoenician Civilization is c. 1200 B.C. 1000 B.C.
The Phoenicians were desert nomads.
A nomad is someone who moves from place to place and does not have a permanent
home.
The Phoenicians were the Canaanites of the Bible.
The Phoenicians lived in the land of Canaan.
The Phoenicians were called Canaanites until about 1200 B.C. Then they were called
Phoenicians.
The Phoenician name came from the Greek word phoinos.
Phoinos means red.
The Phoenicians were named after the reddish-purple dye they produced.
The main job (occupation) of the Phoenicians was merchants and traders.
Because of their advanced ships they were known as the greatest seafarers of the
ancient world.
The most important way the Phoenicians helped their culture advance is their alphabet.
The Phoenician alphabet was the first known alphabet.
This alphabet was used in creating our alphabet.
The Phoenician alphabet had 30 consonants and no vowels.

History Review
Home and Greek Mythology

The approximate date of this card is c. 900 B.C.

Homer was a bard.
A bard is a professional poet who recites poetry.
Homer wrote The Iliad and The Odyssey.
Homers stories were some of the earliest examples of Greek literature.
Homer was believed to be blind.
It is thought that his works were only written down near the end of his life.
We learn much about the early Greeks from Homers writings.
Early Greek myths explained the world around them.
Zeus was the greatest god. He was the god of the heavens.
Athena was the goddess of wisdom.
Ares was the god of war.
These gods were thought to be very much like humans, but more powerful.
Humans died, but Greeks believed that gods lived forever.

History Review
The Olympics
The Olympics began in 776 B.C.
The Olympics were held at Olympia.
The Olympics was a sacred festival of sacrifices and athletic games for the gods.
Sacred means thought of with reverence.
The festival was so sacred that warring tribes would stop fighting during the games.
The Olympics brought the Greeks together.
Only pureblooded Greeks could participate in the festival.
The festival lasted for one week.
The first day of the festival a parade was held where athletes from each state of Greece
marched in the parade.
On the second, third, and fourth days the competitions were held.
The competitions were: wresting, boxing, chariot racing and the pentathalon and the
famous four-horse chariot race.
The pentathalon consisted of long jump, javelin throwing, discus throwing, followed by
the stadion (foot race) and wrestling.
The last day was the day the winners were announced and received a prize.
The winners received a crown made from the branches of a wild olive tree.
Each winner would have their names, fathers name, and the name of his city
announced as they received their crown.
The winners would make a sacrifice to Zeus.
All winners were greatly honored at home for the rest of their life.

History Review
Founding of Rome
Most believe the city of Rome was founded in c.753 B.C.
Legend says that Rome was founded by the twin brothers Romulus and Remus.
The twins were the grandsons of King Nubitor.
King Nubitor had a brother named Amulius.
Amulius stole the kingdom from his brother, King Nubitor.
Amulius was afraid the twins would grow up and seek revenge for the death of their father.
Amulius had the boys thrown in the river Tiber to kill them.
The twins did not die. Somehow they got to the bank of the river.
A mother wolf found them and carried them home to raise them.
Later, a shepherd discovered the babies with the mother wolf and took them home to his wife.
When the twins grew up, they learned that they were princes and went to seek revenge
against Amulius.
The twins won the battle with Amulius.
Then the twins fought over who would rule their kingdom.
Romulus struck and killed Remus.
The walls of Rome were built and named after Romulus.
Rome was founded by the Etruscans.
Several other people were living in Italy.
The largest group of people living in Italy were the Latins.
Latins spoke the language of Latin.
We definitely know that the first citizens of Rome came from the Etruscans and the Latins.

History Review
Card 8: Greece, Colonized, Democracy Begins
The approximate date of the colonization of Greece is 750-508 B.C.
The Greeks were struggling with a shortage of food.
The land had too many people and not enough crops and game to feed them all.
When they were exploring the sea for food they discovered new lands where they could plant
crops and farm the land.
Greeks migrated to these new lands.
Trade began between the new colonies and the main land of Greece.
These colonies were along the coast of Asia Minor and the Mediterranean Sea.
Ancient Greece was made up of city states.
The city states contained a few rich people and many poor people.
The rich and poor in the city states would often fight for control of the city state.
A new form of government called demoktatia was started by a man name Cleisthenes in 508
B.C.
Cleisthenes lived in Athens.
This government was made up of something called an Assembly.
The Assembly was made up of all the citizens.
The Assembly had a meeting every ten days to talk about laws that the Council thought they
should have.
500 of the citizens were elected by lot to write the laws.
The entire Assembly voted on all matters.
The military leaders were elected and called strategoi.
Our democracy in America was based on this type of government.

History Review
Roman Republic Developed

The approximate date for this card is 509 B.C.-366 B.C.

In 509 B.C., the Romans overthrew the Etruscan king.
After they broke away from the Etruscans, the Romans made a new form of government
called a republic.
The leaders of the new government were called consuls.
The consuls were chosen by the Roman people.
The Romans were divided into two classes: patricians or nobility, and plebeians.
The plebeians were the biggest group made up mainly of the farmers, peasants, traders
and other workers.
Another part of the new government was the Senate.
The Senate was a ruling body.
Only the patricians could be members of the Senate.
The plebeians were upset that they could not hold a position in the Senate.
The plebeians finally won the right to be elected to official positions.
The problems between the two classed caused the breakup of the republic.
The United States was formed as a republic.
The U.S. is based on many of the principles developed by the Romans during this period.

History Review
Persian War
The approximate date of this card is c. 500-480 B.C.
The Persians began to threaten the Greeks.
The Persians lived in the land we now call Iran.
The Persians tried to conquer Greece.
In 546 B.C. the Persians were finally able to successfully conquer the Ionian states of
Greece.
The Ionian states of Greece were on the west coast of Asia Minor.
The Greeks did not like this invasion, and they tried to rebel against the Persians.
The Persians defeated the Greeks. This was the start of the Persian Wars.
The people of Athens and Sparta worked together to fight the Persians.
The Greeks won a battle against the Persians that was called the Battle of Marathon.
The Greeks won the Battle of Marathon even though they were greatly outnumbered by
the Persian army.
The Persian king at this time was King Darius.
The Greeks were so happy to win this battle that they sent a messenger to tell everyone.

The messenger ran for 26 miles to deliver the news.

That is how the marathon race got its name!

Many other battles took place between the Greeks and the Persians.
Between 465-330 B.C. the Persian Empire got weaker and was conquered by Alexander
the Great.

History Review Sheet

Pericles and the Peloponnesian War
The approximate date of this card is 461-404 B.C.
After the Persian Wars, Athens went through a period of time called the Golden Age.
The Golden Age is also known as the Classical Period.
The city of Athens became wealthy and a center for the arts.
The democratic form of government was perfected.
During this time, the Greeks came up with idea that man is the measure of all things.
Western civilization is the modern culture of western Europe and North America.
Western civilization is based on much of Greek culture, especially during the Golden Age.
Pericles was the most famous politician during this time.
As Athens got more powerful, Sparta felt threatened.
After the Persian Wars, the Delian League was formed for protection against further attack.
The Delian League was an alliance among many of the Greek city-states.
An alliance means they joined together to protect themselves.
In 431 B.C. Corinth and Corcyra became enemies. Sparta supported Corinth.
Athens supported Corcyra.
This caused the Peloponnesian War.
The war was named this because most of the battles took place in Peloponnesus.
Peloponnesus was in southern Greece.
This war lasted 30 years.
Eventually Sparta defeated Athens.

History Review Sheet

Greek Philosophers
The approximate date for this card is C. 450-322 B.C.
The early Greek people answered questions about how the world works through stories
about the gods.
Greek scholars were called philosophers.
The philosophers began to study the world around them and answer questions.
Philosophers were known as the ones who loved knowledge.
Socrates was one of the most famous philosophers.
Socrates developed a method of teaching called the Socratic Method.
The Socratic Method used a lot of questions to teach people. This is what the
government supported.
The method of Sophistry said that winning an argument made something right.
Socrates was executed because his method challenged the government and made
government officials angry.
Plato was a student of Socrates.
Plato started a school to teach Socrates ideas.
Aristotle attended Platos Academy.
Aristotle studied many things and became famous for his writings.
Two groups formed, the Stoics and the Epicurians.
The Stoics believed in a simple life.
The Epicurians believed life was meant to be enjoyed.
These philosophers made a big difference in Greek like and are still studied today.

History Review Sheet

Greek Philosophers
The approximate date for this card is C. 450-322 B.C.
The early Greek people answered questions about how the world works through stories
about the gods.
Greek scholars were called philosophers.
The philosophers began to study the world around them and answer questions.
Philosophers were known as the ones who loved knowledge.
Socrates was one of the most famous philosophers.
Socrates developed a method of teaching called the Socratic Method.
The Socratic Method used a lot of questions to teach people. This is what the
government supported.
The method of Sophistry said that winning an argument made something right.
Socrates was executed because his method challenged the government and made
government officials angry.
Plato was a student of Socrates.
Plato started a school to teach Socrates ideas.
Aristotle attended Platos Academy.
Aristotle studied many things and became famous for his writings.
Two groups formed, the Stoics and the Epicurians.
The Stoics believed in a simple life.
The Epicurians believed life was meant to be enjoyed.
These philosophers made a big difference in Greek like and are still studied today.

History Review Sheet

Alexander the Great
The approximate date of Alexander the Great is c. 356-323 B.C.
Alexander was the son of King Philip of Macedon.
King Philip was the ruler of Greece.
King Philip sent Alexander to Athens to be taught by Aristotle.
When Alexander was 20 his father died and he became the king of Greece.
Alexander was very smart at planning invasions for his soldiers.
Alexander invaded Persia in 334 B.C. and then gained control of Asia Minor.
Next, Alexander conquered Egypt.
In 333 B.C., Alexander defeated King Darius of Persia.
Alexander now ruled all of Persia too.
His kingdom was now huge.
Alexander wanted to rule all of the world.
Because he was so successful he became known as Alexander the Great.
He put together the greatest kingdom that man had ever known.
Alexander became ill and died when he was only 33 years old.
When he died his son was a baby and could not rule Alexanders kingdom.
For seven years after his death different men tried to gain control.
Finally, four generals from Alexanders army divided the empire between them.
When we compare Alexanders life to Jesus we see that Alexander tried to accomplish what
Christ accomplish.

History Review Sheet

Architectural Advances in Rome
The approximate date is c. 250 B.C.
Rome was first made of several villages built on seven hills.
During the time of the Etruscans the villages were combined to make one city.
About 600 B.C., the Roman Forum was built.
The forum was an open square where people went to do their business.
Around the forum were placed buildings that were called basilicas.
The basilicas were public buildings used as offices and courts of law.
Many temples were also built for the Roman gods.
In 378 B.C., a wall was built around the city.
Because the population (number of people) in Rome was growing the leaders needed to
organize the city.
Roads were built that provided paved streets throughout Italy.
The Romans build aqueducts that allowed fresh water to reach the people.
Up until this time all of the dirty water used by the Romans was poured into the streets.
This caused an unhealthy environment.
To help with this problem the Romans made underground sewer to carry the waste
water away.