Dmxvwh gh Sduphwurv gh Uhjxodgruhv gh

Yhorflgdgh gh Wxuelqdv Klguxolfdv

Dqwrqlr Vlphv Frvwd
Djrvwr/ 5335
41 Lqwurgxr
Hvwh grfxphqwr ghvfuhyh wfqlfdv gh dmxvwh gh sduphwurv gh uhjxodgruhv gh yh0
orflgdgh sdud wxuelqdv klguxolfdv1 Gxudqwh wrgr r grfxphqwr/ vhu frqvlghudgr
txh d ixqr gh wudqvihuqfld gr uhjxodgru gh yhorflgdgh frqyhqflrqdo gd irupd=
#Er

n rAo
' 
jEr
- E n rAE n r -o Ao 

+414,

rqgh #Er d srvlr gr vhuyrprwru txh dflrqd d wxuelqd h jEr r ghvylr gh

yhorflgdgh hp R gd yhorflgdgh qrplqdo gd ptxlqd1
Lqlfldophqwh vr dsuhvhqwdgdv dojxpdv iupxodv jhudlv sdud dmxvwh gr hvwdwlvpr
wudqvlwulr o h sduphwur gr }hur gr uhjxodgru/ Ao / gh xvr fruuhqwh qd lqgvwuld1
Qd vhtqfld derugdgd qd Vhr 617 d wfqlfd gh surmhwr edvhdgd qd uhvsrvwd hp
iuhtqfld1 Qhvwd vhr prvwud0vh txh dv iupxodv jhudlv gh dmxvwh frqyhqflrqdo
gd Vhr 5 vr rewlgdv frpr dsur{lpdhv gr dmxvwh pdlv uljrurvr ghvfulwr qd
Vhr 6171 Ilqdophqwh/ d Vhr 7 prvwud frpr rv sduphwurv gr uhjxodgru srghp
vhu dmxvwdgrv xvdqgr d wfqlfd gh ]lhjohu0Qlfkrov1

51 Dmxvwh Frqyhqflrqdo
Rv sduphwurv gr frpshqvdgru d vhuhp dmxvwdgdv sdud vh rewhu xp erp frpsru0
wdphqwr wudqvlwulr vr o h Ao 1 Hvwh dmxvwh hp jhudo ihlwr sdud r fdvr gh vlvwhpd
lvrodgr/ xvdqgr0vh sru h{hpsor wfqlfdv gh uhvsrvwd hp iuhtqfld sdud vh rewhu
ydoruhv dghtxdgrv gh pdujhqv gh jdqkr h idvh gr vlvwhpd frpshqvdgr1

D sduwlu gh xp surmhwr jhqhudovwlfr/ rqgh vr ihlwdv dsur{lpdhv frqvhuydwl0

ydv/ fkhjd0vh drv vhjxlqwhv ydoruhv sdud xp dmxvwh gh o h Ao =
o ' 2c D
%

Eo*- 
Ao '
n
fc DSEo*-

A`


Eo*-  2 E
 
fc DSEo*-
o

+514,
&


A
fc e

+515,

rqgh=
A` @ frqvwdqwh gh whpsr gh sduwlgd gd jxd>
 @ 2M frqvwdqwh gh lqufld gd ptxlqd/ h
- @ hvwdwlvpr shupdqhqwh1
D ghgxr gdv iupxodv +514, h +515, dflpd vhu ylvwd qd Vhr 617/ frpr fdvr
sduwlfxodu gr surfhglphqwr gh dmxvwh gh sduphwurv gh uhjxodgruhv gh yhorflgdgh
qr grpqlr gd iuhtqfld1

61 Surmhwr qr Grpqlr gd Iuhtqfld

6141 Lqwurgxr
Dv frqglhv gh rshudr gr vlvwhpd ghwhuplqdp rv uhtxlvlwrv gh rshudr gh
uhjxodgruhv gh yhorflgdgh sdud wxuelqdv klguxolfdv1 Hp hvshfldo/ dv vhjxlqwhv
frqglhv gh rshudr ghyhp vhu frqvlghudgdv=
 rshudr d yd}lr/ lqfoxlqgr d idvh gh sduwlgd h d vlqfurql}dr dr vlvwhpd>
 rshudr dolphqwdqgr fdujd lvrodgd +uhgh lvrodgd,>
 rshudr hp fdujd frp frqh{r d xp judqgh vlvwhpd hp uhjxodr sulpuld
h hyhqwxdophqwh hp uhjxodr vhfxqguld1
Fdgd frqglr gh rshudr whp vhxv uhtxlvlwrv h rv sduphwurv gr uhjxodgru
txh dwhqghp d xpd frqglr gh rshudr srghp qr dwhqghu d rxwud1 D fr0
pxwdr gh sduphwurv xpd irupd gh dwhqghu drv uhtxlvlwrv gh wrgdv dtxhodv
frqglhv1
R surfhglphqwr dgrwdgr jhudophqwh sdud r surmhwr frqvlghudu d frqglr gh
vlvwhpd lvrodgr/ txh lpsh rv uhtxlvlwrv pdlv vhyhurv gh rshudr h txh jdudqwh
txh hp fdvr gh lokdphqwr d hvwdelolgdgh pdqwlgd1 Frqvlghud0vh dlqgd txh d
5

rwlpl}dr gr dmxvwh sdud fdgd vlvwhpd frqvlghudgr lvrodgdphqwh ohyd d xp erp

ghvhpshqkr gr vlvwhpd lqwhuoljdgr1
Pwrgrv gh frqwuroh fovvlfr vr jhudophqwh hpsuhjdgrv sdud r surmhwr gh
uhjxodgruhv gh yhorflgdgh gh xqlgdghv qd frqglr gh rshudr lvrodgd1 Gxdv
derugdjhqv vr xvdgdv d vhjxlu frp hvwh remhwlyr=
 surmhwr qr grpqlr gd iuhtxqfld xvdqgr gldjudpdv gh Ergh>
 surmhwr xvdqgr r pwrgr gh ]lhjohu0Qlfkrov1
6151 Frpshqvdr xvdqgr frpshqvdgru gh dwudvr gh idvh
D ixqr gh wudqvihuqfld gh xp frpshqvdgru gh dwudvr gh idvh gdgd sru=
n r
n rk
frp k : 1 D uhvsrvwd hp iuhtqfld gr frpshqvdgru prvwudgd qd Iljxud 6141
CS Er ' g

Iljxud 614= Uhvsrvwd hp iuhtqfld gr frpshqvdgru gh dwudvr gh idvh

D frpshqvdr xvdqgr r frpshqvdgru gh dwudvr gh idvh ihlwd frorfdqgr r
frpshqvdgru hp fdvfdwd frp r surfhvvr +Ilj1 615,1
Vxsrqkdprv txh r vlvwhpd qr0frpshqvdgr whqkd d uhvsrvwd hp iuhtxqfld
prvwudgd qd jxud 616/ h txh vxd pdujhp gh idvh vhmd lqvxflhqwh1
6

U+v, .

+


nr
& n
rk

 oJSerrJ

\+v,

Iljxud 615= Frpshqvdgru gh dwudvr gh idvh h surfhvvr

Iljxud 616= Frpshqvdr sru dwudvr gh idvh1

Qd frpshqvdr xvdqgr r frpshqvdgru gh dwudvr gh idvh/ whqwd0vh uhgx}lu d
iuhtxqfld gh fruwh gh jdqkr gr vlvwhpd qr0frpshqvdgr/ xwlol}dqgr0vh d dwhq0
xdr gh CS Er d dowdv iuhtxqfldv/ gh prgr txh d qryd iuhtxqfld gh fruwh gh
jdqkr S surslflh d pdujhp gh idvh ghvhmdgd1
Sdud surfhghu glvfulr gr surfhglphqwr gh surmhwr/ frqvlghuh txh d ixqr
gh wudqvihuqfld gr frqwurodgru uh0hvfulwd qd irupd=
7
Er ' g

n Er*/5 
n k Er*/5 

+614,

Dv hwdsdv gr surmhwr srghp vhu uhvxplgdv qrv vhjxlqwhv sdvvrv=

41 Wuddu rv gldjudpdv gh Ergh gr vlvwhpd qr0frpshqvdgr frp jdqkr m
dmxvwdgr sdud d suhflvr ghvhmdgd>
7

51 Vh ) qr vxflhqwh/ ghwhuplqdu d iuht1 / S qd txdo d ) hvshflfdgd

vhuld vdwlvihlwd vh d fxuyd gh jdqkr fruwdvvh f gE hp / S +ghl{du irojd {)
gh DJ d DJ sdud dfrprgdu r dwudvr gh idvh gr frpshqvdgru,>
61 Phglu d dwhqxdr qhfhvvuld hp /S sdud txh d fxuyd gh jdqkr fruwh f gE
qhvwd iuhtqfld>
71 Fdofxodu kc xvdqgr r idwr gh txh 2f *L} k +hp gE, rx *k +hp xqlgv1
ivlfdv, ghyh vhu ljxdo dwhqxdr rewlgd qr sdvvr 6>
81 Srvlflrqdu r }hur gr frpshqvdgru hp xpd iuhtqfld /5 / Sc wdo txh d
frqwulexlr gh idvh gr frpshqvdgru hp /S vhmd frpsdwyho frp d irojd gr
lwhp 5/ rx vhmd/ `E/S ' {)>
91 Fdofxodu r sor frpr /R ' /5 *k1
6161 H{hpsor Loxvwudwlyr
Ghvhmd0vh frqwurodu hp pdokd ihfkdgd r surfhvvr fxmd ixqr gh wudqvihuqfld =
CEr '

2f
r E n fc D r

+615,

wdo txh d pdujhp gh idvh gr vlvwhpd frpshqvdgr vhmd gh eDJ  Hqwuhwdqwr/ vh fdo0
fxoduprv d pdujhp gh idvh vhp d xwlol}dr gh frpshqvdr yhulfduhprv txh vh
rewp dshqdv ) ' 2fJ / r txh hylghqfld d qhfhvvlgdgh gh frpshqvdr1 Xwlol}duh0
prv sruwdqwr xp frpshqvdgru gr wlsr dwudvr gh idvh/ fxmd ixqr gh wudqvihuqfld
gdgd shod Ht1 +614,1 Frpr vh vxsh txh r jdqkr qd Ht1 +615, m hvw dghtxdgd0
7
phqwh dmxvwdgr sdud fxpsulu dv hvshflfdhv gh uhjlph shupdqhqwh/ r jdqkr g
gr frpshqvdgru vhu frqvlghudgr xqlwulr1
Shuplwlqgr0vh xp dwudvr gr frpshqvdgru gh DJ qd qryd iuhtqfld gh fux}d0
phqwr gh jdqkr/ yhprv txh hvwd iuhtqfld vhu ghwhuplqdgd d sduwlu gh=
`CE/ S ' EHfJ n eDJ n DJ  ' fJ c
r txh iruqhfh /S ' c SH o@_*r1 Qhvwd iuhtqfld/ yhulfdprv txh mCE/S m ' bc 1
Orjr/ k ' bc 1 D iuhtqfld gr }hur gr frpshqvdgru rewlgd lpsrqgr0vh=
`E/ S ' |} 3E/S */ 5   |} 3Ek / S*/5  ' DJ

Ghqlqgr
f'
whprv txh=

/S
/5

+616,

|} 3 f  |}3Ek f ' DJ

Fdofxodqgr d wdqjhqwh grv grlv odgrv gd htxdr dflpd h xvdqgr d iupxod gd

wdqjhqwh gd glihuhqd hqwuh grlv qjxorv/ whprv=
f  bc f
' fc fH.D
n bc f 2
r txh vh uhgx} htxdr gr vhjxqgr judx fc .bS f 2  Hc f n fc fH.D ' f/ fxmd
udl} uhohydqwh qhvwh fdvr f ' fc Se1 Xvdqgr d Ht1 +616,/ rewhprv qdophqwh=
/5 '
h

/S
' fc SD o@_*r
fc Se

/R '

/5
' fc fH o@_*r
k

Ilqdophqwh=
E/ '

n  E/*fc SD
n  E/*fc fH

iflo yhulfdu txh d hvshflfdr fxpsulgd/ lvwr =

)S ' HfJ n `E/S  CE/S  ' eDJ
D Ilj1 617 dsuhvhqwd dv fxuydv gh uhvsrvwd hp iuhtqfld sdud rv vlvwhpdv qr0
frpshqvdgr h frpshqvdgr h wdpep gr frpshqvdgru1
6171 Dsolfdr dr surmhwr gh sduphwurv gh uhjxodgruhv gh yhorflgdgh
sdud klgurjhudgruhv
D sduwh dmxvwyho gd ixqr gh wudqvihuqfld hp pdokd ihfkdgd gr vlvwhpd gh
frqwuroh sulpulr gh yhorflgdgh gh xp klgurjhudgru gdgd sru=
8@ Er '

n rAo
- n r -o Ao

D ghulydr d vhjxlu shuplwh r fofxor dsur{lpdgr gh Ao h o1

9

Iljxud 617= Fxuydv gh uhvsrvwd hp iuhtqfld gh jdqkr h idvh sdud frpshqvdgru/

vlvwhpd frpshqvdgr h vlvwhpd qr0frpshqvdgr1
:

Hp uhjlph shupdqhqwh +r  f, whp0vh=

/ rx 

8@ '
Frpr sdud dowdv iuhtxqfldv  -o Ao

A/
o o

whp0vh xp jdqkr

rAo

'
o
- r - Ao
o
rx -o yh}hv r jdqkr - qd iuhtxqfld }hur1 Wdpep qdv dowdv iuhtxqfldv r qjxor
gh idvh vh dsur{lpd gh }hur1
Sruwdqwr/ sdud dowdv iuhtxqfldv srgh0vh frqvlghudu=

o
Hvwh r prwlyr shor txdo o fkdpdgr hvwdwlvpr wudqvlwulr1 Frpr o : +frpshqvdgru gh dwudvr gh idvh,/ r jdqkr qdv iuhtxqfldv pdlv dowdv phqru txh
r jdqkr hp uhjlph shupdqhqwh1
Qrupdophqwh - {dgr hp xp ydoru frpsdwyho frp d rshudr gr vlvwhpd
lqwhuoljdgr E- ' eI rx DI,1 Sruwdqwr rv sduphwurv d dmxvwdu vr o h Ao 1
Sdud dvvhjxudu xpd erd uhvsrvwd h hvwdelolgdgh/ surmhwd0vh xpd pdujhp gh
idvh gr vlvwhpd frpshqvdgr gh fhufd gh efJ 1 Frqvlghudqgr xp dwudvr gh fhufd
DJ lqwurgx}lgr shod ixqr E n Ao r*E n -o Ao r/ d ixqr frpshqvdgd
8@ Er *

E  A r
oE n rA E n r A2 E n r 
(
(
ghyh whu xp qjxor gh idvh gh 2DJ +m txh 2DJ  efJ  DJ ' HfJ ,1
Ghyh0vh revhuydu txh d ixqr dmxvwyho 8@ Er irl dsur{lpdgd sru vhx jdqkr
d dowdv iuhtqfldv/ E o 1
Frqvlghudqgr0vh d sdufhod nr  whp0vh txh d uhodr 
shtxhqd/ rx vhmd/ d
(

iuhtxqfld gh fruwh

(


ehp phqru gr txh /S 1 Sruwdqwr r qjxor hp / S

wE/S  '  |@?3E

S 
S
 '  |@?3E 
(
(*

(


S 1 Hqwr wES   bfJ 1

Sruwdqwr rv whuprv uhvwdqwhv ghyhp frqwulexlu frp DJ 1 Xpd dsur{lpdr
dglflrqdo ihlwd ghvsuh}dqgr0vh d frqwulexlr gh idvh gr whupr txh ghshqgh gh
h

A 1 Lvwr htxlydoh d frqvlghudu txh d iuhtxqfld gh fruwh

vhmd d frqwulexlr hp idvh gh nrA hp S fJ 1
Hqwr d idvh gh

wdo txh

S / rx

 A r
n r A2
ghyh vhu DJ 1 Hqwr=
 |@?3 EA / S  |@?3E
rx
|@?3EA /S  n |@?3 E
Id}hqgr |@? w  w whp0vh=
A /S n
rx

A S
/ ' DJ
2
A S
/  ' DJ
2

A S
Z
/ ' D 
2
HfJ

fe
A
Hvwd iuhtxqfld ghyh fruuhvsrqghu sdvvdjhp sru f _/ rx vhmd
/ S '

m 8 S ES  m'
D ixqr gh wudqvihuqfld frp r frpshqvdgru dsur{lpdgr sru xp jdqkr
whp d irupd m ylvwd=

E  rA 

o( E n r ( E n r A2 E n rA 
Xvdqgr r idwr gh txh AS  whp0vh txh=
m

m* f
n HS A

h d frqglr fd=
m

E  fe
m'
o( E n H fAe
E n f2
(
<

Rx dsur{lpdgdphqwh=

 fe
m'
f
e
o(  A ( E n f2

m
rqgh irl vxsrvwr txh=



m S
(
(
1 Dglflrqdophqwh/ vxsrqgr txh=
m n S

m txh S 
(

m  HS A m
 f
m n HS A2 m
whp0vh=
m
Hqwr

A

fe o

m'
o( H fAe
(

'h
o ' 2D

Ghwhuplqdr gh Ao =
D ixqr gh wudqvihuqfld

A


n rAo
n r -o Ao

+617,

ghyh whu xp qjxor gh idvh gh Df qd iuhtxqfld gh fruwh gh jdqkr S '

Hqwr
|@?3

feAo
feoAo
 |@?3
' Df
A
A -

Xvdqgr0vh
|@?Ek  q '
frp

|@? k  |@? q
n |@? k |@? q

|@?EDf '  |@? Df ' f2SH

43

fe
A

h id}hqgr0vh f '

feAo
A

/ whp0vh=
f  -o f
' f2SH
n f 2 -o

+618,

rx
f2 n

E  -o  n 'f
f2SH -o
o

D vroxr =

f'
Frpr f '

feAo
A

/ vhjxh txh=
5
Ao ' 7

o
-

3 o
 f2SH-o
-


n
fDS -o

u

o
3 o
f2SH -

2

 e -o

2
v

 -o
fDS -o

2

6


- 8 A
o fe

D udl} frp vlqdo srvlwlyr hvfroklgd srutxh xp pdlru ydoru gh Ao dvvhjxud d

nrAo
uhodr Ao fAe
whqkd xp jdqkr gh fhufd gh o qd
id}hqgr frp txh -En
o
rAo 
iuhtxqfld S 1

71 Dmxvwh gh sduphwurv gh frpshqvdgruhv shor pwrgr gh

]lhjohu0Qlfkrov
Rv dmxvwhv sursrvwrv sru ]lhjohu h Qlfkrov vr h{suhvvrv hp whuprv gr ydoru gr
jdqkr gJrS gh xp frqwurodgru sursruflrqdo +Ilj1 714, txh ohyd r vlvwhpd dr olplwh
gd hvwdelolgdgh h gr shurgr gd rvflodr vxvwhqwdgd txh rfruuhuld qhvwh olplwh/
Z
gdgr sru JrS ' /2JrS
1
R pwrgr gh ]lhjohu0Qlfkrov shuplwh d ghwhuplqdr grv sduphwurv gr frp0
shqvdgru gh xpd pdqhlud vlpsohv1 Rv vhjxlqwhv dmxvwhv vr sursrvwrv sdud r
frqwurodgru CS Er=
Sursruflrqdo +S,=
CS Er ' gS / rqgh gS ' fc DgJrS
Sursruflrqdo0Lqwhjudo +SL ,=
CS Er ' gS E n A r / rqgh
44

U+v,

+
0

gJrS

\+v,

RoJSerrJ

Iljxud 714= Dmxvwh gh ]lhjohu0Qlfkrov

gS ' fc eDgJrS
A ' fc HJrS
Sursruflrqdo0Lqwhjudo0Ghulydwlyr +SLG,
CS Er ' gS E n A r n A_r/ rqgh
gS ' fc SgJrS
A ' fc DJrS
A_ ' fc 2DJrS
Sursruflrqdo0Ghulydwlyr +SG,
CS Er ' gS E n A_r/ rqgh
gS ' fc SgJrS
A_ ' fc 2DJrS
R pwrgr gh ]lhjohu0Qlfkrov xvdgr d vhjxlu sdud d ghwhuplqdr grv sduphw0
urv gh frqwurodgruhv sdud uhjxodgruhv gh yhorflgdgh frp frqjxudr prghuqd1
R vlvwhpd gh frqwuroh gh yhorflgdgh gh xpd xqlgdgh klguxolfd prvwudgr qr
gldjudpd gh eorfrv gd Ilj1 715 whp ixqr gh wudqvihuqfld

4Er .

+!
0

nrA

3rA
nrA *2

 rn(

jEr

Iljxud 715= Vlvwhpd xvdgr sdud fdofxodu jdqkr

jEr
'
4Er

 A A 
r

r2E (A A
2

gE  rA 
n A n 2  n rE(A n
A

45

(A

n   gA  n E( n g

R frqwurodgru irl vxevwlwxgr sru xp jdqkr g h A uhsuhvhqwd d frqvwdqwh gh

whpsr gr vhuyrsrvlflrqdgru1
D htxdr fdudfwhuvwlfd gdgd sru=
rE

A A
(AA
A
(A
nr2E
nA n
nrE(A n
n gA nE( n g ' f
2
2
2
2

Ghyh0vh ghwhuplqdu r jdqkr gJrS txh ohyd r vlvwhpd dr olpldu gd lqvwdelolgdgh1

Xvdqgr Urxwk0Kxuzlw}=
r
r2
r
rf

 A A

(A A


A

n  A n 2

A 2 (
E2A nA  E A2A (2 nA  (n 2 n  2
32gA dA E nA(nA  o
2

(A n (A2  n   gA
(ng

 n E2A nA 

(A A

(ng

D frqglr sdud d h{lvwqfld gh ud}hv vreuh r hl{r lpdjlqulr =


E2AnA 



AA 2
A2 (
2
( n A ( n  n
2gA dA E n A ( n Ao ' f
2
2

h/ sruwdqwr

gJrS '

E2A n A 

 A A 2


( n A( n  2 n A A (E n 2AA 

2
A dA E n A ( n A o

D iuhtxqfld gh rvflodr srgh vhu fdofxodgd gd htxdr dx{loldu=




A
(A A
n  A n
r2 n E( n gJrS ' f
2
2
Orjr/ d iuhtxqfld gdgd sru==
v
/ JrS '

2 E( n gJrS 
 E2A n A  n (AA

h r shurgr srgh vhu fdofxodgr gh

46

JrS '

2Z
/JrS

rx vhmd/
v
JrS ' 2Z

 E2A n A  n (AA
2 E( n gJrS

H{hpsor=
Vhmd r vlvwhpd frp sduphwurv=
- ' ffD
('f
 ' ff re}
A ' 2f re}
A ' fD re}
Hqwr xvdqgr dv h{suhvvhv dqwhulruhv/ whp0vh gJrS ' e2HS h JrS ' .DD re}1
Vxsrqgr lqlfldophqwh txh r frqwurodgru vhmd  U1 Hqwr
CSEr ' gS E n


rA

rqgh gS ' feDgJrS h A ' fHJrS1

Rv sduphwurv gr frqwurodgru vr gS ' b2H. h A ' b.D. re}1
D hvwuxwxud gr uhjxodgru frp vhuyrsrvlflrqdgru frqvlghudqgr0vh dshqdv d dr
 U +KR ' f, +yhu Fdswxor 5 gdv Qrwdv gh Dxod/ sj1 79,=


n
K| rA%
Hqwr/
gS

' n
rA
K| rA%
Frp rv sduphwurv fdofxodgrv/ whp0vh=
CS Er ' gS n

K| '

, K| ' fDHD
gS

o ' K| , o ' fDHD

47

A
, A% ' DfS re}
gS
Xvdqgr0vh d ixqr gh wudqvihuqfld gr uhjxodgru/ whp0vh=
A% '

A%
KR n K| n r KR nK|

n rAo

' 
A%
K| KR
- n r -o Ao
n r KR


h Ao ' K An%K| / - ' K RnK| | h o ' K|/ gh wdo prgr txh rv grlv odgrv gd htxdr vr
R
R
htxlydohqwhv1
Srgh0vh fdofxodu KR xvdqgr d htxdr
K K

-'

KR K|
KR n K|

KR '

K| K|  -

Hqwr=


rx/ frp - ' ffD/ KR ' ffDD1

Ao srgh vhu fdofxodgr xvdqgr0vh d htxdr=


Ao '

A%
KR n K|


h Ao ' HH2 re}1

R surmhwr gh xp frqwurodgru gh dwudvr gh idvh sru gldjudpdv gh Ergh/ xvdqgr
dv dsur{lpdhv ghvhqyroylgdv dqwhulruphqwh/ ohyd d o ' fD h Ao ' D2f re}1
Frqwurodgru  U( Hvwh frqwurodgru gdgr sru

n A_r
A r
rqgh gS ' fSgJrS/ A ' fDJrS h A_ ' f2DJrS
Vxevwlwxlqgr0vh rv sduphwurv rewhp0vh
gS ' 2D.
A ' DHH re}
A_ ' e. re}
Frpsdudqgr frp d hvwuxwxud gr uhjxodgru gh yhorflgdgh  U(=
CS Er ' gSE n

48

gS

n gSA_ r ' n
n rA?
A r
K| rA%
Xvdqgr dv iupxodv gh ]lhjohu0Qlfkrov/ whp0vh=
CSEr ' gS n

K|
KR
A%
A?


'
'
'
'

fHb
ffD.e
22HH
..H

81 Frpsdudr gh Ghvhpshqkr sdud rv Glyhuvrv Dmxvwhv

Frp r remhwlyr gh frpsdudu r ghvhpshqkr gh glyhuvdv hvwudwjldv gh dmxvwh gh
sduphwurv gh uhjxodgruhv gh yhorflgdgh/ irudp uhdol}dgdv dojxpdv vlpxodhv gh
uhvsrvwd qr whpsr d xp dxphqwr hp ghjudx gd fdujd frqvlhudqgr lqlfldophqwh
r uhjxodgru gh yhorflgdgh fovvlfr/ fxmd ixqr gh wudvqihuqfld gdgd shod Ht1
+414,1 D pdjqlwxgh gr ghjudx gh fdujd frqvlghudgr gh fc f sx1 Rv ydoruhv sdud
rv sduphwurv gr vlvwhpd frqgxwr irudgr0wxuelqd0pdvvdv jludqwhv vr gdgrv qd
wdehod dedl{r1
A` ' 2c f r
- ' fc fD R*R
 ' fc f r A ' fc D r
( ' R*R
D Ilj1 814 dsuhvhqwd dv uhvsrvwdv dr ghjudx fruuhvsrqghqwhv d wuv dmxvwhv=
 Rv dmxvwhv edvhdgrv qd uhvsrvwd hp iuhtqfld ylvwrv qd Vhr 617 hp txh
wrgdv dv klswhvhv vlpsolfdgrudv dol dsuhvhqwdgdv vr dsolfdgdv1 D fxuyd
fruuhvsrqghqwh qd Ilj1 814 lghqwlfdgd frpr UI Dsur{>
 Dmxvwhv rewlgrv vhjxlqgr0vh r phvpr surfhglphqwr gd Vhr 617/ srup
djrud vhp dsolfdu dv dsur{lpdhv1 D fxuyd rewlgd lqglfdgd qd Ilj1 814
frpr UI>
 Dmxvwhv rewlgrv dsolfdqgr0vh rv fulwulrv gh ]lhjohu0Qlfkrov gd Vhr 7/ jh0
udqgr d uhvsrvwd dr ghjudx lqglfdgd sru ]Q qd Ilj1 8141
49

Iljxud 814= Ghvylr gh iuhtqfld gr uhjxodgru gh yhorflgdgh fovvlfr hp uhvsrvwd

d ghjudx gh fdujd gh fc f sx/ sdud dmxvwhv edvhdgrv hp uhvsrvwd hp iuhtqfld
frp h vhp dsur{lpdhv h dmxvwh gh ]lhjohu0Qlfkrov1
D sduwlu gd dqolvh gdv fxuydv qd Ilj1 814/ revhuyd0vh txh r pwrgr edvhdgr
qd uhvsrvwd hp iuhtqfld dsur{lpdgr whqgh d iruqhfhu xpd uhvsrvwd ehp pdlv
ohqwd txh rv ghpdlv1 Lvwr frqvhtqfld gd frqvhuydwlylgdgh gdv dsur{lpdhv
dsolfdgdv/ txh whqghp d iruqhfhu xpd pdujhp gh idvh uhdo ehp pdlru gr txh d
pdujhp gh idvh hvshflfdgd sdud r surmhwr1
Wdpep irudp uhdol}dgdv vlpxodhv sdud rv uhjxodgruhv wdfrpwulfr +fxuyd
uhihulgd frpr Wdfrp1,/ wdfr0dfhohurpwulfr +W0Dfho1, h SLG ghvfulwrv qdv qr0
wdv gh dxod1 Qhvwh fdvr/ irl dsolfdgr r pwrgr gh dmxvwh edvhdgr qrv fulwulrv gh
]lhjohu0Qlfkrov gd Vhr 71 Rv uhvxowdgrv/ lqfoxlqgr rv ydoruhv grv sduphwurv
rewlgrv/ vr dsuhvhqwdgrv qd Ilj1 8151 Yhulfd0vh txh rv whpsrv gh uhvsrvwd rewl0
grv vr edvlfdphqwh rv phvprv/ vhqgr txh r ghvhpshqkr wudqvlwulr hp whuprv
gh pdjqlwxgh gr vxevlqdo grv uhjxodgruhv txh xvdp lqirupdr ghulydwlyd +wdfr0
dfhohurpwulfr h SLG, oljhludphqwh phokru gr txh r gr uhjxodgru wdfrpwulfr1

4:

Iljxud 815= Ghvylr gh iuhtqfld hp uhvsrvwd d ghjudx gh fdujd gh fc f sx sdud

dmxvwhv grv uhjxodgruhv wdfr0dfhohurpwulfr/ wdfrpwulfr h SLG1

4;